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* eee Y ; CY en ' \ ~ . 


MIVISIGN OF Tones, 
U. $. National Museum 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 


VOL WOVE Reese Nene EL 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1908 


Ae aK 
f= 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The Scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two 
series—Proceedings and Bulletins. 

The proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are 
intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers 
based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly 
acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- 
from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited 
groups. <A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to 
libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the importance 
of the more prompt dissemination of new facts, a limited edition of 
each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at 
which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of 
contents of the volume. 

The present volume is the thirty-third of this series. 

The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of 
more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, 
based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum. 

A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘‘ Special Bulletin,” has 
been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed 
indispensable. 

Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ** Contributions from 
the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botan- 
ical collections of the Museum have been published as Bulletins. 

CHARLES D. Wat.cortt, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
Marcu 16, 1908. 
Ur 


Eek OF CON TENE: 


Bartscu, Paut. A New Fresh-water Bivalve (Corneocyclas) 
from the Mountains of Ecuador.—No, 1584. February 
iD USN Reh a cle cet ao a R= ON ef a SR 

New species: Corneocyclas davisi. 
. New Marine Mollusks from the West Coast of 
mnericed:—— No. tn64.>. October Yds 19002. os ec 
New species: Seila montereyensis, Bittium tumidum, Cerithiopsis cos- 
mia, C. pedroana, Metaxia diadema. 
New subspecies: Bittiwm (Stylidium) eschrichti icelum, B. GS.) esch- 
riichti montereyensis, B. esuriens multifilosum, B. quadrifilatum ingens. 
. Notes on the Fresh-water Mollusk Planorbis mag- 
nificus and Descriptions of ‘Two New Forms of the same 
Genus from the Southern States.—No. 1587. March 4, 
TESTES) PSS ek PIRI cy Ree are 9 ed oe phe as PLUM ae SAR een et SU ty 
New species: Planorbis eucosmius. 
New subspecies: Planorbis eucosmius vaughani. 

—. The West American Mollusks of the Genus Tri- 

Puoris Now b69 “December Qs-1907 We: 23a" 2.28 ee 

New species: Triphoris montereyensis, T. pedroanus, T. callipyrgus, 

T. carpenteri, T. hemphilli, T. catalinensis, T. stearnsi, T. peninsu- 

laris, T. excolpus, T. panamensis, T. dalli, T. galapagensis, T. chath- 
amensis, T. adamsi. 


——.. See under Dall, William Healey ..-...-...-..._.- 


Bran, Barton A. On Ctenolucius Gill, A Neglected Genus 
of Characin Fishes, with Notes on the Typical Species.— 
NorlescueeVarch 4: f 19084 Se eo ie 

meroee unGel ceale, -ANiWIN seas ee 2 oe Eee We 

CaupELL, ANDREW NELSON. On. some Earwigs (Forticuli- 
de) collected in Guatemala by Messrs. Schwarz and 
Barber:—-No, 1563.. October 23, 19074. = _2.2.22.-..2 2.2. 

New genus: Arthredetus. 
New species: Cylindrogaster diplatyoides, Arthreedetus barberi, Spa- 
ratta minuta, Labia schwarz, L. breviforceps, Forficula cacaoensis. 


«Date of publication. 


Page. 


681-682 


177-1838 


249-262 


491-534 


(O1—(03 
299-948 


169-176 


Vv 


VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Ciark, Austin Hopart. Descriptions of New Species of 


Recent Unstalked Crinoids from the Coasts of Northeastern 
Asia.— No; 1561. -Septentber WG 1o0T?s. a ae 127-156 


New species: Antedon multicolor, A. versicolor, A. propinqua, A. sep- 
arata, A. flavopurpurea, A. callista, A. anthus, A. macropoda, A. 
hana, A. villosa, A. pubescens, A. hepburniana, A. lata, A. scalaris, 
A, garrettiana, A. orion, A. minor, A. diadema, A. aster, A. alboflava, 
A, ruber, A. diomedex, A. tigrina, A. bowersi, A. abbotti, A. stylifer, 
A, delicatissima, A. rubroflava, A. thetis, A. hawatiensis, Comatula 
marie, C. solaster, C. serrata. 

New names: Comatula orientalis, Atelecrinus pourtalesi. 

Descriptions of New Species of Recent Unstalked 
Crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean.—No. 1559. Sep- 


Gem ber A AO Gees ee cers te Sek el Se eee a 69-84 

New species: Decametrocrinus borealis, Antedon rara, A. hartlaubi, 

A. tenelloides, A. asperrima, A. perplexa, A. laodice, A. inexpectata, 

A. rathbuni, A. brachymera, A. serratissima, A. marie, A. hondo- 

ensis, A. clio, A. erythrizon, A. fragilis, A. tenwis, A. ciliata, A. isis, 

A. arctica, A. briseis. 

. Infrabasals in Recent Genera of the Crinoid Family 
Pentacrinitidse.—No. 1582. February 29, 1908 ¢_. _.-_-__-- 671-676 

——--, The Crinoid Genus Comatula Lamarek; with a Note 


on the Encrinus parre of Guerin.—No. 1585. February 
99.1908 a fs ea hoes a ke cok eee 683-688 


New name: Comaster carpenter. 


CusHMAN, JosepH A. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador 
and Newfoundland.—No. 1589. March 4, 19084_-------: 705-713 
New species: Herpetocypris testudinaria. 
Datu, Witni1AM Hratry. Supplementary Notes on Martyn’s 
Universal Conchologist.—No. 1565. October 23, 1907¢.-. 185-192 
— and Pavur Bartscn. The Pyramidellid Mollusks of 
the Oregonian Faunal Area.—No. 1574. December 31, 
190 (eho 222 et Be ee fe at 491-554 


New species: Turbonilla (Turbonilla) gilli, T. (Chemnitzia) muricatoides, T. 
(Strioturbonilla) serre, T. (Pyrgolampros) taylori, T. (P.) berryi, T. (P.) lyalli, 
T. (P.) victoriana, T. (P.) valdezi, T. (P.) newcombei, T. (P.) oregonensis, 
T. ( Pyrgiscus) canfieldi, T. (P.) morchi, T. (P.) antestriata, T. (P.) eucosmo- 
basis, T. (P.) castanea, T. (Mormula) eschscholtzi, Odostomia ( Chrysallida) 
cooperi, O. (C.) astricta, O. (C.) montereyensis, O. (C.) oregonensis, O. (Ividia) 
navisa, O. (Tolaea) amianta, O. (Menestho) harfordensis, O. (M.) exara, O. 
(Evalea) tillamookensis, O. (F.) angularis, O. (.) jewetti, O. (E.) columbiana, 
O. (E.) deliciosa, O. (E.) tacomaensis, O. (.) valdezi, O. (E.) phanea, 0. 
(Amaura) kennerleyi, O. (A.) montereyensis. 

New subspecies: Turbonilla (Turbonilla) gilli delmontensis, Odostomia (Ividia) 
navisa delmontensis. 


New names: Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) montereyensis, Odostomia (Menestho) phar- 
cida. 


@ Date of publication. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Epwarps, CHARLES Lincoun. The Holothurians of the North 
2, 

Pacific Coast of North America collected by the Albatross 

in 1903.—No. 1558. September 14, 1907¢__ - 

New species: Chiridota albatrossit. 

EIGENMANN, Cari H., and FLercHER OeiE. An Annotated 
List of Characin Fishes in the United States National 
Museum and the Museum of Indiana University, with De- 
scriptions of New Species. —No. 1556. September 10, 19077. 

New genus: Phenacogrammus. 

New species: Curimatus brevipes, Prochilodus beani, Parodon para- 
guayensis, P. piracicabe, Leporinus pare, Cheirodon ribeiroi, C. 
micropterus, Odontostilbe microcephalus, Aphyocharax rathbuni, A. 
stramineus, Holopristes riddlei, Hemigrammus micropterus, H. tridens, 
HT. boulengeri, H. anisitsi, H. sante, H. inconstans, Astyanax em- 
perador, A. orthodus, A. atratoensis, A. megalops, Charax atratoen- 
sis. 

New subspecies: Curimatus leuciscus bolivie, Astyanax rutilus nicara- 
guensis. 

New specific names: Curimatus boulengeri, Leporinus steindachnert, 
Gilbertolus, Evermannolus. 

FRANKLIN, Henry JAMES. On a Collection of Thysanopte- 
rous Insects from Barbados and St. Vincent Islands. —No. 
JUSS) Oe ee ey ivel oe: Ween S10 fs aera le 

New species: iene insularis, Anthothrips Vanden. Trichothrips 
niger, Cryptothrips fasciapennis. 

Girty, GEORGE H. Descriptions of New Species of Upper 
Paleozoic Fossils from China.—No. 1557. September 10, 


New genus: Carnegia. 

New species: Lonsdaleia chinensis, Michelinea favositoides, Carnegia 
bassleri, Fistulipora willisiana, Geinitzella chinensis, Batostomella 
meekana, Fistulipora waageniana, Spirifer blackwelderi, Notothyris 
willisiana, Aviculipecten richthofent. 


FER EME MBM ET CHRISTIANS Gc soe east oe ee Plea te oe 
See under Jordan, David Starr. 
Hover, Wattrr. The Pulque of Mexico.—No. 1579. Feb- 
BUA oe OOS Ste Sete eee SS ek 
JORDAN, Davip Srarr, and ALBERT CHRISTIAN HERRE. A 
Review of the Cirrhitoid Fishes of Japan.—No. 1562. 
Weta pete seo Oi eee me et oe i OR ee Se Cie 
New genus: Jsobuna. 

and Roperr Kart RicHarpson. A Review of the 
Flat-heads, Gurnards, and other Mail-cheeked Fishes of the 
Waters of Japan.—No. 1581.. February 28, 19084. -_-_--- 


New genera: Rogadius, Bambradon, Ebisinus, Dactyloptena, Daicocus. 
New species: Hoplic iahys bats 


VE 


Page. 


1-36 


715-730 


37-48 


« Date of Suisive ation. 


VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
JORDAN, Davip Starr, and Ropert Earu RicHArpson. 


Description of a New Species of Killifish, Lucania browni, 
from a Hot Spring in Lower California.—No. 1572. De- 
cember 24. 1900925 22s ee ape ee ees 319-321 
New species: Lucania brown. 
——— ——. On a Collection of Fishes from Kchigo, 
Japan.—No. 1570. December 12, 19077... 2.2 _. 22 s322e- 263-266 
_ New species: Lefua echigonia, Pallasina eryngia, Chloea nakamure. 
and Atvin SEALE. List of Fishes collected in the 
River at Buytenzorg, Java, by Dr. Douglas Houghton 
Campbell.—No. 1575. December 24, 19074 _._.......---. 535-5438 
New species: Glossogobius campbellianus. 
Linton, Epwrix. Notes on Parasites of Bermuda Fishes.— 
No. 15605-October 14-1907 62 ene eS i eee Oe 
Newspecies: Echinorhynchus medius, Rhynchobothrium spiracornutum, 
Otobothrium penetrans, Distomum subtenue, D. gyrinus, D. lamelli- 
forme, D. trulla, D. levenseni, D. fenestratum; D. tomex. 
Lyon, Marcus Warp, Jr. Mammals collected in Western 
Borneo by Dr. W. L. Abbott.—No. 1577. December 24, 
UO t 8 ea ee ee ere aia Se ee ee 547-5 


New species: Sciurus sanggaus. 
New subspecies: Sciurus borneoensis palustris. 


Mason, Orts T. Basketry Bolo Case from Basilan Island.— 
No: 1566. October 255.00 (eS a eee 193-196 
OGin, HLBTOHWRE 2 ste voce ee ae oe peta ye eee 1-36 
See under Eigenmann, Carl H. 


-I 
bo 


Ricnarpson, Harrier. On Some Isopods of the Family 
Dajide from the Northwest Pacific Ocean, with Descrip- 
tions of a New Genus and Two New Species.—No. 1586. 
February: 29; 19084 23). eee See as ee eG Seem 
New genus: Arthrophryxus. 
New species: Holophryxus giardi, H. californiensis, Arthrophryxus 
beringanus. 
Ricnarpson, Ropert Earn. See under Jordan, David Starr 263-266 
=, “See under Jordan, David’ Starr 3.264 so eeae See . 819-321 
———, ~See under Jordan, David Starr -.-...---.-.---.-- 629-670 


SEALE, ALVIN and Barron A. Bran. On a Collection of 

Fishes from the Philippine Islands, made by Maj. Edgar 

A. Mearns, Surgeon, U. 8. Army, with Descriptions of 
Seven New Species.—No. 1568. November 21, 1907% .._. 229-248 

New genus: Mearnsella. 

New species: Barbus quinquemaculatus, Mearnsella alestes, Rasbora 

punctulatus, Polydactylus opercularis, Cephalopholis maculatus, 
Choerops zamboangae, Callyodon latifasciatus. 


« Date of publication. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


SEALE, ALLEN. See under Jordan, David Starr -.---.-..-- 
b) 9 

StesNEGER, Leonuarp. A New Geckoid Lizard from the 
Philippine Islands.—No. 1576. December 24, 19074... -.- 

New species: Luperosaurus macgregori. 

——. A New Species of Flying Lizard from the Philippine 
islands:—No, 1583. Kebruary 29; 908% -_ 252. 2.22. 

New species: Draco mindanensis. 

Two New Species of Toads from the Philippines. — 
ING wey See MeDLUATy, (Gal O08% 2 i a a ese ee 

New species: Phrynixalus anulatus, Kalophrynus stellatus. 

WaALsInGcHAM, Lorp. Descriptions of New North American 

9 
Tineid Moths, with a Generic: Table of the Family Blasto- 
basidz.—No. 1567. October 29, 19074 ..__._-._-_-: ee 

New genera: Valentinia, Catacrypsis, Cynotes, Menestomorpha, Colo- 
peta, Pseudoxylesthia. 

New species: Gelechia laudatella, Ethmia albitogata, Valentinia nothro- 
tes, Blastobasis sp., Holcocera nigrostriata, H, aphidiella, Catacrypsis 
nucella, C. stygna, C. ursella, C. irenica, C. inconspicua, C. morrisoni, 
Hypatopa texanella, H. episcia, H. conia, H. fasciata, H. orites, 
Menestomorpha oblongata, Coleophora lapidicornis, C. vagans, Coelo- 
peta glutinosi, Hyponomeuta diaphorus, Bucculatrix eurotiella, Litho- 
colletis cervina, L. ceriferee, L. leucothorax, Ornix innotata, Tischeria 
albostraminea, Scardia gracillis, Pseudoxylesthia angustella, Tinea 
sparsipunctella, Homonymus coloradellus. 

New name: /Hypatopa. 

Wriittamson, Epwarp Bruce. The Dragonflies (Odonata) 
of Burma and Lower Siam—II. Subfamilies Cordulegas- 
terine, Chlorogomphine, and .Gomphinz.—No. 1571. 
Mecembmeteebas WOOK. = ee ay Fr eee 28 Sf ue wen ee tas 

New genus: Burmagomphus. 

New species: Gomphidia abbotti, Gomphus xanthenatus. 

Winson, CHARLES Branco. North American Parasitic 
Copepods belonging to the Family Caligide. Parts 3 and 
4,—A Revision of the Pandarine and the Cecropinze.—No. 
ieee OCCOMOET ole hOUKe 2F a 8 2 oe ee ies a 

New genus names: Pholidopus, Prosextes. ; 

New species: Echthrogaleus torpedinis. 

. North American Parasitic Copepods: New Genera 
and Species of Caliginee.—No. 1580. February 28, 19084. 

New genera: Abasia, Tuxophorus. 

New species: Caligus rufus, Lepeophtheirus longispinosus, Parapetalus 
occidentalis, Abasia pseudorostris, Tuxophorus caligodes. 


«Date of publication. 


Ix 


Page, 
585-5438 


545-546 


573-576 


197-228 


323-490 


ee 
593-624 


DiS OP EES Tee hiONs: 


TEXT FIGURES. 


Page. 
MP CLUIEOLESMU GCLIUDES Ma tee rages a ap ee NS Ce Ch ed Se DY ace a hs eae oes | ee 4 
JPROGIMOCIIS WOOD BS SCE SAP See See ee Meee: ae pe eas Cx cn ed ee 5 
NNO ROS. (OH? SBS Ie Os SOE OE I ae ae Ns eee Se et Ve 8 
EM IOMIRNUNS URCONSLUNSS2 aw eis Boe Le ee eek owe wee Rear Stee. 2 ee See 17 
BASEL OTLCMRCLE ROLL OCTUS 1 Siar taste foe poe a ary ne ac A eS 3. SN ee 28 
JERROD A CORTE ROW OS (ORES AAS Es ee eae Oe, ae Ep eee a 32 
Charax squamosus ...-- Se Shas SA SO RE ae aA as SI et ar Cee ci ge Aa, OE, SEI 33 
CUSURETE CRT DTS Ee 8 Set 5 ES ERE RE Reet ae res tems eed ye 3 
Chips OtOnGlDOLOSSite mO-Grlval GATCOUS LOGS sas aaa = a ee ee eee s 51 
Olid OLOnGLOGLr Ossi 10-7 Cal CALCOUSITOOS = see | ae se eee eal Soe eis Sse 51 
Chiridota albatrossti. Stone canal and madreporite..........-...------------ 52 
Ankyroderma jefireysii. Spoon-like rod with rudimentary spire...-....-.---- 52 
Cucumaria calcigera. Upper surface of table from the body-wall ...-..-.---- 55 
Cucumaria calcigera. Side view of table from the body-wall....---....-.---- 5d 
Cucumaria calcigera. Perforated plate of the introvert..-...---..---..------ 56 
Cucumaria calcigera. Supporting table from a pedicel. ........-..----------- 56 
Cucumaria calcigera. Spinose, perforated tentacle rod.........-.-..--------- 57 
Cucumaria calcigera. Fragment of calcareous ring network ......---...------ 57 
Cucumaria calcigera. Stone canal and madreporite ........---...-.--------- 58 
Stichopus challengeri. Curved supporting rod of a tentacle.........---------- 66 
ORIGIN S CUNCUSx aiaetee Noe See esse ois pn ead San Meee na)be' saps ein ee a 
COTMSEUNGIZON CUS eae Sn a ate ea A eon en de SO oc ee SI ee 165 
Prospectusof Martyn’s Universal Conchologist.---.-..:-.5.--2 52-22-2422 2- 188 
Haeanese, DmlOpeine. EH TOML VIEW seen Na Soca eels oe ke Ea RS 193 
WedHOSE IDOlO:CASC tt DAC. VICWe. ta soho Soe een tone Seca Sede oe Suan 194 
imsIGe On PAcHTICSe sOlO: CASCL aa iain faa oak ae ST oN ees le tes a ea! 195 
Oncemtechnie ab Jacanese; bolo.case: 2.252850: so Sse2 Ne Sa eso een ee ne 195 
Gt enLOindaCalese WOlOICASE coe ac. oe. Sage atest eee eee es ae eta 196 
a eGR DUR VICNILOCULLLIS oars iss oS es tee Ne are es as ee See noe ee 23 
UEP EMI ISCLL CEL CREME ote Ror AS fea TA on Te Ne ei See ee ian 232 
J SOLUTGTR tp VOTED: SLIT Si = ego se REN 2 pe Sa ae Ate ey ae i a BY 
SECIS OP RAINE) O05 Pc OT Re a ee OE I A 234 
CATION NO US MECCRY OLS penn re ry Ss See 2 Sa al Se eee Re Save ie i 235 
Cherops zamboangx....- Lips eae ae ee pen tee Goer aS a ea 237 
Callyodon latifasciatus ....-. Ei Ss ee ane ee Ra Ro cd ea oe ae mee 238 
SLULOD RAC USLON UST OUNCE seme ines oN Gb oD an eks See ee ee ace yt 246 
Lefua echigonia.......- See ete See SSS AS SORE Eee Ge Ee ie gue eee ee 263 
I POURGE SEEDS GD IOC Pas Ses ees 5 nae a eens eS eee, ay a 264 
NICE SPOT) TT UE ID a Frat sn heck AN ls et eee 266 
Diagrammatic wing of a Dragonfly of the Family shnidse showing the 
MOMENC Atte Obie WenatlOn Gos o5 055 2 - eante no cade at eee nee 270. 


XIT LIST OF I[LLUSTRATIONS. 


Wings of male Anotogasier. sieboldi trom) Japan == c= ae = = sea a 
Wings of male Orogomphus atkinsoni. De Selys’ collection .......----.------ 
Wings of female Orogomphus atkinsoni. De Selys’ collection. .......-..-.---- 
Wings of male Ictinus melznops from Siam.....-..---------- e dtrcjnid aera ctcheisiags 
Wings of female Jciinus melanops trom: Siam ss. soo. 224s Sse a eee eee 
Wings of male Gomphidia abbotty from Siam $222.22. 5 52. 2- 23 sseseeee eee 
Gomphidia abbotti from Siam. A, dorsal, and B, lateral views of male abdomi- 

nal appendages. 9 and 10, abdominal segments’ _--...-.--.-. 5-2-2. = -.-- 
Wings of male Sieboldius japponicus from Siam........---------------------- 
Wings of male Hagenius brevistylus from North America ......--------------- 
Wings of female Davidiwus fruhstorferi irom Tonkin .22-2:-..2-----------2-=-- 
Wings of male Macrogomphus quadratus from Big Tambelan Island, China Sea. 
Wings of female species of Macrogomphus from Siam .....----.-------------- 


Macrogomphus quadratus from Big Tambelan Island, China Sea. A, lateral, 
and B, dorsal views of male abdominal appendages. 9 and 10, abdominal 
Sane oe sokSoasscbeoo sao ses SoEacososuSeSoeadnoce eb sosaseanaseresad 

Wings of male Leptogomphus semperi from Borneo. -..--..------------- Boose 

Wings of male species of Leptogomphus from Tonkin. Martin’s collection .--- 

Wings of male Leptogomphus inclitus. De Selys’ collection ......------------ 

Wings of female Leptogomphus inclitus. De Selys’ collection. -.-- seceeeet 

Wings of male Microgomphus chelifer. De Selys’ collection ..........-------- 

Wings of female Microgomphus chelifer. De Selys’ collection. .......--------- 

Wings of female Cyclogomphus heterostylus. De Selys’ collection ......------- 

Wings of Anisogomphus occipitalis. De Selys’ collection .......-.-----.------ 

Wings of female Anisogomphus occipitalis. De Selys’ collection ......-------- 

Wings of male Anormogomphus heleropterus. De Selys’ collection ........---- 

Wings of male Burmagomgy hus vermiculatus from Burma ....-..-------------- 

Burmagomphus vermiculatus from Burma. <A, lateral, and B, dorsal views of 
male abdominal appendages. ©, profile of accessory genitalia of abdominal 
segment. 9 and 10, abdominal segments....------ Seta DA as Se ee 

Diagrams representing the thoracic color pattern of some oriental Gomphinee . 

Wings of male Platygomphus dolabratus. De Selys’ collection......---.------ 

Wings of female Platygomphus dolabratus. De Selys’ collection. .........-.-- 

Wings of male Gomphus xanthenatus from Burma ..-.---------------- etaisiatatae 

Gomphus canthenatus iromiBurma ss eres esses aae eee ee eee eee 

Wings of female Onychogomphus annularis from Burma......---------------- 

Wings of male Onychogomphus saundersii from Burma. .--- Sass eace petesee 

Onychogomphus saundersti from Burma. .-..-.-----------------+------+--+-- Kas 

Wings of male species of Onychogomphus from Burma....------- Soe ces 

Wings of male Heterogomphus cochinchinensis from Tonkin ......------------- 

Wings of male Merogomphus paviei from Tonkin ...-.-..---------- eae, Leese 

EMCANIO OT OWN ao Sos ee Saye De ee ee Se ee eee eeereinns a Seer 

Photograph of dorsal fin of sand shark, showing both sexes of Pandarus simu- 
QUUS Soe 0c BS sen cos econ sca els Se eee eee SR eee eee ee eee eleanor 


Ventral surface of female Pandarus sinuatus, showing adhesion pads. -.------- 
Ventral surface of first three pairs of swimming legs of Echthrogaleus denticulatus 

showine accessory adhesion padsi-==s-=-2 se =e == =e eee Sects 
A newly hatched Nauplius of Pandarus sinuatus .........------------------- 
A newly hatched Nauplius of Nesippus alatus ....-2. 2. -0.-2-22-<- ee ene - === 
The Metanauplius of Nesippus alatus- 222-22 sooo ==. eee ee eee 


The mouth tube, maxillee, and mandibles of the Metanauplius of Nesippus 
CUAWUS S38 2 sel owe a oe SSeS wee Sia ore SO eee See ele ao eee 
The first and second maxillipeds of the Metanauplius of Nesippus alatus....-- 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


A mandible of the Metanauplius of Nesippus alatus..-. Soe pret eete er meres 
The first three pairs of swimming legs of the Metanauplius of Nesippus alatus. 
A Chalimus of Perissopus communis..-..----- BECO SEB ESS eer eee ere 


The four pairs of swimming legs of the Chalimus shown in the preceding 
TOTNES Sete Kaye sete aso Yee a erat a er ren BSI, wre worsen tise seas aieie, dn 
A Chalimus of Perissopus communis, one-third larger than the one in Fig. 11_- 


A Chalimus of Perissopus communis, fully developed...-...--.-..--------=--- 
Dorsal view of a female Pandarus sinuatus, showing the parts of the body... 
Dorsal view ot aimale of. Pandarus cranchit-..0. 2.22. ss0-- 2522 Sess. e se 


Section of the genital segment of Pandarus sinuatus, with the sixth segment 
and abdomen still attached. End view, showing the distance between the 


dorsal plateantetherabQOMen =o .5 ces cece ccc gee ence ooeceeaseus Set 
The genital segment and abdomen of Pandarus cranchii, showing anal lamin: 
Witheinoawies «dorsal wand. ventralis 52.2 s2s2s2Gsc2-s-cceese se cececcecne 
LR SUG OTT IDES AS AGC TRI a a RE Sanees eee oe 
Glossogobius campbellianus...--..---------- seescteeia sc Me wetesfoe So Seite ene 
Sketch map of lower Kapuas River, Western Borneo..-........--...-..-.----- 


A. Last two maxillary teeth of Lutra barang, adult female, Pulo Lankawi. 
B. Last two maxillary teeth of Lutra lovii, adult female, Pulo Saparo, in 
Manincwluiviers: Wester DOMNCO. 25222 sos 550s stot 2 ocess es se5 Son Bios o- 

Region near Tunol, Durango, Mexico; Agaves in foreground, prickly pear in 
PREG CN OPO LOUNGE pase ss et oo eee AR ot oc ome 

Natural growth of agave, prickly pear, and cacti on hills near Tunol, Durango, 
Mexicos Workman, with lever on'shoulder--:.2.22252 22 2... 22252522222. 

Agave plantation near City of Mexico; Chapultepec in the distance....-.-....- 

Large agave plant prepared for incubation. Near City of Mexico..-......-.- 

Machete: Handle: of horn riveted to iron blades: -. 2-22-22. -2 222 22r 222k ee. 

Huge agave showing bandera impaled on point of leaf. Collector at work 
WEA OMAMUMS Kin SACKeos= = AS usa! ono aoe e te sao ae een oasis 

Collector of aguamiel at work-with siphon--.02s: <2. 23..20-22-20 722 secs. 

Gourd siphon shod with horn. Musquitec Indians............-.2.2..--.--- 

Sion adevoimulae) Unane Om VMGxtCQssose= see sas sess serene voce seo eee oe 

Seraper of wrought iron. Durango, Mexico..-......- ears Se ie ee ee 

Sin sacktortlansportine AVUAMICL. 90. .os co ccSss face o Soc et. choot Ss eebwe oes 

Collectors ot acuamiel, “Zumpango, Mexico. =. 0.22 .sccc2--22-2j052-n2 2 25 

Transportation of aguamiel in jars slang on the back. Tepeaca, Mexico 

Vat house and workmen, Hacienda de San Antonio. Ometusco, Mexico-..--. 

Heldavaptorepreparatlgmion pulguer.c. 92-cs-ceclos es ccce css ocecdceseeue ot 

Sieveor straining azuamiel, Durango, Mexico ..-.2:2-.--.-2.-...-<--4c-.-- 

Pulque shop named for Queen Xochitl, Cuernavaca, Mexico ..........-.---- 

Tepache vendor’s outfit consisting of an olla, olla ring, andtwocups. Durango, 
Mexicors. 225: eee tga gs Sa gs ee Sees ees Se 

SRULSQEEG) SRO EE NL OYE UH OCS CEE ape ga, 

IROGICKUS CSUGP — SSRK BACH ORS Ee SEBO SS a ere eae 

SOO PI PE SRM LU LOS a eee i, ee gach he ery ee SE FL Sis 

MOU SINR TUS POPUL GOS oe po ee ECE ET 

HEY SOMOPILYS COCO UAiae ya Sey ois 6 US ch Sk 

LG DITCH EUS ORE ROLOT Caen earn Are en ee MeN Ay A 

ELD OL IC CSN CElem enn ices Sle MS Ss ER a oN cee cae nd 

Tepidotmaltaraiitier: 2: 28 20-35 

Ebisinus cheirophthalmus 

DCEO GUSMOCLET SCI =e eh aoe =e een pe ee, A Me ey 

Radials, Basals, and Infrabasals of Isocrinus decorus (a young specimen) --.-.- 


Voeces 


XIII 


Page. 
338 
3389 


340 


341 
342 
o14An 
oto 
387 


578 


579 
580 
581 
581 


582 
582 
583 
583 
583 
584 
584 
585 
585 
586 
586 
588 


589 
591 
631 
633 
637 
639 
646 
648 
651 
665 
668 


672 


XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Radials, Basals, and Infrabasals of /socrinus decorus (a mature specimen) -.-. 
Radials, Basals, and Infrabasals of Metacrinus rotundus.......--------------- 
Uppermost columnar of Metacrinus roltundus.-.~5---22---=se0s2--e22- seo 
Isolated Ulnitrabasals of WMetacrinius) stipenbus sea ee ee ee eee eee eee tee 
Section of Calyx of Metacrinus superbus, showing the infrabasals in position... 
Ventral view of isolated Infrabasals of Metacrinus superbus .....------------- 
Dorsal view of isolated Infrabasals of Metacrinus superbus...--.--------------- 
Corncocyclas:davist Bartsch’. 225. sss eee Bae eee ae ee 
Holophryxus giardi. Adult female. Dorsal view. Lateral view. Ventral 

WICW fac so cbsSes Sok be Me See Seed 2 Gases oo ee oe eee 
Holophryxus giardi. Immature female and host-.................------.---- 
Holophryxus giardi. Immature female. Dorsal view. Lateral view. Ventral 

VIC We 5s 5. SI es ee ee ees eee = ae 
Holophryaus californiensis. Adult female and host 
Holophrycus caliporiiensise Male ye eee eer ee ree ee 
Arthrophryxus beringanus. Adult female. Dorsal view. Ventral view 
ATihTOphTry cus) Ochingamus. Adult male -sso= sees a= ae e ee ee eer 
CLENOLUCIUS TU CLOSER ae ae setae ee a ee Se gee ey MOR ad Pe 


PLATES. 


Facing page. 


25 SPaArasitesiOl eS erm UC awkds es see ete aes ee ee ee 
3. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
4. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
5. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
6:-Parasitesiof Bermudactishessecss a5 sos tes aah er eee 
7. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes.........-..- 

. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
RParasites'of-Bermudaetisheste se Sai ot ee ee ee eee 
LOMsParasites OfeB erm ae His hese ese a es eee ere ne 
jd taParasites!oi Bermuda chsh es sncss se) rots eee ere ele eager 
122 Parasitesiof -Bermudarlisheste c.sem aoeee eee eee ee 
ieebarasitesion dsermild a) HSCs ees se eee ae 
14. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
15. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
16. West American Mollusks 
17. The female of Perissopus communis, and the variety stimpsoni 
18:-The male of -Perissopus communtse. — ssssesce es ee ee 
19. The:femaleot HMchthrogaleus:coleopinatusi sas eae oes oe eee 
20s chetemalelok Hehthnrogaleus iG enciculais =. eee ee 
Ale hevtemale of Hchihnogaleus tojpcdinis sass) =e eee ee eee 
22) he female of Dinematura jerona sas. ose ee ee ee ee ee 
3 thetemale of Dinematuna mroducta=s. sceee secs = eee eee 
24 bhewtemaleot Dinematuna latijodese see eee eee hee ae eee ee 
25; ‘Dhe male of Dinematura latifolia 220 cae eee ee eee ee 
205 -Lhemale orePandarus Onémcauiaisee. os. sane Soe ee eee ee ee 
Ze the female'ot Pondarus bicoloresaseee sce eer eee ee ee 
28. the male and female of Pandarus cranchits2s2 ssense. 4 ee eee eee 
29. An Adult and a young Female of Pandarus smithii...-...--.------------- 
30. The male and a young female of Pandarus smithw......-.-.------------- 
ole bhe femal evote Pandas satis aaa =e eee ee ee 
32) Lhetemalerot Pandarus sinuatusse one -see ke aes eee eee ee eee eee eee 


1. Parasites of Bermuda Fishes 
y 


126 
126 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV 


Facing page. 


Ss} Sas ioalks On Jer Neen) GIMUO ee ee Seo pose aes SS Oe eee Sb ae COn eens aeeee 490 
34. An adult and a young female of Nesippus alatus.........-.--.----------- 490 
MECRIIalS Ol VVCMp PUR MMLUBS sot see aoe ee Ses amet ast tee Boe Se 490 
DUEeen Inala OniVestp Duss CURUCOUGIS's, <2 2 ao nc Dole ho ok alsin heciBeen +90 
Dee ALO ODM VCStP DUR OTCAM Ss lec ass hoa aii cer Sea en See Se 490 
een Ouiein ler OleCCCrn8 CULCI ata oe teas nosotros oe 490 
Bo manu aL eLOlMCCCrOnsiOUnCuLlutnrs seme = Cena 2 ene ie We Re, OR eae 490 
a0. sbhestemale ots Orthagorscicolamuricalas.. 62 Seb ade ese eee 490 
41. The male and a Chalimus of Orthagoriscicola muricata...........-.------- 490 
eee MEMAlG Ob NUOTEITAQOTISCUS  SETTALUSS. J. oa ss 222-2 e252 Ss S4- seni 490 
AMEN CMM AlCLOMMENILORERTAGOnISGUS SEMNnALUS= 222 ta 4 -)s55 4 Je oe ee eee ae Se 
PCH Pe MIME LICAMENUEUONUN Al] fe cist tart ene eat oS ae Bhs ec sete 534 
Py Coe Ama chicane LUT DOU Mere s -see esac coss sta. sce cecce Sachi tee Soak 534 
te SUe MEN ChiGdil )OOSLOMIAt ss 2 ten ote ee oa Sc Scloe fos kan woo ee 534 
iP CaurAmcrican Le yraninGcilidee ns scares son le ahs. cote e ees Ao gan aek 534 
Tome esi eAmeniecam OdOstOmidees: oc bls +c csece.. Sosee ce ese nnetoon- See sa 5384 
49> Che male andi female of Caligus hamulonis ..2-- =... 2225-2 .422-0 Sosa 628 
50. The female of Caligus rufus, new species......-..--..------------------- 628 
ol thetemaleot Lepcophiiewrusmonacanthus=.. <<. 52 veh -~- sone --- 2 -- 628 
52. The female of Lepeophtheirus longispinosus, new species.........---------- 628 
53. The female of Parapetalus occidentalis, new species ......-----.---------- 628 
54. The male and female of Abasia pseudorostris, new genus and species ~ --- -- 628 
55. The female of Tuxophorus caligodes, new genus and species -..-.--------- 628 
56. The male of Tuxophorus caligodes, new genus and species ....------------ 628 
57. Species of Planorbis from North Carolina and Louisiana.............---- 700 
58. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador and Newfoundland _.......------- 714 
59. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador and Newfoundland ......-......-- 714 
60. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador and Newfoundland -.-..-....----- 714 
61. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador and Newfoundland _..........---- 714 
62. Fresh-water Crustacea from Labrador and Newfoundland __.....-.-..--- 714 
Green CS OMEN GH EMM Mert Sc tea. ie Sade ere eo CN ie ee ee 730 
Gieeaiestelin dice lhnits: at: sv sate cnet ee Seta ee a A cies a et ee 730 


DEN CR UsUTIO EATER EID S ioe soars aoc oe See oe Soe ate < Sec Seeinte Sinwis RO Smee 730 


AN ANNOTATED LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES IN THE 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AND THE MU- 
SEUM OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF NEW SPECIES. 


By Cari H. Eicenmann and FLEeTcHER OGLE, 


Of Indiana University, buceimgon, Indiana. . 


In the following pages are enumerated the Characin fishes belonging 
to the United States National Museum. They are principally derived 
from the following sources: 

1. A series of Dr. Chr. Liittken’s species from the collections made 
by J. Reinhardt, at Lagoa Santa and the Rio das Velhas, Brazil (1850— 
1856). 

2. A collection of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey 
(1851-1854). 

3. A collection made by Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, U. S. Navy, in 
Bolivia (1852). 

4. A collection made by Capt. T. J. Page, U.S. Navy, in Paraguay 
(1853). 

5. The collections made for J. C. Brevoort and E. G. Blackford, 
chiefly at Para, Brazil. 

6. A collection by Lieut. N. Michler and A. Schott from the Tru- 
ando near the Rio Atrato, Colombia (1857-58). 

7. A collection from the Maraftion and Najpo-rivers, Brazil, made by 
James Orton (1867). 

8. The collections from Panama and Nicaragua made by Dr. J. F. 
Bransford (1876). 

9. A collection ‘from the Nile River, Egypt, made by the Senff Ex- 
pedition (1899). 

Unless otherwise indicated the numbers are those of the catalogues 
of the United States National Museum. 

The National Museum also contains the collection from the Amazon 
River, made by Prof. J. B. Steere in 1901. 

These have been reported on elsewhere.” The collection of Page 


aSee Eigenmann and Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, pp. 659-668. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1556. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxili—07——1 1 


g PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


from Paraguay is the most extensive, and at the time it was made was 
by far the most important collection from that region. But the 
numerous new forms it contained when it was made have since been 
described by Perugia, Boulenger, and Eigenmann from other 
collections. 

A small but very interesting series is that which was made by 
Michler and Schott in the Atrato Basin. Inasmuch as the Atrato 
River forms part of the probable route of migration of the eastern 
fresh-water fishes to the Pacific slope everything from that part of 
Colombia is of great interest. 

In preparing these notes use has also been made of the collections 
of Indiana University, which include the following: 

1. A collection by H. von Ihering from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 

2. A collection by H. von Ihering from Sad Faulo, Brazil. 

3. Duplicates of the collections of C. F. Hartt from the Amazon 
Basin, Brazil. 

4. Collections of the Indiana University Expedition to Guatemala. 

5. Various collections from the Paraguay Basin made by J. D. 
Anisits. 

6. Duplicate specimens from the Mexican collections of S. E. Meek. 

7. Duplicate specimens from the Argentine collections of J. W. 
Titcomb (1903-4). 

8. A collection from Trinidad, made by Mr. Lechmere Guppy, jr. 
We have also examined the Princeton University collections made by 
Prof. W. B. Scott in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and the collection 
made by Mr. O. Riddle in Venezuela. 

The following new names appear in this paper: 

Gilbertolus Eigenmann (new name). 
Evermannolus Eigenmann (new name ). 
Curimatus boulengert Eigenmann (new name). 
Curimatus brevipes Eigenmann and Ogle. 
Curimatus leuciscus bolivie Eigenmann and Ogle. 
Prochilodus beani Eigenmann. 

Parodon paraguayensis EKigenmann. 

Parodon piracicabe Eigenmann. 

Leporinus pare Eigenmann. 

Leporinus steindachnert Eigenmann (new name). 
Cheirodon ribeiroi Eigenmann. 

Cheirodon micropterus Kigenmann. 
Odontostilbe microcephalus Eigenmann. 
Aphyocharax rathbuni Kigenmann. 
Aphyocharax stramineus Eigenmann. 
Holopristes riddle: Meek. 

Hemigrammus micropterus Meek. 
Hemigrammus tridens EKigenmann. 
Hemigrammus boulengeri Eigenmann. 
Hemigrammus anisitsi Eigenmann. 
Hemigrammus sante Kigenmann, 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 3 


Hemigrammus inconstans EKigenmann and Ogle. 

Astyanax rutilus nicaraguensis Eigenmann and Ogle. 

Asiyanax emperador Eigenmann and Ogle. 

Astyanax orthodus Eigenmann. 

Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann. 

Astyanax megalops Figenmann. 

Phenacogrammus Eigenmann. 

Charax atratoensis Eigenmann. 

I am informed that the names “7/hertella and Evermanella proposed 

for Characin genera are preoccupied. For the former I propose the 
name G/bertolus Kigenmann; for the latter, Averimannolus Kigenmann. 


Psectrogaster auratus Gill. 

No. 5878. Type Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
Psectrogaster curviventris Eigenmann and Kennedy. 

No. 2106. Two specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Curimatus albula Quoy and Gaimard. 

No. 44956. Two specimens, Lagoa Santa, Brazil, Reinhardt col- 
lection. 

Curimatus boulengeri Eigenmann, new specific name. 
For Curimatus giinther’ BouLENGER, not of Eigenmann and Kigenmann. 
Curimatus bimaculatus Steindachner. 

No. 1639 (part). Two specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 

No. 2107. Two specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Curimatus platanus Giinther. 

No. 1639 (part). One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 

Head 3.4; depth 3.25; D. 12, counting everything; A. 104; scales 
between 53 and 57. A small black caudal spot, no dorsal spot. 

? Curimatus gilberti Quoy and Gaimard. 

No. 39148. A specimen 42 mm. to base of caudal. From Monte- 
video, Uruguay. 

Head nearly 4; depth 34; D. 12; A. 9; scales 6-36-5; tail with a 
dusky lateral streak ending in a large black spot in front of the caudal. 
Entire back with obscure dark spots. 

Curimatus brevipes Eigenmann and Ogle, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 35333, U.S.N.M. <A specimen 131 mm. to base of 
caudal, Peru?, Orton collection. 

Allied to ©. leucostictus. Head 3.5; depth 3}; D. 12, including 
the first rudiment; A. 10; scales 8-47-63 (above ventrals). Heavy, 
elongate, rhomboidal. Preventral region broadly rounded, without 
keels and without a median series of scales; postventral region and 
postdorsal region rounded; predorsal region obscurely ridged; mouth 
subterminal. 

Anterior profile very slightly concave, strongly convex behind the 
occiput; eye equal to snout, 33 in head, 2 in interorbital; scales cre- 
nate; caudal apparently entirely naked. Highest dorsal ray probably 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


little longer than head, less opercle; anal emarginate, its highest ray 
probably not reaching caudal; ventrals not reaching vent, pectorals 


Fic. 1.—CURIMATUS BREVIPES. 


not to ventrals. Brassy, darker above. No definite spots, distal part 
of dorsal and a line between every two of the last seven rays, dotted; 
distal part of anal dotted. 

Curimatus leuciscus bolivie Eigenmann and Ogle, new subspecies. 

Type.—Cat. No. 44832, U.S.N.M. One specimen 95 mm. to base of 
caudal, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 

This variety differs from the typical species in having but 57 scales 
in the lateral line instead of 60-64, in the absence of a dusky spot at 
the tip of the occipital process, and by the presence of a dark spot on 
the seventh dorsal membrane, some distance from its base. 

Curimatus knerii Steindachner. 

No. 34697. Probably from Para, Brazil, presented by J. C. Bre- 
voort. 

Anodus latior Spix. 

No. 44836. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
Elopomorphus elongatus (Spix). 

No. 5926. One specimen (type of 4. jordanz), Bolivia, Gibbon 
collection. 

Hemiodus othonops Higenmann and Kennedy. 

No, 2103. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Rhytiodus microlepis Kner. . 

No. 5876. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
Distichodus fasciolatus Boulenger. 

No. 44815. One specimen, Congo, Africa, collected by J. H. Camp. 
? Distichodus brevipinnis Giinther. : 

No. 52096. One specimen, Nile-Atbara Junction, Senff-Expedition 
collection, collected by Bashford Dean. 

Head 42; depth 23; eye 5; D. 214; A. 15; scales 16-90-14. Lower 
jaw with about 20 teeth. Distance between dorsals more than twice 


indistinct cross bands, their lower ends more or less disconnected 
to form a series of spots below the lateral line, the first spot most 
prominent and in part on the lateral line. 
Prochilodus insignis Schomburgk. 

No. 3070. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
Prochilodus vimboides Heckel. 

No. 26696. One specimen, Brazil, presented by the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology. 
Prochilodus beani Eigenmann, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 1662, U.S.N.M. A specimen about 195 mm. long, 
153 to end of lateral line. Truando, Colombia, collected by A. Schott. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 1662a, U.S.N.M. A specimen about 195 mm. 
long, 160 mm. to end of lateral line. 


He oe Pas BEE Z 


mE 


Fig. 2.—PROCHILODUS BEANI. 


Allied to brevis, rubroteniatus, cephalotes, magdalenx, argenteus, 
platensis, and scrofa. 

Head 3.8 in length to end of lateral line (3.6 in cotype); depth 23 
(3); D. 11; A. 11; scales 8-44-7 (8-43-7). Snout slightly projecting; 
eye about 4 in head, interorbital not quite 2; snout 24; opercle faintly 
striate; suborbitals covering about half the cheek; fontanel linear, 
extending to nares; dorsal inserted over tenth scale of the lateral 
line, the ventrals below the tenth or eleventh; height of dorsal 
equals length of head less upper lip, equal to the distance between the 
dorsals; pectorals reaching ventrals; highest ray of anal reaching tip 
of last; scales rough. 

Dorsal with numerous paired spots before and behind the rays, 
these more conspicuous backward, sometimes joined into lines, absent 
from first two or three rays; caudal uniform except for a faint spot at 
the base of its middle rays; anal and upper surface of pectorals dusky; 


6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


faint stripes along the rows of scales; faint dark cross shades. These 
specimens differ from the specimen of scrofa recorded by Eigenmann 
and Norris from Piracicaba in the number of scales (9-48-8), the 
height of the dorsal (equals head less snout in front of nares), the 
extent of the pectorals (to third scale in front of ventrals). There 
are other minor differences, but the two forms are evidently quite 
similar. Origin of dorsal over the eleventh scale of the lateral line, 
origin of ventrals below the fifteenth. 

Named for Mr. Barton A. Bean, Assistant,Curator, Division of 
Fishes, United States National Museum. 
Prochilodus scrofa Steindachner. 


No. 21445. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
No. 1632. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 


Parodon paraguayensis EHigenmann, new species. 
Parodon affinis Et@ENMANN and KeENNEpy (not Steindachner), Proc. Acad. Nat. 


Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 512. a8, 
Type.—No. 9953, I. U. Museum, a specimen 18 mm. long to base of 


‘audal. Asuncion, Rio Paraguay. Anisits. 

Cotypes.—No. 9953a, Museum of Indiana University. Numerous 
specimens, Asuncion. Also other specimens, Nos. 9952, 9975, 
and 10237, Indiana University Mus., 35 to 105 mm. to base of caudal, 
the largest 105 mm., Asuncion; Ane Cat. No. 1641, U.S.N.M., one 
pease 100 mm. a end of lateral line, pare Captain Page; 
and Cat. No. 2108, U.S.N.M., 112 and 105 mm. to end of lateral line. 

Teeth 2-4, 4-2; head 3.5 to 4; depth 4.33-5.5; D. 11 or 12; A. 8; 
P. 12; scales 4-42 to 44-4; eye 33-4 in hen Gi Be : atereaniel 
about equal to snout; width of mandible 5—53 in the length of the head. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose or 
a little posterior; height of dorsal equal to head in front of upper 
angle of gill opening; margin of dorsal obliquely truncate, the highest 
ray extending beyond tip of last; adipose over anal; ventrals under 
seventh or eighth dorsal ray, their tips 2 or 3 scales removed from 
anus; tips of pectorals 4 scales removed from ventrals. Scales highly 
iridescent; a dark band from tip of snout along lateral line to tip of 
middle caudal rays, a silvery band below it; back with faint dark 
cross shades. 

Parodon piracicabe Higenmann, new species. 
Parodon affinis ErakNMANN and Norris (not Steindachner), Revista Museum, 

Paulista, IV, 1900, p. 356. 

Type.—No. 9292, Indiana University Museum, 108 mm. to end of 
lateral line; Piracicaba, von Ihering. 

ope ON 0. 9292, Indiana University Museum, 105 and 100 mm. 
to end of lateral line. Piracicaba. Teeth 2-4, 4-2; head 5; depth 43; 
D. 12; A. 8; P. 14; scales 4-41 or 42-3; eye 3.6-4 in head; snout 
about 3; interorbital about equal to snout; mandibles narrow, the 


no.1556. DIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. a 


width of their margin 6 in the length of the head; dorsal and ventral 
outlines about equally arched. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and middle of 
adipose; highest dorsal ray about equal to length of head in front of 
upper angle of gill opening, its margin obliquely truncate, the longest 
ray scarcely projecting beyond tip of last ray; origin cf ventrals below 
seventh to ninth dorsal ray, their tips one or two scales from anus; 
tips of pectorals about 6 scales from yentrals. 

A dark stripe from tip of snout along lateral line to end of middle 
caudal rays, another between first and second scale below dorsal from 
occiput to adipose dorsal; a silvery band below the lateral band; a 
dusky spot or two in front of the dorsal; back with faint cross shades. 
Anostomus borellii Boulenger. 

Anostomus borellii BouLENGER, Boll. Mus. Uniy. Torino., XV, 1900 (Carandasifho, 
near Corumba). 
Anostomus fasciatus EIGENMANN and Kernnepy, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1903, 

p. 512 (Rio Paraguay and Estancia la Armonia). Not of Spix. 

Cat. No. 1632, U.S.N.M., 6 specimens, about 125 mm. to end of 
lateral line, Paraguay, Page collection. 

These specimens differ from the type of A. borel/iz in having 9 or 
10 anal rays instead of 8. 

Anostomus isognathus Kner. 

No. 2105. One specimen, Paraguay. 

Schizodon fasciatus Spix. 

No. 34687. One specimen, Para, Brazil, presented by J. C. Brevoort. 
No. 44834. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 

Leporinus trifasciatus Steindachner. 

No. 4942. One specimen, Uruguay River at Saltro, September 17, 
1860, Page collection. 

No. 1629. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 


Leporinus frederici Bloch. 

No. 1628. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Leporinus reinhardti Liitken. 

No. 44958, probably one of the types, Lagoa Santa, Brazil. 
Leporinus megalepis Giinther. 

No. 44951. One specimen (one of the types of L. marcgravii), Rio 
das Velhas, Brazil. 
? Leporinus myuscorum. Steindachner. 

No. 1656. Three specimens, Truando, Colombia, Michler and Schott 
collection. 

D. 12, 12, 18; A. 10; lat. line 39, 40, 41. 
Leporinus striatus Kner. 

No. 34660. One specimen, presented by J. C. Brevoort (4). 

No. 1657. Two specimens, Truando, Colombia, collected by A. 
Schott. 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Leporinus tzeniatus Liitken. - 

No. 44952. One specimen (probably one of the types), Rio das 
Velhas, Brazil. 

Lat. line 37; D. 13; A. 9; head, 44; depth about 32; a dark lateral 
band. Dorsal and anal rounded, the latter reaching caudal. <A sec- 
ond specimen, labeled taenzatus by Liitken, from Rio das Velhas, 
Brazil, seems to be distinct. 

Lat. line 36, D. 13; A. 11; head 4, depth about 4. No markings 
apparent; anal and dorsal rounded, the former reaching caudal. 
Levorinus pare Eigenmann, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 34613, U.S.N.M. Specimen 76 mm. to the end of 
the lateral line. Para, Brazil. Presented by J. C. Brevoort. 

Cotype.—Cat. No. 34613a (part). Specimen 63 mm. to end of the 
lateral line. 

Cotypes. —Cat. No. 34575, two specimens, 126 and 74 mm. to end of 
the lateral lines, respectively. Presented by J. C. Brevoort. 


Fic, 3.—LEPORINUS PAR. 


Allied to nattererr, agassizii, megalepis, and frederici. 

Head 4; depth 8; D. 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 5-37 to 39-5. Com- 
pressed; profile slightly concave over eye, convex from nape to dorsal; 
basis of dorsal more oblique than the slope posterior to the dorsal; eye 
32-4; snout 3, interorbital 2-2.25; maxillary groove extending to below 
the point midway between the nostrils; nostrils close together or more 
remote, teeth 4-4, rather small but sharp; dorsal and anal rounded, 
highest anal rays reaching to the caudal, much beyond tips of last ray; 
highest dorsal ray little less than length of head; caudal short, the 
upper lobe about equal to the highest dorsal ray; pectorals not reach- 
ing ventrals by the length of about 3 scales. 5 

A small dark spot just behind the gill openings and below the lateral 
line; a dark spot on the lateral line below the dorsal, another on the 
lateral line in front of the anal, anda third just in front of the caudal; 
traces of a silvery streak along the lateral line as in Z. natterer7; 
lighter lines following the rows of scales, especially beiow the lateral 
line; back with faint traces of darker marblings. 


no.1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 3 


Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, new specific name. 
Leporinus affinis StEINDACHNER, Stisswf. Sudostl. Bras., Il, 1875; p. 18, pl. 11 (Rio 

Arassuahy, tributary of the Rio Jequitinhonha). Not of Ginther. 

Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt. 

No. 44950, Rio das Velhas, Brazil, Reinhardt collection. 
Cheirodon interruptus Jenyns. 

A comparison of the specimens recorded by Eigenmann and Ken- 
nedy“as C. interruptus and C. insignis, with a specimen of calliurus 
from Carandasifho, received from the British Museum, shows them 
to belong to the same species. It is possible that these are distinct 
from the C. interruptus of Jenyns, but we are unable to point out the 
differences. 

Cheirodon monodon Cope. 

No. 11090, Museum of Indiana University, one of the specimens 
recorded by Eigenmann’ as Zetragonopterus fasciatus interruptus, 
from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, seems to belong to this species. 
Cheirodon ribeiroi Higenmann, new species. 

Type.—No. 10229, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 35 
mm. to base of caudal. Puerto Max, Paraguay Basin. Collected by 
J. D. Anisits. 

Head 3.4; depth 3; D. 11; A. 26; scales 5-33-4; eye 24, much larger 
than in C. interruptus, equal to postorbital portion of head, greater 
than interorbital; fontanels reaching a little beyond middle of eye; 
teeth black; premaxillary with 4+ very broad-tipped teeth, the middle 
point not much greater than the lateral ones; each ramus of the man- 
dible with 4 teeth (apparently no smaller ones on the sides); maxillary 
comparatively long and slender, reaching beyond anterior margin of 
the eye; pectorals reaching ventrals, ventrals not to anal; adipose fin 
well developed; dorsal behind the ventrals. A black line concurrent 
with the back from eye to caudal peduncle; a large black humeral spot 
above the lateral line, just posterior to base of pectorals; caudal spot 
occupying the entire width of the caudal peduncle. Another much 
smaller specimen from the Arroyo Pypucu probably belongs to this 
species. It has one tooth multicuspid in each maxillary. 

Named in honor of the naturalist of the Brazilian National Museum, 
Dr. Alipio de Miranda Ribeiro. 


Cheirodon micropterus Eigenmann, new species. 


Tetragonopterus bellottti ULREy, in part, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, p. 286. 
Not of Steindachner. 


Type.—No. 11092, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 27 
mm. to base of caudal. Santarem, Brazil. 


@Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903. bAnn. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, p. 634. 


10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Scales 6-31-4; A. 20; head about 4; depth 3; eye 2.6, twice as long 
as snout, but very little greater than interorbital; maxillary short, 
not extending beyond front of eye, with two teeth; mouth small, teeth 
all broad-tipped and multicuspid, about 5 in each premaxillary, 4 or 5 
in each ramus of the lower jaw. Dorsal profile arched; origin of 
dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Pectoral 
short, just reaching ventral; ventrals not to anal. No humeral spot; 
a well defined caudal spot not extending to the ends of the middle 
rays, otherwise plain. 


Odontostilbe microcephalus Higenmann, new species. 


Type.—No. 11086, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 46 
mm. in total length, Rio Pileomayo, Bolivia. 

Cotype.—No. 11086a, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 
45 mm. in total length, from the same locality. 

3oth these specimens were received in exchange from the British 
Museum, and were labelled Cheirodon pequira. They lack the com- 
plete dentition and the peculiar marking of the dorsal of pegu/ra. 
They seem to represent a new species of Odontostilbe in its narrowest 
sense; that is, the teeth are ina single series, the maxillary has but 
few teeth, and the lateral line is complete. This species is very nearly 
allied to if not identical with fugitiva. 

Head 4.33; depth 4; D. 10; A. 18-20; scales 6-36-5; eye 3 in head, 
equal to interorbital. 

Elongate, slender, the dorsal and ventral profiles very little arched; 
head very small, slightly convex; frontal fontanel reaching about to 
middle of eye; mouth small, the maxillary slender, reaching to below 
margin of eye; teeth broad, many pointed, the middle point promi- 
nent, 5 in each premaxillary, 1 on the maxillary and 6 graduated 
ones on the mandibles; cheeks mailed, a narrow naked area between 
suborbitals and the vertical limb of the preopercle; origin of dorsal in 
the middle of the length, behind the base of the ventrals; pectorals 
not reaching ventrals, ventrals not to anal; caudal much longer than 
head; lateral line decurved, running below middle of body. A silvery 
lateral band, a dusky spot at base of caudal. 


Aphyocharax rathbuni Eigenmann, new species. ; 
Aphyocarax anisitsi (part), EIGENMANN and Kennepy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

1903, p. 517. 

Type.—No. 10025 museum of Indiana University; specimen 26 mm. 
to base of caudal, Arroyo Chagalalina, Paraguay Basin. 

Head 4; depth 3; A. 20; D. 9; scales 5-85-38; eye 3 in head, about 
twice as long as snout; mouth minute, maxillary not reaching anterior 
margin of orbit, its free surface very much convex; no teeth on max- 
illary, about 5 on each premaxillary and about 6 on each side of the 
lower Jaw, the middle one much the largest, the next two graduated, 
the lateral ones minute; pectorals not quite reaching ventrals, ventrals 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. al 


not quite to anal; dorsal over posterior third of ventrals. Caudal 
margin dusky; anal margin to the anterior lobe black, two or three 
spots continuing the black to the beginning of the second third of the 
first full-length rays; ventrals dusky; dorsal with its basal half and 
last rays black; no humeral spot; back peppered, a few large cells on 
the opercle. 

Named in honor of Dr. Richard Rathbun, of the U. 8S. National 
Museum. 
Aphyocharax stramineus EHigenmann, new species. 
Aphyocoarax alburnus EIGENMANN and KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 

p- 517. Not of Gunther. 

Type.—No. 10030. Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 25 
mm. to base of caudal, Arroyo Trementina. ° 

Head 4; depth 3; D. 10; A. 19; scales 5—-35-3 (to ventrals); eye 23 
in head; snout little more than half the eve in length; dorsal and yen- 
tral outlines equally arched; mouth very minute; premaxillary with 7 
teeth; maxillary short, its anterior face below the teeth semicircular, 
about 2 teeth on its upper part; about 9 teeth oneach side of the lower 
jaw; maxillary reaching to below posterior nostrils; pectoral not 
reaching ventrals by 2 scales; ventrals not to anal; origin of dorsal 
over last third of ventrals; adipose well developed; no distinct mark- 
ings on fins. A comparison of this specimen with specimens of 1. 
alburnus makes it certain that it is distinct. 


Holopristes riddlei Meek, new species. 
The two species of //olopristes may be distinguished as follows: 


a Humeral spot surrounded by a bright ring; caudal spot dark brown, fins other- 
wise plain; a sharp gray line between humeral and caudal spots; caudal partly 
scaled, the peduncle very slender; dorsal posterior to origin of ventral; 6-8 
scales of the lateral line perforate; A. 26-28; head 34-32; depth 22-23; scales 
DR SBe) Ged Ste paced Se ao See Ri ES ea ee eR IRE ocellifer. 

aa A humeral spot, no caudal spot; dorsal, anal, and ventrals each with a conspicu- 

ous, jet-black spot; dorsal spot not extending upon the last ray, and leaving 
base and tips of rays hyaline; anal spot covering the third, fourth, and fifth of 
the rays forming the anterior lobe; ventral spot leaving the outer and inner 
raysand bases and tips of all the rays hyaline; head about4; depth 2.6; scales, 
33; A. 21-23; eye 2.64 in head; snout 4.12; maxillary 2.2; pectorals not 
reaching ventralis «ventrals toramal: @ 2 ssi eo see) sk ek aed Sak riddle. 


This species is named for Dr. Oscar Riddle, who collected it. 
Genus HEMIGRAMMUS Gill. 


This genus differs from Astyanax only in the incompleteness of its 
lateral line. One of its species, ¢rconstans, here described, varies in 
this respect, some of the specimens having the lateral line complete, 


«This description is based on a specimen collected by Dr. Oscar Riddle at Los 
Castillas, Venezuela, and now in the collections of the Field Columbian Museum, 
Chicago. 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


others not. Whether some of the specimens of this species examined 
are simply abnornal variations, whether the species is normally vari- 
able in this respect or whether we are dealing here with a mutation in 
the Devriesian sense still remains to be seen. If the species normally 
varies in this respect it forms a bridge between Astyanaw and /Ten?- 
grammus and the latter must be merged with the former. (A similar 
condition is found in Mankhausia, one of whose species, agassiz7/, 
occasionally presents specimens with an incomplete lateral line.) For 
the present the two genera may be kept distinct. The species of 
Hemigrammus ave all small, none of them reaching a length of 4 inches. 
Most of them are much smaller. They are distributed from Oaxaca, 
Mexico, to the Rio de la Plata and from Para to the Peruvian and 
Ecuadorian Amazons. They are not recorded from the Pacific slope. 
As the species are all small we may expect many additions to the 
genus. //. Jiitheni, H. unilineatus, H. gracilis appear the most 
widely distributed species, the first being recorded from Rio Grande 
do Sul and the Paraguay Basin, the second from Trinidad to Bahia 
and the last from the Rio San Francisco to the Amazons. Of the 
19 species I have been able to examine all but elegans and robustulus. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS HEMIGRAMMUS. 
a Seales 30-36. 
b Dorsal conspicuously marked with a well-defined black spot; anal with definite 
markings. 
c A deep humeral spot; dorsal almost entirely black, middle caudal rays, last 
five anal rays and distal two-fifths of the remaining anal rays black; D. 10 
or 11; A. 27 or 28; depth 22-3; head 34-32; eye 22-23; scales 6 or 7-33 
or 34-5 or 6, five scales with pores; maxillary with two teeth, each with 3 
points of nearly equal length. (Boulenger)------ callistus (Boulenger) 1. 
cc No humeral or caudal spots; a large black spot on the upper part of the 
dorsal, sometimes obsolete; a narrow stripe of black from anus along margin 
to the tip of the first anal rays; head 3.75; depth 2.75; eye 3 in the head; 
scales 6-34-5; five teeth in maxillary -.....---.------ unilineatus (Gill), 2. 
bb Dorsal without well-defined markings. 
d Anal with black markings. 
e A milk-white stripe on the fore edge of the anal, and a rather broad 
violet stripe immediately behind it; a faint lateral band; A. 24; head 

34-32; depth 22-22; scales 5 or 53-30 or 31-4. 

elegans, (Steindachner), 3. 
dd Anal without definite dark markings. 
f No humeral spot, caudal spot usually developed. (See wlreyi. ) 

g Maxillary without teeth; anal rays 17-19; height of anal nearly 
equal to the length of its base; 4-7 perforated scales in the lateral 
line; pectoral nearly to ventral; caudal deeply lobed; a large, 
diffuse, dark caudal spot extends to the end of some of the rays 
and fades out anteriorly; an inconspicuous silvery lateral band; 
depth 4; scales 34-30 to 32-23.............- nanus (Reinhardt), 4. 

gg Maxillary with 2-4 conical or 3-pointed teeth. 

h No caudal spot, maxillary with two minute conical or slightly 
notched teeth; dorsal and anal faleate, caudal widely forked; 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 13) 


anal 23-25; a small black humeral spot, a blackish line along 
the middle of the side and a black line along the base of the 

anal; dorsal blackish at the end; depth 23-2?; head 34-33; eye 

2 in the head; D. 10; scales 32-33, pores 8 or 9; no maxillary 

eed ee i -ulreyt (Boulenger) , 5. 

hh Sometimes a caudal spot not extending to the end of the rays, 
fading out forward; maxillary with two minute conical teeth; 

amore or less conspicuous silvery lateral band; caudal deeply 

lobed; dorsal behind the ventrals, the pectorals extending to the 

ventrals, ventrals to anal; A. 21-24; head 44; depth 4; scales 

5-32 or 33-4, 6-12 scales with pores.... gracilis (Reinhardt), 6. 

hhh Maxillary with four conical or notched teeth; no lateral band; a 
small dark spot at base of each caudal lobe, fins all plain; head 

3.85; depth 2.66; D. 9; A. 19... riddlei Meek, new species, 7.¢ 

ggg Maxillary teeth with 4 or more points. 

i Maxillary with one 4-pointed tooth; a single median caudal spot 
continued to end of middle caudal rays; dorsal over ventrals, 
pectorals not nearly reaching ventrals, ventrals not to anal; 
a black lateral line; dorsal scales margined with black; head 4; 
depth 3.2; scales 32, pores developed on 10 scales; A. 24. 

micropterus Meek, new species, 8.2 

vi Maxillary with two 5-pointed teeth; a broad black band across 

base of caudal, extending forward to a blunt point, and back- 

ward as three prongs, a short one along the edge of each lobe 

and a longer one along the middle rays but not reaching the 

end of the rays; a dark lateral band; no humeral spot; depth 

3, head about 33; eye 23.-. tridens Eigenmann, new species, 9. 

ff Caudal and humeral spots both developed. 
j Maxillary teeth conical or 3-pointed. 

k Maxillary with one notched and two conical teeth; humeral 
spot indistinct, small; a small, inconspicuous, silvery-gray 
lateral band, margined above by a sharp, blue-gray line; 
a well-defined caudal spot; eye very large, 2 in head; 
snout 33; A. 20-23; head 32; depth 3; scales 5-30 or 31-3, 
7-16 scales perforate. -..-_- schmardex (Steindachner), 10. 

kk Maxillary with one 3-pointed tooth. 

1 Anal 22; scales about 30; maxillary 2.75 in head; a narrow 
black lateral line lying deeper than the caudal spot and 
not continued with it; caudal spot well defined, not 
quite reaching to end of middle rays; lower half of caudal 
blackish; basal two-thirds of anal dusky; ventrals reach- 
ing past origin of anal; pectorals past base of ventrals. 

boulengeri Eigenmann, new species, 11. 

ll A. 25-26; scales 33-36; mouth large, maxillary 3 in head, 
caudal spot rather abruptly continued to the end of the 
middle caudal rays, gradually narrowed in front into a 
dark lateral line; lower caudal lobe hyaline; distal 
third of anal dusky; ventrals to anal, pectorals to origin 


«Based on specimens collected by Dr. O. Riddle at Los Castillas, on the Orinoco, 
and now in the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History. 

» Based on specimens collected by Dr. Oscar Riddle at Los Castillas, on the Orinoco, 
and now in the collections of the Indiana University, and of the Field Museum 
of Natural History. 


14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X XXIII. 


of ventrals; scales 6-33 to 36-5 or 6; lateral line devel- 

oped on 10-25 scales. 
anisitsi Eigenmann, new species, 12. 
kkk Maxillary with 5 small stout teeth; anal rays 27; humeral 
spot not surrounded by a bright border; a greenish lat- 
eral band, humeral and caudal spots indistinct; middle 
of caudal fin blackish; body brown, muzzle black; max- 
illary reaching to middle of the pupil; dorsal behind the 
ventrals; head 33; depth 24; eye 3 in the head; scales 

[OOO eee = Aes oe eee robustulus Cope, 13. 

jj Maxillary teeth multifid. 

m Anal 20-22; maxillary 3 in head; eye 3.25 in head, 
equals interorbital; maxillary with two 3- to 5-pointed 
teeth; depth 3; head 3.6; scales 5-32-4; pectorals not 
reaching ventrals.. sant# Eigenmann, new species, 14.4 

mm Anal 24-26; mouth small. 

n Maxilliary with two broad, 7 or more pointed teeth‘ 
eye equals interorbital, 2.75 in head; depth 2.3-2.6 
in the length; head 3.7—4.4; scales 30-33; a humeral 
spot; a distinct silvery lateral band ending in a 
caudal spot which may or may not be continued to 
the end of the rays........- litkeni Boulenger, 15. 

mmm Maxillary with one very broad-tipped tooth much 

shorter than eye; A. 24-26; depth 2.6-2.75; head 
4; scales 6-32 or 33-5; an obscure humeral spot, 
an indistinct lateral band; a conspicuous caudal 
spot which is not continued on the middle caudal 
rays; fins dusky; lateral line complete or imcom- 
lee elo See sees ae inconstans, new species, 16. 


Jt? No caudal spot; maxilliary with two minute, conical teeth; the 


humeral spot intense dark brown surrounded by a bright ring, round 
or vertically oval; a sharply marked blue-gray line along sides to 
base of caudal; dorsal behind the ventral; pectorals reaching ven- 
trals, ventrals to anal; eye 2-24 in head; snout 4; A. 22-24; head 
33-33; depth 34-32; scales 5-31 or 32-3, 5-7 scales with pores. 
bellottii (Steindachner), 17. 


Sfff No caudal or true humeral spot, a very conspicuous dark lateral band 


aa Seales 40-48. 


expanded anteriorly and bordered above by a very evident silvery 
band; anai with the first six rays elongate; maxilliary with 4 conical 
teeth, reaching nearly to the center of the pupil; D. 10; A. 20-23; 
head 33; depth 3; eye 23 in head; lat. line 32-34. 

heterorhabdus (Ulrey), 18. 


o Anal rays 40-46; scales 10-40 to 45-8; head 43; depth 
21; lateral line with interruptions to the last fourth 
of the anal; a narrow dusky lateral band; maxil- 
lary with one minute, 3-pointed tooth. 

kennedyi Eigenmann, 19. 

oo Anal rays 25 to 27; scales 45-48; head 33; depth 23; 

D. 11; much compressed; no lateral bands or spots; - 
dorsal with a conspicuous spot on the basal half of 
the anterior rays; maxillary with 5 notched or 
conicalitecthees=nes sas ==e compressus Meek, 20. 


4 Based on Litken’s Tetragonopterus interruptus. 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 15) 


Hemigrammus nanus Liitken. 

No. 44958. Four specimens from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, presented by 
Dr. Chr. Liitken. These are probably some of the types. No maxil- 
lary teeth. ; 
Hemigrammus gracilis Liitken. 

No. 44959. Four specimens, probably from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, 
presented by Liitken. A microscopic preparation shows the maxillary 
to have two conical teeth, scarcely projecting beyond the margin of 
the jaw. 

Hemigrammus micropterus Meek, new species. 

Type.—No. 10802. Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 
thirteen-sixteenths inch long; Los Castillos, Venezuela; Oscar Riddle, 
collector. 

Head 4; depth 3.2; A. 24; scales 4-32-4; maxillary reaching to 
front of pupil; eye 24 in head; interorbital about equal to eye; max- 
illary with a single, 4-pointed tooth. Pectorals reaching within one 
scale of the ventrals, ventrals not quite to anal; origin of dorsal over 
origin of ventrals. Scales of the back with rather broad dark mar 
gins, a black lateral line, most intense above anal, not quite reaching 
the caudal spot, which extends to the end of the middle rays. 


Hemigrammus tridens Higenmann, new species. 

Type.—No. 11262, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 20 
mm. to base of caudal. Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay Basin, collected 
by J. D. Anisits. : 

Cotype.—No. 11262a, Museum of Indiana University, specimen 18 
mm. to base of caudal. Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay Basin, collected 
by J. D. Anisits. Head 3.4; depth 3; A. 16-19; lateral line probably 
‘between 30 and 35; eye 2.4 in head, considerably longer than the 
width of the interorbital. Maxillary extending to below eye, nearly 
to the pupil, with two 5-pointed teeth, the points nearly equal in 
length; premaxillary teeth with five long points, the middle one much 
the largest. Origin of dorsal behind the ventrals, about equidistant 
between base of middle caudal rays and middle of eye. Anal short, 
its origin about equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and origin 
of pectorals. Ventrals reaching anal, pectorals not to ventrals. A 
rather broad, blackish band overlying a deeper black line; a jet-black 
band across end of tail, continued forward to a blunt median point 
and backward along the edge of each caudal lobe and along the middle 
caudal rays, but not to their tips. 


Hemigrammus boulengeri Eigenmann, new species. 
Tetragonopterus fasciatus interruptus EIGENMANN, part, Ann. N. Y., VII, 1894, p. 634 
(Rio Grande do Sul). Not of Liitken. 


Type.—No. 11073, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 36 mm. 
to base of caudal, 45 overall. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, von Ihering. 
Head 3.33; depth 2.66; A. about 22; lateral line about 30; eye 


16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


2.6 in head; maxillary 2.75; interorbital 2.75. Maxillary with one 
3-pointed tooth; ventrals reaching past origin of anal, pectorals past 
base of ventrals; highest anal ray 14 in the base of anal. Humeral 
spot vertically elongate, distinct; a narrow, black lateral line lying 
deeper than the caudal spot and not connected with it; caudal spot 
well defined, not quite extending to end of middle rays; lower half of 
caudal with many pigment cells, blackish, upper half hyaline; basal 
two-thirds of anal dusky. 

Named for Dr. G. A. Boulenger, of the British Museum of Natural 
History. 

Hemigrammus anisitsi Eigenmann, new species. 
Hemigrammus liittkeni EIGENMANN and Kernnepy, part, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

1903, p. 519 (Estancia la Armonia). Not of Boulenger. 

Type.—No. 10182, Museum of Indiana University, a specimen 37 
mm. long, Villa Rica, J. D. Anisits. 

Cotypes.—No. 10182a, three specimens zs above. 

Cotypes.—No. 9995, Museum of Indiana University. Ten specimens 
22 mm. long, Estancia la Armonia, J. D. Anisits. 

Head 3.5; depth 2.75; A. 24-26; lateral line 33-36; eye about 2.75 
in head, greater than interorbital. Mouth comparatively large, max- 
illary not nearly reaching to end of first suborbital, about 3 in head, 
having a single, 3-pointed tooth. Highest anal ray 1.5 in the anal 
basis; ventrals to anal, pectorals to origin of ventrals; origin of dor- 
sal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and front of eye. 
Caudal spot forming a band on the end of the caudal peduncle, faint- 
est above and below, rather abruptly continued posteriorly to the end 
of the middle caudal rays, gradually narrowed in front into a dark 
lateral line; caudal lobes hyaline; humeral spot vertically elongate; 
distal third of anal dusky, basal two-thirds of anterior rays free from 
pigment. 

Named for Prof. J. D. Anisits, of Asuncion, Paraguay. 
Hemigrammus sante Higenmann, new species. 


Tetragonopterus rivularis interrupta LirKen, Velhas-Flodens Fiske, XIII, 1875, p. 215 
(Lagoa Santa). 


Type.—Cat. No. 55652, U.S.N.M. 

A comparison of specimens sent by Doctor Liitken to the National 
.Museum, No. 44960, from Lagoa Santa shows that two of the speci- 
mens have a complete lateral line and two have it interrupted. They 
represent, respectively, Liitken’s fasciatus and interruptus. There is 
no doubt but that these specimens are specifically and generically dis- 
tinct. The latter isa Hemégrammus and differs, aside from the generic 
characters, in the proportions and color. In 1894 I recorded speci- 
mens of /Z. interruptus from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A reexam- 
ination of these in connection with Liitken’s specimens shows that they 
are not specifically identical with Liitken’s specimens, and probably 
represent two distinct species, bowlenger? and liitkent. Liitken’s speci- 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 1 


mens rhich may oie ‘called nee un the followine chars ater siden 
2.6; head 3.5; A. 21; eye 3.5, slightly longer than snout; interorbital 
3 in head; maxillary slightly longer than interorbital; scales 6-30-34. 
A second specimen: scales 5-33-33. 


Hemigrammus inconstans Sa aroarera and Ogle, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 34591, U.S.N.M., presented by J. C. Brevoort, 
Para (?), Brazil. One specimen, 44 mm. long to base of caudal (58 
over all). 

Type.—Cat. No. 55652, U.S.N.M. 

Scales 6-82-44; A. 26; lateral line on left*73 +4+2+3+1+7+42, 
on right /5-+ 14+-4; one maxillary tooth. 

i 39 mm. to base of caudal (50 over all). 
Seales 6 + 32 + 5; A. 26; lateral line on left 0 + 1+ 2+ 16+ 3, 
SneeioOhtel7 aa. = 91-13. 

Cotype.—One specimen 45 mm. to base of caudal (about 57 over all). 

Scales 6 + 32 + 5; A. 26; lateral line complete. 


Fig. 4.—HEMIGRAMMUS INCONSTANS. 


Cotype.—One specimen 38 mm. to base of caudal (about 51 over all). 
Seales 6 + 32 + 5; A. 26; lateral line complete. 

Cotype.—One specimen 37 mm. to base of caudal (47 over all). 
Scales 6 + 33 + 5; A. 24; lateral line complete to the last two or three 
scales, which are without pores. 

Depth 2.6-2.75; head about 4; eye equals interorbital, 23-3 in head; 
snout 4 in head; maxillary not reaching to end of first suborbital, 
much shorter than eye, with a single tooth. 

Origin of dorsal behind base of ventrals, pectorals reaching slightly 
beyond base of ventrals; ventrals nearly or quite to anal. Highly 
iridescent; an obscure vertical humeral spot, an indistinct lateral band; 
a conspicuous caudal spot which is not continued on the middle rays. 
Fins all dusky. This species is evidently very closely related, if not 


«Those in italics with pores, 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 2 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


identical, with Cope’s Astyanax phanicopterus. There seems no doubt 
that the five specimens before us belong to the same species, although 
they do not have the same generic characters. Of the species of 
Hemigrammus it approaches Jiithent most closely. 


Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier. 


No. 39403. One specimen, Brazil, collected by H. H. Rusby. 
No. 44831. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
No. 1631. Paraguay, Page collection. 


Genus ASTYANAX Baird and Girard. 


In the difficult and highly interesting group of Characins there is 
no more difficult nor more highly interesting genus than Astyanaw. 
Its divergence toward /Temigrammus, which is like an Astyanaxr with 
an incomplete lateral line, toward //emibrycon, which is like an 
Astyanax with a completely denticulated maxillary, toward MJoenk- 
hausia, which is like an Astyanaxr with a scaled caudal; and especially 
toward Petersius (which appears to be its African counterpart), together 
with its universal distribution in tropical and subtropical America, all 
indicate its central position in the system of Characins. Some of its 
species are well marked, but for the most part there are groups of 
species within which the specific characters are not well fixed. The 
most notable of these groups is that centering in Astyanax rutilus. 
This is a widely variable, universally distributed species, with which 
throughout its distribution there are allied closely related species. In 
the south are ¢*heringii, fasciatus, cuvier7, and perhaps others. In the 
north, notably in Central America, Mexico, and Peru, there is an espe- 
cially trying series of species, varieties, or local forms. It will require 
much larger series representing a much wider array of localities than 
are at my command to finally describe the status of these forms. Those 
of the northernmost localities, north of central Mexico, represented 
by specimens with a small number of anal rays—from 20 to 25—may 
readily be set aside as mea/canus. From southern Mexico there have 
been recorded fasciatus (=rutilus) and eneus (Oaxaca). Through the 
courtesy of Prof. S. E. Meek, I have been able to examine many 
specimens from Perez, all of which appear to be «news, and others 
from Montzorongo, some of which are wneuvs, and others with a larger 
eye and maxillary extending considerably beyond origin of eye may (%) 
represent rutilus. ; 

From the Pacific slope of Guatemala have been recorded ruti/us, 
microphthalmus, and humilis. Tam not acquainted with either of the 
two latter. From the Atlantic slope probably come rutidus, anes, 
and brevimanus; the last, a species with few anal rays, is probably a 
mexicanus. From Nicaragua have been recorded wrstediz, which is 
not distinguishable from e«neus or rutilus, and nicaraguensis, which is 
distinguished by the increased number of maxillary teeth. 


wo. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 19 


Astyanax cuvieri Liitken. 


No. 44961. Rio das Velhas (7), Brazil, Liitken. Two specimens 
agree with Litken’s (Velhas Flodens Fiske) fig. 13. They are marked 
cuviert. They differ conspicuously from specimens of ruti/us from 
Para and Rio Grande do Sul. In the largest specimen (49 mm. to 
base of caudal) we have depth 3.33; head 3.66; A. 29; scales 7-87-5; 
eye 2.5; maxillary long, equal to length of eye; snout 4; interorbital 
3.66. Liitken’s figure 14 represents a form intermediate between the 
typical rutilus and the specimens at hand. 


Astyanax iheringii Boulenger. 

No. 39132. La Paz, Montevideo, Uruguay, collected by W. E. 
Safford. 

No. 39147. One specimen, Montevideo, Uruguay, collected by 
Arechavaleta. 

Astyanax fasciatus Cuvier. 

No. 4889. Museum of Indiana University, Rio Grande do Sul, Bra- 
zil. a 102 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 27; A. 21; eye 3.6, equal 
to snout; maxillary longer than eye, 3+ in head; bony interorbital, 
2.66 in head; an oval humeral spot. 

b 76 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.6; A. 24; ae e 2.8; snout 4; 
maxillary about length of eye; bony interorbital 2.8 in head. 

c 73 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.66; A. Ob. eye 2.8; snout 34; 
maxillary not quite as long as eye; bony interorbital 2.8. 

On account of the small eye and wide interorbital the first of these 
specimens can readily be distinguished from specimens of A. rutilus, 
but otherwise, as stated under A. ruti/us, there is such an intergrad- 
ing between the two species that we are very doubtful whether they 

e distinct. 

"No. 44960 (part). Lagoa Santa, Brazil. Presented by Dr. Chr. 
Liitken. 

These specimens represent Liitken’s A. révularis. They agree very 
closely with the specimens of A. eee from Rio Grande do Sul. 

a TO mm. to base of caudal. Depth 3.25; head 4; A. 21; eye 3.75, 
equal to snout; interorbital 3 in head; maxillary equal to interorbital. 


of 


Scales 6-33-34. A second specimen has anal 23; scales 6-36-3. 
Astyanax rutilus (Jenyns). 

Tam not at all sure that rutilus and fasciatus are distinct species. I 
have numerous specimens from a variety of localities. In the more 
southern ones and those along the southeast coast of Brazil there are 
a few in which the number of anal rays is slightly less than in those 
from the Paraguay River. In depth there is a wide difference, ranging 
from the variety jeguitinhonhe, whose depth is 3 in the length, to 
specimens from Tieté, in which it is 2.25. In a small specimen, 12 
inches, from Piracicaba, the depth is even 4 in the length. The shoul- 


' 


20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


der spot differs very widely in distinctness. A similar condition exists 
at the northern end of the range of this widely distributed species. 
Specimens from Nicaragua (wrsted77) are not distinguishable. A bet- 
ter marked variety is the many-toothed nicaraguensis. Still further 
north comes xneus, and finally mextcanus. It will take a large series 
of specimens to demonstrate the validity of these varieties. 

Tadd details of a number of specimens in the museum of Indiana 
University and the National Museum. 

Specimens collected by John W. Titcomb for the U.S. Fish Com- 
mission at Cordova, Argentine, are like those collected by Page in 
Asuncion, Paraguay. : 

a 88 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 23; A. 27; eye 3 in head; 
maxillary very slightly longer than eye; bony interorbital 8 in head; 
shoulder spot not evident. 

6b 94 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.8; A. 30; eye 3.2 in head; 
maxillary equal to eye; bony interorbital 2.9 in head; shoulder spot 
faint. 

ce 101 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.75; A. 28; eye 3 in head; 
maxillary equal to eye; bony interorbital 3.2 in head; shoulder spot 
faint. _ 

No. 9267. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Tieté, Brazil, Von 
Ihering collection. 

a 90 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 23; A. 27; eye 3; maxillary 
slightly shorter than eye; snout 3.7; interorbital equal to eye; scales 
6-36-6, A very faint humeral spot. 

band ¢ are much deeper. 

b 97 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.25; A. 26; eye 3.1; maxil- 
lary equal to eye; snout 4 in head; interorbital 2.8; humeral spot 


~ 


scarcely evident; scales 6—34-5. 

c 99 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.25; A. 24; eye 3.3; maxil- 
lary equal to eye; snout 4 in head; interorbital 2.8; humeral spot 
scarcely evident; scales 6—34-6. 

These specimens are all much deeper than the usual rutzlus. 

No. 10788. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Tieté, Brazil, Von 
Ihering collection. 

a 63 mm. to base of caudal, 78 mm. to tips of caudal. Depth 2.5; 
A. 23; eye 3; maxillary slightly shorter than eye; snout 4; interor- 
bital equal to eye; scales 5-35-5. A vertical humeral spot; caudal 
band almost obsolete. 

6 48 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.66; A. 25; scales 5-35-5. 

These specimens are much slenderer than the older ones from the 
same place. Caudal band reduced to the minimum; shoulder spot 
well developed. 


No. 10786. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Grande, a tribu- 


tary of the Parana. 


no. 1556. LIST CF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 91 


117 mm. to base of eandal. Depth 2 2.66; A. 28; eye 3.1; maxillary 
equal to snout; snout 3.6; interorbital 2.9; humeral spot faint; scales 
6-39-54. 

No. 10787. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Camaguam, Rio 
Grande do Sul, Brazil. 

(3 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2%; A. 30; eye 2.75; maxillary 
equals four-fifths diameter of eye; interorbital 3 in head; snout 4; 
humeral spot faint; scales 7-39-6 (4 above ventrals). 

No. 9294. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Grande do Sul, 
Brazil. 

This was considered by Eigenmann and Norris to be scabripinnis, 
but may be fusciatus or rutilus. 

Depth 2.6; A. 25; eye 2.5; maxillary three-fourths as long as eye; 
snout 4; interorbital 3+ in head. Humeral spot faint; scales 7-34-53. 

No. 9285. Museum of Indiana University. Piracicaba. This was 
considered by Eigenmann and Norris to be jeqguitinhonhe. 

a 92 mm. to base of caudal. Very similar to 10787. Depth 23; 
A. 30; eye 3, very slightly longer than the maxillary? snout 4.2; 
interorbital 3.2; humeral spot not evident; scales 6-85-6. 

b 95 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 3; A. 29; eye 3, equal to the 
maxillary; snout 4; interorbital 3.25; no evident humeral spot. 

e 41 mm. to base of caudal=new species’. Depth4; A. 24at least; 

e 3, equal to maxillary in length; snout 3.75; interorbital 3; very 
oe humeral spot; scales 5-39-4. 

No. 9268. Museum of Indiana University. Taubaté. 

82 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.5; A. 29; eye 3.2, equals length 
of maxillary; snout 4 in head; bony interorbital 2.6; humeral spot 
faint; scales 8-39-6. 

Anal rays and scales in other specimens in the museum of Indiana 
University from Paraguay are as follows: 

From Asuncion, A. ae: scales 5—37 to 38-4. 

From Villa Rica, A. 24-27; scales 34 to 35. 

From Arroyo Chagalalina, A. 25; scales 36. 

From Bahia Negra, A. 26 to 27; scales 35 to 36. 

No. 1624. Three specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 

a 93 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 3; A. 30; eye 3 in head, snout 
3.66; maxillary equals leneth of eye; bony interorbital 3-++ in head. 

6 101 mm. to base of caudal. Depth Ba AP 30 (Gea); eyerd. tn 
head, snout 4; maxillary equals length of eye; bony interorbital, 34 
in head. 

e 103 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 3; A. 31; eye 3 in head, snout 
3.8; maxillary equals length of eye; bony interorbital, 3-+ in head. 

No. 38064. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 95 mm. to 
base of caudal. Depth 23; A. 30; eye 3 in head, snout 4; maxillary 
equals length of eye; bony interorbital 3 in head. . 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL. XXXIII. 


No. 34590. ite ality ‘es iber pare Brazil, presented by fe C. 
Eo 
mm. to base of caudal. Depth 2.66; A. 28; eye 2.75, maxillary 
nearly equals eye; interorbital 3; a faint humeral spot; scales 6-38-7 
(5 above ventral). 


a@ 52: 


6 70 mm. to base of caudal. Depth 23; A. 30; scales 6-37-6. 
c 57mm. to base of caudal. Depth 23; A. 29; scales 6-39-6. 


No. 34589 ( a J.C. Brevoort. Three 
specimens, A. 28, 29, and 29. 

No. 8225 Seu or Maranon, Brazil, Orton collection. ‘This speci- 
men is 108 - mm. long and is probably the Astyanax caroline of Gall. 
The only serious discrepancy seems to be in the length of the maxil- 
lary, which Gill says extends to the end of the first suborbital below 
the vertical from the anterior margin of the pupil. 

Length to base of caudal, 85 mm.; depth 32 mm.; head from tip of 
snout to end of opercle 22 mm.; eye 63; SO Ceoei rel 8: A. 26: seales 
636-5 ; maxillary reaching Beeb nd origin of eye, not to end of first 
suborbital; no teeth on maxillary. Caudal spot continued to end of 
middle rays; humeral spot faint. 

No. 1659 (part). Eight specimens, 112-141 mm. long 
Colombia, Michler and Sonate collection. 

These specimens are in all essential characters A. rutilus. 

They average larger than specimens from other localities. 

@ A. 97, D. 10: scales 6-38-53. 

6 A. 2%, DD. 11; seales 
; Scales ¢ 
; scales 
scales 
; scales € 


Para, Brazil, presented by 


Truando, 


gS, 


ay 
ys 
> 
bo 09 
KH 
os) 


GX 
h A. 


The depth ranges from 2 92 
equal to the eye; interorbita 
Two specimens, Truando (4), Colombia, A. Schott. 
Average number of anal rays of all 


Nos 2 oO 2515. 


98, D. 10; 
DO ye alule 


scales 6— 


Qi _ 7. 
ibaa ibiza 


scales 
seales 6-4 


2 
5 
1 2 24 


(-37-6. 


the Truando specimens 28.3. 


; head 4-44; eye 3; 


maxillary about 


JA 


No. 19904. Two specimens, 115 and 120 mm. to base of caudal. 
West coast of Central America. <A. 29; scales 7-37—6 to ventrals. 


No. 19906. 
No. 19918 


Twenty-three specimens. 
Central America. 


Astyanax rutilus cerstedii Liitken. 


Two 


species. 
and could without violence be placed either with 7 


LNEUS. 


series 


They 


Central America. <A. 28-32. 


of specimens from Nicaragua represent Liitken’s 
are intermediate between typical rwéi/us and wneus, 


utilus or ath 


no.1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 93 


They are as follows: 

No. 37828. Nicaragua, Central America, Bransford collection. 

Beginning with the largest of the 11 specimens under this number, 
we have the following: 

a A. 29; scales (-38-6; a humeral spot, a band-like caudal spot; 
depth 23. 

6 A. 31; scales 8-37-7; a humeral spot, a band-like caudal spot; 
poe oe 

ce A. 82; scales 7—?-?; a humeral *spot, a band-like caudal spot; 
depth 22. 

d A. 30; scales 7-88-7; a humeral spot, a band-like caudal spot; 
depth 23. 

The anal rays in detail are one with 27, five with 29, two with 30, 
one with 31, two with 32; average 29.7. Maxillary usually with 
teeth, sometimes but one. 

No. 39918. Nicaragua, presented by L. F. H. Birt? ‘Eight 
specimens. 

A humeral and a caudal spot, the latter distinct and band-like; scales 
lost at origin of lateral line, and the count, therefore, uncertain. 

gees scales 7-34-6; depth ae 

A. 28; scales 7-35-6; depth 23 

A. 28; scales 7-37-6; depth 3. 

The anal rays are, one with 27, three with 29, two with 30, two with 
31; average, 29.5. Maxillary always with 2 teeth. 


o|bo Bee 


Astyanax rutilus nicaraguensis Higenmann and Ogle, new subspecies. 

Type.—Cat. No. 55653, U.S.N.M. From Nicaragua, Bransford 
collection. ? 

Cotypes.—Several specimens from the same source. 

Maxillary slender, having 2-7 teeth, in the latter case the teeth 
extending along more than half the length of the bone. Of 35 speci- 
mens, there are 9 with 2 teeth, 2 with 3 teeth, 5 with 4 teeth, 5 with 
5 teeth, 5 with 6 teeth, 5 with 7 teeth, 3 with 8 teeth, and one with 9 
teeth on the maxillary. 

Three have 27 anal rays, twelve have 28, eight have 29, ten have 30, 
three have 32; average 29. 

It is possible that the specimens with numerous maxillary teeth are 
all males. 

In general characters the specimens agree with the specimens iden- 
tified as wrstedii, and those with but two maxillary teeth are indistin- 
guishable from them. The fact that such a large per cent. of specimens 
have a large number of maxillary teeth entitles them to a separate 
name. 

Astyanax rutilus, variety? 
No. 43597. Two specimens. Mexico, preseated by A. Dugés 
A. 28; scales 8-37-5; depth 3. 


94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


A. 29; scales 7-37-5; depth 3. 

In one the interorbital is distinctly less than the diameter of the eye, 
in the other just equal to it; the maxillary about equal to the eye, which 
is 2% in the head. The pectorals extend a little beyond the origin of 
the ventrals. 

These specimens and the next one have much larger eyes than speci- 
mens of wneus from Mexico. Iam not able to say definitely what the 
name of the variety should be. Specimens collected by Meek at Mont- 
zorongo and labeled wneus belong in part to eneus and in part to this 
large-eyed variety. 

No. 44946. One specimen. Veracruz, Mexico, collected by A. L. 
Herrera. <A caudal band and a humeral spot?. 

-A. 31; scales 8-38-7; depth 22; eye 22; maxillary not equal to the 
eye; interorbital not quite equal to eye; eye 2? in head. 
Astyanax rutilus cneus Giinther. 

We have been able to examine a very large series of specimens of 
this species collected by Prof. 5. E. Meek in Mexico and by Newton 
Miller in Guatemala. 

No. 10928. Museum of Indiana University. Montzorongo, Mex- 
ico; Meek collection. 

No. 10929. Museum of Indiana University. Perez, Mexico; Meek 
collection. 

No. 11129. Museum of Indiana University. Sulphur River, 33 
miles west of Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, collected by Newton Miller. 
No. 11130. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Motagua at El 
Rancho, Guatemala. 

No. 11131. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Tenedores at 
Tenedores, Guatemala. 

No. 11132 and 11135. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Kilagua 
at Los. Amates, Guatemala. 

No. 11133. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Gualan at Gualan, 
Guatemala. 

No. 11134. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Motagua at Gua- 
lan, Guatemala. 

No. 11136. Museum of Indiana University. Rio Managua at Alge- 
ria, Guatemala. 

No. 11137. Museum of Indiana University. Brook east of Los 
Amates, Guatemala. 

No. 11188. Museum of Indiana University. Swamp one-half mile 
east of Los Amates, Guatemala. 

Specimens from Guatemala are broader headed than those from 
Mexico. 

I doubt very much whether specimens of fascdatus and mexicanus, 
rutifus, wrstedii, and xneus, if freshly collected, similarly preserved, 
and mixed in one heap, could be separated specifically. 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. | 25 


Of twenty specimens from No. 11154 selected at random two have 
25 anal rays, two have 26, five have 27, six have 28, one has 29, two 
have 30, and two have 31; average 27.8. 

Of twenty specimens from No. 10929 one has 23 rays, three have 25, 
seven have 26, seven have 27, two have 28; average 26.25. 

Of ten specimens from No. 11136 one has 25 anal rays, four have 27, 
two have 28, three have 29; average 27.8. 

It is seen from the above that the Mexican specimens are more 
nearly like mea/canus than the Guatemalan specimens, having 26.25 
rays, as compared with 27.8. 

Astyanax mexicanus (Filippe). 

No. 836. Nineteen specimens, collected by C. B. Kennerly. 

No. 869. One specimen, Rio Nueces, Texas, collected by J. D. 
Graham. 

No. 869. Two specimens, Devils River, Texas, collected by J. D. 
Graham. Type. 

No. 870. Eight specimens, Rio Leone, Texas, collected by J. D. 
Graham. A. 20-24. 

No. 871. Three specimens, collected by J. D. Graham. 

No. 875. Fourteen specimens, Comanche Springs, Texas, collected 
by J. D. Graham. 

No. 875. Eight specimens, Elm Creek, Texas, collected by J. D. 
Graham. ; 

No. 876. Twenty-four specimens, Devils River, Texas, collected by 
J. D. Graham. 

No. 877. Twenty-nine specimens, Brownsville, Texas, collected by 
Captain Van Vliet. 

No. 881. Three specimens, Rio Seco, Texas, collected by C. B. 
Kennerly. 

No. 882. Eight specimens, Comanche Spring, Texas, collected by 
Heermann. 

No. 884. Eleven specimens, Caderita, Texas, collected by D. N. 
Couch. Type. A. 21-24. 

No. 885. Five specimens, China, near Leon, Texas, collected by 
IN; Couch. - Type. 

No. 886. Eight specimens, Caderita, near Leon, Texas, collected by 
D. N. Couch. 

No. 8796. Twenty-one specimens. (?) (%) 

No. 8969. Twenty-two specimens, Stockton, Texas, collected by P. 
Dutty. 

No. 20095. One specimen, Rio Grande, Texas, collected by J. H. 
Clarke. Type. 

No. 20264. Thirty-four specimens, Matamoras, Texas, collected by 
L. B. Couch. 


26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


No. 34597. Two specimens, Mexico, collected by A. fore x. 
27-28. 
No. 44641. Five specimens, Las Moras Creek, Texas, collected by 
K. A. Mearns. 
No. 49076. Thirty-five specimens, Fort Clark, Texas, collected by 
Kk. A. Mearns. 
No. (¢). Four specimens, (7) collected by C. B. Kennerly. Type. 
No. (4). Six specimens, near Monterey (4), collected by D. N. 
Couch. 

The anal rays in specimens at random from different localities were 
as follows: 

Two have 20 rays; two have 21; ten have 22; seventeen have 23; 
seventeen have 24; two have 25; average 23. 


Astyanax fischeri Steindachner. 

Through the courtesy of Prof. C. H. Gilbert I have been able to 
examine a large number of specimens from the Pacific slope of Panama. 
These specimens present the following characteristics: 

A vertical humeral spot bordered in front and behind by a lght 
area; a second vertical spot behind the light area; a lateral band silvery 
or plumbeous ending in a caudal spot on the last (5) rows of scales, 
not continued on the middle caudal rays; caudal and anal narrowly 
margined with dusky; all markings more or less distinct. 

Maxillary with 1 to 3 teeth; eye 3-3.2 in head, 1-1.25 in the inter- 
orbital, distinctly longer than snout; eee equals length of snout. 
Dorsal behind the ventrals. Head, 4; depth, 2.4-2.7; scales, 63-74; 
34 to 37-5} to 64; A. 23 to 26. 

The scales and el in a number of specimens are as follows: 


Scales 7-387-6; A. 26. Scales 7-36-6:; A. 28. 
Seales 7—85-6; A. 25: female. Scales (37-5: A. 27. 
Scales 737-6: A. 25: 

Scales 7—35-5; A. 27: male: Seales 6-35-5:; A. 23. 
Seales 735-6; A. 25. 

Scales 7-35-5; A. 25. Scales 7-86-6; A. 25. 
In one small specimen the scales are 7—35-7; A. 27. 


One specimen, Panama, presented by Capt. J. M. Dow. 

No. 16678. Rio Frijole, Panama, Bransford collection. <A. 24-29, 
usually 25-27. 

Nos. 16680, 16681. Empire Station, Panama, Bransford collection. 
A. 24-27; scales 6 or 7—34 to 37-5. 


Astyanax emperador, new ea 


Type.—Cat. No. 55651, U.S.N.M. - A specimen 52 mm. to base of 
caudal; Empire Station, eee 

Cotypes.—No. 55651a, U.S.N.M. ‘Two specimens 37-35 mm. long to | 
base of caudal. Empire Station, Panama, Bransford collection. 


i 


no. 1556. DIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 20 


pcaleg 845-7: 840-6: 8=39=7- A. 29, 28, 29- head 3.6 or 3.5: 
depth 2.7-8; eye large, 2.8-2.6 in head; interorbital 3.25 in head; 
maxiilary long, equal to eye, having two narrow teeth. 

Elongate, body deepest a little behind origin of pectorals; dorsal 
placed behind the origin of ventrals, its origin equidistant from front 
of eye and base of middle caudal rays. Highest dorsal ray equal to 
head without opercle; pectorals reaching ventrals, ventrals to anal. 

A faint humeral spot; caudal spot distinct, not reaching end of 
middle caudal rays. <A silvery lateral band. 

This species is closely related to fischer?, with which the specimens 
were confounded. They differ in the smaller scales. 


Astyanax bimaculatus (Linneus). 

No. 34487. Five specimens, Para, Brazil, presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 

No. 34453. One specimen, Para, Brazil, presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 

No. 34591. Five specimens (?), Brazil, presented by J. C. Brevoort. 

No. 36764. Five specimens, British Guiana, British Museum. 

No. 44957. Four specimens, Lagoa Santo, Brazil, presented by Chr. 
Liitken. 
Astyanax bimaculatus lineatus (Perugia). 

Nos. 1621, 1695, and 3065, and one without number; five specimens. 
Paraguay, collected by Page. 


Astyanax orthodus Eigenmann, new species. 


Type.—Cat. No. 55655, U.S.N.M. Specimen 92 mm. long to origin 
of caudal, Truando, Colombia, Michler and Schott, collectors. 

This species is identical with Astyanax bimaculatus in apparently 
all characters except the teeth. In d¢maculatus the teeth of the inner 
series of the premaxillary are convex behind; the denticles correspond 
to this. convexity and are therefore arranged ina curve. This curve 
varies from a crescent to U-shape in a specimen from Piracicaba. In 
orthodus the anterior and posterior surfaces of the teeth are al‘ke, the 
denticles being arranged in nearly a straight line. These species differ, 
therefore, as J/cralestes differs from Myletes. 

Head 4; depth 22; D. 11; A. 33; scales 640-6 above ventrals, 8 
above origin of anal. Dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved, the 
ventral curve continuous, the dofsal profile very slightly concave over 
the eyes; eye a little more than 3 in the head; interorbital 24; maxil- 
lary distinctly longer than ina specimen of b/maculatus of the same 
size, longer than eye, a little less than 3 in the head; maxillary with a 
single tooth. 

In the position of the dorsal, equidistant from tip of snout and base 
of upper caudal rays, and the position of the ventrals the specimen 
agrees exactly with one of bémaculatus of equal size from Rio Grande 


28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


do Sul. Pectorals reaching to ventrals: ventrals to near anal; anal 
basis convex; adipose well developed. 

A longitudinal oval humeral spot, nof surrounded by a light area; 
caudal spot continued to end of middle rays. 


Astyanax abramis (Jenyns). 


Nos. 1621 and 1622. Two specimens, Paraguay, collected by Page. 
Astyanax stilbe (Cope). 

No. 84589 (part). Several specimens, probably from Para, presented 
by J. C. Brevoort. 
Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 1659, U.S.N.M. Specimen 105 mm. long over all, 
Truando, Colombia, Michler and Schott, collectors. 

Cotypes.— Four specimens, respectively 100, 75, 68, and 68 mm. to 
base of caudal. The longest specimen was probably over 120 mm. in 


BRIO See Bre Ye) 
VEO 


Fic. 5.—ASTYANAX ATRATOENSIS. 


total length. All from Truando, Colombia. Very closely related to 
its neighbor in the Cauca, Astyanar caucanus Steindachner. 

It differs from it in the general shape, scales, and the presence of a 
maxillary tooth. D.I, 10 or 11; A. 38 or 39; scales 8 or 9-836 to 40-10 
or 11 to anal, 8 or 9 to the ventrals; depth 2—2.2; head 3.664; eye 
2.8-3 in head, snout 4; interorbital 2.66. 

Much compressed, the postventral surface trenchant; subrhomboidal, 
the dorsal profile being equally arched with the ventral, the anal basis 
being nearly parallel with the predorsal profile; profile slightly con- 
cave over the eye, nape not sharply convex as in Tetragonopterus. 

Interorbital distinctly convex, the fontanel extending to over the 
anterior border of the eye; cheeks entirely covered; mouth moderate, 
the slender maxillary not extending much, if any, beyond origin of 
eye; premaxillary with four teeth in the outer row and five in the 


no. 1556. DIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 29 


inner; inner surface of the inner teeth convex, the points being 
arranged in a curved line, the middle point distinctly largest; maxil- 
lary with one small tooth; cheeks entirely mailed. 

Dorsal over the eleventh scale of the lateral line, origin of ventrals 
under the ninth; dorsal pointed, the anterior rays longest; caudal 
deeply forked, anal basis long, its origin nearer base of pectorals than 
to the end of the anal; ventrals nearly reaching anal, pectorals beyond 
origin of ventrals. Scales regular, cycloid, decreasing regularly in 
size from the back to the origin of the anal. 

Iridescent; a well marked vertically oval humeral spot; a silvery 
lateral band, a small caudal spot, not continued on the middle rays. 
Astyanax multiradiatus Eigenmann and Kennedy. 

No. 1622 (part). One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Astyanax megalops Eigenmann, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 5192, Museum of Indiana University. Specimen 
42 mm. to base of caudal, Itaituba, Brazil. 

Scales 5-35-4; A. 28; depth 2.66; head 3.6; eye 4 in snout, 2.3 in 
head; interorbital 3 in head; maxillary long, nearly as long as eye, 
with 3 small teeth. Deepest at origin of dorsal, compressed. Dorsal 
high, its longest ray longer than head, its origin over base of ventral, 
much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; pectorals extending a 
little beyond base of ventrals; ventrals not to anal. Colors appar- 
ently much faded; a conspicuous, well-defined silvery lateral band; 
traces of a vertical humeral spot; no caudal spot. Related to A. bahi- 
ensis. 

Nannethiops unitzniatus (Giinther). 

No. 12679. One specimen, Gaboon River, Africa, presented by the 
British Museum. 

Myletes dentex Linnzus. 

No. 52092. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. 

No. 52091. Two specimens, Athara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. 

Myletes baremose Joannis. 

No. 52084. Two specimens, Atbara River, Egpyt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. j 
Brycinus macrolepidotus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 

No. 52085. One specimen, Nile River, Atbara Junction, Egypt, 
Senff-Expedition collection. 

No. 52093. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. 

Brycinus nurse Riippell. 

No. 52089. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 

collection. 


30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


No. 52088. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. 

No. 52090. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Senft-Expedition 
collection. 

No. 52086. ‘Two specimens, Atbara River, Egypt, Senff-Expedition 
collection. 

No. 52087. Two specimens, Atbara River, Egypt, Senfl-Expedition 
collection. 


Bryconethiops microstoma Giinther. 


No, 44814. One specimen, Congo, Africa, collected by J. H. Camp. 
PHENACOGRAMMUS #4 Eigenmann, new genus. 


This genus differs from Micralestes as Hemigrammus ditters from 
Astyanax, and as Chetrodon differs from Odontostilbe, ete. It is 
Micralestes with an incomplete lateral line. 

Type.— Micralestes interruptus Boulenger. 

Brycon reinhardti Liitken. 

No. 44955. One specimen, Rio das Velhas, Brazil, presented by 
Dr. Chr. Liitken. 

Brycon dentex Giinther. 

No. 39909. One specimen, Nicaragua, collected by L. F. H. Birt. 

No. 22154. One specimen, Nicaragua, Bransford collection. 

No. 16884. Two specimens, Lake Nicaragua. 

Brycon striatulus Kner. 


No. 5932. Two specimens in bad condition, Aspinwall, Panama, 
collected by Russell. 
Brycon hilarii (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 

No. 1613. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 

No. 1614. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia). 


No. 1627. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 


Gasteropelecus sternicla Linneus. 

No. 34454. Para, Brazil, presented by J. C. Brevoort. 

The premaxillary teeth in two of these specimens are strictly in a 
single series, very regularly arranged and graduated; no teeth in the 
maxillary. In two others the teeth are crowded, one on each side 
being forced forward to form an anterior series. There are appar- 
ently no maxillary teeth. 

No. 1602. Guiana, collected by J. Wyman. 

Premaxillary teeth in a single series; no maxillary teeth. 


r ke . ?. : . 
«From Pévaé, deceptive; and ypaunn, line. 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 31 


Genus THORACOCHAROX Fowler. 


Type.— Gasteropelecus stellatus Kner. 

In the Proceedings the Academy of National Sciences of Philadel- 
phia (1906, p. 452) Fowler describes this as a new subgenus with the 
character ‘‘anterior profile of back convex.” It deserves generic rank 
with the following characters: 

Breast expanded into a large, sharp-edged disk. 

Premaxillary teeth in two separate series, the outer series consisting 
of two teeth on each side; the pair of middle teeth enlarged, between 
the front and second series of teeth, projecting over the lower jaw 
when the mouth is closed; maxillary with several large, divergent 
canine-like teeth. 

This genus is like a Gasteropelecus, with two series of premaxillary 
teeth and several canine-like teeth on the maxillary. 

Chalcinus angulatus Agassiz. 

No. 1616. Two specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 

No. 1696. Two specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 

No. 5558. One specimen, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 

Nos. 84545, 84455, and 34689. Three specimens, Para, Brazil, pre- 
sented by J. C. Brevoort. 

Piabucus melanostomus Holmberg. 

No. 2104. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Piabucina panamensis Gill. 

No. 16676 (type). One specimen, Atlantic side of Panama, Bransford 
collection. 

No. 16677 (type). One specimen, Rio Frijoli, Panama, Bransford 
collection. 

Ichthyoborus microlepis Giinther. 

No. 52088. One specimen, Atbara River, Egypt, Sentf-Expedition 
collection, B. Dean, collector. 
Hydrocyon forskalii Cuvier. 

No. 52095. Two specimens, Atbara River, Egypt. Senft-Expedi- 
tion collection. 

No. 52094. One specimen, Nile-Atbara Junction, Egypt. Senff- 
Expedition collection. 

Hydrolycus pectoralis Giinther. 

No. 39402. Brazil, collected by H. H. Rusby. 

No. 5686. Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 
Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix. ; 

No. 55667. One specimen, 760 mm., Paraguay, collected by E. 
Palmer. 


yy PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Bramocharax bransfordii (Gill). 
No. 16885. Three specimens, Lake Nicaragua, Bransford collection. 


*. 


Fic. 6.—BRAMOCHARAX BRANSFORDII. 
Reeboides guatemalensis Giinther. 
No. 39958. Two specimens, Rio San Juan, Nicaragua, collected by 
PG. ne Birt: 


Reeboides prognathus (Boulenger). 
No. 1619 (part). Paraguay, Page collection. 
No. 44835 (part). Marmora River, Bolivia, Gibbon collection. 


Reeboides myersii Gill. 

No. 21426. One specimen, Napo or Maranon River, Brazil, Orton 
collection (4). One of the types. 
Reeboides xenodon Reinhardt. 

No. 44962. One specimen, Rio das Velhas, Brazil. 


Cynopotamus argenteus Valenciennes. 


oH — No. 1619 (part). One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 

19 Charax sanguineus (Cope). 

No.-8225. Four specimens, Napo and Marafion rivers, Brazil, Orton 
Collection. 


Charax gibbosus Linnzus. 
Sh No. 1603. One specimen, Guiana, collected by J. Wyman. 
No. 1619 (part). Three specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 


Subgenus CY RTOCHARAX Howler. 


Type.— Anacyrtus limxsquamis Cope. 

This is a subgenus of Ciarax, probably synonymous with Cynopo- 
tamus, and was described by Fowler“@ as a new genus with the 
character ‘‘scales rough, very small or about 100 in lateral line. 
No palatine teeth.” It may further be described as compressed, 
elongate, of moderate depth; dorsal near middle of body over 
the origin of the long anal; pectoral overlapping ventral; dorsal 
profile gibbous on occiput, concave in front; mouth large, oblique, 


«Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 454, 


no. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. ao 


the maxillary in the adult extending beyond the eye; maxillary 
with a series of nearly equal, conical teeth; premaxillary with a 
canine at each end and a double series of small teeth between, of which 
the inner series is composed of two teeth; mandible with a single series 
of teeth which are small, conical along the sides and larger on its 
anterior half, four of which are canines. One of these is near the 
front, but lateral to the anterior premaxillary canine; another, the 
smallest of the series, is directed outward more than the rest and 
nearly half way to the third, which is the largest, received in a 
groove of the upper jaw in front of the posterior premaxillary 
canine; the last is about as far back of the posterior premaxillary 
canine as the last mentioned is in advance of it. 

This subgenus includes, besides the type, the sgwamosus Eigenmann 
and Kennedy, the caliurus and atratoens/s of Kigenmann, and probably 
the amazonus of Giinther. 

Charax limzesquamis Cope. 

No. 44835 (part). One specimen, Marmcra River, Bolivia, Gibbons 
collection. 

No. 1694. One specimen, Paraguay, Page collection. 


Fig. 7.—CHARAX SQUAMOSUS. 


Charax squamosus Eigenmann and Kennedy. 

No. 44837. One specimen, La Plata, Argentina, collected by S. 8. 
Brooks. 

Charax atratoensis Eigenmann, new species. 

Type.—Cat. No. 1664, U.S.N.M. Specimen 300 mm. to end of lat- 
eral line, Truando, Colombia, Michler and Schott collection. 

Cotype.—No. 1664, U.S.N.M. Specimen 217 mm. to end of lateral 
line, Truando, Colombia. 

This species greatly resembles Cynopotumus magdalenx, but has 
only a single series of teeth in the lower jaw and the cheeks are not so 
completely covered by the suborbitals. It is allied to C. squamosus, 
3 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 


34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIIL. 


with a shorter, blunter head, and to (. //mzsquamis, from which it 
differs in little but the length of the anal. 

D. 11; A. 47-50; head 33-34; depth a little more or less than 3. 
Seales 25-110 to 112-25; eye 44 to 6 in the head; snout 33-34%; inter- 
orbital 4. 

Profile very strongly concave, the occiput greatly arched; distance 
from tip of snout and tip of maxillary equal to distance from tip of 
snout through upper margin of eye to edge of preopercle; suborbitals 
extending back to vertical limb of preopercle, leaving only a small 
area behind the end of the maxillary exposed; teeth as in other mem- 
bers of the genus. 


Nt ANTS 2a ; 
NOAX Noone ey 

YX WAG 
: SIAN My 


Fig, 8.—CHARAX ATRATOENSIS. 


Pectorals extending past middle of ventrals to anal in smaller speci- 
men, not quite so far in the larger. Entire surface of the scales very 
rough. 

A silvery lateral band, a faint humeral spot in the smaller specimen, 
a large caudal spot, not continued to the end of the rays. Highly 
iridescent. 

Salminus maxillosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 

Nos. 1630 and 1631. Three specimens, Paraguay, Page collection. 
Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch). 

The species A. falcatus was based on a specimen from Surinam with 
anal rays 26; Miller and Troschel gave the lateral line as 80 and the 
anal as 30. Cuvier and Valenciennes had 3 (4) specimens, one from 
Surinam and two from Mana. One (not stated which) had lateral line 
80, the others at least 100 ‘‘cent vingt” at one place, and ‘*a cent” in 
another. IJ haveaspecimen from Surinam (Cat. No. 24670 U.S.N.M.) 
Bloch’s type locality with lateral line 82-85 and A. 27, which is very 
probably the fa/catus of Bloch. This specimen differs notably from 
other specimens in the Indiana University and National Museum 
collections, and from the fa/catus of recent authors, and should be 
kept distinct from them. It is very probable that the smaller scaled 


wo. 1556. LIST OF CHARACIN FISHES—EIGENMANN AND OGLE. 35 


specimens i in my possession, and refer red to by recent authors Mader 
the name falcatus, should be referred to the ferow of Giinther. 
Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier). 

No. 12712. One specimen. 
Acestrorhynchus ferox (Giinther). 

No. 1639.- Two specimens, Paraguay; Page collection. 

No. 1649.. One specimen, Paraguay; Page collection. 

No. 2102. One specimen, Bahia; Page collection. 

No. 34464. Two specimens, Para (?), Brazil; presented by E. G. 
Blackford and J. C. Brevoort. 

Nos. 33768 and 33769. Two specimens, Para (7), Brazil; presented 
by J. C. Brevoort. 
Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Liitken). 

No. 44963. One specimen, Lagoa Santa, Brazil; presented by 
Liitken. 
? Acestrorhamphus jenynsii (Giinther ). 

No. 39141. One specimen, La Paz, Montevideo, Uruguay; col- 
lected by W. E. Safford. 
Serrasalmo marginatus Valenciennes. 

No. 1611. Seven specimens, the largest 225 mm. long. 

No. 2112 (part). Paraguay; Page collection. 
Serrasalmo brandti Liitken. 

No. 44964. One specimen, 217 mm. long, Lagoa Santa, Brazil; pre- 
sented by Dr. Chr. Liitken. 
Serrasalmo spilopleura Kner. 

No. 2111. One specimen, Paraguay; Page collection. 
Pygocentrus altus Gill. 

No. 21432. One specimen, 155 mm. long. Napo or Marafion River, 
Brazil; Orton collection. 

This is probably the type; the species is very close to P. piraya if 
not identical with it. 
Pygocentrus nattereri Kner. 

No. 1612. Four specimens, Paraguay; Page collection. 

No. 5856. One specimen, Brazil; Gibbon collection. 
? Pygocentrus scapularis (Giinther). 

No. 33227. One specimen, South America; presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 
Metynnis hypsauchen (Miller and Troschel). 

No. 33772. Five specimens, South America; presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 

These specimens probably belong to this species. They have D. 16, 
16, 17, 18, and 18; A. 39, 39, 40, 40, 48; abdominal serre 34, 38, 39, 


36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


39, 40; depth about 1.25. Adipose at least equal to its distance from 
the dorsal, two-thirds or three-fourths as long as the dorsal. 

¢ No. 8071. One specimen (in too poor condition for satisfactory 
examination), Trinidad, Bolivia. 

Myleus levis Higenmann and McAtee. 

No. 1618. One specimen, Paragua; Page collection. D. 29; A. 38; 

abdominal serre 38+9. 
Mylossoma albiscopus (Cope). 

No. 5888. ‘Two specimens, Paraguay. 
? Piaractus brachypomus Cuvier. 

No. 26462. One specimen skin, about 550 mm. long, Paraguay; 
Page collection. 

This specimen and one in the museum of Indiana University, 546 
mm. long, lack an adipose. D. 16; A. 24; abdominal serree 54-+-6; 
gill-rakers about half the length of the eye. 

Sarcodaces odoe Bloch. 

No. 44824. Several specimens in bad condition, Leopoldville, 
Africa. 

Hoplias malabaricus Bloch. 

No. 26695. Two specimens, Brazil; presented by the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology. 

No. 34432. Two specimens, South America; presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 

No. 34696. One specimen; presented by J. C. Brevoort. 

No. 6033. Twospecimens, Island of Trinidad; collected by Th. Gill. 

No. 1663. One specimen, Truando, Colombia; Michler and Schott 
collection. 

No. 44959. One specimen, Lagoa Santa, Brazil; presented by Chr. 
Liitken. 

Hoplerythrinus “ unitzniatus Spix. 

No. 33764. Three specimens, South America; presented by J. C. 
Brevoort. 

No. 5882. One specimen, Island of Trinidad; collected by Th. Gill. 


«The genus Ophiocephalops recently proposed by Fowler is a synonym of 
Hoplerythrinus. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF UPPER PALEOZOIC 
FOSSILS FROM CHINA. 


By Grorcr H. Grirry, 


Custodian of Carboniferous Invertebrate Fossils, United States National Museum. 


The Carnegie Expedition to China, in charge of Mr. Bailey Willis, 
obtained a small number of Carboniferous fossils, which were placed 
in my hands for study. My report was finished over a year ago, 
but the publication of the paleontologic results has been held up for 
the completion of another portion of the investigation. As an indefi- 
nite, perhaps a long, time may elapse before the full report passes the 
press, it seemed desirable to fix such species as appeared to be new by 
a preliminary publication of the descriptions, to be followed by the 
reprint with illustrations in the final report. 


@©GHLEINTE RATA. 


LONSDALEIA CHINENSIS, new species. 


Description.—This species occurs in large masses, one fragmentary 
specimen having a length of 18 mm. and a width somewhat greater. 
The corallites are irregularly polygonal, so that it is difficult to name 
an average size, unusual length in one direction being compensated by 
narrowness in another. Perhaps 8 mm. represents the average in 
nearly symmetrical corallites. 

Our specimens do not separate into constituent cells, but break 
across the walls. In sections the latter appear to be rather thick, with 
denticles projecting inward from both sides, and a dense median line. 

Structurally each corallite is made up of three zones inclosed within 
an outer wall. The external zone consists of vesicles without septa, 
the median of septa and tabule, while the center is occupied by a 
pseudocolumella having a vesicular structure. The outer zone, which 
is rather thick, is formed by large cysts, which, as usual, present the 
convex side upward and slope strongly downward toward the center. 
The inner surface of this zone is well marked. The septate portion is 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1557. 


(oe) 
~I 


3838 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII1. 


clearly defined, and has a nearly circular shape, irrespective of the 
asymmetry of the corallite as a whole. This portion is rather constant 
in size, and in few instances does it attain a diameter of more than 
4mm. The septa, which number from 25 to 27, are irregular. They 
are often alternately long and short, but in parts of the same corallite 
may be equal, or in appearance replaced by vesicular tissue. Not 
infrequently one of the smaller (secondary) septa is seen to bend to one 
side and to become confluent with a primary one. The interseptal 
loculi are rather abundantly partitioned by what in cross sections looks 
like dissepimental tissue, but in reality has more the nature of nearly 
flat horizontal tabule. As previously remarked, the septa are often 
so contorted that they can not be distinguished from the interseptal 
plates with which they intersect. 

The pseudocolumella, which occupzes the central area, is fairly dis- 
tinct from the surrounding structures and consists of relatively small 
concentrically arranged cysts, which are nearly vertical in position, 
but with the upper end distinctly inclined toward the center. The 
ends of the septa reach nearly or quite to the pseudocolumella, and 
some of them appear to connect with the plates which compose it. 

As members of the genus Lithostrotion, Lonsdale described and fig- 
ured a number of ZLonsdaledas from Uralian Russia, some of which 
may be related to the form under consideration. Lonsdale discrim- 
inated his species upon characters which are not shown in ordinary 
conditions of preservation, not, for instance, in the Chinese material, 
and at the same time failed to give precise data regarding features 
which I was able to ascertain. On this account a satisfactory compari- 
son of the present form with his species can not be made. It seems 
to be distinct from the American and European types whose descrip- 
tions I have seen. No species belonging to the genus has as yet been 
described from China. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning-hién, East Ssi-ch’uan (Stations 1 and 2). 


MICHELINEA FAVOSITOIDES, new species. 


Of this species our collection contains a single specimen, which pre- 
sents the following characters: 

Description.—The shape appears to have been hemispherical, with 
a flat base and a width greater than the height. The latter dimension 
is estimated at about 40 mm., and the entire width at about 80 mm. 
The corallites are rather regular in size and shape, and usually small, 
few of them attaining a diameter of 243mm. The septa are closely 
approximate, 11 to 13 occurring in the space of 5mm. They are on 
the whole rather regular, but are distinctly convex and not infre- 
quently confluent. Mural pores appear to be present, but, as shown 


No. 1557. NEW CHINESE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS—GIRTY. 39 


in transverse sections, they are rather rare and their arrangement has 
not been determined. 

Any statement as to septa depends upon the interpretation of certain 
appearances in thin sections. The bounding walls are not thick and 
show a dense median line, which is usually more or less wavy. On 
either side of the median line is a tolerably thick layer, intermediate 
in transparency between the material filling the intertabular spaces 
and that of the median plate. The inner edge of this supplementary 
wall is somewhat strongly denticulate, the projections being in some 
places rather regular and in other portions of the same corallite absent 
or irregular. Whether these projections are really denticles or are 
continuous ridges has not been ascertained. The tabule show the 
same degree of transparency as the supplementary wall. the projec- 
tions of which can apparently with justification be interpreted as 
pseudosepta, the dense median line being the plane of cleavage sepa- 
rating the truly double-walled corallities. It is hardly possible to 
count the pseudosepta or to ascertain the average number present. 

At first sight one might well feel somewhat doubtful where to 
place this species, whether in /avostes or Michelinea, the unusually 
small size of the corallites certainly suggesting the former genus, as 
well as the mural pores, which appear to be rather rare. Some sup- 
port might also be found in the character of the tabule, which, if 
they are somewhat too convex, too irregular, and too confluent for 
Favosites, possess these features in too slight a degree for typical 
Michelinea. On the other hand, the somewhat fluted condition of 
the median plate, which may be connected with the development of 
pseudosepta, together with the apparent presence of well-developed 
pseudosepta themselves, seem to distinguish it structurally from 
Favosites. The range of the latter genus, furthermore, appears to 
terminate with horizons early in the Mississippian, while the present 
form is of much later occurrence. J//chelinea, on the other hand, is 
already known in upper Carboniferous and Permian (/) terrains. On 
this account it has seemed that the form under consideration should 
be denied to Fiavosites and placed with J/ichelinea. 

Kayser figures an unidentified species of J/chelinea from China 
which differs from the present one in the much greater size of the 
corallites. By the same character J/chelinea favositoides may be 
distinguished from other members of the genus known to me, even 
from the small-celled Russian species J/. concinna Lonsdale. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning-hién, East Ssi-ch’uan (Station 3). 


40) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


CARNEGIA, new genus. 


The characters of this genus are included in the diagnosis of the 
type species as given below: 
Type of the genus.— Carnegia bassleri. 


CARNEGIA BASSLERI,¢ new species. 


This name is introduced for what appears to be a new genus of 
Stromatoporoid corals. Until Waagen and Wentzel described some 
forms from the Salt Range of India the known occurrence of this group 
would have warranted the statement that it passed out of existence 
before the commencement of Carboniferous time. The discovery of 
a different but related type in an area so close geographically, and in 
strata of such similar age as are those of India and China, is thus 
deprived of most of its surprise. The Chinese form possesses charac- 
ters which forbid joining it with any of the established genera whose 
descriptions have been before me, and it represents, with little doubt, 
anew genus. On the other hand, as but a single specimen is known, 
and as in this group, more than in many others, the difficulty is great of 
distinguishing between specific and generic characters without the com- 
parisons which several generically related species afford, I have adopted 
the plan of including the genus and species in a single description. 

Description.—The growth of Carnegia bassler? is in small lenticular 
masses, having a slight thickness relative to their spread. One exam- 
ple, for instance, has a thickness of but 4 mm. and a diameter of 35 
mm. The structure is tine and dense, and seems to be entirely without 
the lamellate appearance which gives this group its name. 

In transverse section the ccoenosteum is seen to be made up of walls 
and apertures, both possessing a very irregular and tortuous pattern. 
The walls are especially vermicular and inosculating, giving off dis- 
connected spurs and dividing the inclosed space into small separate 
apertures. The entire course of the walls seems to be made up of 
curves, and the outlines of the apertures are of course correspond- 
ingly curvilinear. The walls are relatively thick, and where projecting 
spurs are given off these often appear to be rounded and enlarged at 
the disconnected end, as if terminating ina pillar. Similar enlarge- 
ments can be observed also in other portions of the walls. The zooidal 
apertures are nearly equal in size, and the whole structure seems to 
be quite regular, but not infrequently several of the apertures are 
confluent, although the larger one thus formed is so tortuous that it 
fails to have this appearance in the tout ensemble of the section. 
Astrorhiz appear to be entirely absent. 

In longitudinal section the skeleton is seen to he composed of con- 
tinuous zooidal tubes and continuous walls, the latter being, as already 


«This species is named after Mr. R. 8. Bassler. 


No. 1557. NEW CHINESE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS—GIRTY. 41 


rather closely tabulate, and the walls are perforated. The perfora- 
tions are of unequal sizes and irregular distribution. It is without 
doubt owing to these interruptions in the radial walls that in cross 
section two or more of the zooidal tubes appear to be connected into 
a single large vermicular one. Sometimes, owing perhaps to the 
influence of tabule and porous developments, the walls in longitudinal 
section have a nodose appearance, somewhat as in Stenopora. Of 
course the two genera are otherwise widely different and have different 
affinities. 

In the lower part of the ccenosteum the zooidal tubes are narrow 
and bent inward toward the point of origin, as in colonies of com- 
pound corals and bryozoans. In this region the walls are thin and 
the pores and tabulee much less plentiful. 

This form appears to be but distantly related to those described 
from the Salt Range of India, and it presents more structural affinities 
with the older genus Stromatopora. From this, however, it is clearly 
distinguished by the pattern of the apertures and by the absence of 
astrorhizve and of latilaminee. The zooidal tubes and bounding walls 
are much more continuously and regularly developed and the walls 
themselves apparently somewhat different in construction. They 
appear to be dense, and but for the local thickening, which may repre- 
sent radial pillars, structureless. Carnegia seems to belong to the 
Stromatoporide, but to be distinctly different from any of the genera 
at present assigned to that family. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Liang-ho-k’ou, East Ssi-ch’uan (Station 7). 


BR YOZO Az: 
FISTULIPORA WILLISIANA, / new species. 


Description.—This species grows in thin, epithecate expansions, 
occurring in considerable numbers in the limestone of which it appears 
to constitute a paleontologic feature of some importance. The largest 
fragment seen measures 15 mm., but the original size may have been 
considerably greater. The thickness of the typical specimen is but 
little over one-half mm. The growth is irregular and contorted. 
Maculx are present, but their size and distribution have not been 
determined. ‘The zocecia are quite small; they occur six or seven ina 
distance of 2 mm., and are situated at intervals of about one or two 
times their own diameter. A lunarium is well developed. Mesopores 
are usually large and, as a rule, separate the zocecia in single rows. 
They are about the size of the zocecia themselves, and in some cases 
are even larger. 


«This species is named for Mr. Bailey Willis. 


42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXX..I. 


This species is distinguished by its thin, lamellate growth and by 
the small size of the zocecial tubes. 

Locality and horizon.—Pre-Pennsylvanian (4); near Ta-miau-ssi, 
East Ssi-chu’an (Stations 6, 8, and 9). 


GEINITZELLA CHINENSIS, new species. 


Description.—The growth of this species is dendroid, specimens 
occurring In long cylindrical trunks, from which, in some instances, 
spring smaller branches. All the specimens examined are fragmen- 
tary, the largest having a length of 110 mm. They vary much in 
point of size. The largest yet noted has a diameter of 17 mm., but 
the average is nearer 15 mm. In some specimens low monticules, 
more or less distinctly elongated in a transverse direction, form a 
noticeable feature, which may have been present in all. The mature 
region, where the cells had a horizontal direction, measures + mm. in 
a large example. 

In thin sections the species shows the usual structural variation 
where different stages of development are examined. From seven to 
eight cells occur in a linear distance of 2mm. The acanthopores are 
large, and vary greatly in number and appearance in sections made at. 
different points of the same zoarium. In longitudinal section a few 
scattered diaphragms occur just before the cells thicken their walls 
and bend into a horizontal direction. 

This species is closely related to Geindtzella columnaris Schlotheim, 
as identified by Waagen and Wentzel in India, but if hardly seems 
that the Chinese form can be immediately placed with that species. 
Waagen and Wentzel state that @. columnaris rarely attains a size of 
5 mm., and that a diameter of but 2 mm. is often met with. The 
Chinese form is thus seen to be at least three times as large. So far 
as observed also, it is never incrusting, a mode of growth which the 
Indian form is said to exhibit. In thin sections, however, the two 
species are extremely similar. One distinction which appears to exist 
is that the cells are a little larger in the Chinese form. Waagen and 
Wentzel do not state this character in their description, and certain 
discrepancies which appear to exist between different degrees of mag- 
nification said to be represented by their figures, make it impossible 
to obtain altogether reliable measurements from that source. Appar- 
ently G. columnar/s presents nine or ten cells in 2 mm. The presence 
or absence of tabulz is not stated in the text of their description, but 
none are represented ‘in their figures. The Chinese form certainly 
possesses tabule, and it seems likely that they will also be found in 
that from India. 

With the differences above noted it seems inadvisable to refer the 
Chinese form to G. columnaris, though it is possible that it will prove 


No. 1557. NEW CHINESE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS—GIRTY. 43 


no more than a variety, better marked, however, than any of the 
varieties recognized by Waagen and Wentzel. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning-hién, East Ssi-ch’uan (Stations 1 and 4). 


BATOSTOMELLA MEEKANA,« new species. 


This form has not been found free, and the following description 
has been drawn up from thin sections. It evidently occurs.as eylin- 
drical, probably branching, stems, of which some grow to a-diameter 
of 4 mm., while others were only about 3 mm. thick. 

Description.—The cells are slightly oval in outline, one diameter 
being a little greater than the other. In the mature region they are 
separated by intervals about equal to one-half their own diameter, and 
number about five in 2 mm. longitudinally. The acanthopore-like 
granules are relatively few, and as a very prevalent rule occur in 
single rows between the apertures. On the average about eight sur- 
round each cell, but as they vary greatly in distribution sometimes 
more (as many as 12 and 13) and sometimes less can be counted. They 
are also very irregular in point of size, some having a diameter twice 
or even three or four times as great as others. Very often they 
appear to be in two well-marked grades of size, but sometimes another 
intermediate grade can be recognized, and it seems likely that there is 
no absolute classification to which they can be reduced in this respect. 
While in a general way the large and small granules appear to be reg- 
ularly distributed, no definite system or arrangement can be made out. 
In sections longitudinal to the tubes, the thickened or mature region 
is quite shallow, about twice the width of the apertures. The latter, 
however, here appear of much smaller diameter than in the transverse 
section, being only about half as wide as the intercellular granulifer- 
ous spaces, which therefore present nearly square areas in thin sec- 
tions cut longitudinally. 

This form is structurally very closely related to Lhombopora lepi- 
dodendroides, but is clearly distinct from that widely distributed 
American species. Kayser identified Rhombopora lepidodendroides 
in the Lo Ping fauna. From this Batostumella meckana seems to be 
distinct, as it without much question is if the Lo Ping form is cor- 
rectly identified. Of the two species of Rhombopora described by 
Waagen, from India, it may be distinguished from 2. polyporata by 
the much smaller number of granules. Though more similar to 2. 
obliqua, it also differs in several particulars. It isa more robust form. 
The cells are more nearly circular and apparently of larger size, since, 
according to Waagen’s figure, only about three occur longitudinally in 
2mm. Furthermore, Waagen states that the granules are all of a size 


«This species is named for Mr. F. B. Meek. 


44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


in iis species, which is cone picuodely not ‘the case in the one eander 
consideration. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning-hién, East Ssi-ch’uan (Station 4). 


FISTULIPORA WAAGENIANA,¢@ new species. 


Description.—Of this species our collection contains but one speci- 
men, which displays the following characters: The form is that of a 
hollow cylinder, the diameter of which is 25 mm., the length of the 
fragment being 45mm. The thickness of the Aopen varies some- 
what, but has an average of about 5 mm. It can not be determined 
whether the original shape was incrusting, hotlow cylindrical, or solid 
cylindrical. So far as can be observed, there is no epitheca upon the 
inner surface, nor is there any flexing of the cells toward a point of 
origin. From this circumstance it can perhaps be inferred that the 
original form was a solid cylinder, of which the axial portion, includ- 
ing the immature region of the cells, has by some means been destroyed. 

In thin sections the zeecial tubes are seen to occur about four in the 
space of 2mm. Their distribution, however, is quite irregular. They 
have very thick walls, which in some cases are almost in contact and 
in others are‘separated by distances equal to about the inner diameter 
of the tubes. In the region of maculz their distance is sometimes two 
or three times the diameter. The cells are of course nearly circular, 
and as a rule separated by rather large mesopores in single rows. 
Near the surface the spongy tissue of the mesopores gives place to 
solid investment, in which, though the inner portion of the tubes has 
still a circular section, the outer boundary, more or less clearly shown, 
is sharply polygonal. A lunarium is as a rule entirely absent, but in 
rare cases indistinct but certain traces of the structure can be observed. 
It is also more or less regularly developed in young stages. Tabule 
are rather few and distant, and they are developed at very irregular 
intervals. The vesicles observed in longitudinal sections vary greatly 
in size. Asa rule they are but gently convex, the upper and lower 
surfaces often being nearly flat and parallel. 

This species is clearly distinct from American forms of similar geo- 
logic age, and also from /. parasitica, the only species described by 
Waagen and Wentzel from the Salt Range. It is also very distinet 
from J”. tuberosa, a member of the Lo Ping fauna described by Kayser. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylyanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning- daten. East Ssi-ch’uan (Silat A 


@ This species is med fee Mr. William W: aagen. 


No. 1557. NEW CHINESE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS—GIRTY. 45 


BRACHI@OPODA: 


SPIRIFER BLACKWELDERI,/’ new species. 


This form has been obtained at two localities, and occurs in consid- 
erable abundance in the shape of casts of separate valves. The fol- 
lowing characters have been observed: 

Description.—The shape of the ventral valve is subquadrate. The 
convexity is high, the beak large, erect, gibbous. The area is well 
defined, high, and concave. The foramen is large, its width at the 
base being almost one-third that of the whole area. The cardinal 
angles are rounded and the cardinal line considerably shorter than the 
greatest width. A narrow and moderately deep sinus traverses the 
shell, becoming gradually broader and less well defined toward the 
front. The sinus is not divided by plications, nor do any ribs mark 
the sides. On the interior there are two strong dental plates, but no 
septum. 

The dorsal valve is transversely subelliptical in outline. The car- 
dinal extremities are rounded, and the hinge line is shorter than the 
greatest width. The beak is small and depressed. A moderately 
high, rather well-defined mesial fold passes downward, gradually 
widening in its course. 

The surface lacks ribs either upon the sides or on the fold and 
sinus, but is marked by very fine radiating strive. 

I know of no Carboniferous species which really requires compari- 
son with the present. In general appearance it suggests a Ret/cularia, 
such as 2. lineata, but the fine, continuous, lire can hardly be inter- 
preted as marks left by the spines which characterize that group. 

The development of fine subsidiary liree seems to be a much more 
common feature in the English /etieularias (see R. lineata var. 
reticulata), judging from Davidson’s description and figures, than in 
the American, where it is essentially unknown. We have at least one, 
though a little known, form possessing this character, which was 
apparently described by Swallow as Spirigera prouti. Lam not pre- 
pared to speak positively as to the internal structure of this type, but 
dental plates and septa seem to be absent or but slightly developed. 
In the American Peticularias (R. pseudolineata, ete.), and I suppose 
in the European ones, there is a median septum in both valves, while 
the ventral valve possesses long dental plates as well. The Chinese 
shell thus differs in structure from the //neatus group of Spirifers, 
although it shows some points of superficial resemblance. 

S. blackwelderi differs from S. /éneatus as identified by Kayser from 
Chinese specimens, as well as from any other Chinese species identi- 
fied or described by him, nor can it be found among the shells de- 


@This species is named for Mr, Eliot Blackwelder, 


46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


scribed by Waagen from India or by Tschernyschew from Rus- 
sia. In fact, closer parallels can be drawn with certain Silurian 
forms, such as Spirifer radiatus, than with those usually found in the 
Carboniferous. In the radéatus group, as in S. blachwelder/, the ven- 
tral valve possesses dental plates, but while socket plates, and some- 
times a low septum, are found in the dorsal valve of the former, that of 
S. blackwelderi appears to be without those structures. 

Locality and horizon.—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone); near 
Ta-ning-hién, East Ssi-ch’uan (Stations 1 and 2). 


NOTOTHYRIS WILLISIANA,/@ new species. 


Description.—Shell small, subspherical. Ventral valve subovate, 
gibbous, rapidly and rather suddenly contracting at the beak, which 
is strongly deflected and truncated by a relatively large foramen. 
Toward the front this valve is marked by a narrow, moderately strong 
but shallow sinus extending about half the length. There should be 
other modifications of the mesial portion to correspond with the plica- 
tions on the accompanying valve, but if present they are obscured in 
the typical specimen. On each side of the sinus traces of some six or 
seven ribs are found. Only about four of these are developed as pli- 
cations on the shell, the remainder appearing on the margin, as den- 
ticulations. Even these four, however, are obscure, and decrease in 
intensity in proportion to their distance from the sinus. 

The dorsal valve is subcircular in outline, highly gibbous. Beak 
small, pointed, slightly prominent. There is a strong, deep, ill- 
defined mesial sinus, which projects in front as a sort of linguiform 
extension corresponding to a deep emargination of the front of the 
opposite valve. The sinus, which dies out long before reaching the 
hinge line, is subdivided by a strong mesial fold, extending about as 
far from the edge as the sinus itself, and each of the two channels 
thus formed is apparently again subdivided by an obscure plication 
limited to the marginal region. On each side of the sinus there are 
about six plications, shown rather by denticulations at the edge of the 
shell than by folds upon its surface. 

Internal structure unknown. Shell strongly and finely punctate. 

As only asingle specimen of this form was found, it was impractica- 
ble to mutilate it for the purpose of ascertaining its internal structures; 
therefore the generic position of the species is somewhat conjectural: 
The shell structure and configuration consigned it at once to the 
Terebratulidee, and in the character last mentioned it much more 
closely resembles the genera otothyris and [Hemiptychina than the 
plicated Dielasmas. It issomewhat uncertain whether this fossil should 
be regarded as having a dorsal sinus in which a mesial rib has been 


«This species is named for Mr. Bailey Willis, 


No. 1557. NEW CHINESE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS—GIRTY. 4 


developed, or a dorsal fold with two deep channels upon its sides, but 
the former interpretation seems to be more natural. Upon that view 
the species under consideration would be one of the antiplicate, and 
its generic position would be with Votothyris in preference to //emip- 
tychina. On one side of the specimen may be noticed an appearance 
similar to that often observed in elasma when fracture or cleavage 
takes place along the dental plates, but in the present case this may 
be due to exfoliation of the thick shell. Of course the presence of 
dental plates would debar this form from Votothyris and Hemiptychina 
alike. 

In its specific relations this form differs sufficiently from any of the 
species whose descriptions have come into my hands to make a detailed 
comparison unnecessary. It is perhaps as near to V. 7nflata Waagen 
and WV. djoulfensis Abich as any. 

Locality and horizon—Pennsylvanian (Wu-shan limestone), near 
Liang-ho-k’ou, East Ssi-ch’uan (Station 7). 


Pe whey PO DA: 
AVICULIPECTEN? RICHTHOFENI,/ new species. 


Description.—W hat appears to be the left valve of this species pre- 
sents the following characters: Size small, general shape semielliptical, 
slightly inclined backward. Length and breadth approximately equal. 
Hinge line nearly as broad as the greatest width. Outline somewhat 
retracted below the ill-defined wings, but spreading again, and with 
the sides and front broadly rounded. 

The surface is marked by angular ribs situated at relatively wide 
intervals. The flat interspaces are marked by very fine radiating 
lire. New ribs are introduced interstitially, probably by the enlarge- 
ment of one of the lire. The whole is crossed by fine, somewhat 
lamellose concentric lire. 

A shell supposed to represent the left valve has an outline similar 
to that of the right, but of course is inclined in an apparently oppo- 
site direction. There is no byssal sinus, and the broad wings are 
undefined. The convexity is a little lower than that of the right 
valve, and the beak less prominent. 

The surface is without ribs or radial marking, and is in fact nearly 
smooth, showing only delicate, somewhat unequal and irregular con- 
centric lines. 

This species is represented in our collections by a number of right 
valves and only two left valves. All the larger examples of the right 
valve are imperfect, so that measurements can not be made, but the 


48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


so far as one can be told, do not differ, except in size, from the 
smaller ones. 

It can not be definitely stated that the flatter and nearly smooth 
shell here described as the right valve of the species really had that 
relation. The correspondence in size and shape, however, and occur- 
rence in the same beds render this interpretation quite probable. If 
so, however, it is certain that the form under consideration is not 
an Aviculipecten, since a byssal sinus, which is well developed in that 
genus, is here inconspicuous or absent. 

In shape and sculpture this form recalls to a certain extent some of 
the Russian species of Avicula. A. kazanensis De Verneuil, of the 
Russian Permian, is perhaps the nearest of these, though it is still con- 
siderably different. Avicula elegantula Stuckenburg, of the Gschelian, 
is still more different. 

Locality and horizon.—Post-Pennsylvanian (4) (k&ui-chéu series); 
near Ta-ning-hien, Kast Ssi-ch’uan (Station 5). 


THE HOLOTHURIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST 
OF NORTH AMERICA COLLECTED BY THE ALBATROSS 
IN 1903. 


By Cyaries Lincotn Epwarps, 
Of Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. 


This paper is based on a collection of Holothurians made by the 
Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/batross along the north Pacific coast of 
North America during the Alaska salmon investigations of 1903. The 
collection contains eleven species, one of which, Chiridota albatrossi/, is 
anewform. The specimens have been added to the general collection 
of the United States National Museum. 

The synonymy is given only for the species discussed. The literature 
bearing on such forms is appended. In filling out the habitats I am 
particularly indebted to the important work of Ludwig, published in 
1900. 


1. CHIRIDOTA LA®VIS (Fabricius) 1780. 


June 20, 1903.—One tentacle-crown and one body fragment; Station 
4193; lat. 49° 20’ 30” N., long. 123° 35’ 40” W.; 18 to 23 fathoms; 
bottom, temperature 50.B°, green mud and fine eno 

Habitat.—Eastern coast of North America from Massachusetts (lat. 
42° N.) to Labrador (Ayers, 1852; Stimpson, 1853; Packard, 1860; 
Verrill, 1861, 1866; Selenka, 1867: Bush, 1883; Lampert, 1885; 
Ganong, 1884, 1886, 18907; Winton ce. 1901). West coast of Green- 
land to lat. 69° N. (Paha. 1780; Liitken, 1857; Stimpson, 1863; 
Norman, 1876; Duncan and Sladen, 1881; Ludwig, 1882). West and 
north of West Spitzbergen to lat. 80° N. (Ljungman, 1879). Nor- 
wegian coast to Finmark (Vahl, 1806; M. Sars, 1850, 1861); Dan- 
ielssen, 1861; Bidenkap, 1899; Ostergren, 1902). Murman coast 
(Jarzynsky, 1885). Kara Sea (Stuxberg, 1886). Ludwig, 1900 (p. 
165), gives the entire range from lat. T0° W. to 68° E., but Clark, 
1902, reports this species from Sitka and the Addatross Alaska Salmon 
Investigations, 1903, from the Gulf of Georgia, Halibut Bank, Van- 
couver Island, British Columbia, so that now it can be given as cir- 
cumpolar. Depth, 0 to 27 fathoms, exe eg to 45 fathoms. 


aaa U.S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1558. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——4 49 


5O PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


2. CHIRIDOTA ALBATROSSII Edwards, new species. 


June 25, 1903.—No tentacle-crown, but twelve body fragments; Sta- 
tion 4201, 138 to 145 fathoms; bottom, temperature 45.5°, soft gray mud, 
sand, broken shells. July 6.—Three tentacle-crowns and eleven body 
fragments; Station 4223; lat. 55° 1’ 9” N., long. 130° 42’3” W.; 48 to 
57 fathoms; bottom, temperature 44.6°, soft, green mud. July 7.— 
One body fragment; Station 4226; lat. 55° 36’ 18” N., long. 131° 37’ 
16” W., 31 to 62 fathoms; bottom, temperature 44.8°, rocky. July 
7.—One tentacle-crown and one body fragment; Station 4228; lat. 55° 
36’ 15" N., long. 131° 42’ 30” W.; 41 to 134 fathoms; bottom, temper- 
ature 47.8°, gravel, sponge. July 7.—One body fragment; Station 
4939- lat. 55° 35’ 36” N., long. 131° 53’ 49” W.; 77% to 93 fathoms; 
bottom, temperature 43.3°, green mud, sponge, rocky. July 9.—One 
body fragment; Station 4239; lat. 55° 28’ 35” N., long. 181° 46’ 48” W.; 
206 to 248 fathoms; bottom, temperature 48.8°, coarse sand, rocky. 

These specimens resemble C. davis (Fabricius) in many respects, but 
the presence of rods in the anterior part of the body wall, the greater 
size of the body, and the larger number of wheel-papille constitute 
the chief differential characters of this new species. 

In 1851 Pourtalés described a Ch/ridota from Florida under the 
name of Synaptarotifera. Pourtalés’s species also has rods in addition 
to the wheels, but it is much smaller than a/batross¢: and lives among 
the branches of coral in shallow water. 

Generally (. /zev/s has been taken from rather shallow water (up to 
27 fathoms, only exceptionally up to 50 fathoms, Ludwig, 1900, p. 165), 
while these specimens come from a range of 31 to 248 fathoms. 

Body.—Elongated, cylindrical. One fragment 21.5 cm. long and 
9 mm. in diameter, whole posteriorly, has some of the detached ends 
of gonads in the anterior ccelom, where it is broken off from the 
tentacular piece, so it may represent approximately the length of the 
individual in alcohol. But in this specimen the body wall is greatly 
contracted, as shown by the many thickened folds and the crowded 
dorsal wheel-papille. Therefore it is probable that the living animal 
is considerably longer. Another fragment, also with anal end intact, 
is 22 cm. long and the diameter varies from 6 mm., where most con- 
tracted, to 12 mm. in the well-expanded parts, where the skin is 
stretched thin. A third fragment, with both anterior and posterior 
ends missing, measures 17 em. in length and 5 mm. in diameter. 
Since the remaining shorter pieces are of about the same average 
diameter as the above, it may be assumed that, with the tentacular 
part added, the species would have a length of 18 to 25 cm. and a 
diameter of 6 to 12 mm. In regard to the size of C. /evis, Duncan 
and Sladen, 1881 (p. 14), say: ‘*The largest example of this species has 
been recorded by Sars, and measured 100 mm. in length; generally, 


No, 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 51 


however, they range from 20 to 40 mm.” Consequently this new 
species is over twice the greatest and seven times the average length 
of C. levis. 

Color.—In alcohol, vinaceous with spots of burnt sienna scattered 
all over the body and the tentacles. 

Tentacles.—Twelve, generally with 8 to 12 digits; in one specimen 
some tentacles have 6 digits; in another, 14. 

Spicules of the body wall.—Wheels in all respects like those of C. 
levis. (See Duncan and Sladen, 1881, Plate I, fig. 18.) Diameter, 0.08 
to 0.12 mm.; average, 0.1 mm. The wheel-papille are arranged in 


Cea] 


Fig. 1.—CHIRIDOTA ALBATROSSII. d-c, CALCAREOUS RODS. ( 340.) 


three rather irregular, more or less distinct, longitudinal rows in the 
dorsal inter-radii, while ventrally they are few and scattered. In the 
fragment of the body, 17 cm. long, there are about 68 to 75 in each 
row. In ( dxvis there are 20 to 30 in each of the three rows. 
FRods.—In the anterior body wall. In the longest specimen with 
tentacles these rods are at the posterior end of the piece, 4 cm. from 
the tentacles. The rods are straight to crescentic (fig. 1a), ends 


Fig. 2.—CHIRIDOTA ALBATROSSII. d-f, CALCAREOUS RODS. (x 340.) 


spinose, now one (fig. 14) and then both (fig. le) bifid, while very 
rarely the branches unite to make perforations. Often there is a 
small cluster of spines at the middle (fig. 2d). 

Occasionally the rod has compound curves (fig. 2¢), and very rarely 
it is triradiate (fig. 27). 

Size of rods in millimeters.—Length, 0.05- to 0.15, average, 0.1; 
width, 0.007 to 0.02; average, 0.01; width of branched ends, up to 0.06. 
Spicules of the tentacles.—Rods similar to those in the body wall. 

Calcareous ring.—Like C. levis. 
Polian vesicles.—In the four specimens, 10, 16, 17, and 18, scat- 
tered from right to left dorsal radius. In one specimen the longest is 


59, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


10mm. In the other three the longest are 5 mm. and the shortest 
1.5 mm. 

Stone canal.— Much coiled, adherent to the dorsal mesentery. The 
madreporite (fig. 3) has a number (in one case 27) of 
transverse folds, which project from the mesentery. 

Gonads.—In two tufts, one each side of the mesen- 
tery; tubes dichotomously branched. Of the speci- 
mens with gonads, two are female and one male. 

Retractor muscles. —W ell developed. 

Ciliated funnels.—On the mesentery, near the body 
wall, similar to ee of C. /evis (Duncan and Sladen, 

1881, Plate J, -fig. 17). 
apt Oncor Charlotte Sound, off Fort Rupert, 
Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Boca de Quadra, 
Fie. 8.—CurripoTa vicinity of Naha Bay, Behm Canal, junction of Clar- 
ALBATROSSII. . 
Srone cANaL anp ence Strait and Behm Canal, southeast Alaska. 
ie Rea (Albatross Alaska Salmon Investigations, 1903.) 
These localities constitute the type region. 
Type.—Cat. No. 25003, U.S.N.M. 


3. ANKYRODERMA JEFFREYSII Danielssen and Koren, 1879. 


June 20, 1903—Six specimens; Station 4198; lat. 49° 18’ 30” N., 
long. 128° 46’ 12" W.; 157 to 230 fathoms; bottom temperature, 46.8°, 
soft, green mud. July 6—One specimen; Station 42294; lat. 55° 9’ 94” 
N., long. 130° 41’ 48" W.; 156 to 166 fathoms; bottom temperature, 
43.7°, dark, green mud. July 7—One specimen; Station 4230; lat. 
55° 35/13’ N., long. 181° 50’ 11" W.; 108 to 240 fathoms; bottom tem- 
perature, 42.4°, rocky. 

Net one anchor was found, albeit in most cases a stump of varying 
length is present. This I take to be the proximal part of the stock of 
the anchor, the distal 
part, with the arms 
having been broken off. 
As Théel, 1886 (p. 49), 
suggests, such & SuTEUuAh Fic. 4—ANKYRODERMA JEFFREYSII. ‘‘SPOON-LIKE’’ ROD WITH 
with broken end might RUDIMENTARY SPIRE. (x 111.) 
easily have been taken 
for the long process of the ‘*cups” by v. Marenzeller in describing 
his A. roretzi7.. On many of the ‘*spoon-like” rods there arises, abou 
the middle of the widened part of the rod, a sort of rudimentary 
spire, or process (fig. 4), which hitherto has not been described. In 
some specimens a degeneration has affected the ‘*spoon-like” rods so 
that they are wholly or partially absorbed, with, at the same time, a 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 53 


deposition v upon them of the red matter ordinarily peculiar to the 
wine-red bodies. Théel, 1886, notes a similar change of color in the 
tables of Zrochostoma antarcticum Théel. 

Habitat.—Lesser Antilles, lat. 12° to 16° N., long. 62° W.; also 
lat. 33° to 42° N., long. 66° to 76° W. (Théel, Blake Report, 1886). 
Finmark and north to Barents Sea to lat. 70° to 75° N., long. 21° to 
31° E. (Danielssen and Koren, 1882, Hoffman, 1882, Sluiter, 1895). 
Northwest of Spitzbergen to lat. 80° N., long. 6° KE. (Danielssen and 
Koren, 11882). lat: 81° to 81° 15’ N., long. 19° to.23° EK. (Ludwig, 
1900). Gulf of Georgia, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Boca 
de Quadra, Naha Bay, southeast Alaska (A/batross Alaska Salmon 
Investigations, 1903). 


4. TROCHOSTOMA OGLITICUM (Pourtalés), 185r. 


After the examination of a large series of specimens, Clark, 1904, 
concludes that J/olpadia borealis Sars, 1861, is a synonym of the spe- 
cies described by Pourtalés in 1851 as Chérodota odliticum and follow- 
ing Danielssen and Koren, 1879, usually given as Zrochostoma boreale. 

June 20, 1903.—Two specimens; Station 4194; lat. 49° 19'30” N., long. 
Hoopla! Wel to 170 fathoms; bottom, temperature 48.3°, soft, 
green mud. June 20.—One specimen; Station 4198; lat. 49° 18" 30” 
N., long. 123° 46’ 12" W.; 157 to 230 fathoms; bottom, temperature 
46.8°, soft, green mud. July 8.—One specimen; Station 4237; lat. 55° 
50’ 40” N., long. 131° 46’ 38’” W.; 194 to 198 fathoms; bottom, tem- 
perature 42.6°, green mud. July 9.—One specimen; lat. 55° 287 0” Ne 
long. 131° 57’ 40” W.; 248 to 256 fathoms; bottom, temperature 48.8 
hard coral. 

Habitat.—Florida Reefs (Pourtalés, 1869). Lesser Antilles (Théel 
Blake Report, 1886). Portland, Maine (Verrill, 1873 Casco Bay, 
Maine (Kingsley, 1901). West of Norway (Danielssen Aa Koren, 1882, 
Ostergren, 1902). Finmark and northward (M. Sars, 1861, Danielssen 
and Koren, 1882). South and northwest of Spitzbergen (Danielssen 
and Koren, 1882). Barents Sea (v. Marenzeller, 1877, Hoffman, 1882, 
Danielssen and Koren, 1882, Sluiter, 1895). Kara Sea (Stuxberg, 1879, 
1880, 1886, Levinsen, 1886, Sluiter, 1895). East of Cape Tscheljuskin 
(Stuxberg, 1880). Point Barrow (Murdoch, 1885). Gulf of Georgia, 
Halibut Bank, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Behm Canal, 
southeast Alaska (Albatross Alaska Salmon Investigations, 19038). 
The range given by Ludwig, 1900 (p. 161), as 287 degrees through 
the northern Atlantic Seen to the Siberian Polar Sea from the 
Florida Reefs (long. 883° W.) to Point Barrow (long. 156° W.) is now 
extended south in the northern Pacific to Vancouver Island, British 
Columbia (lat. 50° N., long. 127° W.). Depth from 20 to 650 fath- 
oms, usually more than 55 fathoms and less than 540 fathoms. 


54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


5. COCUMARIA CALCIGERA (Stimpson), 1851. 


1851. Pentacta calcigera Stimpson, p. 67. 

1867.  Pentacta calcigera Packarn (ci. Whiteaves, p. 45). 
1867. Cucumaria korenti SELENKA, p. 300. 

1867. Cucumaria calcigera SELENKA, p. 351. 

1888. Pentacta calcigera GANONG, p. 52. 

1900. Cucumaria caleigera Lupwia, p. 146. 

1901. Cucumaria calcigera CLARK, p. 162-171. 

190la. Cucumaria calcigera CLARK, p. 492. 

1901. Pentacta calcigera KINGSLEY, p. 164. 

1901. Pentacta calcigera WHITHAVES, p. 45 


(For other titles in the synonymy see Ludwig, 1900, p. 146). 

July 7, 1903.—Four specimens; Station 4231; lat. 55° 35’ 36” N. 
long. 131° 52’ 33’”" W.; 82 to 113 fathoms; bottom, temperature 43.0°, 
green mud, slate fragments, sponge, rocky. July 8.—Two specimens; 
Station 4233; lat. 55° 54’ 16” N., long. 131° 45’ 58” W.; 39 to 45 fath- 
oms; bottom, temperature, 44.7°, soft, gray mud, eee July 11.— 
Eleven specimens; Station 4246; lat. 55° 27! 57” N. ; long: 132° 1570" 
W.; 101 to 123 fathoms; bottom, temperature 44.12, gray, green 
rade coarse sand, shells. 

The following description includes an account of the stone canal, 
perforated plates of the introvert (peristome), supporting rods of the 
tentacles and certain features of the spicules of the body wall, which 
up to this time have not been described. 

Form.—The body is curved like a crescent tapering to both anterior 
and posterior extremities, the latter being much more slender. Often 
the curvature is so increased that the two ends come together. One 
example with the tentacles completely extruded (and thus 15.5 em. 
long on the dorsal mid-line) shows the anterior fifth (2.8 em.), straight, 
of a uniform diameter (0.8 cm.) and devoid of pedicels for 2 em. from 
the base of the tentacles. This anterior portion is thin and flexible in 
contradistinction to the firm, stiff main part of the body, and may be 
called the introvert (peristome of Delage and Hérouard, 1903-4). 
When it is retracted the apparent anterior extremity, as seen in most 
alcoholic specimens, is as Théel, 1886 (p. 103), says ‘*‘ more truncated ” 
than the caudal portion. 

Size.—The average measurements of the 17 specimens in the collec- 
tion gives in centimeters: Length from the apparent anterior end of 
the body (the introvert being retracted) to anus, along mid-dorsal line, 
4.3, range 1.7 to 7.7; along mid-ventral line 8.42, range 3.5 to 12.7; 
largest diameter, dorso-ventral 1.45, range 0.7 iC 2.9, transverse 1.28, 
range 0.6 to 1.7 

Color.—W hite, with tints of cream color to tawny olive in certain 
parts derived from slime which has been deposited, especially along 
the bands of pedicels. Oral disk, clove brown. 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. SB) 


Tentacles.—Ten, the two ventral about half the size of the others 
and arising somewhat nearer the mouth. Color, mixed white and 
clove brown. 

Genital papilla.—Three millimeters long, colored like the tentacles. 

Pedicels.—Contined to the ambulacra; dorsal in two zigzag rows, 
ventral in four to five zigzag rows toward the middle. Smaller toward 
the extremities, especially posteriorly. Each pedicel is conical, non- 
retractile, the longest ventrally (2 to 38 mm.). 

Body wall.—Thin (about 0.3 mm. thick), semitransparent, firm and 
rough to the touch from the numerous crowded, imbricated spicules. 
In the introvert, especially thin and trans- 
parent with scattered, knobbed plates. 

Bell, 1883 (pp. 481-484), Lampert, 1885 
(p. 142), Liitken, 1857 (pp. 6—7), Maren- 
zeller, 1874 (pp. 11-12), Théel, 1886 (pp. 
103-104), Dunean and Sladen, 1881 (p. 7), 
and Ludwig, 1886 (pp. 278-279), have de- 
scribed the spicules. The last two descrip- 
tions, together with that of Liitken, are es- 
pecially good, but since 1 have found new Fic. 5.—Cucumarta cancicERa. 
spicules in the introvert and tentacles, as ju. nooy-waul. (x lim) 
well as ridges on the perforated plates and 
the disks of the tables, I have concluded to redescribe the spicules in 
general. 

Spicules of the body wall.— Tables.—Disk flat, very irregular, round 
to four-rayed with all intermediate forms. Four central holes sur- 
rounding the spire constitute a diamond (fig. 5), and vary from 0.02 to 
0.04 mm. in diameter, being generally, but not always, larger than 
the peripheral holes, which vary from 0.01 to 0.04 mm. In the elon- 
gated and stellate forms the holes, num- 
bering from four to forty, are in one to 
three rows. These rowsare usually more 
distinct in the prolongations. 
ah § een eee Besides the rows there are often addi- 

VigW OF TABLE FRoM THE Bopy- tional holes irregularly distributed. In 

Se the circular disks the holes are in one to 
two irregular rings. Sometimes there are ridges running out from 
the spire onto the rays between the rows of holes (fig. 5). 

Size of disks.in millimeters.—Length 0.15 to 0.45, average 0.23; 
width 0.06 to 0.44, average 0.18; diameter of circular forms 0.1; 
average width of rays in stellate forms 0.08. 

Spire.—Conical or club shaped (tig. 6); may be solid, but generally 
gives evidence of being composed of four rods, which, in their more 
or less complete fusion, leave from one to four distal holes, and some- 
times one to two below these. In the young (10 to 15 mm. long) the 


56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


spires are present on all of the outer plates as drawn by Duncan and 
Sladen, 1881 (Plate I, fig. 6), but in older individuals I find that the 
spires may occur only occasionally. This agrees with the important 
and suggestive results obtained by Mitsukuri, 1897, for Stichopus 
japonicus Selenka. 

Size of spire in millimeters.—Height 0.06 to 0.1, diameter 0.45. 

Crown generally bears from 6 to 40 teeth, average number 13 (fig. 6). 
In some cases the teeth arise from projections which may be subdi- 


Fic. 7.—CUCUMARIA CALCIGERA. PERFORATED PLATE OF THE INTROVERT. a, UPPER SURFACE; 
b, PROFILE. (x 166.) 


vided; in other cases the teeth are very small and difficult to count, 
or, again, they may be almost fused into one mass (fig. 5). 

Diameter of crown in millimeters.—.02 to 0.04, average 0.03. 

Perforated plates.—Smooth, round to four-rayed, holes arranged as 
in the disk of the tables, or irregularly distributed. Sometimes 
ridges arise running between the rows of holes. 

Size of plates in mitlimeters.—Length 0.12 to 0.54, average 0.29; 
width 0.09 to 0.45, average 0.15; thickness 0.008 to 0.03, average 0.02; 
diameter of holes 0.008 to 0.03. 

Spicules of the ‘ntrovert.—\rregular perforated plates with jagged 
edges and bearing spines (fig. Ta); usually more numerous on one 


Fig. 8.—CUCUMARIA CALCIGERA. SUPPORTING TABLE FROM A PEDICEL. a, UPPER SURFACE; 
b, PROFILE. (x 340.) , 

face than the other, as seen in the profile view (fig. 7). The number 
of holes varies from 1 to 21, average 5.4; the number of spines from 
1 to 21, average 11.8, 

Size of plates in millimeters.—Length 0.11 to 0.27, average 0.17; 
width, 0.08 to 0.11; average, 0.09. 

Spicules of pedicels.—No supporting rods other than the support- 
ing tables (fig. 8a—0). 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTH URIANS—EDWARDBS. Dl 


Disks.—Arched, elongated, wider at the middle, with. four central 
holes and one to four holes in the ends of the two rays (fig. 87-0). 

Size of disk in millimeters.—Length 0.09 to 0.17, average 0.13; 
height of arch 0.02 to 0.06, average 0.05; width at middle 0.03 to 
0.08, average 0.04; width of ends about one-half of that of middle. 

Spire.—Composed of rods not so much fused as in the tables of the 
body wall, leaving one proximal hole, none to six distal holes, and 
sometimes a distinct hole between the proximal and distal holes (fig. 8). 
The spire is often compressed. The spires are longer and more slender 
than those drawn by Bell, 1883 (Plate VIII, fig. 2a), and Ludwig, 1886 
(Plate VI, fig. 5). The figures 
of Bell are intermediate between 
that of Ludwig and my own, so 
that I think all may be taken as . 
within the range of variation. I Fig. EAB wa euamatos eae See PER- 

3 FORATED TENTACLE ROD. (x 1103.) 
have often noticed spires which 
have been broken off that resemble Bell’s figures. 

Size of spire in millimeters.—Height 0.03 to 0.09, average 0.05; 
diameter at base 0.02 to 0.04, average 0.08; at crown 0.008 to 0.03, 
average, ().02. 

Crown.—Four to twenty generally simple teeth arise from the end 
and sides (fig. 8). The crown may be compressed or rounded. 

Terminal plate.—Holes may be all of the same size, or small at the 
center and larger peripherally, or vice versa. 

INameter in millimeters.—0.11 to 0.15, average 0.12. 

Spicules of tentacles.—Supporting rods of 
very diverse form, occasionally irregular 
plates. The rods (fig. 9) are spinose and per- 
forated. The plates also may bear spines. 
The spicules are apparently adapted in curva- 
ture and size to the special parts of the tenta- 
cles in which they occur. The plates are 

Fre.10.—Cucumartacatcieera. usually found in the terminal branches and 
a ee resemble those of the introvert, except in 
size. 

Size in millimeters—Tentacular supporting rods.—Length 0.14 to 
0.72, average 0.35; width 0.008 to 0.11, average 0.05. Plates 0.06 
to 0.18, average 0.1; width 0.02 to 0.08, average 0.05. 

Calcareous ring.—Oft ten rather slender species, each being made up 
of a calcareous network (fig. 10), rather thicker in places, and there- 
fore appearing composite. Radialia shallow-tailed posteriorly, the 
two prolongations extending to the ring canal. Interradialia wedge- 
shaped, pointed anteriorly. 

Polian vesicle.—One, distended, pear-shaped. Length 0.7 to 1.2 
mm., average 0.85 mm. 


58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM... VOL. XX XIII. 


overlooked. It is single, straight, or convoluted, embedded in the 
dorsal mesentery until near the madreporite, which projects free 
in the celom generally to the right, but in one case to the left of the 
mesentery. The madreporite is kidney-shaped (fig. 11@), and consists 
of two leaves or valves with thickened edges as if a round, thick- 
lipped disk attached at the center to the stone canal had been once 
folded, so that the opposite edges lie near together, forming the distal 
portion of the structure. (Fig. 114.) In the fifteen specimens exam- 
ined one stone canal had its terminal part bifid for a short distance; 
each branch bearing a head of normal size; another had, besides the 
usual madreporite, two small subsidiary heads, sessile upon the main 
tube, a short distance from the distal end. Average length of the 
stal 8 mm.; of the head 0.8 mm. After treatment with potash it is 
found that at the junction 
of the madreporite with 
the stone canal the cal- 
careous network is com- 
paratively coarse and 
open, but proceeding 
toward the periphery the 
calcareous threads become 
finer and the meshes 
smaller, until in the thick- 
ened rim they are de- 
cidedly finer, densely 
crowded, and clearly 
Bi cock oi Sree ae gop mm snarked off Thom thavemn 
ade “a tral part of the disk. 

Gonads.—In two tufts of simple tubules, one either side of the 
dorsal mesentery. 

Respiratory trees. —Two, each with small branch given off near the 
cloacal origin. The main stems are in the right and left dorsal inter- 
radii, reaching nearly to the anterior end of the body, the right being 
slightly longer. The branches lie in the right and left ventral inter- 
radii, extending to about the middle of the body. 

Retractor muscles.—Strongly developed. In comparison the longi- 
tudinal bands are weak. Phat oe 

Habitat.—Massachusetts (Stimpson 1851, Verrill 1866). Cape 
Breton Island, Nova Scotia (Whiteaves 1901). Labrador (Verrill 
1866, Packard 1867). West Greenland to lat. 69° N. (Liitken 1857, 
Norman 1876, Ludwig 1883). Assistance Bay, lat. 74° N., North 
American Polar Sea to lat. 75° N., long, 95° W. (Forbes 1852, Dun- 
can and Sladen 1881). Waigatsch Island, lat. 73° N. Kara Sea to 
long. 64° E. (Stuxberg 1879, 1886). Plover Bay, Bering Sea (Lud- 


a 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 59 


wig 1886). Bering Strait (Stuxberg 1880). (Thus from long. 173° 
W. to long. 65° E., two-thirds circumpolar Ludwig, 1900). Pacitie 
Grove, California (Clark 1901a). Naha and Yes Bays, Behm Canal, 
Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska (Albatross Alaska Salmon 
Investigations, 1903). 


6. COCUMARIA CHRONHJELMI Theéel, 1886. 


June 27, 1903.—One specimen; Quarantine Station, Dock Port 
Townsend, Washington. June 30.—One specimen; Station 4209; lat. 
48° 8’ 55” N., long. 122° 41/ 10” W.; 24 to 25 fathoms; bottom, 
temperature 50.3°, rocky, coarse sand, shells. 

The deficiency in figures of the spicules in Théel’s original descrip- 
tion is supplied by Clark, 1901. In the tentacles, the supporting rods 
vary in form to irregular plates, and either the rods or plates may 
bear spines, a fact not brought out by Clark’s description, or figure. 

FHabitat.—Vancouver Island (Théel, 1886), Puget Sound (Clark, 
1901), Port Townsend, Washineton (Albatross Alaska Salmon Investi- 
gations, 1903). 

7. CUCUMARIA VEG Theéel, 1886. 


August 24, 1903.—One specimen from Shakan Beach, southeast 
Alaska. 

This specimen, in general agreement with the description of Théel, 
1886, has the following measurements in centimeters: Length, 2.7; 
dorso-ventral diameter, 1.2; transverse diameter, 1.1. The color of 
the specimen in alcohol is slate-black around the mouth and anus as 
well as in the dorsal region, shading laterally to mixed light gray and 
smoke gray on the ventral surface. The tentacles are black and the 
ends of the pedicels cream color. Usually, in larger individuals 
especially, the color is seal-brown dorsally shading to chocolate ven- 
trally. There are many examples of this species in the collections of 
the United States National Museum which I have at hand, and, as 
Clark, 1902, notes, this species is very abundant in the North Pacific. 

Habitat.—Bering Island, Théel Challenger Report, 1886. Sitka, 
Pribilof Islands, Copper Island (Clark, 1902). Shakan Beach, south- 
eastern Alaska (A/batross Alaska Salmon Investigations, 1903). 


8, CUCUMARIA FRONDOSA (Gunnerus), 1767.4 


Synonymy in Ludwig, 1900, p. 141-2. 

August 3.—One specimen; Station 4272; Afognak Bay, Afognak 
Island; 12 to 17 fathoms; bottom, sticky mud. August 6.—One speci- 
men; Station 4273; Alitak Bay, Kadiak Island; 36 fathoms; bottom, 
green mud, fine sand. 


@ Ludwig, 1900, gives 1770 the date of the German translation instead of 1767, the 
date of publication of the original description of Gunnerus in Kongl. Vetenskaps 
Acad. Hand-lingar for Ar, 1767. 


60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


Size in millimeters.—Introvert extended, length; specimen a, 50; 
greatest diameter, 25; introvert retracted, length, specimen 6, 90; 
greatest diameter, 70. 

Spicules of body wall.—tlrregular perforated plates as described 
and figured by Clark, 1904. 

Calcareous ring.--W ell developed when compared with japonica. 

Polian Vesicle.—In 6, one, rather long. In a, three; one in the 
right ventral interradius, one in the left ventral interradius, and one 
in the left ventral radius. 

Stone canal.—One, short, in dorsal mesentery, with a single head of 
very closely crowded madreporites projecting from the dorsal mesen- 
tery toward the oral ring. 

Ludwig, 1900, and Clark, 1901, 1904, question the occurrence of 
this species on the Pacific coast of North America, but these two 
specimens, with the chief characters as briefly related above, are, 
beyond question, of the type frvondosa as described, for instance, by 
Clark, 1904, page 566. 

Habitat.—(*?) Florida Reef (Pourtales, 1869). Massachusetts to Lab- 
rador (Gould, 1841, Ayers, 1851, Stimpson, 1853, Verrill, 1866, Packard, 
1867, Ludwig, 1882, Ganong, 1884, 1888, Lampert, 1885, Ludwig, 
1900, Kingsley, 1901, Whiteaves, 1901, Clark, 1904). Baftins Bay 
(Duncan and Sladen, 1877, 1881). Assistance Bay, Barrow Strait, lat. 
75° N. (Forbes, 1852). West coast of Greenland to lat. 69° N. (Fabri- 
cius, 1780, O. F. Miller, 1788, Liitken, 1857, Stimpson, 1863, Norman, 
1876, Ludwig, 1882, 1883). Iceland (O. F. Miller, 1788, Liitken, 1857, 
Ludwig, 1883). Jan Mayen (Fischer, 1886). Féirde Islands (Liitken, 
1857, Bell, 1892, Sluiter, 1895, Horring, 1902, Schmidt, 1904). South 
from Scandinavia to Kattegat (Diiben and Koren, 1846). Coast of 
Norway, south to Hardanger fjord, lat. 59° N. North to North Cape 
and Finmark (Gunnerus, 1770, O. F. Miller, 1806, Diiben and Koren, 
1846, M. Sars, 1850, 1861, Liitken, 1857, M’Andrew and Barrett, 
1857, Lampert, 1885, Kiikenthal and Weissenborn, 1886, Grieg, 1889, 
and 1896, Nordgaard, 1893, Sluiter, 1895, Ostergren, 1902). Biren 
Island (Danielssen and Koren, 1882). Shetland Islands (Forbes, 1841, 
Dalyell, 1851, Ludwig, 1882). Orkney Islands (Bell, 1892). Coast of 
Scotland (Forbes, 1841, Dalyell, 1851, M’Intosh, 1875, Bell, 1892). 
Ireland (Thompson, 1840, 1844, Théel, 1886. Southwest England to 
lat. 50° N. (Bell, 1892). Spitzbergen, to lat. 80° N. (v. Heuglin, 1874, 
Ljungman, 1879, Ludwig, 1900). Barent’s Sea (Sluiter, 1895). Mur- 
man coast (Jarzynsky, 1885, Pfeffer, 1890). Kara Sea (Levinsen, 1886). 
Point Franklin, Alaska (Murdoch, 1885). San Francisco (Ayers, 1855). 
Admiralty Inlet, Port Townsend, Washington, Afognak Island, 
Kadiak Island (Adbatross, Alaska Salmon Investigations, 1903). 
Ludwig, 1900 (p. 143), gives this species as two-thirds circumpolar. 

Depth 0 to 218 fathoms; usually lives in from 2 to 30 fathoms. 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 61 


g. CUCUMARIA JAPONICA Semper, 1868. 


1868. Cucumaria japonica SEMPER, p. 236. 
1885. Cucumaria japonica LAMPERT, p. 143. 
1886. Cucumaria japonica THEEL, p. 110. 
1900. Cucumaria japonica Lupwia, p. 148. 
1902. Cucumaria japonica CLARK, p. 562. 

June 29, 1903.—Three specimens; Station 4205; lat. 48° 8’ 10” N., 
long. 122° 41’ 48” W.; 15 to 26 fathoms; bottom, temperature 50.8°, 
rock, shells. August 24.—One specimen; Station 4302; off Shakan, 
Sumner Strait, southeast Alaska; 169 to 212 fathoms; bottom, tem- 
perature 44.2°, blue mud. Without data—two specimens. 

Size in millimeters.—Introvert extended; length: specimens a, 55; 
6, 170; greatest diameter, a, 19; 6, 38; introvert retracted, length, c, 
94. d, 33; €, 40; f, 170; greatest diameter, c, 15; d, 19; e, 20; f, 65. 
Individuals 6 and f may be taken as adult and the others as young. 

Color.—Dark, or light, tint of ecru-drab. c, heliotrope-purple, 
from which asa natural color, the ecru-drab might result after loss 
of color in alcohol. 

Spicules of body wall.—Perforated plates of irregular form and size. 
In most of the specimens, as shown in sections, the large, radially 
placed, perforated plates are massed near the opening of the cloaca, as 
described by Semper, 1868 (Plate XXXIX, fig. 3). Clark, 1902, did 
not find these large plates in his four specimens, which otherwise agree 
with the descriptions given by Semper, 1868, and Lampert, 1885. 

Caleareous ring.—In form like frondosa, but very delicate and 
generally greatly reduced, not, however, to the mere vestige described 
by Semper. 

Polian vesicle.—Five specimens with one Polian vesicle, longer than 
the body, the terminal portion turned forward and coiled among the 
gonad tubes and branches of the respiratory trees. Length in /, 200 
mm.; 7, 354mm. Since usually but one Polian vesicle has been given, 
it is worthy of note that e has 4, one in the right ventral radius, 
one either side of the mid-ventral radius, and one in the left dorsal 
interradius. 

Stone canals.— Length in millimeters.—As generally twisted, 3; when 
straightened, 5; madreporite, 1. Wumber and location.—a, 5, in right 
and left tufts at edge of base of Polian vesicle; ¢, 6, around base of 
Polian vesicle; ¢, 9; c, 18, scattered around oral canal; 6, 95; (7, 140, 
closely crowded in a row around the posterior margin of the entire 
oral canal. This increase in number accompanies growth, which is 
strikingly demonstrated in the large number of canals in the adult. 
This fact I have shown for other Holothurians in a recent paper 
(Edwards, 1905). orm.—Simple, or distally bifid or trifid, each branch 
bearing a small madreporite. Stone canal twisted, sometimes two 
twisted together, or, again, two may be united at the base. 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Habitat.—Japan (Semper, 1868). Gulf of Georgia (Lampert, 1885). 
Sitka (Clark, 1902). Shakan, Summer Strait, southeast Alaska (Adda- 
tross Alaska Salmon Investigations, 1903). 


10. PANNYCHIA MOSELEYI Théel, 1882. 


1882. Pannychia moseleyi THEEL, pp. 88-90. 
(?) 1894. Pannychia moseleyi var. henrice Lupwie, pp. 95-99. 
1901. Pannychia moseleyi Suturrer, pp. 71-72. 

July 31, 1903.—One specimen; Station 4265; lat. 56° 56’ 30’ N., long. 
136° 10’ 0” W.; 590 fathoms; bottom, temperature 38.2°, green mud, 
rocky. 

Form.—Flattened ventrally, arched dorsally. 

’ Dimensions of body.—97 mm. long; 13 mm. wide; 10 mm. dorso- 
ventral diameter. 

Color.—In alcohol heliotrope-purple above, white below. Pedicels 
and papillae whitish, ends. cream color. Tentacles like the body on 
the stalks, but with the ends cream color. 

Number of tentacles.—Twenty, three broken off. 

Distribution of pedicels.—-Thirty-two in the right lateral ventral 
radius. Twenty-eight in the left lateral ventral radius. In both of 
these rows the posterior pedicels are smaller. Twenty-four in the 
mid-ventral radius. 

Papille.—Lenegth, 10 mm.; diameter, 0.4 mm. About 170 on each 
side of the bivium, being somewhat thicker along the radii. In the 
middle third of the mid-dorsal region there is a naked longitudinal 
space only 2 mm. wide. At the extreme anterior end of the bivium 
there are three papille on either side and in the line of the madreporic 
papilla one on either side, each with a stiff firm wall, thicker base (1 
mm. diameter), and with the stalk colored heliotrope-purple. 

Ampulle.—Ot the pedicels, covered in the body-wall. Of the 
papille, branched, projecting into the coelom. 

Thickness of body wall.—Ventrally 0.5 to 2 mm. 

Calcareous spicules.—In general like those described by Théel, 1882, 
and for the details I refer to his paper. 

Spicules of the body wall.—tn the bivium are found the large wheels 
of 13 or 14 spokes, but no spicules similar to the small wheel-shaped 
plates or small round plates with 35 to 50 holes. In the trivium, to 
the contrary, the first-mentioned large wheels are lacking, while the 
small wheel-shaped plates and perforated plates with many holes, 
together with straight or arcuated, simple or branched, spinose sup- 
porting rods are present. 

Spicules of the ambulacral appendages.— Pedicels.—Large wheels, 
small wheel-shaped plates, small round perforated plates, simple or 
branched, spinose supporting rods, large irregular plates at the top of 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 63 


the processes, terminal plates with numerous holes in several layers, 
and net-like bodies with wide, irregular meshes. 

Papille.—Scattered small wheel-shaped plates and simple or 
branched spinose supporting rods, with some of the large wheels near 
the tips. 

Tentacles.—Many of the Jarge wheels and small wheel-shaped plates 
in the stalks, but in the disks only the last, together with crowded 
spinose supporting rods. 

Calcareous ring.—Rudimentary, fragile, spongy; its true form not 
distinct. 

Polian vesicles.—Two, each 20 mm. long, 1.6 mm. diameter, with a 


common base for 3 mm. 

Stone canal.—Ends in dorsal madreporic papilla, 1 mm. in diameter, 
% mm. posterior to the tentacles; a clear, slightly whitish, spherical 
body, of no particular structure. 

Gonads.—On either side of dorsal mesentery one long (70 mm.) 
tube, giving off richly branched lateral branches. The gonaduct opens 
10 mm. posterior to the tentacles. 

Comparative.—The one individual above extends the geographical 
distribution of this species from one extreme of the Pacific to the 
other. From the three records now published, together with the 
above description of the Albatross specimen, it is difficult to say 
whether there are several varieties of Théel’s type or just one very 
variable species. The descriptions of Pannychia moseley? Théel, 
given by Théel, Sluiter, and myself, and of P. moseley’ var. henrice 
Ludwig agree well enough and so intergrade as to constitute the one 
species. Because of the inadequate description, the position of Pan- 
nychia wood-masoni Walsh, 1891, given by the author as closely allied 
to 2. moseleyt Théel is very uncertain, as both Ludwig (pp. 95-96) and 
Sluiter (p. 72) have indicated. 

Ludwig established his variety upon the smaller number of pedicels 
in the mid-ventral radius and the presence of three genital tubes, 
instead of one, on each side of the dorsal mesentery. The number of 
pedicels depends upon growth, although we have, as yet, no exact 
formula for the determination of the age of a Holothurian. The size, 
of course, ina general way gives some idea of age and maturity, as 
Mitsukuri, 1903, found in the case of Stichopus japonicus Selenka, 
and, as I have demonstrated in recent studies (1905), of //olothuria 
floridana Pourtales and //. atra Jaeger. 

While in general, as Ludwig suggests (p. 98), the number of append- 
ages increases with size and age, yet my specimen, with a length 
included in Ludwig’s smallest class (66 to 175 mm.), has a larger 
number of lateral pedicels than even Théel’s type. The number of 
mid-ventral pedicels in my specimen (24) agrees exactly with that of 
Sluiter, and both are intermediate between Théel’s type (55) and Lud- 


64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


wig’s variety (2-14). Considering the variation recorded for the ped- 
icels, it is doubtful, with our present knowledge of the species, if a 
variety should be established upon this basis. The presence of three 
genital tubes instead of one on each side of the mesentery, since in 
both cases they are of the same form, might also be taken as within 
the possible limits of variation and growth. Upon comparing my 
specimen with Théel’s drawing (Plate XVII, fig. 2) I was impressed 
with the different appearance it presented. Instead of the rather 
scattered papille showing considerable inequality in size and the long, 
broad, naked mid-dorsal space, as pictured by Théel’s artist, my spec- 
imen gives the impression of more nearly equal, more slender, shorter, 
and crowded papille. This impression is borne out by Théel’s count 
of 100 papille on each side of the back, while I found about 170, and 
the length of the papille, which he gives as 15 to 20 mm., while 10 
mm. is the longest in my specimen. Thus, in respect to form and 
distribution of papille, Théel’s type is one extreme and my specimen 
the other, with Ludwig’s (Plate X, fig. 2) intermediate. The anterior 
dorsal ‘‘ transverse, thin, lobe-like extension of the skin, sending out 
several processes” of Théel (p. 89) is probably represented by the 
stiff- walled, heliotrope-purple colored papille, each with a base (1 mm. 
in diameter) twice the width of the ordinary papilla and arranged 
three on each side at the extreme anterior end, with an additional one 
on each side in the line of the madreporic papilla. The two Polian 
vesicles, with a common base in my example, may easily be regarded 
as a variation, as also the smaller size and lack of structure shown in 
the madreporic papilla when the latter is compared with Ludwig’s 
specimen. The characters of Sluiter’s two specimens are in general 
intermediate between those of Théel and Ludwig. 


11. STICHOPUS CALIFORNICA (Stimpson), 1857. 


June 20, 1903.—Two specimens; Station 4193; lat. 49° 20’ 30” N., 
long. 128° 35’ 40” W.; 18 to 23 fathoms; bottom, temperature 50.3°, 
green mud; fine sand. June 20.—Two specimens; Station 4197; lat. 
49° 20' 84” N., long. 123° 35’ 54” W.; 31 to 97 fathoms; bottom, tem- 
perature 46.8°, sticky, green; fine sand. 

In these four small specimens (length 3.5 to 4.5 em.) the gonads are 
not developed, but the spicules and other characters agree so well with 
what there is in the meager original description of Stimpson, 1857, and 
the much better characterization of Clark, 1901, that I have little 
hesitation in this determination. 

Habitat.—Tomales Bay, Pacific coast (Stimpson 1857). Pacific 
Grove, California (Clark 1901a). Sitka (Clark 1902). Gulf of Georgia, 
Vancouver Island, British Columbia (A//atross Alaska Salmon Inves- 
tigations 1903). 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 65 


12, STICHOPUS CHALLENGERI (Theéel), 1886. 


July 7, 1903.—Three specimens; Station 4230; lat. 55° 35’ 18” N., 
long. 131° 50’ 11" W.; 108 to 240 fathoms; bottom, temperature 42.4°, 
rocky. August 14.—One specimen; Station 4289; Uyak Bay, Kadiak 
Island; 74 to 80 fathoms; bottom, temperature 42.2°, gray mud. 
August 15.—One specimen; Station 4291; lat. 57° 45’ 0’ N., long. 154° 
2’ 30” W.; 48 to 65 fathoms; bottom blue mud, sand, gravel. August 
15.—One specimen; Station 4293; lat. 57° 45’0" N., long. 154° 12’ 0" W.; 
106 to 112 fathoms; bottom blue mud, fine sand. 

The study of these six individuals of Stichopus challenger’, which 
Théel described from ‘‘a single slightly macerated specimen,” gives 
an opportunity to add a few things to the admirable description of 
that author. It is of interest that Théel’s specimen, found in lat. 46° 
53’ 8., long. 51° 52’ E., gives the two regions now recorded for this 
species on opposite sides of the earth. 

Body.—Size in centimeters: Length, 5.1 to 18.8; average, 12.3; 
dorso-ventral diameter, 1.2 to 2.3; average, 1.8; transverse diameter, 
2.0 to 3.2; average, 2.7. 

Color.—In alcohol; three specimens brownish drab dorsally, shading 
to light hair brown, or white, ventrally; the other three heliotrope- 
purple dorsally, shading to lavender ventrally. 

Tentacles.—Nonretractile; four specimens with 20 and two with 19 
(Théel’s example had 19). Color cream-buff. Ampulle extremely 
short, the longest being 3 mm. 

Genital papilla.—Inconspicuous, at most 1.5 mm. high, 0.5 to 1.4 
em. from base of tentacles. 

Yedicels.—Ventral, nonretractile, white, with cream-color ends. 
Three specimens have two rows the entire length of the ambulacra. 
In one specimen the two lateral ambulacra have two rows and the mid- 
ventral is partly with two and partly with four rows. The other two 
specimens have four rows in the mid-ventral ambulacrum in the middle 
of the body. This increase in number of rows is obviously due to con- 
traction and is of interest in relation to Théel’s description of the 
**median series, composed, apparently, of about four rows of pedicels 
on the posterior half of the body; anteriorly the odd ambulacrum 
carries only two rows of pedicels.” 

Papille.— Dorsal, usually the most anterior are longer and forma 
fringe projecting in front of the body. Length, 0.6 to 1.7 mm.; 
average, 1.1 mm. 

Color.—Stalks, like body; some of the ends, white. 

Body wall.—Rough, 0.1 to 5.0 mm. thick; average, 2.2 mm. 

Spicules of the body wall.—In addition to the structures described 
by Théel, occasionally the four-rayed forms have the ends of the rays 
joined to make perforated disks of tables. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——5 


66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


An incomplete table is shown in Théel’s figure. AI] stages between 
the simple bifurcated, or perforated, ends of the rays to the completed 
disk may be observed. Théel’s suggestion that the two C-shaped 
deposits he observed belonged to another species is borne out by the 
absence of any such spicules in the six A/batross specimens. 

Spicules of the tentacles.—The supporting rods (fig. 12) vary greatly 
in size and degree of curvature. They may be straight or form a 
semicircle, or the curvature may be represented by an acute angle. 
Generally the ends are perforated. The rods are smallest at the tips 
of the tentacles. 

Size of rods in millimeters.—Leneth of chord, 0.06 to 1.4; width 
of rod, 0.008 to 0.08. 

Polian vesicle.—Only one in each of the six individuals in contradis- 
tinction to Théel’s, which had two. 
Form, cylindrical. Length, 11.0 to 
24.0 mm.; average, 13.5 mm. 

Stone canal.—Single, in dorsal 
mesentery with madreporite adher- 
ent tocoelomicepithelium. Length, 
Fig, 12.—STICHOPUS CHALLENGERI. CurvED 6.0 to 18.0 mm.; average, 13.0 mm. 

SUPPORTING BOD OF 2 TENTECTE AZ ™:) Madreporite,, disk formed. (mean 
case spherical) with stone canal attached to one edge. Diameter, 1.0 
to 3.0 mm. 


Gh oe 


Gonads.—In both sexes like a string of beads. Gonaduct accompa- 
nies the stone canal anteriorly, joining the genital papilla just posterior 
to the madreporite. Five specimens were females, one male. 

Respiratory trees.—Present in three specimens, with two branches 
as described by Théel, except in one individual, which has three. 
Length, trunk, 5.0 to 12.0 mm.; average, 8.0 mm.; longest branch, 
30.0 to 59.0 mm.; average, 39.7 mm.; shortest branch, 23.0 to 48. 
mm.; average, 30.7 mm. 

Habitat.—Lat. 46° 538'8.; long. 51° 52’ E.; depth, 550 fathoms 
(Théel, Challenger Report, 1886). Naha Bay, Behm Canal, southeast- 
ern Alaska, Uyak Bay, Kadiak Island, Shelikof Strait (Addbatross, 
Alaska Salmon Investigations, 1903). 


LITERATURE. 


1883. Beui, F. Jerrrey. On the Spicules of Cucwmaria hyndmanni, C. calcigera, and 
two allied forms. Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc. London, (2), III, pp. 481-484. 

1899. BrpenKap, OLAr. Tromsgsundets Echinodermer. Tromsd Mus. Aarsh., Hit. 
20, pp. 104-112. 

1835. Branpt, Jon. Frip. Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio 
observatorum. Fase. I. 

1883. Busa, KATHARINE J. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI. 

1901. Cuark, Husperr Lyman. The Holothurians of the Pacific coast of North 
America. Zool. Anzeig., XXIV, pp. 162-171. 


No. 1558. NORTH PACIFIC HOLOTHURIANS—EDWARDS. 67 


190la. CuarKk, Huperr Lyman. Echinoderms from Puget Sound. Proc. Boston 
Soc. Nat. Hist., X XIX, (15), pp. 323-337. 


1902. . Notes on Some North Pacific Holothurians. Zool. Anz., XXV, 
(677) 
1904. The Echinoderms of the Woods Hole Region. Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 


pls. -xiv, pp. 545-576. 
1908-4. DeLtacr, Y., and Herrovarp, E. Traité de zoologie concrete. 5; Les 
Echinodermes. 8vo., 53 pls., 565 text. figs., pp. x +496, Paris. 

1881. Duncan, P. Martin, and SrapEeN, W. Percy. A Memoir on the Echinoder- 
mata of the Arctic Sea to the West Coast of Greenland. London. 82 pp. 
6 pls. 

1905. Epwarps, CHARLES Lincoutn. A Quantitative Study of /olothuria atra Jaeger 
and the Reestablishment of Holothuria floridana Pourtales (=Flolothuria 
mexicana Ludwig). Science, N. s., X XI. (532), pp. 383-384, Mar. 10. 

1852. Forses, Epwarp. Notes on Animals of the Class Echinodermata. Suther- 
land, Peter C. Journal of a voyage in Baflins Bay and Barrow Straits in the 

years 1850-51, II, London, Appendix, pp. cexiv—cexvi. 

1884. Ganone, W. F. On the Zoology of the Invertebrate Animals of Passama- 
quoddy Bay. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, (4), pp. 87-102. 


1888. The Echinodermata of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New 
Brunswick, (7), pp. 45-45. 
1891 Zoological Notes. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soe. New Brunswick, (9). (Reprint 


in 14 pp., but no date. ) 

1767. GunNERvs, JoHN Ernst. Beskrifning Pa trenne Norrska Sjo-Krak, Sjo-Pengar 
kallade Kongl. Ventenskapps Acad., Handlingar for Ar 1767, XXVIII 
pp. 114-124, tab. 4. 

1902. Horrina, R. Rapport om Fiskeriundersggelserne under Faergerne og Island 
i Sommeren 1901. Fiskeri-Beretn. for 1900-1901, pp. 181-209. 

1901. Kinastey, J. 8. Preliminary Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Casco 
Bay, Maine. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I], pp. 159-183. 

1885. Lampert, Kurr. Die Seewalzen. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philip- 
pinen, Wiesbaden, Tiel 2, IV, Abt. 3, 4, 310 pp., 1 pl. 

1883. Lupwic, Huserr. Verzeichniss der Holothurien des Kieler Museums. 22 
Bericht d. Oberhess. Gesellsch. f. Natur-u. Heilkunde, pp. 155-176. 


1886. Echinodermen des Berings-meeres. Zool. Jahrbtcher, I, pp. 275-296, 


1 pl. 


1894. 12. The Holothurioidea. Reports on an exploration off the West 

Coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and Galapagos Islands, in 

charge of Alex. Agassiz, U. 8. Fish. Com. str. A/batross, during 1891, Lieut. 

Com. Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. N., commanding. Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zool. 

Harvard Coll., X VII, (3), 183 pp., 19 pls. 

Holothurien. Hamburger Magelhaensischen Sammelreise. Ergeb. 

Hamburg Magelh. Sammelreise, 3 Lief. (1), 98 pp., 3 pls. 

Arktische und subarktische Holothurien. Fauna Arctica heraus- 
gegeben von F. Romer u. F. Schaudinn. Jena, I, pp. 133-178. 

1857. Liitken, Cur. Fr. Oversigt over Grénlands Echinodermata. Videnskabelige 
Meddel. fra den Naturhist. Forening i Hjjbenhayn, pp. 88-110. 

1874. Marenzevier, E. vy. Kritik adriatischer Holothurien. Verhandl. zool.-bot. 
Gesellsch. Wien., pp. 299-320. 

1897. Mrirsukuri, K. On Changes which are found with Advancing Age in the 
Caleareous Deposits of Stichopus japonicus, Selenka. Annot. Zool. Japon., 
V, Pts. land 2, pp. 31-42, 3 text figs. 

Notes on the Habits and Life History of Stichopus japonicus Selenka. - 

Annot. Zool. Japon., V, Pt. 1, pp. 1-21, 4 figs. 


1898. 


1900. 


1905. 


68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


1877. Norman, A. M. J. Gwyn Jeffreys Preliminary Report of the Biol. Results of 
a cruise of H. M.S. Valorous to Davis Strait in 1876. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lon- 
don, XXV (1876), pp. 202-215. 

1867. Packarp, A. 8. View of the Invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. Memoirs Bos- 
ton Soc. Nat. Hist., I. 

1894. Prerrer, Grorc. Echinodermen von Ost. Spitzbergen, nach der Ausbeute 
der Herren Prof. W. Kiikenthal und Dr. Alfr. Walter in Jahre 1889, Zool. 
Jahrbiicher, Abt. f. Syst., VII, pp. 100-127. 

1851. Pourtauts, L. F. On the Holothuriae of the Atlantic Coast of the United 
States. Proc. Am. Ass. Ady. Sc., 5 Meet., pp. 8-16, Wash. 

1861. Sars, M. Oversigt of Norges Echinodermer. Christiania., 160 pp., 16 pl. 
1904. Scumrpr, J. Fiskeriundersggelser ved Island og Faergerne i Sommeren 1903. 
Skrift. Komm. f. Havundersggelser (I) vi+148 pp., X charts, Oct. 

1867. SELENKA, Emin. Beitriige zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. 
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoot:, X VII, pp. 291-374, pls. xvu—-xx. 

1868. Semper, Cart. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, Wiesbaden. Teil 2, 
Bd. I, Holothurian, 288 pp., 40 pls. 

1901. Suurrer, C. Pa. Die Holothurian der Siboga-Expedition. Monograph. 44, 
Uitkomsten op Zool. Bot. Ocean en Geol. Gebied Versameld in Nederland. 
Ost-Indié 1899-1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commondo Van Luit. 
G. F. Tydeman. Leiden. 

854. Stimpson, W. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV. 

5 Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific Coast of North America. 
J. of Boston Soe. of Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 444-532. 

1879. SruxpErRG, ANTON. Echinodermer fran Novaj Semljas haf samlade under 
Nordenskidldska expeditionerna 1875 och 1876. Oefversigt af Kongl. 
Vetenskaps-A kademiens Forhandlinger (1878), Stockholm. (3), pp. 27-40, 
pl. 6. 


Fauna pa och kring Novaja Semlja. Vega-Expeditionenes Veten- 
skapliga Jakttagelser, Stockholm, V, 239 pp. I Karte. 

1882. Tater, Hsatmar. Report on the Holothurioidea, Pt. I. Report on the 
Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger, Zoology, IV, Pt. 13, 
London, 176 pp., 46 pls. 

1886. ———. Report on the Holothurioidea, Pt. 2. Report on the Scientific 
Results of the Voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger, Zoology, XIV, Pt. 39, Lon- 
don, 290 pp., 16 pls. 

Reports on the Results of Dredging, under the supervision of 
Alex. Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78), in the Caribbean Sea 
(1879-80), and along the Eastern Coast of the U. S. during the summer 
of 1880, by the U. 8. Coast Survey str. Blake, Lieut. Commander C. D. 
Sigsbee, U. 8. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. 
Report on the Holothurioidea, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll., XIII, pp. 1-21. 

1866. Verriut, A. E. On the Polyps and Echinoderms of New England. Proc. 
3oston Soe. Nat. Hist., X, Boston, pp. 353-357. 

1891. Wausu, J. A. Tutt. Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine Sur- 
vey steamer Investigator, (24). List of Deep-Sea Holothurians collected 
during seasons 1887-1891, with descriptions of new species. J. Asiatic Soc. 
3engal, LX, 1891, pp. 197-204. 

1901. Wurreaves, J. F. Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata. Geol. Sur. Canada, 
Ottawa, (722), p. 44. 


1886a. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF RECENT UNSTALKED 
CRINOIDS FROM THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 


By Austin Hopart Ciark, 
Of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 


This paper is based upon material collected by the United States 
Fisheries steamer Albatross in the Pacific Ocean north of Mexico and 
southern Japan. All but two of the species were collected on the 
recent Japanese cruise in the Bering Sea and about Japan. The 
Eschrichtii group is best represented in regard to numbers, with over 
1,750 specimens, mostly of Bering Sea and eastern Pacific forms. 
Unfortunately, Antedon eschrichtii var. maxima is so large (about 3 
feet in diameter) that on the last cruise, although we obtained it in 
enormous numbers—on one or two occasions, in fact, there was very 
little else in the trawl—we found it impracticable to preserve an 
extensive series. The species of this group in the eastern Okhotsk 
Sea, off eastern Japan, off the Pacitic- American coast, and in the Bering 
Sea are all remarkable for the strong overlapping of the arm joints, 
which have serrate distal edges, a fact which was first noticed for this 
district by Hartlaub in Antedon tanner’ from Panama. The lower 
pinnules also have a distal comb, resembling that in some species of 
Comatula, but much longer than is usual in that genus. Another 
interesting fact is that the species from the western American coast 
all have the third syzygy in the fourteenth brachial and not in the 
twelfth, as do those from the Bering Sea and Asiatic coast. The dis- 
tal intersyzygial interval in the North Pacific species (excepting those 
from southern Japan and the Japanese Sea) is almost invariably two 
joints, whereas in most of the others it is three. All these species 
will be more fully described and figured in my report on the North 
Pacific crinoids. 

The following keys have been prepared with reference to all of the 
described species in the respective groups, and it is believed that the 
information given in them is amply sufficient to differentiate the new 
species from any of those given in the Challenger reports or subse- 
quently described. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No.,. 1559. 


(op) 
ile, 


70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES DESCRIBED. 
Genus DECAMETROCRINUS Minekert. 


A. Centro-dorsal large and conical, bearing about 80 cirri. 
(1) Decametrocrinus borealis, new species. 
Genus ANTEDON de Fréminville. 
A. A syzygy in the radial axillary. 

a. 10 arms: the first pinnule much elongated, with a distal comb-like process as 
LI COTULLA G Meee ee elt ote Re eee (2) Antedon rara, new species. 

aa. 20 arms: distichals 4 (38 + 4): cirri smooth, with 15 joints. 

(3) A. hartlaubi, new species. 
AA. Three articulated radials. 

a. The lower pinnules long and flagellate, the first with very short, the second 
and following with much elongated joints: cirri smooth, with greatly 
elongated joints and a long terminal claw: brachials mostly oblong. 

(4) A. tenelloides, new species. 

aa. The lower pinnules long and flagellate, with numerous short and broad joints. 

[Escuricutit group. | 

4, Cirri always more or less spiny: distal joints of first pinnule short and broad 

like the basal. 

ce. Fifth pinnule longer than the first: first and sixth pinnules usually about 

equal, but the sixth may be the longer: arm joints strongly overlapping, 
short-triangular: intersyzygial interval two joints. 

d. Third syzygy in the twelfth brachial - -..- (5) A. asperrima, new species. 

dd. Third syzygy in the fourteenth brachial...(6) A. perplexa, new species. 

ce. Fifth pinnule much shorter than the first. 

d. Third pinnule the longest, with elongated joints, differing from the first 
and second, which have short and broad joints: fourth pinnule much 
shorter:¢40icinniss| OIntsmen ee eee = eee (7) A. laodice, new species. 

dd. Third pinnule equal to, or not much shorter than, the second. 

e. Joints of the third pinnule mostly wider than long as in the first and 
second: arm joints short and triangular: more than 40 cirrus joints: 
arms smooth: third pinnule most like the second. 

(8) A. eschrichtii (J. Muller). 

ddd. Third pinnule has fewer but much longer joints than the first and 

second. 

e. Less than 40 cirrus joints: arm joints triangular. 

jf. Arm joints short, much wider than long, strongly overlapping: 35 to 
AQ cinnusoints ease ee eee eee ae (9) A. inexpectata, new species. 

ee. Over 40 cirrus joints: arm joints triangular, strongly overlapping: 
lower brachials strongly tubercular...(10) A. rathbuni, new species. 

dddd. Third pinnule composed of a few elongated joints, and much shorter 

than the second, which has short joints. 


“It is unfortunate that the name <Actinometra of Johannes Miller is untenable. 
Miller proposed the name in 1841 (Wiegmann’s Archiv fur Naturgesch., 1841, Bd. 
I, p. 140), naming as the type Actinometra imperialis, which was described by him at 
the same time. Later, after visiting the Paris Museum, Miller found that his Acti- 
nometra imperialis was identical with the Comatula solaris of Lamarck, which is the 
type of the genus Comatula proposed by Lamarck in 1816 (Hist. Nat. des Animaux 
sans vertébres, II, p. 530.). Thus Comatula 1816 and Actinometra 1841, being founded 
on the same species, are synonyms, and it becomes necessary to replace the latter 
by the older name established by Lamarck. 

b4 (3+-4): four joints, the third and fourth united by syzygy. 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. el 


e. Middle and distal arm joints very short, much wider than long. 
jf. Calyx and arm bases smooth: third syzygy in the twelfth brachial. 
g. Distal arm joints with smooth edges, not overlapping: intersyzygial 
interval 1 to 5, usually 3 joints. .(11) A. brachymera, new species. 
gg. Distal arm joints strongly overlapping, with serrate edges: inter- 


syzygial interval 2 joints.....-- (9) A. ineapectata, new species. 
jf. Calyx and arm bases spinous: third syzygy in the fourteenth bra- 
CE pen eee A eyo ee sae (12) A. serratissima, new species. 


ddddd. The third pinnule, while much shorter than the second, has similar 
joints, which are more elongate than those of the first. 
e. 60 cirrus joints: first pinnule the longest: radials and lower brachials 
with raised and spiny edges. ...--..----- (18) A. marie, new species. 
ee. 35 to 40 cirrus joints: radials and lower brachials smooth. 
(14) A. hondoensis, new species. 
bb. Cirri perfectly smooth: distal joints of first pinnule somewhat elongate. 
(15) A. clio, new species. 
aaa. Lower pinnules long and flagellate, with elongated joints... [TENELLA group. ] 
b. Cirri with more than 30 joints: centrodorsal long and conical with 5 inter- 
radial ridges, each inclosing 3 rows of cirrus sockets. 
c. First pinnule much longer than the second... (16) A. erythrizon, new species. 


ce. Second pinnule as long as the first......---- (17) A. fragilis, new species. 
6b. Cirri with about 20 joints. 
c. First pinnule twice as long as the second....-- (18) A. tenwis, new species. 


ce. Second pinnule nearly as long as the first. 
d. Middle arm joints triangular: syzygial interval 2 or 3 joints. 
e. Cirrus joints long: lower pinnules not carinate. 
(19) A. ciliata, new species. 
ee, Cirrus joints short: lower pinnules strongly carinate. 
(21) A. arctica, new species. 
dd. Middle arm joints quadrate and elongated : syzygial interval 1, sometimes 
BD AVN eS OR Ge cate See OR Oen Ce eta Soe (20) A. isis, new species. 
bbb. Cirri with less than 15 joints. 
ce. Cirri smooth, with elongated joints: radials and lower brachials in contact 
and tubercular: first two pinnules short.....(22) <A. briseis, new species. 


1. DECAMETROCRINUS BOREALIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal conical, 9 mm. in diameter, and comparatively high, 
bearing about 80 cirri, the dorsal pole free. Cirri lacking. 

First. radials just visible; first brachial short, about three times as 
wide as high, somewhat incised by the second; second brachial irreg- 
ularly quadrate, about as long as wide, with a backward projection, 
rising into a tubercle; following brachials quadrate, becoming trian- 
gular after the basal third of the arm, then quadrate again toward the 
end and elongate at the tip. Syzygies in the fourth brachials, again 
about the eighth or ninth, and distally at intervals of from 2 to 6 
(usually about 3 or 4) joints. Arms 125 mm. in length, with about 100 
joints. 

First pinnule, on the second brachial, 15 mm. long, slender, with 45 
or 50 short joints. Second pinnule, on third brachial, 12 mm. long, 
resembling the first; third pinnule like the second; distal pinnules 15 
mm. long, with about 20 long, slender joints. 


u2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


The color in life is purplish brown, the skeleton nearly white; the 
disk is black. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22652, U.S.N.M., from Albatross station No. 4918; 
30° 22’ 00” north latitude, 129° 08’ 30” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
361 fathoms; August 13, 1906. 


2. ANTEDON RARA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal Jarge and discoidal, bearing about 20 cirri. These are 
5 mm. long, with 8 or 10 joints, the basal half greatly elongated, cen- 
trally constricted, the distal short and compressed. 

Second radials barely visible; axillaries pentagonal, wider than high, 
with a syzygy; 10 arms 35 mm. long, the first 3 brachials oblong, 
the remainder quadrate (the fifth to the ninth almost triangular) 
becoming elongate distally. A syzygy in the third brachial, another 
about the tenth, and others distally at intervals of about 2 joints. 

First two (outer) pinnules the longest, with about 20 short joints, 
bearing a comb distally, as in Comatula. The third to the sixth pin- 
nules are shorter, without combs, and bear much swollen rounded 
genital glands on the second and third joints; distally the pinnules are 
longer and more slender. Disk that of a typical Antedon. 

The color in life is light clear yellow, the cirri white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22605, U.S.N.M., from Albatross station No. 4892; 
32° 27’ 30” north latitude, 128° 33’ 00” east longitude (Kastern Sea); 
181 fathoms; August 9, 1906. 


3. ANTEDON HARTLAUBI,¢ new species. 


Centro-dorsal a thick disk, the pole beset with small spines, bearing 
about 30 marginal cirri; these are smooth, without dorsal spines, 20 mm. 
long, with 15 remarkably uniform joints, all of which are somewhat 
longer than wide. There is no opposing spine to the terminal claw. 

Radials concealed as far as the syzygy in the axillary; axillaries 
low and wide; distichals 4, the two outer united by syzygy; rarely 3, 
the two outer united by syzygy; 20 arms 120 mm. long, the first eight 
brachials oblong, the remainder triangular, somewhat wider than 
high, becoming quadrate at the tips of the arms; a syzygy in the third 
brachial, another about the fifteenth, and others distally at intervals of 
from 4 to 7 joints. 

First pinnule on the second distichal, always on the outer side of the 
‘ays, 4mm. long, with about 20 joints, the first three or four broad, 
with rough dorsal projections, the distal short but slender; the second 
brachial bears a slender pinnule 11 mm. long with about 40 short joints, 
the first two with dorsal processes. From the first two brachial pinnules, 


«For Dr. Clemens Hartlaub, in recognition of his work on the unstalked crinoids 
of the Indian Archipelago. 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. . Go: 


the pinnules gradually decrease in size, increasing again and becoming 
very slender distally. 

Color in life yellowish brown, the skeleton whitish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22606, U.S.N.M., from Adbatross station No, 4934; 
30° 58’ 30” north latitude, 130° 32’ 00” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 152-103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


4. ANTEDON TENELLOIDES, new species. 


Centro-dorsal a thick disk, bearing about 60 or 70 slender marginal 
cirri; these are 35 mm. long, with fifteen to seventeen greatly elon- 
vated joints, perfectly smooth, the cirrus ending in a long sharp ter- 
minal spine. 

Second radial partially visible, the centro-dorsal usually extending 
up to the inferior end of the axillary; the axillary is wider than 
high; 10 arms 110 mm. long, with about 120 brachials, usually regu- 
larly oblong throughout the arm, proportionately longer distally. 
Syzygies in the third, eighth, and twelfth brachials, and distally at 
intervals of 2 joints. 

First pinnule 14 mm. long, slender, composed of 35 to 40 short 
joints, all of which are wider than long; second pinnule 10 mm. long, 
with 20 joints, all but the basal 3 or 4 much longer than wide; third 
pinnule 8 mm. long, with 15 joints, the basal 4 squarish, the rest 
longer than wide, with a large genital gland on the fourth to the 
eighth; following pinnules to the thirteenth essentially like the third; 
distal pinnules 20 mm. long, very slender, with 25 to 30 elongated 
joints. 

Color in life grayish brown, dorsal surface and cirri nearly white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22607, U.S.N.M.; from A/batross station No. 5092; 
35° O4' 50” north latitude, 139° 38’ 18” east longitude (Uraga Straits, 
entrance to Tokyo Gulf); 70 fathoms; October 26, 1906. 


5. ANTEDON ASPERRIMA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, 9 mm. in diameter, bearing 80-70 
(usually 50-60) cirri, the upper 50-53 mm. long with 50-60 joints short 
and squarish at the base, becoming about twice as long as wide, then 
gradually becoming square or even wider than long toward the tip; 
the lower 25 mm. long with 25-30 joints, not much longer than wide, 
and stout in proportion to their length, being as thick as, or even 
thicker than, the more elongate cirri of the upper row. The cirri are 
not always dimorphic in this species; frequently they are all of one 
type. 

First radials almost concealed by the centro-dorsal; second radials very 
short and trapezoidal, about four times as wide as long; axillaries about 
as wide as high, equal in width to the horizontal diameter of the second: 
brachials, with a sharp distal angle; 10 arms about 230 mm. in length, 


74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


with 250-300 joints, the edges of all raised distally and overlapping 
the succeeding joint, this character becoming marked after the eighth 
brachial. The distal edges of the joints are set with a row of fine 
sharp teeth, each witha median ridge which is continued in a raised line 
for some distance back onto the joint, giving ita longitudinally striate 
appearance. All the syzygies except the proximal two or three are 
supplied with a row of these teeth, becoming distally quite as promi- 
nent as those on the articulations. The first brachial is trapezoidal in 
shape, the outer edge being about twice as long as the inner; the second 
brachial is triangular when viewed externally; the succeeding joints 
to the tenth are quadrate, having pinnules on their shorter sides, and 
their apposed edges rising to tubercular prominences, alternating in 
position; from the tenth on the brachials are triangular, rather short, 
and becoming shorter distally. Syzygies always in the third, eighth, 
and twelfth brachials, and distally at intervals of 2 joints. 

The first pinnule is 20 mm. long with nearly 100 very short joints; 
the second pinnule is 24 mm. long, both this and the first with a 
strong comb on their distal half; the third pinnule is 25 mm. long, 
with much more elongate joints and only the last quarter with a 
comb; the fourth pinnule is 24 mm. long, the fifth 23 mm. long, and 
the sixth 20 mm. long, all with much elongated joints; the fourth and 
following pinnules bear genital glands; distally the length decreases 
to about the twelfth pinnule, then increases again. 

This species is readily distinguished by the great length of all the 
pinnules, and especially of the first six or eight pairs, which are 
remarkably uniform, combined with the presence of a syzygy in the 
twelfth brachial. 

Color in life yellow, the cirri whitish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22650, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 3332; 
54° 02’ 50” north latitude, 166° 45’ 00” west longitude (Bering Sea); 
406 fathoms; August 21, 1890. 


6. ANTEDON PERPLEXA, new species. 


In general similar to the preceding species, but more slender, the 
arm joints more elongate and quadrate, the axillary considerably 
wider than the second radial, and the third syzygy almost invariably 
in the fourteenth brachial, rarely in the thirteenth, and never in the 
twelfth. 

Color in life yellow or brownish yellow, the cirri whitish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22611, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 3070; 
47° 29’ 30” north latitude, 125° 43’ 00" west longitude (off the coast 
of Washington); 636 fathoms; June 28, 1889. 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 15 


7. ANTEDON LAODICE, new species. 


Centro-dorsal low, hemispherical, bearing about 40 cirri; these are 
40 mm. long, with 40 joints, the basal half of which are longer than 
wide, the distal short and furnished with low spines. 

First radials partially visible; second radials short, oblong, incised 
by a backward projection of the axillary; axillaries about as wide as 
high, with a backward projection forming a tubercle; 10 arms; first 
brachial irregularly quadrate, with a short inner and long outer bor- 
der; second brachial almost triangular; following brachials quadrate, 
becoming triangular after the fourteenth or fifteenth; syzygies in the 
third, eighth, and twelfth or thirteenth brachials, and distally at 
intervals of 3 joints. 

Two first pinnules 20 mm. long, slender and flagellate, with 50 very 
short joints; third pinnule 22 mm. long with 46 joints; the fourth 
shorter; fifth and sixth much shorter, anid the joints more elongate. 
The first 4 pinnules bear combs. 

Color in life lemon yellow, the cirri lighter. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22609, U.S.N.M.; from AWbatross station No. 4969; 
33° 23’ 40” north hae, 35° 33' 00" east longitude (off southern 
Japan); 587 fathoms; August 29, 1906. 


8. ANTEDON ESCHRICHTII (J. Miiller.) 


The specimens of this species obtained in the Okhotsk Sea and the 
Sea of Japan appear to be structurally identical with others from 
Europe and the Atlantic coast of America, but the size is much greater, 
the extent reaching 700 mm. and the cirri 115 mm., as against a max- 
mum of 500 mm. and 70 mm., as given by Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter 
in the Challenger report. Antedon eschricht/: in the Pacific has a 
remarkably restricted range, being found only in the Sea of Okhotsk, 
about southern Sakhalin and La Perouse straits, in parts of the Gulf of 
Tartary, and in the northern part of the Sea of Japan. On the southern 
and eastern shores of Japan, along the Kurils and in the Bering Sea it is 
replaced by quite different species. Considering the poled and cir- 
cumscribed habitat of this species in this region, together with its 
uniformly greater size, it seems best to bestow upon it, for the present 
at least, the varietal name of Antedon eschrichtit maxima, taking as 
the type-locality 43° 01’ 35” north latitude, 140° 10’ 40” east longi- 
tude, in 248 fathoms, off the coast of Hokkaido, in the Sea of Japan. 


9g. ANTEDON INEXPECTATA, new species. 


This species resembles Antedon asperrima and A. perplexa in gen- 
eral appearance, but the third pinnule is distinctly smaller than the 
first and second (which are about equal in size), frequently very much 


@ Challenger Reports, Report on the Crinoidea, Zoology, xxvi, p. 139. 


76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


so; the fourth pinnule is still smaller, the minimum being reached 
on the seventh or eighth, after which the length increases distally. 
Antedon inexpectata is a somewhat stouter species than A. asperrima, 
and is usually smaller, although some individuals are fully as large as 
my largest of that species, measuring, arms 230 mm., cirri 70 mm. 
The third syzyey is in the twelfth brachial. 

The color in spirits is brownish yellow. 

Type.--Cat. No. 22647, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 2853; 
56° 00 00” north latitude, 154° 20’ 00” west longitude (south of Alaska 
Peninsula); 159 fathoms; August 9, 1888. 


10. ANTEDON RATHBUNI,¢ new species. 


This species resembles Antedon asperrima, but is very much more 
robust, with the lower arm joints strongly tubercular; the first three 
pinnules are of equal length, the fourth somewhat, and the fifth much 
shorter, little over half as long as the third. The arrangement of the 
syzygies is as in A. asperrima. 

The color in life is bright yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 99648, U.S.N.M.; from A/batross station No. 5033; 
44° 04 20" north latitude, 145° 28’ 00” east longitude (in Yezo Straits); 
533 fathoms; September 30, 1906. 


11. ANTEDON BRACHYMERA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bearing 30 to 50 cirri; these are 45 
mm. or 50mm. long, with 40 to 45 joints of which the distal third 
bear low dorsal spines. 

First radials just visible; second radials short, trapezoidal, much 
wider than high; 10 arms 160 mm. long; first 14 or 15 brachials 
smooth, slightly tubercular, wider than long, irregularly oblong or 
somewhat quadrate; following brachials low-quadrate, becoming shorter 
distally, the distal edges produced outward, but smooth and not over- 
lapping; none of the brachials are triangular, and all are wider than 
long, the middle and distal very much so; syzygies in the third and 
eighth, usually also in the twelfth brachials, and distally at intervals 
of from one to five, usually three joints. 

First pinnule 80 mm. long with 65 to T0 short and wide joints, the 
distal third with a comb; second pinnule the same length or very 
slightly shorter, similar to the first, but with the comb not so pro- 
nounced; third pinnule like the fourth, 16 mm. long with 28 joints, 
mostly rather longer than wide; the following pinnules decrease in 
length to about the tenth, then increase again distally. a 

Color in life yellowish white, readily distinguishable from the lemon 
yellow Antedon eschrichtii maxima, with which it is always associated. 


«For Dr. Richard Rathbun, in recognition of his work on the Crinoidea, 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. refs 


Type.—Cat. No. 22649, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4986 
43° O01 40” north latitude, 140° 22’ 40” east longitude (Sea of Japan) 
172 fathoms; September 19, 1906. 


. 
2) 
> 


12. ANTEDON SERRATISSIMA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, with 40 or 50 stout cirri, almost all 
the joints of which bear strong dorsal spines; the cirri are 30 mm. 
long, with about 36 joints, which exhibit a tendency to overlap. 

First radials concealed; second barely visible; axillaries very broad; 
10 arms 105 mm. in length; first brachials very short; second trian- 
gular, approximally equilateral; third irregularly oblong; following 
brachials to the tenth or twelfth, wedge-shaped, then triangular. 
Syzygies in the third, eighth, and fourteenth brachials, and distally 
at intervals of 2 joints. The radials and lower brachials are thickly 
set with small sharp spines. Brachials overlapping, the edges of all 
set with numerous small sharp teeth. 

The first pinnule is 17-21 mm, long with 45-60 short joints, and 
bears a long comb distally; the second pinnule (which is longer than 
the first) is from 18-22 mm. in length, with 45-60 joints; the third 
pinnule may be 20 mm. long with 36 joints and bearing a comb like 
the second, or it may be 12 mm. long with elongated joints, like the 
fourth; the distal pinnules are long and slender, their joints over- 
lapping, the distal edges set with spines. 

Color in life yellow, the cirri whitish; in spirits white, brown, or red. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22612, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 3464; 
48° 14’ 00” north latitude, 123° 20’ 40” west longitude (off the coast of 
Washington); 40 fathoms; September 4, 1891; 32 other specimens 
from the coast of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. 

This is a much stouter species than Antedon perplexa, with propor- 
tionately shorter arms. It is readily distinguishable from that form 
by the spiny character of the radials, lower brachials, and pinnules, 
and the proportionately greater size of the centro-dorsal, which 
entirely conceals the first and almost entirely the second radials. 


13. ANTEDON MARI,“ new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bearing about 50 cirri (the pole free) 
dimorphic in character: the upper (about the edge of the centro- 
dorsal) 60 mm. in length, with 60 joints, compressed laterally, elongate 
proximally, short distally, the distal joints with faintly indicated 
spines; the lower 35 mm. in length with about 30 joints. 

First radials concealed except for a narrow border; second radials 
short, about four times as wide as long; axillaries about as high or 


=? 


«For Mrs. Mary W. Clark, of Boston, Massachusetts, to whom I am indebted for 
much valuable assistance in my work on the unstalked crinoids. 


78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


higher than wide, triangular, the middle of the proximal border raised 
into a slight tubercle, the inferior edge set with fine teeth. Ten arms; 
the first brachial with short inner and long outer edge, the latter with 
a row of small sharp spines; second brachial irregularly quadrate; 
third brachial with a longer inner than outer edge; following brachials 
to the eleventh oblong, the next few quadrate, then triangular. 

First pinnule 22 mm. in length, slender and flagellate, with 60 short 
joints, wider than long, of which the terminal 25 or 30 bear a comb; 
second pinnule 19 mm. long with about 40 joints, longer in proportion 
than those of the first; third pinnule 16 mm. long, with 40 joints, and, 
like the second, with a terminal comb. Following pinnules much 
shorter, with fewer and longer joints and no comb; the pinnule on the 
twenty-sixth brachial is 12 mm. long, slender, with 20 elongated joints. 

Color in life clear yellow, cirri lighter. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22608, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 5092; 
35° O4' 50” north latitude, 139° 38’ 18” east longitude (Uvaga Straits, 
entrance to Tokyo Gulf); 70 fathoms; October 26, 1906. 


14. ANTEDON HONDOENSIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bearing 30 to 50 cirri, the pole bare; 
cirri 40 mm. long, with 35 to 40. joints, the distal half spiny, the 
articulations rather prominent. 

First radials just visible; second radials very short; axillaries some- 
what wider than high, with an open distal angle; ten arms 140 mm. 
long; first brachial very short, the next triangular; following brachials 
to about the tenth irregularly oblong, almost squarish, then becoming 
quadrate as long as or longer than wide, the proportion remaining 
about the same to the end of the arm. 

First two pinnules 24 mm. long, with short and broad joints, 
becoming squarish after the first five or six; the basal five or six Joints 
bear high but short dentate dorsal processes, those on the different 
joints separated from each other by deep notches; third pinnule 14 mm. 
long, with rather elongated joints, resembling those of the second. 
The fifth pmnule bears a small genital gland, which increases in size 
on the sixth and following. The distal pinnules are long and slender, 
with the edges of the joints set with small spines. 

This species is peculiar in having the position of the third syzygy 
quite irregular, but usually on the twelfth, thirteenth, or fourteenth 
brachials; the distal intersyzygial interval is two joints. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22651, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 5048; 
38° 09’ 24” north latitude, 141° 52’ 30” east longitude (off Kinka San 
Light, east coast of Nipon); 129 fathoms; October 10, 1906. 


NO. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 79 


15. ANTEDON CLIO, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bearing 40-50 cirri, a large polar area 
free; cirri 17 mm. long, slender, with 25-30 joints, of which the fourth 
to fifteenth are much longer than wide, then decreasing in length, 
becoming squarish distally; the distal joints do not bear dorsal spines. 

First radials visible at angles of calyx, laterally separated distally; sec- 
ond radials very short, widely separated laterally, very deeply incised 
by the rhombic axillaries; axillaries rhombic, or possibly slightly longer 
than wide, the distal angle somewhat open. Ten arms, 55 mm. long; 
first brachial very short and deeply incised, the inner edge much 
shorter than the outer; second brachial irregularly quadrate, pro- 
duced distally on the outer side of the ray, and proximally in the 
median line; third brachial quadrate, the inner side more than twice 
the length of the outer, the epizygal quadrate with the inner side 
longer than the outer, the hypozygal triangular, with the short side 
in the inner side of the ray, the apex on the outer; next five brachials 
irregularly oblong, then quadrate for five or six, then triangular, about 
as wide as high, becoming quadrate again distally; syzygies in the third, 
eighth, and twelfth brachials, and distally at intervals of three joints; 
the lower brachials are raised distally, giving the lower part of the 
arms a distinctly serrate appearance; the edges of the outer brachials 
are slightly roughened, but do not overlap. 

First pinnule 10 mm. long, very slender, with about 30 joints, the 
basal 6 or 7 of which are short and wide, then becoming more elon- 
gate, but never much more than twice as long as wide; second pinnule 
much shorter (7 mm.) and stouter, with 15 joints, the first 3 short, the 
remainder greatly elongated; the following pinnules are stouter, but 
in general similar to the second; they gradually decrease in length to 
about the seventh, then become more slender and increase in length 
distally where they are 8 mm. long with about 20 slender joints, all 
but the basal two, which are short, greatly elongated. 

Color in life ight yellow, banded with white, the cirri white, with 
occasional narrow bands of yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22618 U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4904; 
32° 31’ 20” north latitude, 128° 32’ 40” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
107 fathoms; August 10, 1906. 


16. ANTEDON ERYTHRIZON, new species. 


Centro-dorsal long and conical, divided by 5 interradial ridges into 
areas containing 3 parallel rows of cirri, about 12 in each area, or 60 
inall. The cirri are about 50 mm. long, with 35-40 elongated, much 
compressed, smooth joints, the longest between 3 and 4 times as long 
as wide, decreasing in length distally; terminal spines very small. 


80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


First radials visible at angles of calyx; second radials crescentic, 
deeply incised to receive the strong backward projection of the axil- 
laries; axillaries quadrate in form, about as long as wide, all the sides 
somewhat concave; 10 arms; the first brachials have long outer and 
short inner sides, and are very deeply incised by the second brachials, 
which are nearly square; the six following brachials are oblong, sub- 
sequently becoming quadrate for a few joints, then triangular; a 
syzyey in the third brachial, another about the eighth, and others 
distally at intervals of from 5-10 joints. 

The first pinnule is about 20 mmm. long and very slender, composed of 
16 greatly elongated joints; the second pinnule is 15 mm. long with 
about 12 elongated joints; the following pinnules decrease in length, 
their component joints being much shorter proportionately; the distal 
pinnules are 17 mm. long with about 17 greatly elongated joints. 

Color in life, dull purple, rather dark. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22613 U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4981; 
42° 58’ 15” north latitude, 140° 09’ 10” east longitude (Sea of Japan); 
406-390 fathoms; September 19, 1906. 


17. ANTEDON FRAGILIS, new species. 


This species is similar to A. erythrizon in the character of its centro- 
dorsal and in its general appearance; but the cirri consist of about 30 
greatly elongated smooth joints; the first two pinnules are equal in 
length, comparatively short (14 mm.) but slender, with about 20 elon- 
gated joints, the third longer and distinctly stouter; the axillaries and 
lower brachials are more elongated than in A. erythrizon, syzygial 
interval 2, sometimes 3, joints. 

Color in life, light purplish brown. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22614, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 5032; 
44° 05’ 00" north latitude, 145° 30’ 00” east longitude (Yezo Straits); 
500 fathoms; September 30, 1906. 


18. ANTEDON TENUIS, new species. 


(?) Antedon species, von Grarr Challenger Reports 1884, vol. X of Zoology, No. 
27, p. 79 (Vladivostok). 

Centro-dorsal flattened hemispherical, bearing about 40-50 cirri, the 
pole free; the cirri are 25 mm. long and have about 20 elongated joints, 
becoming shorter distally and developing a low dorsal spine. 

First radials concealed; second radials short and deeply incised by 
the axillaries; axillaries slightly wider than high, rhombic, the edges 
slightly concave; the axillaries are wider than the second radials; 10 
arms, 110 mm. long and very slender; first brachial very short, the 
outer edge longer than the inner; second irregularly quadrate; follow- 
ing brachials to the eighth squarish, then quadrate to somewhat past 
the middle of the arm, after which they become long and *‘dicebox 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. $1 


shaped;” syzygies in the third, eighth, and twelfth brachials, and 
distally in alternate joints. 

First pinnule 20 mm. long, very slender, with 80 joints, the basal 5 
wider than long, then becoming slender and greatly elongated; second 
pinnule about half as long as the first, with about 20 joints, the basal 
two or three wider than long, the rest elongated, a large genital gland 
on the fifth to eleventh joints; third and following pinnules like the 
second; distal pinnules 13 mm. long with 25 very slender joints, the 
two basal short and somewhat flattened. 

Color in life, ight yellow-brown. 

Type.-—Cat. No. 22615, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4997; 
47~- 38/40" north latitude, 141° 24'50” east longitude (Gulf of Tartary); 
318 fathoms; September 23, 1906. 


19. ANTEDON CILIATA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal low hemispherical, the pole bare, with 40-50 cirri, 
the longest (about the margin) reaching 35 mm. in length, and con- 
sisting of about 20 (usually rather less) elongated joints, all of which 
are longer than wide, the basal half very much so; apical cirri much 
shorter and more slender, but with the same number of joints. 

First radials concealed; second radials short and wide, more or less 
incised by the axillaries; axillaries rhombic in form, wider than high, 
with the sides slightly concave, and considerably wider than the sec- 
ond radials; 10 arms 130 mm. in length; the first brachial irregu- 
larly quadrate, with a long outer and short inner edge; second brach- 
ial irregularly quadrate, with a long outer and short inner edge; 
third brachial squarish; following brachials to the tenth irregularly 
oblong with the borders somewhat, often strongly, tubercular; suc- 
ceeding brachials triangular, about as wide as high, becoming quadrate 
distally; syzygies in the third, eighth, and twelfth brachials, and dis- 
tally at intervals of 2, sometimes 3, joints. 

First pinnule 20 mm. long, with 35-joints, the proximal 12 short 
and wide, mostly wider than long, the distal 28 extremely long and 
slender; second pinnule somewhat less, with 20 joints, the 2 basal 
wider than long, the basal 10 carinate, the distal 10 much elongated 
and slender, and a large genital gland occupying the third to eleventh; 
following pinnules like the second; distal pinnules long and very 
slender, with 30 joints, the first two short and wide, the others greatly 
elongated, especially distally. 

Color in life, light purplish brown, the skeleton lighter; cirri nearly 
white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22616, U.S.N.M.; from A/dhatross station No. 4982; 
43° 00’ 00” north latitude, 140° 10’ 30” east longitude (Sea of Japan); 
390-428 fathoms; September 19, 1906. 


Proc. N. M, vol. xxxiii—07——6 


82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


20. ANTEDON ISIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bearing 30-40 slender cirri, 10 mm. 
long, with 20 joints, not especially elongate, the fourth, which is the 
longest, being little more than twice as long as high; all the joints 
are expanded distally, slightly overiapping, but do not develop dorsal 
spines. 

First radials visible at angles of calyx; second radials narrow and 
much curved; axillaries approximately square, with the sides concave. 
Ten arms 65 mm. long, very slender; first brachial short, with a long 
outer and short inner edge; second brachial irregularly quadrate; third 
and following brachials irregularly quadrate, becoming longer later, 
and very long and *‘dice-box” shaped distally; syzygies in the third, 
eighth, and twelfth brachials and distally in alternate joints, sometimes 
with intervals of 2 joints. 

First pinnule 7 mm. long, moderately slender, with about 20 joints, 
the basal 3 or 4 short, the others longer than wide; the second pinnule 
somewhat shorter, with about 12 joints, the basal 4 short, the rest 
longer than wide; third pinnule like the second and of the same length; 
the fourth and following pinnules bear large genital glands; distal 
pinnules 9 mm. long, very slender, with 15 joints, the first 2 short and 
expanded, the remainder much elongated. 

Color in life yellowish brown, the skeleton and cirri lighter. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22617, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4917; 
30° 24’ 00" north latitude, 129° 06’ 00” east longitude (about 90 miles 
WSW. of Kagoshima Gulf); 361 fathoms; August 13, 1906. 


21. ANTEDON ARCTICA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal small, hemispherical, bearing about 30 cirri; these 
are 13 mm. long, with 20 to 25 joints, the longest about twice as long 
as broad, becoming short and squarish in the distal half; distal 6 or 7 
joints may or may not have blunt dorsal spines. 

First radials just visible; second radials very short, trapezoidal, 
more or less incised by the axillary; axillary nearly twice as wide as 
high. Ten arms, the first 9 brachials squarish, then quadrate, longer 
than wide, becoming more elongate distally; syzygies usually in the 
third, eighth, and twelfth (sometimes seventh and eleventh or thir- 
teenth) brachials, and distally at intervals of two joints. The arms are 
25 mm. long to the twenty-fifth brachial. 

First two pinnules very long (8 mm.) about equal in length, flagellate, 
the first with 25 joints, less than twice as long as broad, serrate at 
the tip, the basal 6 or 7 joints strongly carinate; second pinnule with 
rather fewer, more elongate joints, also carinate basally, but not so 
much so as the first; third pinnule much shorter, stouter, with elongate 


No. 1559. NEW RECENT UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 83 


cylindrical joints, not carinate basally; the following pinnules grad- 
ually become more slender and elongated. 

Color (in spirits) rather dark brown. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22610, U.S.N.M.; Camp Clay, Cape Sabine, arctic 
coast of Alaska; received from Lieut. (now Maj. Gen.) A. W. Greeley, 
U.S. Army, in 1886. 

This species is interesting in belonging to quite a different type of 
the Zenella group from those heretofore known as inhabitants of the 
Arctic seas, which agree in having from half again as many to twice 
as many cirrus joints as A. arctica, and the second pinnule usually 
-much smaller than the first, whereas in uf. arctica the second pinnule 
is as long as or even a trifle longer than the first. A. arctica repre- 
sents a group of species occurring in the southern seas from 46° south 
latitude north to about the equator; and this fact is of especial interest 
in that the Bering Sea and north Pacific (exclusive of the Okhotsk Sea 
and Sea of Japan) species of the “schrichtii group are also more 
nearly related to the antarctic than to the arctic species. 


22. ANTEDON BRISEIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal or low hemispherical, the pole papillose, 
bearing about 20 cirri in 2 or 3 irregular marginal rows; cirri 8 mm. 
long with 12 to 14 joints, all longer than wide, the second to the 
seventh greatly elongated; the joints are somewhat constricted in the 
middle, with prominent articulations, and do not bear dorsal spines. 

First radials just visible; second radials very short, about four 
times as wide as long, somewhat incised by the axillary; they have 
strong rounded median keels, posterior lateral tubercles on each side, 
and a dorso-ventral ridge in the anterior portion; axillaries rhombic, 
about as wide as high, all the sides, especially the two posterior, 
much incurved, with a strong posterior median tubercle, which is con- 
tinued backward over the second radial. Ten arms 23 mm. long; the 
first brachial has a short inner and long outer edge, and is deeply 
incised by the backward projection of the second brachial; second bra- 
chial irregular in shape, the inner edge very short, the outer long, the 
two proximal edges much incurved; there is a large tubercle on its pos- 
terior border, overlapping the first brachial; third brachial squarish; 
following brachials quadrate, at first wider than long, but becoming 
longer than wide after the tenth, and elongate distally; syzygies in 
the third, eighth, and twelfth brachials and distally at intervals of 
two joints. 

First pinnule 2.5 mm. long with 7 joints, all but the first 2, which 
are squarish, greatly elongated; second pinnule similar, but appar- 
ently very slightly shorter; the distal pinnules are 4 mm. long, exceed- 
ingly slender, with about 15 joints, all but the first 2, which are very 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


short, greatly elongated. The radials and first brachials are in close 
apposition laterally, and are somewhat flattened. 

Color in life light yellowish brown with broad bands of darker yel- 
low brown on the arms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22658, U.S.N.M.; from A/batross station No. 4876; 
Sea of Japan. 

This species is nearest to A. nana Hartlaub (=A. macropygus 
Liitken MS) from Amboina and the Tonga Islands, from which it dif- 
fers in having the cirri smooth, the radials and lower brachials cari- 
nate and tubercular, and the brachials elongate. 


NOTES ON PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES. 


By Epwin Linton, 


Of Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania, 


INTRODUCTION. 


These notes are bused on investigations made by the writer at the 
Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Flatts, Bermuda, from 
July 7 to August 7, 1903. 

I am under obligations to many of my colaborers in the laboratory 
for their friendly assistance, and especially to Mr. Thomas Barbour, 
to whom I am indebted for the identification of many of the fish 
which were examined, and without whose energetic and disinterested 
help my list of fish would be shorter than it is. 

It gives me pleasure also to record my grateful acknowledgments 
to the Bermuda Natural History Society and to Doctor Mark and 
Doctor Bristol for the privileges of the laboratory. 

The opportunities for getting material were limited, and, moreover, 
much of the material was in poor condition. This was especially true 
of many of the small distomes. When it is remembered that the 
temperature of the laboratory was not often as low as 80° F., day or 
night, it will be easily understood that much care was necessary to 
prevent the rapid deterioration of material. 

While an examination of a greater number of fish would, without 
doubt, add many parasitic forms to the list contained in this paper, 
enough has been ascertained to afford some data relative to the degree 
to which the Bermuda fishes are infested. 

So far as my observation teaches, those fishes which are found on 
the inner reefs are freer from encysted parasites than are those which 
live on the outer reefs and in the deeper waters outside. On account 
of the exceeding transparency of the Bermuda waters, sharks, which 
are the great disseminators of cestode ova, do not frequent the shal- 
lower waters of the shoals. This fact probably accounts for the com- 
parative scarcity of cestode larve in the fish which were taken on the 
shoals. On the other hand, the large groupers and rock fish, all 
of which were from about 14 fathoms of water on the outer reefs, 
were found to harbor numerous encysted cestodes on the viscera, and 
especially in the walls of the stomach. A recurring feature in the 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1560. 


8&6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL. XXXIII, 


larger groupers, hinds, and rock fish was the occurrence of cysts, 


inclosing waxy, degenerate tissue in the walls of the stomach. These 
cysts are of various shades of brown, from light amber to almost 
black, and are due, not to cestodes alone, but also to nematodes and 


acanthocephala. 


List of fish examined for parasites with summary of results. 


Scientific name of host. 


Carcharhinus 
don (Poey). 

Lycodontis moring a 
(Cuvier). 

Elops saurus Linneeus. . 

Synodus saurus (Lin- 


platyo- 


neeus). 
Fundulus bermudx 
Gunther. | 
Tylosurus acus Lacé- 
pede. 


-Hyporhamphus unifas- 
clatus (Ranzani). | 

Atherina harringtonen- 
sis Goode, 

Sphyrena 
(Linnzeus). 

Holocentrus ascensionis | 
Osbeck. 

Upeneus maculatus 
(Bloch). | 

Seriola dumerili (Risso) 

Seriola fasciata (Bloch) 

Seriola falcata Cuvier 
and Valenciennes. 

Trachurops erumenop- 
thalmus Bloch. 

Bodianus fulvus punc- 
tatus (Linneeus). 

Epinephelus striatus 
Bloch. 

Epinephelus maculosus 
Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes. 

Epinephelus morio 
(Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes). 

Mycteropercaapua | 
(Bloch). 


sphyrena 


Paranthias furcifer 
(Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes). 


Priacanthus arenatus 
(Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes). 

Neomexnis 
(Linnzeus). 

Neomenis apodus( Wal- 
baum). | 

Neomaenis synagris 
(Linneeus). | 


GJGVTUsSeuws 


Neomenis hastingsi 
Bean. 
Neomenis; Sp s.--- 25: 


Ocyurus Chrysurus 
(Bloch). 

Hemulon macrosto - 
mum Gunther. 

Hemulon carbonarium 
Poey. | 


5 
aD 
[Tope 
S 
ud 
Common or local |~.5 
name of host. |3 5 
ae 
as 
A 
Cub:shark 2-2. ---- 6 | 
Spotted moray -.-| 2/]..-. 
BOnW=NSle ecco s -. 1 
SUakewishie se emecc 2 
Mangrove’ min- 1 
now. 
IsKoybpaYal Sees ae 2 
Half-beak ........ 4 
Mina 2eaemodoedaas 27 
Barvacuadaierc si =e 5 
Squirrel). ose. a. 4 
Goatiishessecses i 
Amber Jack...... 6 
BODMOsseeeene eee 1 


Bermuda salmon.}| 1 


Big-eyed scad Vane 
CONS ceaseee cae 4 | 


| Grouper, Hamlet .| 24 


lsbhavol Aas eee se 11 
Deer Hamlet ..... ] 
ROGKsHS Maat 3 


Barber fish .....-. 3 
Gray snapper..... 9 
School master ....] 3 | 


Silk snapper....-- Aer 


Black-finned] 2 | 


snapper. 


White-water 1S aerate 


snapper. 
Vie lbIN Pe ani ase 13 


| Streaked Grunt ..|...- 


Black Grunt. ..... ] 


Frequent or many, 


| | 
= | 
cal | sala 
o| 3 e |3| 
he] fe = | 
= S a g | 3.| 
pia ee ee =P = S| 
es | & 7 > |e |e 
o Vv o a ~ S 
q| 4 O |e |A|4 
ESE. appre Pee lee | 
| Onli eee 8d 
late macmeleeeabelh Osi aa uae 
aa Se: Eee Fa Jroo|eeee | 
eee spar aap veeeleee| 
| | 
| | | | 
Beesley cae: basaee|eeeac|pacaiaest 
| | ere) 
ree] Bvaystecate avatar sie, BL ieee 
|. 1 eee se 2 
onal Di | re -cperd ltarciere alerayors 
Be OR) SOD ae few. | 11 x 
[per PAS RR A |) 2 : 
erie Bele poe leeks Re 
Va S| 2 Several tc creane | pees | eens ] 
| | 
| 21 few. a jhe) | eed 
|-+ -+| 6| 74) 49 { 
ih ip ae | KGa |e |e 
| | 
Dae e erete | hee a | te stella rll See 
++] 10 ar | 26 
| 
| mart ciate 1 
Ne tel ols duro laoe ow [Moet Rae yal 
Py 5 | Gr] cre alfa arninl| oveve s 
» | 
1G tein bole SEP eee | a 
1 TE Se A ee ai eee Favre | Ped 
| 1 | BO arc Mee Mas 
Gvleeeee FEW. |) 28! |e oe 
| 
s | 
DA RASS Bess el see |eses 
| 1 


++ Numerous. 


Food notes. 


| Fragments of fish in 


stomachs. 


| Small fish in stomach. 


| Small fish (fry). 


| 
Green algee. 


Young — gastropods 
and copepods. 


| Fish. 


Small crustaceans, 


Fragments of crusta- 
ceans and annelids, 


| Fish. 


Small fish. 
Fish. 


Crustaceans. 
Fish and crabs. 


Fish, crustaceans, an- 
nelids. 


| Fragments of crusta- 


eea and 
squid, 
Fish; and fragments 
of mollusk shells, 
probably from intes- 
tines of fish. 
Globigerina, spicules 
of sponge, sete of 
annelids and shells 
ofa small pteropod, 


jaws of 


Fish, crustaceans and 
annelids. 
Fish and erabs. 


Fish, mussel, and bi- 
valve and univalve 
shells. 

Crustaceans and small 
lamellibranchs. 


Crustaceans, 

Fish 

Annelids and ophi- 
urans. 

Fragments of small 


fish and alge. 


NO. 1560. 


PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 


87 


List of fish examined for parasites with simmary of results—Continued., 


Scientific name of host. 


Hemuton flavolineatum 
(Desmarest) . 

Bathystoma — striatum 
(Linneeus). 

Calamus calamus 
(Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes). 

Diplodus sargus (Lin- 
nus). 


Kyphosus sectatrix« 
(Linneeus), 

Eupomacentrus fuscus | 
(Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes), 

Abudefduf saxatilis 
(Linnezeus). 

Lachnolaimus maximus 
(Walbaum). 

Harpe rufa (Linneeus) . 

Tridio radiatus ( Linn- 
eeus). 


Tridio bivittatus (Bioeh) 


Searus vetula (Bloch 


| 
and Sehneider). 


Chetodon  ocellatus 
Bloch. 

Cheztodon, sp..-----.--- | 

Angelichthys ciliaris 
(Linneeus). 


Teuthis  ceruleus 
(Bloch and Schnei- 
der). 


Teuthis hepatus Linn- 
eeus, 

Balistes carolinensis 
Gmelin, 


Balistes vetula Linn- 
eeus. 


Lactophrys 
Linnezeus. 
Lactophrys  tricornis 
Linnzeus. 


trigonus 


Gobiussoporator Cuvier 
and Valenciennes. 
Salariichthys — teatilis | 


Quoy and Gaimard. | 


Chub 


Common or local 
name of host. 


Yellow Grunt .... 


White Grunt 


Porgy 


Bream 


Brown-cockeye 
Pilot. 


Cow Bitotweecs..< 


Hog fish 


Spanish Hogfish. . 


Bluefish 


Slippery Dick .... 


Parrot-fish........ 


Four-eye 


Butter-fish 
Angel fish 


Blue Tange... -- 


Doctor fish 


Turbot 


Bastard Turbot... 


Cuckold 


Cowfish 


Goby 


Molly Miller..... 


Number of fish | 


3 
cals 
O| 6! Bs a 
A 9 = 3 | 
a) SSR AES | 
ase os o a 
x| & s S 
Ble | f# || 8 | 
Pa} ov oY PH 
}< | 4 Om lise | 
cay | 
LON neers. 1) 028 
eee oe 1 2 
| 
lhe iam cal aaron: 14 
iil He a eat 
| 
| 
Se ap soseealee aloe or, 
Go se eee Le cetee 
1a tee poles ee 119) eee 
Hil | olde? lt secageetanes| Sparse ei 1 
1 LA ||eroecre 1 | 
2 ‘al pel oe 2 
INE |ltetarat yee ichais'| vee ae vi 
Ue Basal eeetaic lnecricr mae 
) 
Bill Sova oH ete |e cetera 5 
Wht G5 3535.550dol Scere 4 
Ciel bed» Meee fs (ere ee 1 
Fyillh £ Sot ars acacia claws ete p} 
‘Peete Few. | 157 
| 
1 Vaca cae os 1G ee 
el ors} LD) eee IE 
6 | = Br iets he ce | =e ote 
| | 
PIL ween eee seat: Reaser 
| | 
yA a ln tree | lie 
| 


+ 4+ Numerous. 


Food notes, 


| Crustaceans, annelids, 


green alge, and 
broken shells. 


Fragments of erabs. 


Crabs and mussels. 


Fish, crustaceans, 
broken mussel shells, 
tests and spines of 
sva urchins, stems of 
hydroids, green al- 
gee, small univalve 
mollusks and sand, 

Vegetable débris. 


| Smallerustaceans, 


bryozoa,  foramini- 
tera, algee, sand. 


| Vegetable débris. 


Mussel shells, sea- 
weed and sand. 

Large numbers” of 
crushed shells of 


gastropods and_ bi- 
valves, and tests and 
spines of  sea-ur- 
chins. 

Shells and byssus of 
mussell, annelid, 
spine of sea-urchin. 

Stomach and_ intes- 
tine filled with 
crabs, univalve 
shells, sea-urehin 
spines, seaweed, and 
sand. 

Algee. 


Fragments of fish. 
Alimentary canal 
filled with a red 
sponge; a few an- 
nelids; bryozoa, a 
small mollusk shell 
and seaweed. 
Broken shells, mainly 
Serpula tubes and 
small gastropods, 
bryozoa, sponge, 
foraminifera, se@a- 
weed and sand. 
Ascidian (Botryllo- 
ides), algee and sand. 
Alimentary canals 
erowded~= with 
broken mussel 
shells; setee of large 
annelid. 
Fragments of adduc- 
tor muscle of a bi- 
valve mollusk. 


Amphipods, mussels, 
bryozoa, seaweed, 
sand, 


Foraminifera, 
table débris. 


vege- 


S& PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Order ACANTHOCEPHAT A: 


Representatives of this order were found in 11 of the 51 species of 
fish examined. They belonged to a single species and were immature 
and encysted on the viscera in all cases, except the rock fish, where 
they were also found mature in the alimentary canal. These worms 
have been referred to the new species Achinorhynchus medius. 


ECHINORHYNCHUS MEDIUS, new species. 
Plate IV, figs. 21-30. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5796, U. S. N. M. 

Body elongated, nearly linear, diameter greatest just behind base of 
sheath, whence it tapers gently to the neck; anterior end of body 
shghtly deflected in same direction as the proboscis, which is inclined 
at an angle of 45°, more or less, to the axis of the body; anterior end 
of body also armed with sagittate spines, which, on the concave side, 
extend back a distance approximately one-third the length of the 
sheath, and about half as far on the convex side. The neck is smooth 
and conical, its length being somewhat less than its diameter at base. 
The proboscis varies from nearly linear to fusiform, with about 22 
vertical rows of hooks, and about 20 hooks in one vertical row; hooks 
strongly recurved, stoutish, of nearly uniform size and shape, except 
at the base, where for about five rows the hooks are smaller than 
they are on the remainder of the proboscis. The hooks are deeply 
immersed in the cuticle and have strong but somewhat narrow basal 
supports; those near the base are about 0.045 mm. in length, others 
0.06 mm., spines on body from 0.03 to 0.045 mm. in length. Sheath 
rather slender-fusiform, usually more than twice the length of the 
proboscis. Lemnisci long and slender. 

In the male the testes are two, small, oblong-elliptical, situated about 
the anterior third of the length and separated from each other by a 
distance equal to five or more times the length of one. Remainder of 
male genitalia simple, consisting of the vas deferens and a long-oval 
cement gland near the posterior end; bursa large, oblong, its length 
not much exceeding its diameter in mounted specimens which are 
somewhat compressed. 

The posterior end of the female is rather abruptly narrowed to a 
blunt point which is deflected, in some cases almost at right angles to 
the axis of the body. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, of a male mounted in balsam: Length, 
42; diameter, anterior 0.75, at posterior end of sheath 1.35, middle of 
body 1; bursa, length 1.5, diameter 1.2; neck, length 0.45, diameter 
at anterior end 0.37, at base 0.57; proboscis, length 1.4, diameter near 
base 0.45, near tip 0.30; sheath, length 3, anterior diameter 0.3, mid- 
dle 0.67, posterior 0.3; distance from base of neck to first testis 12; 


NO. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 89 


distance from first to second testis 6; lemnisci extend about 5.4 back 
of posterior end of sheath, diameter 0.15; testis, length 1, diameter 0.5. 

Leneth of female, mounted in balsam, 54; ovarian masses, length 
0.3, diameter 0.12; embryos 0.075 by 0.024. 

This species is near 2) pr/st/s, in external appearance, but differs in 
the greater length of the lemnisci. The genitalia of the male are also 
much simpler; furthermore the species which I have found in a num- 
ber of the Beaufort fishes and have recorded under the name £. pristis, 
is characterized by having a circle of hooks at the base of the proboscis 
which are longer than the other hooks. 

Adult stage.—The adult worms were found in but one host: 
Mycteroperca apua, intestine. 

July 22, numerous. One of the largest specimens, after having 
been placed in fresh water, where it became turgid, measured 50 mm. 
in length. Among the preserved specimens a male measured 42 mm, 
and a female 54 min. 

Immature stage.—Immature forms, referred to this species, were 
found in the following hosts encysted in the viscera: 

Bodianus fulvus punctatus. 

July 22, three, on viscera, in thin connective tissue capsules incrusted 
with yellow pigment. One was removed from a cyst which was filled 
with dark-brown waxy secretion. 

Calamus calamus. 

July 16, ten, encapsuled on the viscera. When these worms were 
liberated from the thin cysts which enveloped them they were col- 
lapsed and the proboscides were retracted. Placed in fresh water 
they became plump and the proboscides were evaginated. July 18, 
two; August 3 and 7, numerous, on viscera and mesentery. Two of 
these immature forms were mounted in balsam and proved to be far 
enough developed to show the rudiments of various organs. The 
testes in this case were situated close together and back of the sheath 
a distance about equal to the length of that organ. In the female 
a small cluster of globular bodies at the posterior end of the sheath 
evidently represents the rudiments of the primitive ege masses. 

The body is largest at the base of the sheath, whence it tapers each 
way. Proboscis slightly fusiform, one side straight or very slightly 
concave, the other convex, usually deflected in the direction of the 
convex side; about 20 hooks in a vertical row and 22 or 283 vertical 
rows, those near the base of the proboscis more slender than the 
others. Neck smooth and conical. Anterior end of body with about 
40 rows of spines. These, on account of the manner in which they 
penetrate the cuticle, appear sagittate in front view. Sheath fusi- 
form; longer than proboscis; lemnisci appear to be long and slender. 

- Dimensions of female mounted in balsam, in millimeters: Length, 12; 


90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


proboscis, length 1.2, diameter, exclusive of hooks, at base 0.37, 
middle 0.55, apex 0.37, length of longer hooks 0.08; length of neck, 
approximate, 0.33; diameter of neck, anterior 0.35, posterior 0.50; 
sheath length 2.4, diameter, middle 0.63; diameter of body, at base of 
sheath, 0.9, near posterior end 0.45; testes about equal, length 0.24, 
breadth 0. 16. 
Epinephelus maculosus. 

July 14, two, from cysts on serous coat of rectum, some dark pig- 
ment in cysts. August 3, one, on viscera. 
Epinephelus morio. 

July 22, one, on viscera. Dark brown degenerate tissue associated 
with cyst, also in the cyst along with the worm. 
Lipinephelus striatus. 

July 16, one, an immature female; July 27, twelve, on pyloric coeca; 
August 3, numerous on viscera and mesentery. 
Hemuton flavolineatum. 

July 27, one, encapsuled on viscera. 
Lachnolaimus maximus. 

August 3, eleven, encapsuled on viscera. 
Mycteroperca apua. 

July 21, two, encapsuled on viscera. 
Neoments griseus. 

July 27, two, encapsuled on viscera. 
Neomeents hastings. ; 

July 27, one, encapsuled on viscera. 
Ocyurus chrysurus. 

July 14, six, from serous coat of viscera. 


Order NEMATODA. 


Nematodes were found in 15 of the 51 species of fish examined. 
Immature nematodes, while found in 8 species of fish, were not 
abundant in any. In many cases they were found to have given rise 
to cysts in the stomach wall. All but one of the finds of immature 
nematodes belong to the same species. Nematodes were found in the 
muscular tissue of but 1 species of fish, the gar. 


ASCARIS, species. 


Plate I, figs. 1-10. 

Head truncate, lips squarish, no interlips; esophagus long, cylin- 
drical, with bulbous base, from which springs a slender and usually 
short diverticulum; intestine relatively large with thick sacculated 
walls, its diverticulum short; nearly linear, tapering at each end, and 
crossed by exceedingly fine transverse striz and by coarser furrows, 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 9] 


the latter making a crenulate outline. The anal papille are very small 
and numerous; the exact number was not determined. Seen in lateral 
view there appeared to be about 8 postanal and probably as many as 
60 preanal papille. 

The above description was based on a specimen mounted in balsam. 
The teeth and papille on the lips were not very distinct. The teeth 
appeared to be simple tubercular, and there appeared to be two papillee 
on each of the lateral lips. 

Postanal region slender pointed. Other details are given under the 
several hosts. This ascarid was found in three of the Bermuda fishes, 
as follows: 

Bodianus fulous punctatus. 

July 22, one. Dimensions in millimeters of specimen mounted in 
balsam: Length, 7; diameter of head 0.12, at base of esophogus 0.3, 
middle 0.3, at anal aperture 0.10; distance from anal aperture to pos 
terior end, 0.21; length of jaw 0.045, breadth 0.06; length of esopha- 
gus, 1.5, diameter of esophagus, anterior 0.12, middle 0.14, base 0.14; 
length of diverticulum of esophagus 0.33, of intestine 0.15. 
Epinephelus striatus. 

July 11, five, females, from intestine. These worms were yellow- 
ish, except at the extremities, where they were translucent white. 
Whee were broader than long, with rather wide tr ansparent border rs 
and distinct branching pulp. Length, 12 to 14 mm. 

Mycteroperca apua. 

July 21, one, male; length in balsam, 8 mm. The postanal region 
was rather more slender than in others and the esophageal diverticu- 
lum was longer, but still shorter than the esophagus. 


IMMATURE NEMATODES. 
Plate I, fig. 2. 


These all appear to belong to the same species and are probably 
young stages of the foregoing, Ascar/s, species, from Bodianus, ete. 
They are characterized by having a very short diverticulum of the 
intestine and a longer and more slender diverticulum of the esophagus. 

These immature forms were found in the following hosts: 

Bodianus fulvus punctatus. 

July 22, few, very small. Numerous small cysts containing amber- 
colored waxy secretion were found on the viscera of the fish taken on 
both the 22d and 23d. These were 0.7 mm. and less. in diameter. 
A minute nematode was obtained from one of these cysts. 
Epinephelus maculosus. 

July 8 and 14, one on each date. Dimensions. in millimeters, life: 
Length, 5; length of esophagus 0.75, of bulb at base 0.04, of diverti- 
culum 0.45; intestinal diverticulum very short, about equal to the 


- 


Q9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


gsophageal bulb; distance from anal aperture to posterior end 0.02. 
Cysts, usually numerous, were found in this host on July 8, 14, 22, 29, 
and August3. They were found in the muscular coats of the stomach, 
and were of various sizes, from 0.6 mm. to 6mm. in diameter. In 
all cases they contained waxy degenerate tissue which was dark brown 
or amber colored. One small cyst, less than 1 mm. in diameter was 
found to contain a minute nematode. 

Epinephelus striatus. 

Cysts like those found in /. mac ulosus were found in this host on 
July 11,15, 16, 18,and August 3. In some cases they were most abun- 
dant in the submucous coat of the stomach; in others they were most 
numerous in the muscular coats. In the latter case they were as arule 
in greatest numbers in the pyioric region, where the dark brown, 
sometimes almost black, cysts were in sharp contrast with the white 
tissue in which they were embedded. They are most abundant in the 
large groupers, and evidently represent entozoa which have had a 
long residence in their host and have either succumbed or migrated. 
Mycteroperca apua. 

July 21, two. Large numbers of cysts were also found on the mes- 
entery and serous coat of the viscera generally. They contained dark- 
brown waxy degenerate tissue, and varied in size from 2 mm. or less 
to 20 mm. or more. They were irregular in shape, often nodular, 
sometimes flattened. No entozoa were found in them. The smaller 
ones are probably due to nematodes, the larger to cestodes. 

Hemuton carbonarium. 

July 81, one, small. 
Tridio radiatus. 

July 29, numerous, also on July 31, many. These nematodes were 
first found in washings from the alimentary canal. It was observed 
that there were many small cysts in the intestinal wall, with the usual 
waxy contents. Some of these cysts were crushed under a cover 
glass and in one of them, a minute nematode, agreeing with the free 
specimens, was found, 

Neomenis apodus. 

July 17, two. These worms were active after lying about ten hours 
in water to which a little formalin had been added. 

Neoments JPriseus. 

July 17, one, very small. Dimensions in millimeters, life: Length, 
3.6; diameter, anterior, 0.04, middle, 0.07, at anal aperture 0.05; length 
of esophagus 0.3, of diverticulum of esophagus 0.3, of diverticulum of 
intestine 0.03. 

Paranthias furcifer. 

July 29, numerous, from intestine. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 93 


Upeneus maculatus. 

July 11, one. This specimen was exceptional in that the diver- 
ticulum of the esophagus was longer than the esophagus. The 
diverticulum of the intestine was just as long as the basal bulb of the 
esophagus. 

IMMATURE NEMATODE. 


Plate I, fig. 3. 


A fragment of a small nematode from the intestine of //arpe rufa 
is different from the foregoing. The fragment is from the posterior 
end. The post-anal region tapers gradually and is slightly arcuate. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, alcoholic: Length, 5.25; diameter 0.05, 
at anal aperture 0.03; distance from anal aperture to posterior 
end 0.06. . 

HETERAKIS FOVEOLATA Rudolphi. 


Plate I, figs. 5-7; Plate II, figs. 8-10. 


A small nematode found sparingly in several Bermuda fishes is 
referred, with some hesitation, to this species. It agrees very closely 
with specimens found at Beaufort, North Carolina, and referred to 
this species.@ 

In the use of the generic name //eferiiis in the Beaufort report I 
followed Schneider and Stossich. Asamatter of fact these nematodes, 
while agreeing closely with Schneider’s description of //. foveolata, 
are much nearer the type species of the genus Dacnitis than they 
are to the type species of //eterakis. The species Dacnitis esuriens 
Dujardin is included by Schneider among the synonyms of //. 
Joveolata. 

It would be out of place in this paper to enter into a discussion of 
nomenclature, and until a more detailed study can be made I shall 
retain the name used in my Beaufort paper. 

Head obtusely rounded in front; mouth bilabiate; lips dorsal and 
ventral, each with about two small papille, and armed with numerous 
minute, simple teeth, of uniform size and shape, which make a crown- 
like border to the mouth. Neck narrowing behind the head, but 
enlarging again gradually, the body remaining nearly linear from the 
base of the esophagus to near the posterior end, where it tapers to an 
acute point. The anterior part of the body is, in many cases, curved 
backward. The esophagus narrows behind the conspicuous pharynx, 
then enlarges to the base. 

The genital papille, so far as made out, are as shown in fig. 7, 
namely, six post-anal papillee, two pairs of which are near the median line 
and near together; the other two are situated one on each side of the 
median pairs. Lateral to the anal aperture and near to it on each side 


@ Bulletin, Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, p. 330, ete. 


94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


are three small p: Pie e near together , and lateral to eac +h of these groups 
is a single papilla. Three pairs of pre-anal papille were made out, 
the bursa being, on all observed cases, between the two anterior pairs. 
The eight papillae near the anal aperture were less distinct than either 
the pre- or post-anal papille, and were not always clearly made out. 
Between the anal aperture and the bursa there are strong diagonal 
muscles running from the lateral region medio-caudad. Spicules 
about equal. 

The first sections of a series of transverse sections show the bilabiate 
mouth with an elongate aperture (fig. 8). The chitinous walls of the 
pharynx soon give evidence of a trifid division (fig. 9). The lumen of 
the esophagus becomes triradiate (fig. 10), each of the three divisions 
having two semicircular thickenings of the chitinous lining, which indi- 
cate the presence of six longitudinal chitinous ridges in the lining of 
the esophagus extending from the pharynx to the base. A series of 
sections made from one of the Beaufort specimens was compared with 
a series made from a specimen from J/ycteroperca apua, and was found 
to agree. 

Ihave found a nematode at the Tortugas which agrees with this 
species very closely. 


NOTES ON HABITATS. 


Diplodus sarqus. 

July 13, one, female. Dimensions in millimeters, life: Length 
diameter, anterior 0.12, middle 0.3, at anal aperture 0.12; length of 
esophagus 0.8; distance from anal aperture to posterior end 0.27; 
distance of reproductive aperture from posterior end 3. 

July 14, one, male. Dimensions in millimeters, life: Length 4, 
length of esophagus 0.6; diameter, anterior 0.10, middle 0.16, at 
anal aperture 0.09; distance of anal aperture from posterior end 0.15; 
length of spicules 0.42. 

July 24, two, male and female; length in balsam, 3 and 8 mm. 


Flolocentrus ascenscionis. 

July 31, one, male. This specimen may belong to a different spe- 
cies. It was not in good condition, but appeared to agree with those 
from Diplodus, etc. ‘Transverse sections show the lumen of the esoph- 
agus as a narrow slit with nearly parallel sides until near the base, 
where it has a tendency to become triradiate. 
Lycodontis moringa. 

August 3, one, male; length 5.27 mm. 
Mycteroperca apua. 

July 2, four; July 22, one. 
Neomenis griseus. 

July 14, four; July 27, two; August 3 


One: 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 95 


HETERAKIS, species. 
Plate II, figs. 11 to 14; Plate III, figs. 15 to 20. 


This agrees very closely with a form from the flounder.” 

The body is rather plump, truncate anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. 
Mouth bilabiate, but in some cases appearing to be obscurely trilobed 
in dorsal or ventral view. Lips armed with very numerous small 
teeth of nearly uniform size and shape, and each provided with about 
three papille. Diameter of neck but little less than that of the body, 
but narrowing slightly very near the anterior end. The esophagus is 
much narrower than the neck. It is largest at the anterior end, where 
it expands into the pharynx. Its smallest diameter is a little in front 
of its middle point, whence it enlarges posteriorly, the. posterior third 
being nearly cylindrical. The reproductive aperture of the female is 
a little back of the middle. The uterus is voluminous, the eggs being 
retained in it until segmentation has begun. Behind the anal aperture 
of the female there are two papille. The postanal region is some- 
what variable in length and is mucronate at the tip. 

Transverse sections show that the cuticle is unusually thick, espe- 
cially toward the anterior end. The character of the esophagus, as 
revealed in sections, is much like that of the preceding species. 

These worms have been found thus far widely distributed, but only 
in very small numbers. 

In Fundulus heteroclitus at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, males of this 
or a closely allied species were found.’ The genital papille in these 
males are arranged as follows: In the postanal region, lateral view, 
there are three larger papille with three smaller papille lateral to 
them, the most anterior of the larger papillee being very close to the 
anal aperture and lateral to it. In the preanal region, lateral view, 
there are two large papille near together a little anterior to the anal 
aperture and lateral, two others between these and the bursa, and two 
in front of the bursa, thus making in all twelve postanal and twelve 
preanal papillee. 

NOTES ON HABITATS. 
femulon carbonarium. 

July 31, one. Dimensions in millimeters, life, slightly compressed: 
Length 4; diameter, anterior 0.16, middle 0.40, at genital aperture 
(2.25 from posterior end) 0.36, at anal aperture 0.09; distance from 
anal aperture to posterior end 0.15; esophagus, length 0.53, diameter, 
anterior (pharynx) 0.12, middle 0.05, base 0.08. 


4Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1899, p. 481, pl. vit, figs. 57-61. See also Bull. Bureau 
of Fisheries, XXIV, pp. 325, 390, 392, 412, 414, figs. 24, 25. 
>Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1899, p. 441, pl. xvn, figs. 207, 208. 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Neomenis griseus. 

July 27, one. Dimension in millimeters, life: Length 6; diameter, 
anterior 0.45, at base of esophagus 0.96, middle 1, 1 millimeter from 
posterior end 0.90, at anal aperture 0.22; esophagus, length 1.20, 
diameter at anterior end 0.22, narrowing to 0.08 and expanding again 
to 0.18 at base. 


ICHTHYONEMA GLOBICEPS Rudolphi. 


The flesh of two specimens of Zylosurus acus, which were examined 
on July 16, was found to be filled with parasitic worms. 

These worms were very numerous in both gars, and were most 
abundant near the backbone, where they were distributed along the 
greater part of the length. The color of the worms was blood-red, 
and, since many of them were in tangled clusters, the appearance 
which they presented when the flesh was cut open was much like that 
of small blood vessels gorged with blood. With some difficulty some 
of the worms were extracted whole and found, after killing and 
straightening, to be about 80 mm. in length. All that were examined 
were females. 

While the general color was blood-red, the intestine showed asa 
dark-brown stripe. In most cases the uterus was crowded with young, 
which were in a state of unceasing activity. The young worms were 
characterized by having a few black, granular spots in the middle of 
the body. Insome of the adults ova, with what were taken to be sper- 
matozoa, were seen mingled together in the uterus. 

Dimensions of specimen mounted in balsam: Length 55; diameter 
of head 0.19; diameter of body nearly uniform, differences due mainly 
to contraction and pressure from 0.45 to 0.70. 


ICHTHYONEMA, species. 
Plate I, figs. 4 and 4a. 


The following notes are made on finds of worms belonging to this 
tan) ban) > 
genus, but on account ot the fragmental nature of the material, satis- 
factory identifications could not be made: 
“pinephelus maculosus. 
July 22, fraoments from testes; young and ova together in uterus. 
) 9 D ac bas} tas) 
Epinephelus striatus. 
July 18, one from ovary of large, spent female. 
Lycodontis moringa. 
Aueust 3, one, small, 10 mm., or less, in length; diameter, anterior 
D2 9 9 y 9 > 
0.09; middle, and for almost the entire leneth 0.15; near posterior 
? a b) 
end 0.07. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 97 


Mycteroperca apua. 
July 22, several fragments from testes: intestine dark-brown with 
elongated cells in its walls; ova, but no young, in the uterus; longest 
fragment 75 mm. in length. 
Neomenis, species. 
July 27, fragments from ovary; intestine narrow, very dark; young 
in uterus still active on the 28th. 


Order CESTODA. 


Cestodes were found in 18 of the 51 species of fish examined. 

There seemed to be a notable scarcity of encysted forms and espe- 
cially of the small larvee known as Scolex polymorphus, which are very 
common in the alimentary canals of our coast fishes. This may be 
explained perhaps by the fact that most of the fish which were exam- 
ined came from the inner reef. All the larger fish from the deeper 
water on the outer reef, where sharks abound, had numerous cysts on 
and in the viscera. Cestode flesh parasites were found only in the gar. 


DISCOCEPHALUM PILEATUM Linton. 
Plate V, fig. 31. 


Discocephalum pileatum Linton, Report U. 8. Fish Com. for 1887, pp. 781-787, 
pl. x, figs. 1-7; Bull. U. S. Fish. Com. for 1899, p. 272. 


On July 31 seven of these cestodes were found with their heads 
embedded in the mucous membrane at the anterior end of the spiral 
valve of a small cub shark (Carcharhinus platyodon). These worms 
varied in length from 10 to 340 mm. Five of the largest were 
attached within a space about 10 mm. square. Only two of the strob- 
iles were immature. In the longer of the immature strobiles, which 
measured 100 mm. in length, reproductive organs were developing in 
the posterior segments. In addition to the attached strobiles there 
were several fragments of mature strobiles in the chyle. 

The disk-like heads, shaped like a mushroom anchor, were firmly 
embedded in the submucosa with the mucous membrane closely embrac- 
ing the necks. They can not be removed by simply pulling them 
away from their lodgment. This would merely break them and leave 
the heads securely embedded in the intestinal wall. Indeed, from the 
appearance of the pits after the worms have been removed, it seems 
doubtful whether they can detach themselves after they have once 
gained lodgment. It is probable, however, that they can do so, since 
the disk is a very muscular organ and doubtless is capable of assuming’ 
very diverse shapes; besides there is no evidence of degeneration 
either in the head or the surrounding tissue, which would be the case 
if the heads were permanently attached. 


— 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 7 


98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


RHYNCHOBOTHRIUM SPECIOSUM Linton. 
Plate V, figs. 32-35. 


Rynchoborium speciosum Linton, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 801-805, pl. uxrv, 
figs. 13, 14; pl. uxv, figs. 1-7; Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1898, p. 784; same 
for 1899, p. 413, ete.; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, p. 332, ete. 


This species was found in five of the Bermuda fishes. It is highly 
probable that the adult stage will be found in the cub shark. 


NOTES ON HABITATS. 
Epinephelus maculatus. 

July 8, one, from cyst on viscera; cyst thin, yellowish, on account of 
the presence of a waxy secretion, length 20 mm.; blastocyst translu- 
cent bluish-white, about same length as cyst; larva with triangular 
head, and neck enlarging posteriorly and slightly swollen at the bulbs. 
A specimen mounted in balsam and slightly compressed yielded the 


following measurements in millimeters: Length of bothria 0.75, 


breadth 0.52; length of head and neck 4.5; diameter of neck, anterior 
0.36, middle 0.67, at bulbs 0.80; proboscis, length 2.2, diameter near 
base, excluding hooks 0.054, including hooks 0.078. 

ypinephelus striatus. 

July 11, several long-clavate cysts on viscera with yellowish-brown 
secretion. Two larve measured 12 and 20 mm., respectively. 

July 27, five, cysts on viscera and mesentery, mostly clavate. Length 
of one cyst 25 mm., of the larva 15 mm. August 3, two cysts. 
Mycteroperca apua. 

July 21 and 22, several clavate cysts from 20 to 25 mm. in length 
on viscera with dark-brown secretions. 

Neomenis griseus. 
July 27, six cysts on viscera. 
Neomenis synagris. 
July 18, one clavate cyst, length 20 mm., diameter 5 mm. 


RHYNCHOBOTHRIUM SPIRACORNUTUM, new species. 


Plate V, figs. 36-38. 


Type.— Cat. No. 5797, U.S.N.M. 

Head usually broader than long, orbicular or cordate; bothria lateral 
that is, coinciding with the lateral margins of the body, with raised 
borders—neck long, slender, nearly linear, enlarging at base, some- 
times appearing to begin abruptly by an articulation with the head 
and usually abruptly larger than the anterior end of the body; pro- 
boscides much shorter than neck, with a tendency to coil up into 
‘ather close spirals when everted; sheaths nearly straight, bulbs long- 
ovate, retractor muscle attached to posterior end, The hooks are of 


a a at 


So 


ee 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 99 


many different shapes and sizes, but on account of the similarity of 
the hooks, which make up the several longitudinal rows, the general 
effect is that of uniformity and symmetry. There is some resem- 
blance in the arrangement of the hooks to that of A. spectosum, par- 
ticularly in the case of one of the longitudinal rows, where the small 
hooks of which it is composed are placed by twos on account of the 

lengthening of alternate intervals between the hooks of the row. A 

characteristic feature of this species is the distinctness of the longi- 

tudinal rows of hooks. There was no indication of segments. Dimen- 
sions given below. 
NOTES ON HABITATS. 

Epinephelus maculosus. 

July 29, one clavate cyst from viscera, length 28 mm.  Bothria 
with raised borders and reticulated surface; neck linear but may 
present irregularities due to contraction. Dimensions of larva in 
millimeters, life: Length 20; bothria, length 0.75, breadth 0.60; 
diameter of neck, anterior 0.45, at base 0.60; bulbs, length 1.20, 
breadth 0.21. The following additional measurements are from the 
mounted specimen: Length 20; head, length 0.60, breadth (bothria 
spread apart) 0.90; length of head and neck 5.7; proboscis, length, 
approximate, 1.05, diameter near base, excluding hooks 0.036, inelud- 
ing hooks 0.06. The hooks were denser and longer than in 22. speczo- 
sum, and the proboscides coiled into close spirals when everted. 
Lipinephelus striatus. 

July 18, four cysts from viscera. One larva measured 30 mm. in 
length. Ina mounted specimen, the bothria being seen in marginal 
view, the length of the head is 0.60, the breadth 0.82 mm. The neck 
is linear except in front of the bulbs, where it is swollen, a condition 
evidently due to unequal contraction. 

Paranthias furcifer. 

July 29, four dark-brown cysts of various shapes. One of the 
larve differed from the others in that the outline of the head was 
somewhat triangular or cordate instead of orbicular in corresponding 
view. 

OTOBOTHRIUM CRENACOLLE Linton. 

Otobothrium crenacolle Linton, Report U. 8. Fish Com. for 1887, pp. 850-853, 
pl. x1, figs. 9-15; pl. xrv, figs. 1-4; Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1899, pp. 273, 
428; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, p. 331, etc.; XX VI, pp. 111-132, 
pls. 1 and 11. 


? 


This widely distributed cestode was found in three of the Bermuda 
fishes. 
Balistes carolinensis. 

July 14 and 22, few on each date from cysts in walls of stomach and 
intestine. The cysts were small, oval, white; when compressed they 
revealed the larva in its blastocyst. 


L100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Dimensions in millimeters, life: Cyst, leneth 2.3, breadth 1.12; 
length of embryo 0.4. 
Diplodus sarqus. 

July 14, two cysts inclosed in a mass of brown secretion on the 
serous coat of the viscera. 
Ocyurus chrysurus. 

July 22, few, small, from cysts on mesentery. 


OTOBOTHRIUM PENETRANS, new species. 
Plate VI, figs. 39-48. 


Otobothrium, species, Bull. Bureau of Fisheries for 1904, XXIV, p. 357, figs. 
102-109. : 


Type.—Cat. No. 5798, U. S. N. M. 

Bothria marginal, widely divergent, with pits characteristic of the 
genus; neck somewhat elongated, at least longer than the head, stout, 
widely flaring and emarginate at posterior end; contractile bulbs 
curved, concave on lateral, convex on medial sides, approximate at 
their anterior ends but strongly divergent at the posterior ends; pro- 
boscides stout and of moderate length; hooks of many different sizes 
and shapes, the larger ones strongly recurved with rather narrow, 
unsymmetrical base. A few of the slender hooks near the base of the 
proboscides are somewhat spirally crooked. 

Dimensions in millimeters of alcoholic specimen: Length of scolex 
to base of bulbs 4; breadth of head 1.75. Another, in balsam: Head 
compressed, length 1.12, breadth 1.95; approximate length of probos- 
cides 1.8, diameter, including hooks 0.24, excluding hooks 0.15, length 
of longest hooks 0.09. In another, length of contractile bulbs 1.35, 
breadth 0.55; approximate length of proboscis 2.25. 

Blastocyst (plerocercus): Elongated, white, very irregular in shape; 
one, somewhat contracted, measured 25 mm. in length. 


NOTES ON HABITAT. 
Tylosurus acus. 

Blastocysts very numerous in the flesh of each of two gars, July 16. 
These were generally distributed in the muscles of the back and sides, 
but were most abundant along the dorsal region; a few were found in 
the peritoneum. They were all relatively large, white, and very active, 
even after they had been in sea water for several hours. 


TETRARHYNCHUS BISULCATUS Linton. 


Rhynchobothrium bisulcatum Lrxvon, Report U. 8. Fish Com. for 1886, pp. 479-486, 
pl. rv, figs. 9-23. 

Tetrarhynchus bisulcatus Lrxron, Revort U. 8. Fish Com. for 1887, pp. 857-861, 
pl. x1v, figs. 10-12; pl. xv, fig! 1; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XIX, pl. uxv1, figs. 
11-15; XX, pp. 452; Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1899, pp. 272 and 414, ete.; 
Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, p. 333, ete, 


oem A ee oe 


eee 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 101 


Found in two of the Bermuda fishes. 
Balistes vetula. 

July 27, one, from cyst in intestinal wall. The intestine of the fish 
was thickly beset throughout its length with chalky cysts. A number 
of these cysts were removed and left over night in sea water. When 
they were examined the following morning nothing was found in them 
but a pulpy, granular mass. The larval tetrarhynch was found free 
in the dish with the cysts. The scolex was still active, the bothria 
constantly changing their shape, and the proboscides at frequent 
intervals were protruded and withdrawn. This action was somewhat 
rythmical. The hooks were characteristic of the species; the collar 
was elongated and conical. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 
1.8, of bothria 0.75, of collar 1.05; breadth of head, maximum 0.60, 
of neck, behind bothria 0.52, at posterior end 0.22; diameter of pro- 
boscis 0.04. 

Paranthias furcifer. 
July 29, one, from a small degenerate cyst on viscera. 


SCOLEX POLYMORPHUS Rudolphi. 


Scolex polymorphus Rupoipat, Larval Tetrabothria, Rep. U. 8. Fish Com. for 
1886, pp. 3-4, pl. v1, figs. 8, 9; Larval Echeneibothria, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
XIX, pp. 789-792, pl. 1, figs. 4-15; Larval Cestodes, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. 
for 1899, pp. 270-284; p. 413, ete.; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, X XIV, 
pp. 332, 333, ete. 

Found in three of the Bermuda fishes: 

Abudefduf saratilis. 

July 31, few, in alimentary canal. They were small, the bothria 
without cost. There were two red pigment spots in the neck and 
numerous calcareous bodies in the parenchyma. Length 0.60, breadth 
0.27 mm. 

Epinephelus maculosus. 

July 8, two, in intestine, small; prominent terminal sucker; bothria 
without costs and no pigment in neck. Length 0.9, breadth 0.2 mm. 
Epinephelus striatus. 

July 11, about 60 found after going over washings from the 
alimentary canal of three large groupers several times. These were 
small, with two red pigment patches just behind the head, and no 
coste on the bothria. In contracting there was a tendency to lengthen 
the posterior end of the body into a slender, pointed tail, the head, 
at the same time becoming nearly globular. Most of them, when 
contracted, are transversely wrinkled. A contracted specimen was 
0.6 mm. in length and 0.4 mm. in breadth. August 3, two cysts on 
viscera. 


102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


LARVAL DIBOTHRIA. 


Cestode larvee, which appear to belong to the genus Dibothrium, 
were found in three of the Bermuda fishes. 
Bodianus fulous punctatus. 

July 23, fragment. This specimen was finely and transversely 
wrinkled and the parenchyma contained numerous calcareous bodies. 
It resembles the posterior end of an immature Dibothrium. 
Lupomacentrus Juscus. 

July 11, one. This specimen was exceedingly variable in shape, 
and there were no definite organs. The anterior end was densely 
covered with short spines, and there was an aperture in front into 
which the anterior end of the body could be inverted. As the worm 
became quiescent under the cover glass the anterior end was perma- 
nently retracted and the worm assumed a vase shape. 

Paranthias furcifer. 

July 29, numerous cylindrical cysts, most of them dark brown, and 
some of them degenerate. One of the larger cysts measured 22 mim. in 
length and 2 mm. in diameter. The larva measured 14 mm. in 
length and 1.5 mm. in diameter. It was corrugated transversely, 
slightly inverted at the anterior end and had a small pore at the pos- 
terior end. There were numerous calcareous bodies in the paren- 
chyma. The smaller cysts were from 3 to 5 mm. in length. 

In one of the larger specimens numerous glandular bodies were 
seen. Similar structures have already been noted by me.“ These 
structures have been made the subject of special inquiry by Pintner.? 

The generic character of these larvee is uncertain. 

CESTODE LARV&, CYSTS, ETC. 


Larve too immature for identification and cysts with indefinite or 
indeterminable contents are here noted: 
Bathystoma striatum. 

July 17, one blastocyst from viscera; too immature for identification. 
Hemuton flavolineatum. 

July 27, one cyst with blastocyst, but no larva recognizable. 
Neomenis synagris. 

July 18. Amber-colored cysts of uncertain origin, with waxy con- 
tents, were found in the stomach wall of the largest fish of the three 
examined. These cysts may be due to nematodes. . 
Ocyurus chrysurus. 

July 7, one small blastocyst, white, variable, but for the most part 
-pyriform; no larva init. Length 1.5 mm., breadth 0.15, tapering to 
0.05 mm. 

@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 797, pl. uxzi1, figs. 14, 15; Bull. U. S. Fish Com. 


for 1899, p. 300, fig. 100. 
bSitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien, CXII, Abt. i, July, 1903. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 108 


Order-TREMATODA. 


-Trematodes were found in 29 of the 51 species of fish examined. 
In many cases only one, and often but very few, of a kind were found. 
In other cases the material was in poor condition, so that identification 
was not possible. 

I have employed the old generic name /)/stomum, but in those cases 
where the form could be identified by the use of Pratt’s Synopsis | 
have added the new generic name. Since many of the forms which can 
not be referred to any genus in Pratt’s Synopsis were represented by ¢ 
single example, or at best by few, and they in poor condition, it has 
seemed best not to burden the nomenclature of helminthology with 
any new generic names at present. 


ENCOTYLLABE, species. 
Plate VII, figs. 49-53. 


A single specimen from the gills of Calamus calamus, July 16, is 
referred to this genus. 

Body elliptical, flattened; posterior sucking disk joined to the body 
by a stalk, provided with two hooks but without radial ridges; two 
anterior suckers, which were circular in the living but elliptical in the 
preserved specimen. The anterior end is provided with numerous 
small lobes, which probably represent two lobate antero-lateral pro- 
longations of the body with lobulate borders. The genital aperture 
is on the left side of the median line a short distance behind the 
left sucker. The specimen was rolled up when first seen and was too 
fragile to allow of satisfactory manipulation. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, balsam: Length 3; length of body 2.25; 
breadth, anterior 0.6, maximum 1; diameter of stalk 0.4; posterior 
sucking disk, length 0.45, breadth 0.42; transverse diameter of ante- 
rior sucker 0.13; length of hooks 0.3. 


MICROCOTYLE, species. 
Plate VII, fig. 54. 


Body lanceolate, tapering both anteriorly and posteriorly from 
about the middle. Vitellaria conspicuous along each margin, and 
leaving only a narrow median line, extending the entire length of the 
body proper from a point just behind the cirrus. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length of body proper 4, of pos- 
terior suctorial part 3.2; breadth, anterior 0.16, maximum 0.6; each 
anterior sucker, length 0.09, breadth 0.04; about fifty pairs of poste- 
rior suckers, each, length 0.07, breadth, 0.03. An ovum in oviduct 
of specimen mounted in balsam measured 0.69 by 0.19. 


104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


The above notes were made on a specimen collected from the gill of 
Calamus calamus, July 14. 

On the’ same date another specimen was obtained from the gill of 
Diplodus sargus. Only the body was seen, and it was in poor condi- 
tion. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 1.5; breadth, anterior 
0.12, maximum 0.25; length of an anterior sucker 0.06, breadth 0.04. 
The cluster of copulatory spines resembles that of the specimen from 
Calamus. 

ASPIDOGASTER RINGENS Linton. 
Plate XV, figs. 98,99. 


Aspidogaster ringens Linron, Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, pp. 367, 397, figs. 
243-249, 

It is possible that either the genus Aspidogaster should be revised 
in order to include this species, or, which is more in accord with 
present tendencies, a new genus will have to be provided for it: 

This species was found in but one Bermuda fish, Zridio radiatus, 
from which two specimens were obtained on July 31. 

These specimens agree closely with forms found in J/icropogon 
undulatus and Trachynotus carolinus at Beaufort, and referred, with 
some hesitation, to this genus. 

The large ventral disk is elliptical, with about forty-two loculi 
around the border, between which are marginal sense organs. There 
are about eighteen transversely elongated depressions, thus suggest- 
ing Cotylaspis, but there is a low median ridge which divides the 
depressions into two longitudinal series of alveoli, which, with the 
marginal loculi, make four rows of depressions, a characteristic of the 
genus Asprdogaster. On account of the indistinctness of this median 
ridge, however, the genus Asp/dogaster offers but an insecure resting 
place for this species. The upper lip is trilobed and the lower entire, 
or slightly undulate. In the Beaufort specimens the under lip is tri- 
lobed. The structure of the head suggests Cotylogaster but there is only 
one testis. In these specimens both the head and the conical tail pro- 
trude a short distance beyond the ventral disk. Color white, except 
in the dorsal region, where the mass of ova impart a yellow color. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, of specimen mounted in balsam: Length 
2; length of disk 1.77, breadth 0.9; diameter of head 0.42, of neck 
0.383; pharynx, length 0.18, breadth 0.14; ova 0.06 by 0.03 and 0.08 
by 0.04. 

DISTOMUM MONTICELLII Linton. 


Plate VIII, fig. 58. 


Distomum monticellii Linvon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 518-520, pl. xxtv, 
figs. 2-8; Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1899, pp. 451, 473, 482; Bull. Bureau 
of Fisheries, XXIV, p. 334, etc., pl. xxu, fig. 158. 


This species was found in two Bermuda fishes. 


— 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 105 


Mycteroperca apua. 
July 21, one. Dimensions, in millimeters, life, side view, com- 

pressed: Length 1.05; diameter of oral sucker 0.12, of ventral sucker 

0.382; ova 0.02 by 0.01. 

Synodus saurus. 

July 20, twelve. These distomes were collected in the evening 
and placed in sea water to which a little formaldehyde had been 
added. They were still active on the following morning. ‘These 
specimens are in agreement with this species in the general character 
and relative positions of testes, ovary, vitellaria, and seminal vesicle. 
The habit of the body suggests )). deve, the testes, also, as in that 
Species, are situated near the ventral sucker. They appear to be 
identical with forms found in Synodus fwtens at Beaufort. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 2.55; diameter of oral 
sucker 0.15, of ventral sucker 0.33; ova 0.018 by 0.012. 

This species belongs to the family Hemiurine, and is near Pro- 
nopyge Looss. 

DISTOMUM VITELLOSUM Linton. 


Plate IX, figs. 68, 64. 
Distomum vitellosum Linton, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1899, p. 290, pl. xxxvu, 
figs. 38-39; p. 416, etc., pl. xxx, figs. 333-340; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, 
XXIV, p. 335, etc., pl. xxv, figs. 176-178. 
This variable distome, belonging according to Pratt to the sub- 
family /’s?lostomine, was found in five of the Bermuda fishes. 


Bathystoma striatum. 
July 17, one, small, imperfect. 
Bodianus fulous punctatus. 

July 22, one, minute, about 1 mm. in length. 
Calamus calamus. 

July 14, one. This specimen agrees with this species in the general 
arrangement of the genital organs, size of ova, and proportions of the 
suckers. The ventral sucker is evidently pushed posteriorly by the 
extreme contraction of the body, since the uterus lies for half of its 
length directly dorsal to it. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 
1.72, breadth 0.67; ova 0.06 by 0.04. In balsam, length 1.40, great- 
est breadth 0.60; diameter of oral sucker 0.22, of pharynx 0.15, of 
ventral sucker 0.34. 

Hemuton flavolineatum. 

July 9, four; 31, six. Length 1.35 to 2.78 mm. While agreeing 
closely with this species it was noted that on the dorsal surface at 
the anterior end there was a slight roughening due to low nodular 
projections. 

Holocentrus ascenscionis. 
July 31, two, length 1.35 and 1.73 mm. 


106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


DISTOMUM SUBTENUE, new species. 
Plate IX, fig. 65. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5799, U.S.N.M. 

While none of the distomes referred to this species showed as much 
of the anatomy as could be desired, they were easily recognized in the 
several hosts by the large cirrus and the elongated ova. 

An attempt was made to refer them to some genus in Pratt’s 
Synopsis, but without success. 

Body subcylindrical; ventral sucker larger than oral and promi- 
nent; testes two, globular, close together in a medio-dorsal position, 
and immediately preceded by the ovary; uterus extending back of the 
testes to the posterior end of the body; cirrus robust; genital pore a 
short distance in front of the ventral sucker and a little to the left of 
the median line; vitellaria confined to a few isolated patches in the 
median region of the body near the testes; uterus passing to the left 
of the cirrus; ova somewhat elongated; intestinal ceca not clearly 
made out, but apparently extending to the posterior end of the body. 
The ova are crowded at the posterior end of the body behind the 
testes, whence they extend ventrally to a point a little in front of the 
ovary. The longer diameter of the ova is more than twice the shorter. 
Ina ventral view the apertures of the suckers are seen to be trans- 
verse. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 3.60; diameter of 
body 0.68, of oral sucker 0.39, of ventral sucker 0.68; ova 0.05 by 
0.02. Dimensions of specimen in balsam: Length 2.07; breadth 0.52; 
oral sucker, length 0.25, breadth 0.30; pharynx, short-fusiform, 
leneth 0.15, breadth 0.15; ventral sucker, iength 0.30, breadth 0.48; 
ova, collapsed and crowded, not easily measured, 0.042 by 0.015. 

This species was found in four Bermuda fishes. 

Calamus calamus. 

August 3, six; August 7, five. 
Harpe rufa. 

August 7, two. These distomes are smaller than those from Ca/a- 
mus, but they agree with them in essential particulars; length 1.02 mm., 
in balsam. 

Tridio bivittatus. 

July 9, two, immature. “[hese were cylindrical, slightly arcuate 
with prominent ventral sucker. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: 
Length 0.6; diameter anterior 0.06, posterior 0.07, at ventral sucker 
0.18. 

Lachnolaimus maximus. 
July 18, one, length 1.28 mm. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. LOE 


DISTOMUM MACROCOTYLE Diesing. 
Plate IX, fig. 66. 


One specimen of this distome was found in 7euthis hepatus, August 3. 
Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 4.8; diameter of oral sucker 
_ 0.3, of ventral sucker 0.5; ova 0.03 by 0.02. 

Dimensions of same mounted in balsam: Length 4.35; diameter of 
neck 0.35, of middle of body 0.63, near posterior end 0.35; oral sucker, 
length 0.24, depth 0.30; diameter of pharynx 0.12; ventral sucker, 
length 0.72, depth 0.54; ova 0.027 by 0.015. 

Anterior end white to ventral sucker, back of ventral sucker pink; 
yellowish in alcohol. 

This distome is referred to the genus Accaca//uim in Pratt’s Synopsis. 


DISTOMUM NITENS Linton. 
Plate X, figs. 67, 68. 


Distomum nitens Linton, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 534, pl. ur, figs. 5, 6; pl. 
uit, fig. 1. 

Two specimens of this distome were obtained, July 16, from 7%/o- 
surus acus. They were elongated, cylindrical, slightly irregular in 
outline, slender, suckers whitish, body orange, neck lighter in color 
than the body and concave below; ventral sucker somewhat prominent. 

Dimensions of living worm in millimeters: Length 5; length of 
oral sucker 0.30, of ventral sucker 0.63; ova 0.028 by 0.014. 

No spines were observed on these specimens. The ovary is trans- 
versely elongated instead of globular; a seminal receptacle was noted 
behind the ovary. Other details are given in the sketch. 

These specimens belong to this species or are near it. 

According to the later classification of distomes )). nzfens belongs to 
the subfamily Plagiorchine, and probably is near the genus Lnodia 
Looss. 


DISTOMUM GYRINUS,¥“ new species. 
Plate X, figs. 72-74. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5800, U.S.N.M. 

Body cercaria shape, the tail portion equaling, in some cases exceed- 
ing the length of the anterior portion, smooth; intestine not seen; 
pharynx absent. 

Anterior sucker much larger than ventral; testes two, relatively 
large, lateral, transverse, beginning behind oral sucker and near it and 
extending posteriorly a short distance back of the ventral sucker; 
seminal vesicle in front and to right of ventral sucker, dorsal; ovary 


@From the Latin word Gyrinus, signifying a tadpole. 


108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


behind ventral sucker; vitellaria filling the tail portion and extending 
forward on the left side as far as the testes. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 1.85; length of tail 0.98; 
diameter of anterior portion 0.45, of tail 0.18; diameter of oral sucker 
0.25, of ventral sucker 0.09. Dimensions of specimen in balsam: 
Length 0.98; anterior portion, length 0.38, diameter 0.24; posterior 
portion, length 0.60, diameter at middle 0.08; diameter of oral sucker 
0.12, of ventral sucker 0.04. 

Average of three specimens, in life: Length 0.95; diameter of oral 
sucker 0.103, ventral sucker 0.04. 

In Pratt’s Synopsis this distome appears to be near the genus Hwme- 
gacetes Looss, but in reality is a very different form from that. 

These distomes were found in two of the Bermuda fishes. 
Lactophrys trigonus. 

August 3, eight, maximum length 0.95 mm. 

Lactophrys tricornis. 
August 1, two, maximum length 1.85 mm. 


DISTOMUM LAMELLIFORME, new species. 
Plate X, fig. 75; plate XI, figs. 76-78. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5801, U.5.N.M. 

Body orbicular, flat and leaf-like, smooth, often broader than long. 
Ventral sucker larger than oral, sessile, with circular aperture, rela- 
tive proportions of suckers somewhat variable, but in alcoholic speci- 
mens ventral sucker not twice the diameter of the oral. The average 
of four was: Oral sucker 0.075 mm., ventral sucker 0.10 mm. 

Mouth subterminal, pharynx near oral sucker, globular; esophagus 
short; intestinal crura simple extending to near the posterior end of 
the body. 

Testes two, round, or, under pressure, with undulate outline, situ- 
ated behind ventral sucker on opposite sides of the median line and 
separated from each other by a space approximately equal to the 
diameter of the testis. Seminal vesicle to the right of the ventral 
sucker preceded by the prostate gland and both inclosed in the cirrus 
pouch. Cirrus. relatively large. Vitelline glands abundant, distrib- 
uted throughout the posterior and lateral regions of the body as far 
forward as the pharynx. Ovary behind the ventral sucker and between 
the testes obscurely lobed. Uterus along median line between testes 
and passing to left of ventral sucker, in some cases a little in front, 
in others at same level, and in yet: others a little behind that organ. 

Ova relatively few and large. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life, specimen flattened under cover 
glass: Length 0.82, breadth 1.20; oral sucker, length 0.06, breadth 
0.07; ventral sucker, length 0.15, breadth 0.21; ova 0.075 by 0.0386. 
Another, length 0.72, breadth 0.65; another, length 1.10, breadth 1.20. 


— 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 109 


In Pratt’s , Synopsis this distome comes near the genus oes Seen 
The species was found in three of the Bermuda fishes. 
Balistes carolinensis. 

July 14, one hundred and fifty-one; July 22, two. The smaller 
specimens were longer than broad, the larger ones were broader than 
long. Many were folded by the approximation of the anterior and 
posterior ends. 

Lactophrys tricornis. 

August 1, one, circular, translucent-white, vitellaria yellowish. 
Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 1.73; breadth 1.77; diam- 
eter of oral sucker 0.14, of pharynx 0.09, of ventral sucker 0.15; ova 
0.058 by 0.036. 

Lactophrys trigonus. 

August 3, one, small. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 
0.64, breadth 0.72; diameter of oral sucker 0.07, of ventral sucker 
0.12; ova 0.07 by 0.04. The vitellaria were profuse. The stained 
specimen shows the ovary to he trilobed, the anterior lobe projecting 
dorsally. 

DISTOMUM TRULLA,/@ new species. 
Plate XI, fig. 79 


Type.—Cat. No. 5802, U.S.N.M. 

In Pratt’s Synopsis ie species falls in the genus //a/icometra. 

Body pyriform, compressed, densely covered with small, low, round 
spines; oral and ventral suckers about equal; pharynx cnet in length 
to the diameter of the ventral sucker, separated from the oral sucker 
by a short pre-esophagus, which may become indistinguishable in a 
contracted specimen; esophagus short; rami of intestines simple, 
apparently extending to near the posterior end of the body; testes 
two, near posterior aad diagonally placed and near together, unequal; 
cirrus pouch long-clavate, dorsal to ventral sucker and to the left; 
uterus between testes and ventral sucker, the thick-walled and eland- - 
ular extremity lying beside the cirrus on the left; ovary three-lobed, 
in front of testes and contiguous with anterior testis and a little to the 
right of the median line of the body; ova rather numerous, their 
length equal to about one-fourth the diameter of the ventral sucker; 
vitellaria diffuse, filling the posterior and lateral regions of the body 
as far forward as the pharynx. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, balsam: Length 1.14; breadth, anterior 
0.27, middle 0.73, near posterior 0.47; oral kee leneth 0.15, breadth 
0.14; pharynx, length 0.12, breadth 0.11; eee sucker, length 0.14, 
breadth 0.15; ova 0.042 by 0.027 

From QOcyurus chrysurus. 

July 22, three. 


«From the Latin word trudla, signifying a trowel. 


110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


DISTOMUM LEVENSENI, new species. 


Plate XII, figs. 80-83. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5803, U.S.N.M. 

Body depressed, linear but with tendency to be inflated in the cer- 
vical region, wholly covered with minute, low, rounded spines, most 
conspicuous anteriorly, but discernible along the lateral margins to the 
posterior end. The oral and ventral suckers are about equal, the lat- 
ter situated at about the anterior third or fourth of the length; mouth 
subterminal, circular, sometimes with the opening distorted; very short 
pre-esophagus; pharynx moderately elongated; esophagus rather longer 
than pharynx; intestinal crura extending to posterior end of the body. 
The testes are nearly equal, slightly lobed in specimens which have 
been killed under pressure, unequal, the posterior being usually the 
more elongated and larger. In all cases the testes were end to end 
and behind the middle of the body; in compressed specimens they are 
separated from each other by a short space. The seminal vesicle is 
behind the ventral sucker and inclosed in the cirrus pouch, which is 
inconspicuous. ‘The cirrus passes to the left of the median line and 
opens in front of the ventral sucker a little to the left. The cirrus 
was not seen distinctly, but the whole pouch is elongated. Ovary 
smaller than testes, irregular oval, or oblong elliptical, or subglobular, 
in front of and close to anterior testis, in uncompressed specimens; in 
specimens killed under pressure it may be separated from the anterior 
testis by a space equal to once or even twice the diameter of the ovary. 
A seminal receptacle lies close to the ovary and dorsal to it. Vitelline 
glands diffuse but presenting some striking variations (figs. 81 and 
82); in most cases they fill the greater part of the body behind the 
ventral sucker along the marginal region, covering and concealing the 
intestinal rami. These glands appear to lie behind the ventral sucker 
for the most part, although a diffuse and deeply staining layer, which 
may also be a part of this gland, continues anteriorly to the pharynx. 
The uterus is in front of the ovary, the ova being, for the most part, 
between the ovary and the base of the cirrus pouch. The uterus con- 
tinues anteriorly beside and to the left of the cirrus to open at the 
genital aperture in front of the ventral sucker and to the left. Ova 
‘ather few and large. 

This distome, according to Pratt’s Synopsis, belongs to the genus 
Allocreadium. It is near the species 2). oculatum Levinsen. 

The species was found in two of the Bermuda fishes. 
hpinephelus maculosus. 

July 8, two; July 29, four. The living worms of the first lot were 
yellowish white with an amber-colored spot between the ventral sucker 
and the ovary where the ova lay; length 2.56 mm., breadth 0.5 mm. 
One of these, which had been fixed over the flame and afterwards 


ee en ne cn AOI a 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. ip iai 


mounted in balsam, had the Polonia dimensions. ia millimeters: 
Length 1.8, breadth 0.83; diameter of oral sucker 0.08, of ventral 
sucker 0.08; pharynx, length 0.05, breadth 0.03; ova 0.048 by 0.024. 

The specimens in the second lot present considerable variation in 
size and proportions. Three of them agree fairly well, the fourth is 
larger. It was somewhat macerated and consequently was flattened 
more than the others when placed under the cover glass. 


Dimensions of living specimens. 


| Oral . Ventral | 
4 are arynx. | Ova. 
| Length. | Bre udth Weicices Pharynx erica va 
| ae 
nem, DLN. | mm, MLL, MUNL, nun, 
i 20 | 0.52 | 0.09 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.06 by 0.04 
x38) || 0.40 | 0.18 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.06 by 0.04 
| 


345 0.60 | 0.12 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 by 0.04 


The principal difference between this lot and the former is in the 
size of the ova. 
Epinephelus striatus. 

July 11, twenty; July 14, four; July 18, twenty-three. 

Most of the distomes in the first lot were broken. They were faint 
flesh color by reflected, yellowish-white by transmitted light. 

Dimensions of a Beniedh specimen, in millimeters, life: Length 2.78; 
breadth, anterior 0.36, at ventral sucker 0.68; oral and ventral suckers 
each 0.24 in diameter, with circular aperture; ova 0.045 by 0.022. In 
the other lots there was great variety in size and proportions but they 
are all apparently the same species. 


DISTOMUM FENESTRATUM, new species. 
Plate XII, figs. 86-91. 


Bere species, Bull. Bureau of Fisheries for 1904, XXIV, p. 878, 374, figs. 
Asse 2A: 


Type.—Cat. No. 5804, U.S.N.M. 

This species will eventually have to be referred to a new genus, but, 
in view of the fact that the individuals thus far found are immature, 
it seems to me to be best not to give a generic name at present. On 
account of the ease with which they may be recognized, however, a 
specific designation appears destrable. 

The reproductive organs not being in evidence, it is not possible to 
identify it with Pratt’s Synopsis. The absence of a pharynx suggests 
the subfamily Gorgoderine. 

So far as the anatomy of these distomes was worked out, their char- 
acterization is as follows: Body subecylindrical, tapering at each end; 
ventral sucker much larger than oral and situated at about the anterior 
fifth; pharynx none; esophagus slender, communicating with the 
capacious intestine a short distance in front of the ventral sucker. 


it 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


The intestinal rami originate at the ventral sucker and dorsal to it. 
At their origin they constitute a somewhat convoluted or lobed mass, 
from which they continue to the posterior end of the body as greatly 
inflated, somewhat spiral tubes with very thin walls and filled with a 
clear, stractureless, or colloid material. The intestinal rami occupy 
the greater part of the body behind the ventral sucker and are very 
conspicuous. Both in the living and the preserved material the intes- 
tinal rami appear as a series of semitransparent spaces. No genital 
organs, even as rudiments, were distinguished. 

Tranverse sections reveal the following structure: The epidermis is 
underlaid by a thin layer of longitudinal fibers. Next within this is 
a somewhat broken layer which, from its position, suggests the 
rudiments of vitellaria. The remainder of the body is filled with 
parenchyma, as shown in the figures. 

Lengths of five living specimens, in millimeters: 2.15; 1.98; 1.68; 
1.28; 1.05. Corresponding breadths: 0.35; 0.48; 0.38; 0.32; 0.27. 
Detailed measurements of one: Length 2.15, breadth 0.35; diameter 
of oral sucker 0.06, of ventral sucker 0.21. One specimen, which 
may be abnormal, had the following dimensions: Length 2.40, 
breadth 0.18; oral sucker, length 0.07, breadth 0.06; ventral sucker 
not quite definite but appeared to be 0.18 in diameter. 

Forms resembling these were found in Coryphena equisetis and 
C. hippurus at Beaufort, North Carolina, and in Brevoortia tyrannis 
at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 

They were found in one of the Bermuda fishes. 


Lycodontis moringa. 

August 3, eighty-four, in alimentary canal. Most of these speci- 
mens were found in washings from the intestines. A few cysts under 
the serous coat of the intestine were opened, and from two of them 
distomes of this species were obtained. Nothing distinguishable was 
found in the other cysts. These cysts were white, rather soft, and 
filled with a whitish, granular material. 


DISTOMUM TOMEX,/ new species. 
Plate XIV, figs. 94-96. 


Type.—Cat. No. 5805, U.S.N.M. 

Body long and slender, unarmed; ventral sucker near the anterior 
end, smaller than oral sucker, with transverse aperture; oral sucker 
pyriform, the larger end in front, aperture circular and terminal; no 
pharynx; esophagus distinct; intestinal rami extending to the posterior 
end of the body; genital papilla prominent, at base of oral sucker on 
ventral side, with 2 external apertures; uterus with greater part of 
ova at posterior end of body, but opening at the genital papilla; vas 


“rom the Latin word tomex, signifying a cord. 


a 


‘ ) 
mtn ce A TE TT I I TE MN a a lc A a 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. eS 


deferns distinct along the median line anteriorally, not so distinctly 
seen near the testes as shown in the sketch. Other genitalia not quite 
satisfactorily made out. What were taken to be the testes are two 
elongated, lobed bodies, one following the other, but diagonally placed, 
and situated near the posterior end, but in front of that portion of the 
uterus which contains the greater part of the ova. Another organ, 
probably the ovary, lies beside the anterior testis. Clusters of deeply 
staining bodies, which extend from about the anterior sixth to a point 
a little in front of the middle, may possibly be the vitellaria, although 
some of them appeared to be folds of the intestinal rami. 

Dimensions of specimen mounted in balsam, in millimeters: Length 
12; diameter of anterior projection containing oral sucker 0.14; diam- 
eter of body, anterior 0.33, at ventral sucker 0.48; anterior sucker, 
length 0.14, breadth, anterior 0.08, posterior 0.06; genital papilla, 
length 0.04, breadth 0.05; ventral sucker, length 0.07, breadth 0.11; 
length of esophagus 0.3; distance of ventral sucker from genital papilla 
0.46, from anterior end 0.63; ova 0.018 by 0.012. Length of living 
worm 14; breadth 0.2 to 0.5. 

From Lpinephelus striatus. 
July 14, one. é 
I do not find any distome at all resembling this in Pratt’s Synopsis. 


UNDETERMINED DISTOMES. 


The following distomes are not given specific names on account of 
either the small amount of material in each case or its unsatisfactory 
condition. 

It is hoped that the notes which it was possible to make, together 
with the naming of the host in each instance, will prove to be of use 
to future investigators. 
Distomum, species from Seriola fasciata. (Plate VU, figs. 55, 56.) 

July 31, two. These worms being immature and partly macerated, 
but little of their anatomy could be made out. Testes, two, globular, 
near together, one following the other and near the posterior end; 
ovary small, globular, in front of anterior testis and separated from 
it by a distance about equal to the diameter of the testis. The ante- 
rior end of one was retracted, and there was a small mass of black 
pigment in each between the oral and ventral suckers. The vitellaria 
were not distinct. The character of the intestines could not be made 
out. Each of the specimens was linear and smooth. 

Dimensions in millimeters, life: Length 3.30; breadth at ventral 
sucker 0.40, behind ventral sucker 0.30; diameter of oral sucker 0.19, 
of ventral sucker 0.30. 

Dimensions of specimen in balsam: Length 2.55, breadth 0.25; 
diameter of oral sucker 0.18, of ventral sucker 0.24; distance of ven- 
tral sucker from anterior end 0.37, distance of posterior testis from 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——8 


114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


posterior end 0.22. The pharynx was not visible in this specimen, 
but in the other its length was 0.06. In the latter specimen the length 
of the oral sucker was 0,16, of the ventral sucker 0.21, whole 
length 2. . 
Distomum, species from Angelichthys ciliaris. (Plate VII, fig. 57.) 

July 14, two; July 17, two. None of the specimens were in good 
condition. The body is subeylindrical and curved ventrally. Numer- 
ous dark brown blotches were noted in one. These are conspicuous 
in the mounted specimen, and appear to represent the intestines. 
Some deeply staining granular masses lay near each lateral margin at 
about the posterior third. They have the general structure of vitel- 
laria. The ova, to the number of about two hundred, lay between 
these bodies. ; 

Dimensions in millimeters, life: Length 2.16, breadth 0.7; suckers 
near together and about equal, the anterior 0.18 in diameter; ova 0.030 
by 0.014. Length of another 1.65; breadth 0.42. — 

Distomum (Lecithocladium), species from Seriola dumerili. (Plate 
VIII, figs. 59, 60.) 

July 16, nine; July 24, one. Body cylindrical, finely ringed, a 
character which may disappear when the specimen has been for some 
time under slight pressure; posterior end of body retractile; neck 
cylindrical, very contractile, with a tendency to arch; testes close 
together behind the ventral sucker, the left a little in advance of the 
right; cirrus and cirrus pouch in neck, genital pore just behind the 
oral sucker and a little to the left of the median line; seminal vesicle 
in front of testes; ovary close behind testes; folds of uterus behind 
testes and ovary, passing forward to right of cirrus to the genital 
pore; vitellaria tubular, convoluted, on either side of ovary; ventral 
sucker much larger than oral, pharynx oval, diameter about equal to 
length; rami of intestine extending nearly to the posterior end. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, balsam: Length, exclusive of retractile 
portion, 1.14, diameter 0.30; diameter of oral sucker 0.15, of pharynx 
0.06, of ventral sucker 0.27; ova 0.016 by 0.007. 

Distomum, species from Teuthis hepatus. (Plate VIII, fig. 61.) 

July 21, one and fragment, neither in good condition. 

The stained and mounted fragment shows only the following meager 
details: Beginning at the posterior end the body is seen to be filled 
with ova. A small structure, 0.7 mm. from the posterior end, about 
0.2 mm. in diameter, transversely striated, is apparently a seminal 
receptacle. At the anterior border of this organ is a cluster of oval 
bodies, four or more in number, which may represent a deeply lobed 
ovary with lobes 0.1 mm. in length. At a distance 0.6 mm. in front 
of these bodies a testis was made out, and beside it the fajnt indica- 
tions of another. About 0.6 mm. in front of the testis a large seminal 
vesicle was seen. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 115 


Dimensions, in millimeters, balsam: Length 1.57, diameter 0.52; 
oral sucker, length 0.11, breadth 0.12; diameter of pharynx 0.09; 
ventral sucker, length 0.35, breadth 0.33; ova 0.018 by 0.009, mainly 
at the posterior end of the body. Vitellaria diffuse in median part of 
the body; oral sucker retracted, ventral sucker also slightly with- 
drawn. 

The length of the fragment is 3.75 mm. It represents only the 
post-acetabular region. 

Distomum, species from Tylosurus acus. (Plate VIII, fig. 62.) 

July 16, one. Color of body orange, neck light orange, suckers 
whitish. The body is fusiform, tapering more to the posterior end 
than to the anterior. Ventral sucker larger than oral; pharynx sepa- 
rated from oral sucker by a pre-esophagus. Ovary subglobular, 
behind ventral sucker; uterus between ovary and ventral sucker and 
passing to the left of the ventral sucker to the genital aperture, which 
is in front of the ventral sucker and on the left of the median line. 
Vitellaria diffuse lateral and posterior, abundant, extending to ventral 
sucker. ‘Testes not clearly made out, but appear to be represented by 
a mass of cells behind the ovary. Cirrus and its pouch in front of the 
ventral sucker.and to the left. Ova few and large. 

Dimensions of mounted specimen, in millimeters: Length 1.77; 
diameter, anterior 0.25, at ventral sucker 0.63, near posterior end 
0.15; diameter of oral sucker 0.22, of pharynx 0.13, of ventral sucker 
0.36; ova 0.07 by 0.04. 

According to the later classification of the distomes this species 
probably belongs to the genus A/locreadium. 

Distomum, species from Chzetodon, species. (Plate X, fig. 69.) 

July 30, two; August 3, four; all the specimens in poor condition, 
as if macerated. 

So far as could be made out from these imperfect specimens they 
have the following characters: Ventral sucker a little larger than oral; 
ovary with three or four lobes and situated half way between the ven- 
tral sucker and the posterior end; vitellaria abundant, diffuse, at pos- 
terior end and along margins to ventral sucker, overlying other 
organs in places. To the rear of the ovary and at its right side are 
about nine bodies which appear to be testes. The cirrus and its pouch 
were indistinctly seen, but they appear to pass dorsal to the ventral 
sucker to open in front of it on the left of the median line. There is 
a distinct prostate, with a seminal vesicle at its posterior edge, just 
behind the ventral sucker. In a larger specimen than the one 
sketched the seminal vesicle is farther back; the ova are rather few, 
mostly in front of the ovary, but a few are behind it, or at least very 
close to it. The uterus passes to the left of the cirrus to open 
immediately in front of the ventral sucker, and close to the median 


116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


line. The prostate is at the posterior border of the ventral sucker, a 
little to the left. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 2.25, breadth 0.54; diam- 
eter of oral sucker 0.10, of pharynx 0.06, of ventral sucker 0.13; ova 
0.054 by 0.036. Length of smaller specimens 1 and 1.5. / 
Distomum, species from Bodianus fulvus punctatus. (Plate X, fig. 70.) 

July 22, one, immature. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 
0.9, breadth 0.42; breadth of oral sucker, retracted, approximately 
0.12; ventral sucker, length 0.10, breadth 0.12. Measurements of the 
specimen in balsam show that the diameter of the two suckers and the 
pharynx is about the same, namely 0.07; each a little wider than long. 

In the mounted specimen several granular bodies are disclosed which 
are the rudiments of the reproductive organs. The anterior end is 
beset with exceedingly minute spines. 

Distomum, species from Sphyrena sphyrena. (Plate X, fig. 71.) 

July 17, three, in poor condition, as if macerated by the digestive 
juices of their host. The barracuda indeed may not be the proper 
final host of these distomes. 

‘Body elongated, the posterior half nearly linear, tapering to ante- 
rior end; oral sucker lost in all the specimens; pharynx preceded by 
a pre-esophagus and about two-thirds the size of the ventral sucker. 
The ventral sucker and its aperture longer than broad. Testes two, 
oval, on median line, separated from each other by a distance slightly 
less than the length of one, the posterior testis situated at about its 
own length from the posterior end of the body. Ovary globular and 
placed in front of the anterior testis, from which it is separated by a 
short interval. Vitellaria diffuse, posterior and lateral, extending 
forwards to a point about 0.7 mm. behind the ventral sucker. Faint 
indications of a seminal vesicle were seen behind the ventral sucker, 
and of a seminal receptacle in front of the ovary. The ova are rather 
large and numerous, the body being crowded with them for a distance 
of 3.75 mm. in front of the ovary. 

Dimensions in millimeters of specimen mounted in balsam: Length 
15; maximum diameter, at posterior testis, 0.96, at pharynx, 0.33; 
pharynx, length 0.33, breadth 0.25; ventral sucker, length 0.45, 
breadth 0.37; distance of pharanx from ventral sucker 1.8; distance of 
posterior testis from posterior end 0.9; posterior testis, length 1.05, 
breadth 0.60; anterior testis, length 0.90, breadth 0.54; distance 
between testes 0.67; diameter of ovary 0.30; distance of ovary from 
first testis 0.94; ova 0.06 by 0.03. The anterior end was macerated 
and drawn out into a slender thread, the oral sucker being lost and 
the pharynx about 0.75 mm. from the anterior end. On account of 
the macerated condition of these distomes the absence of spines is 
without significance. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. Lhe 


Distomum, species from Balistes carolinensis. (Plate XII, fig. 84.) 

July 14, three. Body thickish, depressed, covered with spines which 
are low and rounded in front, dense on head and anterior part of 
body, less dense posteriorly. Ventral sucker larger than oral; mouth 
‘subterminal; esophagus none; intestinal rami broad and extending to 
posterior end of body; testes two, close together, one in front of the 
other, about halfway between the ventral sucker and the posterior 
end, not lobed; ovary subglobular, in front of testis, near and a little 
to the right; uterus in front of testes passing to the left of the ven- 
tral sucker to open in front of it and a little to the left. Cirrus and 
its pouch very indistinct. Seminal vesicle in front of ovary and 
behind ventral sucker but not clearly shown. Cirrus dorsal to ventral 
sucker and on left side. Vitelline glands diffuse, posterior and 
marginal, covering and hiding other organs and extending in front 
of ventral sucker. Ova relatively few and large. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life, Length 3.45; breadth 0.56; diam- 
eter of oral sucker 0.22, of pharynx 0.15, of ventral sucker 0.3; ova 
0.06 by 0.03. 

In Pratt’s Synopsis this species appears to belong in the genus 
Halicometra. 

Distomum, species from Paranthias furcifer. (Plate XIII, fig. 85.) 

July 29, one. Body nearly linear, covered with low, rounded spines; 
oral sucker slightly exceeding the ventral; ventral sucker nearly 
equally distant from the two extremities, aperture transverse; pharynx 
large, esophagus distinct, intestinal rami extending to posterior end; 
testes two, one following the other, near posterior end; ovary at front 
edge of anterior testis; uterus between ovary and ventral sucker; 
vitellaria diffuse, posterior and lateral, extending in front of ventral 
sucker. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 1.38; breadth, anterior 
0.18, at ventral sucker 0.40; oral sucker, length 0.18, breadth 0.15; 
pharynx, length 0.15, breadth 0.12; diameter of ventral sucker 0.15; 
ova 0.05 by 0.036. Same, in balsam: Length 1.28; oral sucker, length 
and breadth, each 0.13; ventral sucker, length 0.10, breadth 0.12. 
The outline of the testes differs from that shown in the sketch, which 
was made from life; each testis is broader than long and the margins 
are uneven. 

Although the specimen seems to be in fairly good condition and the 
testes, ovary, and vitellaria are well differentiated by the stain, there 
is no indication of cirrus, pouch, or genital aperture. 

This distome appears to belong to the genus //a/icometra of the 
later classification. 


118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXtII. 


Distomum, species from Salariichthys textilis. 

July 16, one. This distome wasexceedingly minute. It was inclosed 
in an amber-colored, globular cyst. It was seen while examining 
some foodstuff with the microscope. ° 

Diameter of the cyst about 0.2 mm. The distome was curved ina 
horseshoe shape inside the cyst. 

Numerous minute spherical bodies, probably concretions in the 
excretory vessels, were noted. These concretions measured 0.004 mm. 
in diameter. 

Distomum, species from Teuthis cwruleus. 

July 22, one, partly macerated. This distome was stained and 
mounted, but is not in a condition to admit of identification or satis- 
factory description. 

The mount yields a lateral view of the compressed specimen. The 
vitellaria are diffuse, not close to the margin, but filling the interior 
of the body from the posterior end to the ventral sucker. The ven- 
tral sucker is very indistinct; uterus in front of ovary; ova relatively 
few. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, lfe: Length 1.35, breadth 0.83; oral 
sucker 0.21, pharynx 0.10, ventral sucker 0.21; ova 0.036 by 0.021. 

So far as can be made out, the anatomy bears a general resemblance 
to that of DP. vitellosum. 


MONOSTOMUM VINAL-EDWARDSII Linton. 


Plate XV, fig.-97. 


Monostomum vinal-edwardsii Lryvon, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com. for 1899, p. 470, pl. 
xxiv, figs. 373-376; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, XXIV, pp. 379, 410, figs. 
220-222. 


This species was found in two of the Bermuda fishes. 
Neomenis synagris. 

July 18, fifteen large and two small. Dimensions, in millimeters, 
formalin: Larger, length 2.98, maximum breadth 0.98. Smaller, 
length 0.57, breadth 0.30. 

Ocyurus chrysurus. 

July 7, three; July 14, twenty-four; July 22, twenty. Large and 

small specimens were found together, as in the snapper. 


MONOSTOMUM, species. 
Plate XIV, figs. 92, 93. 


Three small monostomes, from two Bermuda fishes appear to belong 
to the same species. In each case they were in poor condition, being 
somewhat macerated. 


<s cn Sui an De an i ye AR el A a SANs " 


ee 


ee 


is lh act ng “cas Tee ts TOON ey CR Abb Ie Bho ts 


xo.1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. E19 


Bathystoma striatum. 

July 17, one. Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length 1; breadth, 
anterior 0.22, middle 0.42, posterior 0.15; ova, somewhat variable, 
largest 0.018 by 0.011. 

Hemutlon flavolineatum. 

July 31, two. Dimensions of larger, in millimeters, life: Length 
1.05; breadth, anterior 0.12, middle 0.31, posterior 0.12; diameter of 
oral sucker 0.09, of pharynx 0.03, of genital sucker 0.08; ova 0,018 
by O.OL1. 

GASTEROSTOMUM, species. 

Trematodes belonging to this genus were found on two occasions in 
the rock fish (Wycteropercu apua), in each case in poor condition. 

The relative position of the vitellaria, ovary, testes, uterus, and 
cirrus much as in G. arcuatum; the vitellaria, however, are more 
crowded, in some of the specimens at least, than in that species, 
although agreeing closely in number, 28 having been counted in one 
and 29 in another. The anterior end is bluntly rounded, and the 
anterior sucker is relatively large, as in G. baculatum. 

July 21, twenty; length 2mm., breadth 0.3 mm.; ova 0.024 by 0.015 
and 0.03 by 0.02 mm. July 22, five; notwo alike in shape, but gen- 
erally slender; length 0.66 mm., breadth 0.3 mm. 


UNDETERMINED TREMATODE. 
Plate XV, figs. 100-102. 


This is possibly a new genus, related, but not closely, to Phy/lodis- 
tomum. 

Body nearly circular, rather thin, with edges folded under. The 
neck is subeylindrical and sharply marked off from the body. Ven- 
tral sucker larger than oral, with a nearly circular aperture. Mouth 
circular, probably nearly terminal, pharynx not clearly seen and very 
small, if any. The intestinal rami are simple and elongated, beginning 
near the oral sucker and extending to the posterior end, where, 
although they were not clearly seen, they appear to meet. The repro- 
ductive organs, if correctly interpreted, have the following arrange- 
ment: Testes two, transversely placed, not granular, but appearing as 
crumpled or folded structures; ovary in front of right testis, near it 
and ventral; vitellaria two, lobed, immediately behind ventral sucker; 
uterus between and behind testes; genital aperture behind oral sucker 
at bifurcation of intestine; cirrus and pouch in neck. Ventral disk 
nearly circular, marked with transverse lines, and minute longitudi- 
nal strive between the lines. 

Dimensions, in millimeters, life: Length of disk 0.75, breadth 
0.93; neck, arched and bent ventrally, diameter 0.42, length, esti- 
mated, 0.87. Specimen mounted in balsam: Body, length 0.75, 
breadth 0.90; neck, length 0.75, breadth 0.36; oral sucker, length 


120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


0.24, breadth 0.27; ventral sucker, length 0.34, breadth 0.30; diameter 
of ventral disk 0.58; ova of different sizes, largest 0.042 by 0.015. 
This specimen was found in Lalistes carolinensis, July 14. 


PARASITIC COPEPODS. 


IT am indebted to my friend Prof. C. B. Wilson for the identifica- 
tion of the only species of parasitic copepod found. 
Lepeophtheirus dissimulatus Wilson. 

Broc. WU. S. ‘Nat. Mus), XX VIE pp. 631-635, ply xxm eins 
species was found on two of the Bermuda fishes. 
Epinephelus striatus. 

July 11, two; July 18, two. Found only on the large groupers. 
Mycteroperca apua. 

Five specimens collected by Mr. Louis Mowbray, St. Georges, 
Bermuda. 

PARASITIC ISOPODS. 


The parasitic isopods obtained by me in Bermuda were sent to Dr. 
Harriet Richardson, who has kindly furnished the following identifi- 
cations: 

Cymothoa westrum (Linneus). 

Mr. Louis Mowbray of St. Georges, Bermuda, brought to the lab- 
oratory two isopods, one large the other small. “The small one was 
from the mouth of a fish which was identified by Mr. Mowbray as 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus. It was collected on March 6, 1903. 
The large specimen was from the mouth of a fish which he identified 
as Priacanthus arenatus. ° 
Trona nana Schoedte and Meinert. 

From Atherina harringtonensis, July 15, numerous. These isopods 
were easily removed from the fish, and they could detach themselves 
at will. They were abundant; all that were seen were females with 
ova. 

Nerocila acuminata Schoedte and Meinert. 

From Lachnolaimus maximus, August 3, one, from fin. ‘The speci- 
men was a female, length 32 mm., breadth 17 mm. 

Corallena, species. 

This specimen was brought in with other material collected on a 
dredging expedition to the Challenger Banks conducted by Capt. 
W. E. Meyer, August 1 and 2. The host was not noted. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 121 
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
REFERENCE LETTERS USED IN FIGURES OF TREMATODES, 

a. ventral sucker. ph. pharynx. 

c. cirrus. sr. serminal receptacle. 
cp. cirrus pouch. sv. seminal vesicle. 
ev. excretory vessel. t. testes. 

g. genital aperture. u. uterus, 

gs. genital sucker. vd. vas deferens. 

i. intestine. vg. vitelline gland. 

o. ovary. vr. vitelline reservoir. 

oe. esophagus. vd. vitelline duct. 


p. prostate gland. 


isies dle 


la. 
1b. 


to 


4a. 


Fie. 8. 


Pian i. 
Ascaris, species from Mycteroperca apua. 


Optical section of anterior end showing characteristic diverticulum of intes- 
tine (id), and of esophagus (od); in balsam; length of esophagus 1.5 mm. 

Head enlarged; diameter 0.12 mm. 

Ventral view of posterior end, balsam; diameter at anal aperture 0.09 mm. 


Immature Nematode from Epinephelus maculosus. 
Diagrammatic sketch of anterior end, life. 
Immature Nematode from Harpe rufa. 
Posterior end; diameter at anal aperture 0.03 mm. 
Ichthyonema, species from Lycodontis moringa. 


Anterior end, optical section, life; diameter, anterior, 0.09 mm. 
Posterior end of same; diameter 0.07 mm. 


Fleterakis foveolata Rudolphi. 


Female from Diplodus sargus; length 8 mm. 

Male; length 4 mm. 

Posterior end of male, lateral view, life; distance of anal aperture from tip 
0.015 mm.; an, anal aperture; b, bursa; sp, spicule. 

Posterior end of female, life; diameter at anal aperture 0.12 mm. 

Optical section, balsam, specimen from Lycodontis moringa; length of esopha- 
gus 0.8 mm. 

Diagram of anal papillee. The specimen from which this sketch was made 
was from Neomenis griseus. 


Puate II. 
Heterakis foveolata Rudolphi, continued. 


Transverse section of specimen from Mycteroperca apua. Anterior end of 
pharynx showing beginnings (a a) of longitudinal divisions of esophagus. 
The position of the third division will be at the lower end of the figure 
where, in this section, a few of the teeth are shown; maximum diameter, 
0.15 mm. 


ile 
lla. 
11d. 
WX, 


ils 


14. 


Eire. 15: 


20. 


Fre. 2il. 


diameter, 0.18 mm. 

Transverse section of esophagus of specimen from Micropogon undulatus, ! 
Beaufort, North Carolina, introduced here for comparison; diameter, 
0.08 mm. 


bee ea BRE 


Heterakis, species. 


Lateral view of female from Neomenis griseus, balsam; length, 6 mm. 

Lateral view of same, enlarged. 

Posterior end, ventral view of female from Hemulon carbonariun. 

Nearly transverse section of lips showing four of the mouth papille and 
the teeth; length of section, 0.12 mm. Figs. 12 to 15 are made from a 
specimen collected at Beaufort, from the southern flounder ( Paralichthys 
albiguttus). 

Sketch, somewhat diagrammatic, of anterior end of pharynx; breadth of 
gap of mouth, 0.11 mm. See fig. 15. 

Section behind pharynx showing structure of esophagus; diameter, 0.25 
mm; a, lateral area; m, muscle cell. 


PuateE III. 
Heterakis, species, continued. 


Section of posterior end of pharynx, showing the division of the cuticle into 
three parts which become the three symmetrical longitudinal divisions : 
shown in fig. 14; breadth of gap, 0.10 mm. 

Dorsal view of specimen shown in fig. 11, enlarged. 

Cross section of anterior end of specimen from Neomenis griseus, partly 
diagrammatic; breadth of section, 0.17 mm. 

Cross section of pharynx, showing beginning of divisions of cuticle into 
three parts; maximum diameter, 0.26 mm. 

Section a little behind that sketched in fig. 18. Note the very thick cuticle; 
pa, pulp of papilla; maximum diameter of section, 0.50 mm. 

Cross section of esophagus, near base; maximum diameter, 0.14 mm. 


Prate TV: 


Echinorhynchus medius, new species. 


Adult male with bursa everted, from Mycteroperca apua; in balsam; length, 
40 mm. 6, bursa; cg, cement gland; /, lemnisci; ps, proboscis sheath. 
Anterior end of female, proboscis and neck everted; length of proboscis, 
1.35 mm. 

Another, anterior end of body partly inverted; length of proboscis, 1.28 
mm.; a, spine from body enlarged; actual length, 0.04 mm. 

Transverse section of proboscis, middle; diameter, exclusive of hooks, 

0.4 mm. i 

Same, near base; rm, retractor muscle. 

Immature male from Calamus calamus; balsam; length, 12 mm. 

Immature female; balsam; length, 14 mm. 


a 


-30. Hooks from proboscis, enlarged; length, 0.08 mm. 


No. 1560. 


PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. Zo 


PuatTE V. 


Discocephalum pileatum Linton, from Carcharhinus platyodon. 


Fic. 31. Worms attached to mucous membrane, heads embedded, life; about 


34, 


37, 38. 


Fia. 


Fie. 


32. 


33. 


36. 


39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 


49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 


50. 
56. 


57. 


natural size. 
Rhynchobothrium speciosum Linton. 


Head and neck of scolex from cyst in Epinephelus striatus; balsam; length 
to base of contractile bulbs 5 mm.; cb, contractile bulbs; ps, proboscis 
sheath. 

Posterior end of same. 

Two views of proboscis; diameter, including hooks, 0.06 mm. 


Rhynchobothrium spiracornutum, new species. 


Head and neck of scolex from cyst in Epinephelus maculosus; balsam; 
length to base of bulbs 5 mm.; a. Posterior end of larva; cb, bulbs; 
ps, sheath. 

Two views of proboscis; diameter, including hooks, 0.06 mm. 


PuatTe VI. 


Otobothrium penetrans, new species, from Tylosurus acus. 


Blastocyst (plerocercus), alcoholic; length, 10 mm. 
Seolex, alcoholic; length, 3.5 mm. 

Front view of bothria. 

Scolex, alcoholic; length, 4 mm. 

Front view of head. 

Another, with proboscides everted; breadth, 2mm. — - 


Scolex with anterior end retracted; breadth at base of bulbs, 2.1 mm.; in 


balsam; cb, bulb; ps, sheath. 
Different views of proboscides, all near base; diameter, including hooks, 
0.22 mm. 
Pirate VII. 


Encotyllabe, species, from Calamus calamus. 


Ventral view, life; length, 3.5 mim. 
Lateral view of posterior end. 
Anterior end, ventral view; in balsam. 
Dorsal view of same. 

Posterior end; in balsam. 


Microcotyle, species, from Calamus calamus. 
Hooks on retracted cirrus highly magnified; in balsam. 


Distomum, species, from Seriola fasciata. 


Lateral view; in balsam; length, 2 mm. 
Ventral view of another specimen; in balsam; length, 2.5 mm. 


Distomum, species, from Angelichthys ciliaris. 


Lateral view, life; length, 1.26 mm. 


124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Puate VIII. 
Distomum monticellii Linton, from Synodus saurus. 
Fig. 58: View of specimen, in balsam; length, 2.55 mm. 
Distomum ( Lecithocladium), species, from Seriola dumerili. 


59. Specimen with tail everted; length, 1.65 mm. 
60. Another, tail inverted; length, 1.14 mm. 


Distomum, species, from Teuthis hepatus. 


61. Lateral view, life, specimen partly macerated; length, 2.55 mm. 


Distomum, species, from Tylosurus acus. 
62. Ventro-lateral view, balsam; length, 1.77 mm. 
Puate IX. 


Distomum vitellosum Linton, from Heemulon flavolineatum. 


Fic. 63. Sketch from life, specimen partly macerated; length 2.78 mm. 


64. Ventral view of specimen from Calamus calamus, balsam; length 1.4 mm. 


Distomum subtenue, new species, from Calamus calamus. 


65. Lateral view, balsam; length 1.5 mm. 


VOL. XXXIII. 


Distomum (Accacelium) macrocotyle Diesing, from Teuthis hepatus. 


66. Lateral view, balsam; length 4.35 mm. 
PLATE X. 


Distomum nitens Linton, from Tylosurus acus. 


Fic. 67. Sketch of specimen mounted in balsam; length 4.5 mm. 
68. Ventral view of anterior end. 


Distomum, species, Fat Chxtodon, species. 
69. Ventral view, life; breadth 0.3 mm. 
Distomum, species, from Bodianus fulvus punctatus. 
70. Sketch from life, anterior end inverted; length 0.9 mm. 
Distomum, species, from Sphyrena sphyrena. 


71. Ovum, alcoholic; longer diameter 0.07 mm. 


Distomum gyrinus, new species, from Lactophrys trigonus. 


72. Dorsal view, balsam; length 0.95 mm. 
73. Ventral view of another, balsam, diameter, anterior 0.24 mm. 


74. Ventral view, life, specimen from Lactophrys tricornis; length 1.58 mm. 


Distomum lamelliforme, new species, from Lactophrys trigonus. 


75. Ventral view, balsam; diameter 0.57 mm. 


No. 1560. PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES—LINTON. 25 


Puate XI. 
Distomum lomelliforme, new species, continued. 


Fic. 76. Ventral view of specimen from Dalistes carolinensis, balsam; breadth 0.9 mm. 
7. Dorsal view, life; length 0.82 mm., breadth 1.20 mm. 
8. Ventral view of specimen from Lactophrys tricornis, life; length 1.78 mm. 


Distomum trulla, new species, from Ocyurus chrysurus. 
79. Ventral view, balsam; length 1.14 mm. 
| PuaTEe XII. 
Distomum levenseni, new species. 


Fra. 80. Dorsal view of specimen from Epinephelus striatus, balsam; length 1.3 mm. 
81. Dorsal view of specimen from Lpinephelus maculosus, balsam; length 1.8 mm. 
82. Posterior end of same, showing excretory vessel with muscular bulb; diam- 
eter of bulb 0.03 mm. 
83. Ventral view of another; length 0.96 mm. 


Distomum, species, from Balistes carolinensis. 
84. Dorsal view, life; length 1.77 mm. 
Puate XIII. 
Distomum, species from Paranthias furcifer. 
Fig. 85. Dorsal view, life; length 1.38 mm. 
Distomum fenestratum, new species, from Lycodontis moringa. 


86. Ventral view, baisam; length 1.65 mm. 

87. Anterior end of same, enlarged. 

88. Sketch of a less usual form than that shown in figure 86, life; length 2.4 mm. 

89. Transverse section of neck; diameter 0.16 mm. cu, cuticle; g/, glandular 
layer; dm, longitudinal muscles; oe, esophagus. 

90. Transverse section through anterior part of ventral sucker; diameter 0.18mm. 
i, convoluted beginning of intestine; vs, ventral sucker; other letters as 

in fig. 89. 

91. Transverse section, middle of body; transverse diameter 0.27 mm. 

ii, intestine; other letters as in fig. 89. 


PLaTEe XIV. 
Monostomum, species, from Bathystoma striatum. 
Fic. 92. Dorsal view, life; length 1 mm. 


Monostomum, species, from Heimulon flavolineatum, 


93. Ventral view, life; length 1.05 mm. 


Distomum tomex, new species, from Epinephelus striatus. 


94. Ventral view, balsam; length 12 mm. a’, ova; length 0.018 mm. 

95. Anterior end of same; diameter at ventral sucker 0.48 mm. 

96. Genital papilla; transverse diameter 0.05mm.  c¢, aperture of cirrus; wu, aper- 
ture of uterus. 


* 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


PLATE XV. 
Monostomum vinal-edwardsii Linton, from Ocyurus chrysurus. 
Fic. 97. Dorsal view, balsam; length 2 mm. 
Aspidogaster ringens Linton, from Jridio radiatus. 


98. Dorsal view, balsam; length 2 mm. 
99. Ventral view of head and anterior portion of sucking disk, balsam; dia- 
meter of head 0.42 mm. 


Undetermined Trematode, allied to Phyllodistomum, from Balistes carolinensis. 


100. Ventral view, life; diameter of body 0.93 mm.; d, disk. 
101. Same, stained and mounted in balsam. 
102. Portion of ventral disk highly magnified; distance between strive 0.015 mm. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIlIl PL. J 


PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 121. 


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PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES. 


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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 124. 


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FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 125, 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XV 


PARASITES OF BERMUDA FISHES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 126. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF RECENT UNSTALKED 
CRINOIDS FROM THE COASTS OF NORTHEASTERN 
ASIA. 


By Austry Hoparr CriarKk, 
Of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 


In a previous paper” I published preliminary descriptions of new 
species of unstalked crinoids belonging to the genus Decametrocrinus 
and the Elegans, Eschrichtii, and Tenella groups of the genus Antedon, 
from the collections made by the U. 8. Fisheries steamer A/datross in 
the north Pacific and in the Japanese seas. In the present paper are 
included the new species belonging to the Basicurva, Spinifera, and 
Palmata groups of the genus Antedon, together with the bidistichate 
representatives of the Accela group (which are here referred to as 
comprising the Multicolor group), the species lacking the pinnule of the 
third brachial, a species in which the first pinnule is the longest, and 
another species of the Elegans group. Three new species of Comatula 
are also described, and a species of Comatula and another of Afele- 
crénus are renamed. Attention is called to the varied and handsome 
coloration of the Multicolor group in life, a group in which this feature 
appears to attain its maximum so far as the Crinoidea are concerned. 
A. rubroflava is very handsome, bright yellow, banded with equally 
bright red, each color occupying areas about half an inch wide; this 
is the only species I have seen alive with this type of coloration; but 
a specimen of A. sty/ifer taken at Kagoshima in 1859 still shows evi- 
dence of having been similarly colored, although the specimen of the 
latter which I obtained is entirely different. The species described in 
this paper will be described in more detail and figured later. The 
keys preceding the descriptions are based on those of Dr. P. H. Car- 
penter, so far as possible; but all the species described since the pub- 
lication of the Challenger report have been taken into consideration, 
and the characters of the new species here described are presented in 
such a way that their relations to those previously known will, it is 
hoped, be perfectly clear. 


«Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XIII, pp. 69-84. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1561. 


128 ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


A. Ten-armed species, with the disk and ambulacra plated, but the rays not wall- 


sided; the pinnules stiff and! roddikess22225.. eee see [AcaLa group ]. 

a. First radials produced anteriorly, separating the second radials; second radials 
and axillaries rounded and widely separated .--.--.----- (29) Antedon thetis. 

aa. The radials have flange-like lateral processes, which are in apposition later- 
alive SSP es ee a ee A ee re ee (4) A. separata. 

B. Bidistichate species, with the disk and ambulacra plated, but the rays not wall- 
sided; the pinnules stiff and rod-like -....-.-.---..----- [Mu tricoLor group]. 


a. First radials anchylosed, forming a radial cup with interradial processes reach- 
ing to the disk and widely separating the rounded second radials; 15 cirri 
Of Sd: jon tse Seer ok sas ee een es eae ee Ce ee eee (1) A. multicolor. 
aa. First radials not anchylosed; interradial processes very narrow, lower part of 
second radials meeting above them; larger part of the second radials and 

the axillaries widely separated laterally: 20-25 cirri of 45 joints. 
(2) A. versicolor. 
aaa. First radials appear as small interracial triangles with no distal process; sec- 
ond radials in apposition for entire lateral edge, but axillaries widely 


separated: 26-52 ccigescesae ee ee ee es eee ree (3) A. propinqua. 

aaaa. The radials have flange-like lateral processes, which are in apposition later- 
ally. 

»b. Lower brachials (and distichals when present) rounded, and widely sepa- 

nAtedeiromEbnoseron adjacent nay Susses eee eee ee (4) A. separata. 


bb. The first distichals have flange-like processes, and are in apposition laterally. 
c. Cirri short, with 30 short joints; the second or third (or both) pairs of pin- 
nules much elongated; first radials only just visible. 
(5) A. flavopurpurea. 
ce. Cirri long and slender, with 40 elongated joints; the proximal pinnules 
not elongated; first radials large and prominent......--- (6) <A. callista. 
C. Ten-armed species, in which the radials and lower brachials have flattened sides. 
[Basrcurva group. ] 
a. Pinnule ambulacra plated. 

b. The later cirrus joints have dorsal spines. 

c. First pinnule smaller than the second; cirri three-fourths length of arms, 


with 80 joints; dorsal surface of radials smooth -....----- (7) A. anthus.4@ 
cc. First pinnule nearly or quite as long as the second; cirri longer than the 
ATMS; swabheabout sell) Olnits| sees eee eee eee eee (8) A. macropoda.@ 


cece. First pinnule longer than the second. 
d. Over 60 cirrus joints. 

e. First pinnule much flattened exteriorly; cirri very slender, with about 
70 joints; radials and brachials strongly carinate; arms compressed, 
with prominent overlapping spimes-----=-:---.---.---- (9) A. hana. 

dd. 30 to 50 cirrus joints. 

e. First pinnule flattened on outer side; much larger and stouter than 

second. i 

f. Cirri in 15 vertical rows; radials and lower brachials thickly set with 
short‘spines -i.. 2:2. 222248 Sa.Mees seen eos eee ee (10) A. villosa.@ 

ff. Cirri in five well-separated double vertical rows; radials and lower 
brachials bordered with stout spines. ....---- (30) A. hawariensis. ® 


« Also a bidistichate species; see p. 129. 
b Also a tridistichate species. 


No, 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 129 


ee. First pinnule not flattened on outer side; cirri in 10 vertical rows. 
i, 20 curls calyxand arm, basesismoothi- 4... 2.5... =. = A. latipinna.@ 
jeoa0 cirri> calyxcand arm, basesispimy =-<-- =... ==--=- (11) A. pubescens. 
bb. Less than 30 cirrus joints, without dorsal spines. 
ce. Pinnules of eighth and following brachials have broad lower joints and 
strong plates covering the genital glands. 
d. Third and fourth joints of genital pinnules broad and nearly flat on the 
outer side, but the fifth joint smaller. 
e. First radials visible; arm bases smooth; 7-10 cirrus joints. 
(12) A. hepburniana. 
dd. Lower joints of genital pinnules uniformly expanded. 
e. First radials concealed; less than 20 cirrus joints. 
f. Calyx and arm bases rugose; first pinnule flagellate, with 40 or more 


JOUM Cpr Meets Cae eats me ote cies tet ek een sales (13) A. lata. 
ff. Rays separated laterally; radials scale-like, with a thin marginal 
flange; second radial hemispherical ...-....----- (14) A. scalaris. 


ce. Pinnules of tenth and following brachials have the lower joints as long as 
or longer than wide, with no extensive plating over the genital glands. 
d. Basals prominent; radials long, not carinate.....--- (15) A. garrettiana. » 
dd. Basals, first radials, and often more or less of the second radials con- 
cealed; cirri stout and rounded basally, slender and compressed 
GUS teal ge Bets eo ee rae eet ey os eteyerein is ee Reins eS oho ts (16) A. orion. 
aa. Pinnule ambulacra not plated. 

b. Three radials visible; stoutest pinnule on second brachial; 30-40 rather 
ClomeatecinbUSh] ON theta pace oe\sael cee Se sey across ct (17) A. minor. 

D. Bidistichate species with tne radial axillaries and some of the following joints 
more or less wall-sided, and a well-marked ambulacral skeleton on the pin- 
TAN OS pee ayers ae ee aye cross = ets rs rein Ss Ace RN Shines [SPINIFERA group ]. 

a. Over 30 cirrus joints, the later ones spiny. 

b. The first pinnule much smaller than the second; less than 20 cirri in five 
well-separated double rows; arms long and slender, with more than 100 
joints; cirri long and rather stout, with about 80 joints... --- (7) A. anthus. 

bb. The first pinnule about the same length as, or only slightly shorter than, the 
second; cirri longer than the arms, stout, with about 110 joints. 

(8) A. macropoda. 
bbb. The first pinnule as long as or longer than the second; cirri shorter than 
the arms. 
ce. Centro-dorsal conical or shortly columnar, with 5 double rows of cirrus 
sockets. 
d. 20 arms of sharply carinate joints. 
CaU-GORSIENGLETs GLUES] OllUS see eer amet enero 1. quinquecostata. @ 
Cem OVO OISCOUG CLLGU Sa] OUMtS ee era ase eee ee os a (18) <A. diadema. 
dd. 20 arms of rounded joints; radials not carinate; surface of radials and 
lower brachials smooth; first pinnule not much stouter than succeed- 
Oe 4 ONGUETUS] OlNTSa see aoe Sen ee spe Soe (19) A. aster. 
ddd. Less than 15 arms of rounded joints; radials not carinate; surface of 
radials and lower brachials covered with spines; first pinnule much 
larger and stouter than the succeeding; 50 cirrus joints. 
(10) A. villosa. 
dddd. Less than 15 arms of rounded joints, but radials strongly carinate; 30 
CLEEUS ONL S Mott Se nen eed Sree Aso (20) A. alboflava. 


“Inserted for comparison. 
» Also a bidistichate species; see p. 130. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——9 


130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


aa. Less than 25 cirrus joints, usually smooth. 
b. Centro-dorsal conical, the cirri in 5 radial clusters; cirri rather slender, with 
16 smooth joints; basals and first radials large and prominent. 

(15) A. garrettiana. 
bb. Centro-dorsal discoidal, the marginal cirri without definite arrangement; 
basals and first radials concealed; radials narrow, rounded or flattened; 

cirri stout and rounded basally, slender and compressed distally. 
(16) A. orion. 

E. Ten-armed species with no pinnule on the third brachial. 

qushirst,pinnule the longest=.. ss. = asses. a= ee aoe eee (21) A. ruber. 
aa. First two pinnules about equal, or the first slightly shorter than the second; 
long conical processes at the junctions of the two outer radials and first two 


lbrachials S222 Soe Ske Ste 0 Seen epee rs Pa pe eee ee (22) <A. diomedee. 
aaa. Second pinnule much elongated, the joints with serrate ends; radials and 
lower brachials smooth, not tubercular -.......-..-.-.---- (23) A. tigrina. 

F. Ten-armed species with the first pinnule the longest. 
a. About 30 smooth cirrus joints, the basal ones elongate......-- (24) A. bowersi. 


G. Bidistichate species with an unplated disk and no definite ambulacral skeleton; 
the sides of the lower brachials are scarcely, if at all, flattened; the first pinnule 
Smallenithaniits successonseeeeee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee [PALMATA group]. 

a. The third brachial has a pinnule. 
b. One post-radial axillary; the rays quite free laterally. 
ec. 40-45 cirrus joints; lateral flange-like processes on the radials and distichals. 
(20) A. abbott. 
bb. One post-radial axillary, the radials and distichals in close contact laterally. 
(26) A. stylifer. 
bbb. Two or more post-radial axillaries. 
c. Third pinnule larger than the second. 
d. Cirri not spiny. 


e. Cirri elongate, with 40 or more joints -..-.-....- (27) A. delicatissima. 
HH: Atsyzyoy inwhe:radialvasillary 92:05 2 see cosa see eee [ ELEGANS group]. 


a. Cirri very stout, the joints about as broad as long; there are no dorsal spines, 
but the penultimate joint bears a strong opposing spine; second radials vyisi- 
ble" (dlanmistinathe type) seeeee seer ease eee eee eee ee (28) A. rubroflava. 


1. ANTEDON MULTICOLOR, new species. 


Centro-dorsal a thick disk, bearing 15 cirri ina single marginal row; 
these are 20 mm. long with about 35 short joints, of which the sixth 
and seventh are squarish, the others wider than long; the joints over- 
lap somewhat and distally bear small dorsal spines. 

First radials completely anchylosed laterally, extending up in a 
tongue-like process in each interradial area to the disk, thus widely 
separating the second radials; second radials oblong, slightly over 
twice as wide as high; axillaries pentagonal, slightly less than twice 
as wide as high. Axillaries and second radials of each ray rounded 
and widely separated from those of adjacent rays; the lower part 
of the calyx bears a strong resemblance to that of Atelecrinus 
balanoides; bat the ‘‘ basal ring” in the case of Antedon multicolor 
is formed of the coalesced first radials, consequently there are only 
two radials above it, whereas in <Afelecrinus there are three. The 
articulation between the two outer radials in Antedon multicolor is 


ae te pe eh ed” ne Ml ni ll cl I A emer yt si ta lana 


n> ee ee ee ee ee a a ae 


No. 1561. NEW. UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. heal 


of such a character as to almost appear svzygial, and the two joints 
are entirely incapable of motion on one another; but the articulation 
between the first and second radials admits of «a very considerable 
dorso-ventral motion. Judging from Dr. P. H. Carpenter’s figure of 
Atelecrinus balanoides, a similar condition appears to occur in that 
species. Distichals two, resembling the two outer radials, but higher 
in proportion to their width; 20 arms 60 mm. in length with about 75 
brachials, quadrate proximally, becoming triangular, about as high as 
wide, about the tenth or eleventh. The longer edges of all the 
brachials are convex and bear a pinnule in the center. The second 
brachial is considerably swollen on the side bearing the pinnule. 
Syzygies occurs in the third brachial, again about the tenth or twelfth, 
and distally at intervals of 2, sometimes 3, joints. 

First pinnule short and very slender, flexible, with 19 joints, the 
first two enormously expanded, the remainder very small and squar- 
ish; second pinnule usually more than twice its length, stiff, stout, and 
rod-like, with 15-20 joints, the first two much expanded, the remainder 
elongate. The length of the second pinnule is very variable even in a 
single specimen; the second pinnule on one arm may be half as long 
again as that on another, or one of the second pair may be much longer 
and stouter than its fellow; however, the second pinnule is always 
much longer than the first, and always stiff and spine-like, while the 
first is weak and flexible. The third pinnule is usually considerably 
smaller than the second, though similar in character, and from then 
on the length gradually diminishes to the seventh or eighth, after 
which they remain very uniform to the ends of the arms. The 
enlargement of the two lower joints, which is greatly exaggerated on 
the first pinnule, is much less marked on the second, still less on the 
third, and hardly noticeable after the fourth. 

The color in life is usually a delicate light grayish purple, or lavender, 
with narrow bands of dull yellow on the arms; one specimen, however, 
is pure white, the arms crossed by a broad, deep purple band near the 
middle and another near the tip. The cirriare light lavender, usually 
with a narrow band of yellow about the end of each joint. 

This small group, of which A. mu/ticolor is the type, illustrates better 
than any other with which I am acquainted in life the utter worthless- 
ness of color as a specific character among many of the unstalked 
crinoids. All but one of my specimens were lavender, narrowly banded 
with dull yellow; this is the color of all my examples of A. flavopur- 
purea except three, which are a beautiful orange yellow, becoming 
bright orange on the rays and centro-dorsal; it is also the color of 
A. delicatissima of the Palimata group, most closely related to A. 
bimaculata Carpenter, which is dark purple up to the last axillary, then 
white; but this last type of coloration also oceurs in A. manca (=A. 
disciformis= A. clarz), a species widely different from A. b/maculata 


32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


and usually dull white, spotted more or less thickly with grayish or 
reddish purple, resembling some color phases of A. diomedex. One 
specimen of A. multicolor is white, with purple bands, almost exactly 
like the type of A. callista. A. « ersicolor, which is most nearly allied 
to A. multicolor, is reddish brown, resembling species of the A. palmata 
group, but quite different from any known form of coloration in its 
own group. A. propingua, also, which is reddish brown marbled with 
white, is quite different from any others in the group. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22619, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4894; 
32° 33’ 00” north latitude, 128° 32’ 10” east longitude (Kastern Sea); 
95 fathoms; August 9, 1906. 


2. ANTEDON VERSICOLOR, new species. 


Centro-dorsal a low disk, bearing 20-25 marginal cirri; these are 
moderately stout, 23 mm. long, composed of 45 short, squarish joints, 
overlapping somewhat, and bearing spines distally. 

First radials visible as triangles in the interradial areas, the distal 
apices much produced; the sutures between the first radials are dis- 
tinetly visible; second radials oblong, between three and four times as 
wide as high, bluntly carinate, in apposition basally, free distally; 
axillaries widely pentagonal, twice as wide as high, bluntly carinate 
in their posterior half, widely separated; distichals like the two outer 
radials, but rather higher in proportion. Twenty arms 90 mm. long 
with 130 brachials, the first 5 irregularly oblong, then quadrate to the 
twelfth, after which they become triangular, about as high as wide, 
the long outer side convex and bearing the pinnule at its distal apex; 
brachials strongly overlapping, slightly compressed and slightly cari- 
nate; first syzygy in the third brachial, another about the eighteenth, 
and others distally at intervals of one, two, or three joints. 

First pinnule about 7 mm. long, slender, delicate, and flexible, with 
30 joints, the first enormously expanded, the second very broad and 
trapezoidal, the others very small and square; second pinnule 10 mm. 
long, stiff and spinelike, with 25 joints, the first two much enlarged, 
the remainder elongated; third pinnule 13 mm. long, resembling the 
second, but with the joints more elongate; fourth similar, but slightly 
shorter; the following pinnules decrease in length to about the ninth, 
which is 7 mm. long with 15 joints, the first two broad, the others 
elongated, after which there is a slight increase in length distally; the 
distal expansion of the first joint is marked on all the pinnules, but 
less so distally; on most of the pinnules after the fifth it rises into a 
low tubercle. 

Color in life rich, deep purplish brown, the basal portion of the 
arms with a row of lateral yellow spots; rays yellow, transversely 
banded with purplish brown; cirri purplish brown, with the distal 
half yellow; disk purplish brown, marbled with yellow in the inter- 
ambulacral areas. 


No, 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. oo 


Type.—Cat. No. 22620, U.S.N.M.; from Adbatross station No. 4884; 
32° 32’ 00” north latitude, 129° 30’ 45” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
58 fathoms; August 8, 1906. 


3. ANTEDON PROPINQUA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal, bearing 25 marginal cirri in two alternate 
rows; cirri 25 mm. long, moderately slender, with 45 joints, the basal 
half of which are rather longer than wide, the distal half bearing 
strong dorsal spines. 

First radials visible as a low interradial triangle with no apparent 
median suture; second radials low and wide, their lateral edges pro- 
duced into flangelike marginal processes which meet those of the 
adjacent second radials, so that the second radials are all in apposition 
for their entire length; axillaries pentagonal, with the lateral edges 
produced, but entirely free; the two distichals resemble the two distal 
radials, but their sides are rounded without lateral processes, and 
they are proportionately higher. Twenty arms, 70 mm. long, with 
about 120 joints, of which the basal 3 are roughly oblong, then 
quadrate to the tenth or eleventh, then triangular, about as long as 
wide; the long sides of all are convex, bearing the pinnule at the 
distal apex. 

The first pinnule is very small, delicate, and flexible, with 20 joints, 
the first enormously enlarged, the second less than half as large, the 
remainder very small and squarish; the second pinnule is much longer 
and stouter, stiff and rod-like, with about 15 joints, the first short and 
broad, the second squarish, the remainder much elongated; the third 
pinnule is even longer and stiffer, after which the pinnules gradually 
decrease to about the eighth, then increase very slightly distally. 

Color in life reddish and purplish brown marbled with light yellow, 
the dark and the light in about equal proportions; rays and lower 
brachials purple, with a medium line of white; two or three areas of 
white with purple spots distally on the arms. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22621, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4895; 
32° 33’ 10” north latitude, 128° 32’ 10” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 95 
fathoms; August 9, 1906. 


4. ANTEDON SEPARATA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal rounded-discoidal, bearing about 15 cirri in two irreg- 
ular rows; these are 15 mm. long, with 35 joints, of which about one- 
half are slightly longer than wide and the distal two-thirds bear dorsal 
spines. 

First radials narrow and band-like; second radials short, oblong; 
axillaries low and wide, pentagonal; the two last usually have the lat- 
eral edges more or less produced and flangelike and in apposition. 


134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Seven of the specimens have 10 arms only, two have 11, and one bas 
12; arms 55 mm. long, with 85 brachials, the first 5 quadrate, then 
triangular about as long as wide, becoming quadrate and elongate 
distally; the long sides of the joints are convex, and bear the pinnules 
in the distal angles. 

First pinnule small, slender, and delicate, the first two joints greatly 
enlarged, the others small and squarish; second pinnule much longer 
with elongated joints, the pinnules from then on remaining very 
uniform to the end of the arm, the second and third being only very 
slightly or not at all longer than the succeeding. 

Color in life bright yellow, banded with purple; lower brachials _ 
purple; cirvi deep purple, or purple banded with white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22622, U.S.N.M.; from Aldatross station, No. 4893; 
32° 32’ 00” north latitude, 128° 32’ 50” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
106 fathoms; August 9, 1906. 


5. ANTEDON FLAVOPURPUREA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal low-hemispherical, the pole somewhat flattened, bear- 
ing about 20 marginal cirri in two irregular rows; the cirri are 15 mm, 
long and have 30 rather stout joints, the first 10 slightly longer than 
wide, the others short; all the joints are slightly compressed and have 
expanded and overlapping distal edges, and the distal two-thirds are 
provided with a dorsal spine, which becomes more prominent toward 
the tip; penultimate joint and terminal claw rather small. 

First radials just visible, not produced anteriorly; second radials 
oblong, terminating laterally in a tubercle, and furnished with a strong 
median keel; axillary triangular, about twice as wide as high, with a 
median tubercle just forward of the center, continued backward in a 
keel, corresponding with the keel on the second radial; surface of 
second radial and axillary rough, and furnished with a few small blunt 
tubercles. Two articulated distichals, the first irregularly oblong, 
slightly raised in the center, furnished exteriorly with a broad lateral 
flange, the axillary triangular, a low tubercle on its lower margin. 
Usually 20 arms of about 120 joints, the first 5 irregularly oblong, 
then triangular to about the middle of the arm, about as high as wide, 
then becoming quadrate; all the brachials have overlapping edges, the 
lower ones furnished with a row of fine sharp teeth. A syzygy in the 
third brachial, another about the fourteenth, and others at intervals 
of about 4 joints. 

The first pinnule is small, slender, and delicate, 4 mm. long, with 15 
joints, the first 2 disproportionately large, the others longer than 
wide; second pinnule 6 mm. long, with 15 joints, the first 2 enlarged, 
the rest elongate; the third pinnule is 7 mm. long and resembles the 
second. The following pinnules decrease gradually in length to the 
seventh or eighth, which are 4.5 mm. long, with about 10 joints, then 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 135 


gradually increase distally, where they are 6 or 7mm. long, with 12-15 
joints. The pinnules from about the tenth to the twenty-fourth brach- 
ials have the first 5 or 6 joints somewhat, though not greatly, expanded. 

Color in life, lavender, the arms crossed by bands of dull yellow; 
cirri yellow; lower pinnules yellow, banded at the junction of alter- 
nate joints with purple. Other specimens are similar, but the rays 
and centro-dorsal orange, the cirri purple. Another type of coloration 
is: rays and centro-dorsal orange, the arms clear yellow, sometimes 
faintly blotched with light purple; cirri deep purple, banded with 
white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22623, U.S.N.M.; from Adbatross station, No. 4935; 
30° 57’ 20" north latitude, 130° 35’ 10” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


6. ANTEDON CALLISTA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal short-columnar, bearing about 30 cirri in two rows; 
these are 23 mm. long, slender, with about 40 joints, most of which 
are longer than wide, the lower ones very much so: the distal two- 
thirds bear dorsal spines. 

First radials comparatively large from one-half to nearly the whole 
height of the second radials in the median line, not produced interra- 
dially, in apposition all around, the sutures almost obsolete; second 
radials low and wide, about four times as broad as long, roughly 
oblong, the edges in apposition laterally; axillaries triangular or low 
pentagonal, about twice as wide as high; radials and axillaries bluntly 
carinate; distichals (when present) 2, like the two outer radials, but 
the first distichal has a broad lateral flange on its outer side. Fifteen 
arms 70 mm. long, the first two brachials oblong, then quadrate to the 
eighth, then triangular, about as long as wide; the brachials in the 
proximal half of the arm are somewhat tubercular; syzygies in the 
third brachial, the eighth to twelfth (usually the eighth), and distally 
at intervals of 2 or 3 joints. 

First pinnule 5 mm. long, very slender and delicate, the first two 
joints greatly expanded, the remainder short and squarish; second pin- 
nule 6 or 7mm. long, with 20 joints, the first expanded, the next two 
short, the remainder elongated. The following pinnules decrease very 
slightly in length as far as the basal third of the arm, then increase 
very slightly distally. The expansion of the proximal pinnule joints 
is not marked after the first three. 

Color in life, white, a broad band of deep purple in the basal third 
of the arm, and two or three narrower bands distally. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22624, U.S.N.M.; from Aldatross station, No. 4903; 
32° 31’ 10” north latitude, 128° 33’ 20” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
139-107 fathoms; August 10, 1906. 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSE UM. VOL, XXXIII. 


7. ANTEDON ANTHUS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal long and columnar, terminating in a truncated cone 
with a shallow central crater having a coarsely papillose border and 
5 low interradial ridges. The cirri are very regularly arranged in 10 
vertical rows, usually of 2 each; the vertical rows are in pairs, each 
pair separated from its neighbors by a broad vertical line or shallow 
groove, radial in position. The cirri are 20 in number, 60 mm. long, 
with 80 joints of fairly uniform width, but becoming rather narrower 
distally. The first 6 or 7 joints bear dorsal spines; the following 
joints are smooth up to about the twentieth, where spines begin again 
to develop, becoming prominent distally The first 7 or 8 joints are 
wider than long, then squarish or slightly longer than wide to about 
the twentieth, then gradually becoming shorter distally. 

The ends of the basal rays are just visible as small tubercles at the 
base of the upper pair of cirri in each interradial area. The radials 
resemble those of Antedon longicirra, but the axillaries are shorter. 
The radials and first brachials are rounded, but not very convex, 
and there is no central tubercle as described in A. longieirra nor 
median keel as in A. macropoda. The first 7 brachials are short 
and oblong, the following triangular, wider than high, after the for- 
tieth becoming compressed and carinate and developing a forward 
projecting dorsal spine. The radials and first 10 brachials have 
flattened sides. Distichals 2, like the 2 outer radials. A syzygy in 
the third (in one case the fourth) brachial, again in the eighth—four- 
teenth, and distally at intervals of 2-5 (usually 2) joints. The arms 
are 13 in number, 80 mm. long. 

First pinnule comparatively short, with 9 joints, stout basally, 
tapering toa point. Second pinnule more than half as long again, 
with 12 joints; third pinnule about the same, or slightly shorter; the 
next 2 or 3 are very slightly shorter, the length then increasing dis- 
tally. All the pinnules are flattened on their outer sides, with their 
distal edges sharply carinate. 

Color in life, dull brownish yellow, the cirri almost white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22625, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4936; 
30° 54’ 40” north latitude, 130° 37’ 30” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


8. ANTEDON MACROPODA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal columnar, the terminal portion conical, ending in a 
rosette of 5 tubercles, radially situated. Cirri about 15 in number, 
somewhat longer than the arms, 100mm. in length, situated in 10 rows 
very close together, not separated off into pairs, as in Antedon 
anthus, one, sometimes two, in each row; cirri with 100-120 joints, 
those in the proximal half but slightly, if any, longer than wide, those 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. LBe 


in the distal half short; the cirri are broadest in the distal third; ter- 
minal claw very small; there are no dorsal spines on the proximal 
joints, and the distal dorsal spines are not so prominent as in 
A. anthus. 

Basals visible as a more or less prominent interradial tubercle. 

First radials short; second radials rather large; axillaries triangular 
or pentagonal, rather low; the radials are carinate, usually rather 
strongly; distichals (when present) 2, resembling the two outer radials, 
but rather higher in proportion to their width. Ten to twelve arms, 
95 mm. long, of more than 100 joints, at first oblong, rather short, 
becoming triangular, wider than long after about the ninth, and about 
the middle of the arm becoming laterally compressed and developing 
strong forward-projecting median spines. The last four or five joints 
are very short, high, and compressed, bear no pinnules, and are strongly 
curved inward, giving the appearance of the arm having been broken 
off at the tip, as the distal pinnules exceed the arm joints by 3 or 4mm. 
A syzygy in the third brachial, another in the ninth-eleventh, and 
others distally at intervals of 4 or 5 joints. 

The pinnules are styliform and very stiff, like those of A. anthus; 
the first pinnule consists of 13 joints, and is only slightly, when at all, 
shorter than the second, which consists of 10. The remaining pinnules 
are very uniform in length, and have about 15 joints; all are strongly 
carinate. 

Color in life light brownish-yellow, cirri white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22626, U.S.N.M.; from Addatross station No. 4935; 
30° 57’ 20” north latitude, 130° 35’ 10” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


g9. ANTEDON HANA,¥/@ new species. 


Centro-dorsal small, hemispherical, divided by 5 interradial lines 
into trapezoidal areas, each with 2 rows of cirri of 2 each, making 20 
inall. Cirri 45 mm. long, slender and much compressed, with 65-75 
short joints, basally sightly longer than wide, becoming wider than 
long after about the twenty-fifth, the joints distally developing sharp 
dorsal spines. 

First radials crescentic, very narrow, with a fringe of teeth along 
the superior border; second radials narrow, very deeply incised by the 
axillaries, and furnished with teeth along their entire edge; axillaries 
slightly wider than long, with a high median keel in the posterior half. 
Ten arms, 60 mm. long, with about 100 joints, the first 8 roughly 
oblong with strong lateral processes and a blunt median keel, overlap- 
ping in a short spine anteriorly, the succeeding joints quadrate, much 
compressed, with a sharp median keel and long overlapping spine. 


«From the Japanese word hana, signifying flower. 


\ 


138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


First pinnule the longest, about 5 mm. long with 8-10 stout squarish 
joints, the first much expanded; following pinnules decrease in length 
to the fifth, after which they gradually increase distally, becoming 
much more slender, reaching a length of 8 mm. with 15-18 joints. 
The radials, first 3 or 4 brachials (including the first two pinnules), are 
flattened laterally. 

Color in life bright yellow, sometimes banded with white; cirri 
white, with a few narrow bands of yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22632, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4908; 
32° 31’ 10” north latitude, 128° 33’ 20” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
139-107 fathoms; August 10, 1906. 


10. ANTEDON VILLOSA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal bluntly conical, the cirri arranged in 15 vertical rows, 
3 in each interradius, 2 or 3 cirri in each row, making 40-45 in all; 
the cirri about the basal part of the centro-dorsal are 83 mm. long 
with 50 joints, the fourth-eleventh longer than wide, the remainder 
rather short; all but the basal 6 or 7 bear dorsal spines, which become 
more prominent distally; the apical cirri are usually somewhat shorter 
and stouter, with 30-40 joints; the bare apical portion of the centro- 
dorsal has 5 interradial ridges, and is thickly covered with fine hair-like 
spines. 

The basals are visible as small tubercles at the angles of the calyx; 
first radials just visible, very narrow and crescentic; second radials 
short, about three times as wide as high; axillaries widely pentagonal, 
and wider than high. Ten (in one example eleven, bidistichate) arms 
95 mm. long, with 90-110 joints, the first 10 oblong, then quadrate, 
becoming more elongate distally; a syzygy in the third brachial, 
another about the sixteenth or eighteenth, and others distally at inter- 
vals of 4-8 joints. 

First pinnule 10 mm. long, very stout, with 20 short joints, tapering 
gradually from the base to the tip, and flattened on the outer side; 
second pinnule 7 mm. long, with 15 joints, much more slender than the 
first; the following pinnules about 6 mm. long, with 13 or 14 joints; 
distal pinnules 14 mm. long, stout, carinate, with about 22 joints, the 
basal half of which are squarish, the rest elongate; pinnule ambulacre 
plated. The radials and 4 or 5 lower brachials are thickly set with 
fine hair-like spines; pinnule joints strongly overlapping and with the 
distal edges set with spines; arm joints with both the proximal and 
distal edges turned outward and furnished with spines. 

Color in life bright yellow, the centro-dorsal, radials, and lower 
4 or 5 brachials dark greenish; cirri yellow. 

Type.-—Cat. No. 22630, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4780; 
52° O1' 00” north latitude, 174° 39’ 00” east longitude (western Bering 
Sea); 1,046 fathoms; June 7, 1906. 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 139 


11. ANTEDON PUBESCENS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal rather small, bluntly conical, with 10 vertical rows of 
cirrus sockets, usually 3 in a row; cirri 25 to 30 in number, slender, 
30 mm. long, with 50 to 55 joints, the basal 10 or 12 longer than wide, 
distally developing rather low dorsal spines. 

Basals and first radials just visible in the angles of the calyx, the 
former as small tubercles; second radials short and band-like, sharply 
carinate, with raised and serrate edges; axillaries low and wide, a 
sharp keel in the posterior half. Ten arms, 80 mm. long, the first 6 
or 7 brachials oblong, the rest quadrate, becoming elongate distally; 
syzygies in the third brachials, again about the fourteenth, and distally 
at intervals of 2, 3, or 4 joints. 

First pinnule 7 mm. long, with 21 or more short joints, the basal 4 
or 5 of which are produced dorsally into a broad thin keel; all the 
joints have their edges armed with bunches of very fine spines; second 
pinnule 5 mm. long, with 16 joints, the basal 3 or 4 of which have a 
thin dorsal keel which, however, is not nearly so wide as that on the 
first pinnule; the first and second pinnules are somewhat flattened 
laterally; the three following pinnules are in general similar to the 
second, but more slender; the next 3 or 4 pairs have the third to 
sixth joints laterally expanded, covering the genital glands, after which 
the pinnules become slender and more elongated, reaching a leneth 
of 8 mm. with 15 joints. 

The radials and lower brachials are covered with numerous and 
thick-set very fine spines, which become less apparent after about 
the tenth brachial, after which the joints develop an overlapping 
border of very fine teeth, and longitudinal striations, which last, on 
the distal brachials, become more pronounced, and break up on the 
outer portion of the joints into numerous fine spines. 

Color in life, light yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22631, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4919; 
30° 34’ 00" north latitude, 129° 19’ 30” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
440 fathoms; August 13, 1906. 


12, ANTEDON HEPBURNIANA,/ new species. 


Centro-dorsal low-hemispherical with a rough dorsal pole, but 
without interradial processes, bearing about 10 marginal cirri; these 
are 7 mm. long, usually ina single row, and consist of about 10 stout 
joints which do not develop a dorsal spine. 

Basals visible as interradial tubercles. 

First radials short and band-like, with curved borders, the lateral 
edges raised into a blunt tubercle; second radials longer, about four 


“J take great pleasure in dedicating this species to Lieut. Arthur J. Hepburn, 
U.S. N., to whom is largely due the success attending the recent cruise of the 
Albatross in the north Pacific. 


140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


times as wide as high, and bluntly carinate; axillaries low and wide, 
about three times as wide as high, with a blunt median keel; the 
radials and first 4 or 5 brachials have wall-like sides. Ten arms, 45 
mm. long, the first brachials oblong with a blunt median keel, becom- 
ing quadrate after the fifth, and more elongate toward the end of the 
arms; a syzygy in the third brachial, another about the tenth, and 
distally at intervals of 3 or 4 joints. 

First pinnule 2.5mm. long, with 10 to 13 short joints, the first 4 or 5 
considerably wider than the others; the pinnule on the third brachial 
is similar, but slightly shorter, with the basal joints not so much 
enlarged; the second pinnule (fourth brachial) is 2 mm. long, with 6 
joints, of which the third and fourth are laterally greatly expanded; 
the next 5 pinnules are similar, with 6 or 7 joints, and usually the 
third and fourth, sometimes the third, fourth, and fifth, greatly 
expanded laterally; distally the pinnules become uniformly tapering 
and slender, reaching 3.5 mm. in length, with about a dozen joints 
but little longer than wide. 

Color in life, bright yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22635, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4890; 
32° 26’ 30” north latitude, 128° 36’ 30” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
135 fathoms; August 9, 1906. 

This species is related to Antedon ineisa Carpenter, but differs 
markedly in the character of the pinnules and cirri, and in the 
arrangement of the latter on the centro-dorsal. 


13. ANTEDON LATA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal a thick disk, bearing about 20 robust cirri in two 
marginal rows; the cirri are 21 mm. long and have 15 short and stout 
joints, of which the sixth and seventh are the longest, and are slightly 
longer than wide; the distal joints do not bear spines, but overlap 
somewhat dorsally. 

First radials concealed; second radials and axillaries short and wide, 
the edges crenulate, a large blunt tubercle occupying the center of 
each, with several other smaller blunt tubercles about the edges; the 
radials and first 5 or 6 brachials are wall-sided and in close apposition. 
Ten arms, 115 mm. in length, the first two brachials very irregularly 
oblong with large median tubercles and crenulated edges; the third 
brachial is more regularly oblong, the hypozygal with a row of 4 or 5 
small blunt tubercles; the following 7 brachials are irregularly quad- 
rate, their surfaces uneven, but not tubercular; after the tenth the 
brachials become triangular, slightly wider than high, the edges over- 
lapping somewhat, this condition becoming more prominent distally, 
where the joints become again quadrate; syzygies in the third bra- 
chials, again about the twelfth, and distally at intervals of 7 to 10 
joints. 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 141 


The first pinnules are 10 mm. long, comparatively slender, with 
about 40 short joints, the basal 8 or 10 flattened exteriorly and rather 
broad; the pinnule tapers rather gradually from the base to the tip; 
the second pinnule is much shorter than the first and has about 28 
joints, of which the proximal 8 or 9 are much expanded laterally; the 
third pinnule like the second, but somewhat shorter, the 6 basal joints 
even more expanded, reaching a maximum on the third or fourth, 
then tapering toward the tip; following pinnules to the fiftieth bra- 
chial similar, but the number of joints increasing from 12 on the 
fourth pinnule (eighth brachial) to 20 on the pinnule on the fiftieth 
brachial; as the great lateral expansion is always confined to the first 
6 joints (reaching a maximum on the third or fourth, then gradually 
decreasing to the sixth, which, distally, is of normal diameter) it 
necessarily follows that the expanded joints covering the genital 
glands progressively occupy less and less of the pinnule; while in the 
lower they take up most of its length? in that on the fiftieth brachial 
they occupy barely the proximal third; distally the pinnules are 11 
mm. long, slender, with about 20 elongated joints. The ambulacra 
are well plated. 

Color in life, yellowish brown. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22628, U.S.N.M.; from A/batross station No. 4918; 
30° 22’ 00” north latitude, 129° 08’ 30” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
361 fathoms; August 13, 1906. 


14. ANTEDON SCALARIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal short-columnar, terminating in a stellate figure with 
rounded angles and elevated center, bearing about its edges numerous 
small knoblike tubercles, one at the base of each of the apical cirri. 
Cirri stout, 20 mm. long, with 15 joints, about 20 in number, irregu- 
larly situated in two or three rows, with all of the joints longer than 
wide, not bearing dorsal spines. 

First radials concealed; second radials hemispherical, the curved side 
down; axillary with the proximal border well rounded, almost a 
semicircle; the last two joints have their lateral and posterior borders 
produced into a thin flange; on one of the rays in the type there is a 
fourth radial, a little more than half the size of the second, interpo- 
lated between the second radial and the axillary. Ten arms 110 mm. 
long, the first two brachials short, their lateral edges produced, the 
following to the eighth irregularly quadrate, then triangular, as long 
or rather longer than wide, becoming quadrate at the tips of the arms; 
asyzygy in the third brachial, another in the eighth—eleventh, and dis- 
tally at intervals of 2 or 3 joints. 

First pinnule 7 mm. long, slender, tapering, and almost flagellate, 
with 22 squarish joints; second pinnule shorter with 15 joints, the first 
7 short and broad, the others very small; following pinnules to the 


142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


eighth or ninth with 10 joints, of which the third-seventh are bluntly 
keeled and much expanded dorso-ventrally, and bear a large genital 
gland, protected with large plates; the terminal joints of these pin- 
nules are minute, the basal not especially stout; the terminal pinnules 
are 10 mm. long, with 15 moderately elongated joints, the ambulacra 
well plated. 

Color in life yellowish brown. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22629, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 
4918; 30° 22’ 00” north latitude, 129° 08’ 30” east longitude (Eastern 
Sea); 361 fathoms; August 13, 1906. 


15. ANTEDON GARRETTIANA,¢@ new species. 


Centro-dorsal subconical, bearing about 15 closely set cirri, roughly 
divisible into 5 radial clusters, indicated by slight dorsal prolongations 
of the basals; cirri 20 mm. long, with 16 joints, all somewhat longer 
than wide, sharply carinate dorsally, but without dorsal spines. 

Basals prominent, appearing as tubercles between (and below) the 
first radials. 

First radials short, smooth, with a strong, rounded dorsal keel; 
second radials much longer, between two and three times as wide as 
high, also with a strong rounded median keel; axillaries widely pen- 
tagonal, about twice as wide as high, with a rounded keel extending 
from the base to the apex of the pentagon; radials and first 3 brachials 
in close contact all around, and with sharply flattened sides. Eleven 
arms, 65 mm. long, bidistichate; first 9 brachials discoidal, the first with 
a strong rounded keel, which soon becomes inconspicuous and disap- 
pears altogether on the eighth; succeeding brachials quadrate, becom- 
ing elongate toward the end of the arms; asyzygy in the third brachial, 
another about the thirteenth, and distally at intervals of 6-10 joints. 

First pinnule slightly the longest, 6 mm. long, with 20 nearly square 
joints, the first but little wider than the others, which taper regularly 
to a point; the following pinnules gradually decrease in length to about 
the seventeenth brachial, which has a very short pinnule, then increase 
again distally, where the pinnules are 6 mm. long, moderately slender, 
with 15 joints. 

Color in life, dull yellowish white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22633, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4894; 
32° 33’ 00" north latitude, 128° 32’ 10” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
95 fathoms; August 9, 1906. 

This species comes nearest to A. aculeata Carpenter, from which, 
however, it is readily distinguished by the presence of prominent 
basals, the much greater proportionate length of the radials, and the 
obsolete and faintly indicated carination of the lower brachials. 


«For the late Lieut.-Commander Leroy M. Garrett, U. 8. N., the commanding 
officer of the Albatross during the recent cruise. 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 143 


16. ANTEDON ORION, new species. 


Centro-dorsal a thick disk, bearing 9-25 (usually about 12-15) 
smooth cirri, irregularly disposed in one or two rows about the mar- 
gin. The cirri are 20 mm. long, with 15-25 joints, the distal bearing 
low spines. The cirri are of peculiar shape; the first 5-7 joints are 
large and stout, rounded, the first 3 very short and wide, the others 
longer than wide; the remaining joints are conspicuously less in diam- 
eter, compressed, and short; moreover, the stout basal joints are dull 
greenish in color, and have a dull surface; the slender distal joints are 
light yellow in color, with a highly polished surface; the transition 
takes place on a joint shaped like a truncated cone, the distal portion 
encircled by a raised and highly polished collar; this joint is usually 
darker in color than those preceding it, and, like them, has a dull 
surface, except for the terminal collar. In most cases it is very 
conspicuous. 

The disk is moderately but sometimes rather scantily plated; the 
ambulacra are always well plated. 

First radials usually concealed; second radials short and bandlike, 
bluntly carinate, the edges rough; axillaries triangular or widely pen- 
tagonal, always much wider than high, the surface rugose. Distichals 
two, the first very short, the axillary about as wide as high, almost 
triangular. Ten to eighteen arms, 140 mm. long; first brachials very 
short and bandlike; the succeeding brachials to the tenth or twelfth 
irregularly oblong or slightly quadrate, short, and slightly tubercu- 
lar; following brachials more distinctly quadrate, soon becoming tri- 
angular, the distal edges abruptly turned outward, this condition 
becoming marked after the tenth, at which point projections in the 
produced distal edge on alternate sides of the arm begin to appear, 
which distally draw nearer and nearer in the median line, resulting, 
after the thirtieth brachial, in a strong median carination, produced 
distally into overlapping spines, resembling those in Antedon quingue- 
costata, after the thirtieth brachial, too, the arms, which heretofore 
have been rounded dorsally, become laterally compressed, the diameter 
decreasing rather suddenly and the arms becoming narrow. 

First pinnule the longest, 6.5 mm. long, with 15 short squarish 
joints, somewhat flattened on the outer side, the basal stout, the distal 
tapering gradually; second pinnule like the first, but slightly shorter; 
following pinnules decreasing in length to about the sixth, which is 
4mm. long, with 9 joints, all rather broad except the last two; distally 
the length increases gradually to 7 or 8 mm., with 18 squarish joints, 
tapering gradually from the base. All the pinnules are strongly 
carinate. 

Color in life bright yellow, usually banded rather narrowly with 
white; cirri dull greenish basally, light yellow distally, the colors 


144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


separated by a darker band. Some specimens, more often the larger 
ones, are grayish, the distal portion of the arms bright yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22627, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4934; 
30° 58’ 30” north latitude, 130° 32’ 00’.east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
152-103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


17, ANTEDON MINOR, new species. 


Centro-dorsal conical, rather long, with 30-40 cirri 15 mm. long 
with 40-45 joints, the basal half of which are longer than wide, the 
terminal third with a very slight dorsal spine. 

The pinnule ambulacra are not plated. 

Three radials visible; the first crescentic and furnished with several 
large blunt teeth in the middle of the distal edge; the second wide, 
low, irregularly oblong, furnished laterally with several large blunt 
teeth, often interlocking with those on the neighboring brachials, and 
a row of large blunt teeth on the distal edge; axillaries high, produced 
anteriorly into a sharp angle. Ten arms 50 mm. long; first brachial 
irregular in shape with a much longer outer than inner edge, and 
incised by the backward projection of the second brachial, which is 
irregularly quadrate; third to fifth brachials oblong; following 
brachials quadrate, about as wide as high, becoming elongate later. 

First pinnule with 8 or 10 elongated joints, considerably longer and 
stouter than its successors, which decrease in length to about the fifth, 
then gradually increase distally, where they are about 6 mm. long with 
12 joints, the first 2 expanded and trapezoidal, the others elongated 
and slender. 

Color in life light yellow. 

Type.—Cat, No. 22638 U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 4965; 
33° 35/ 20” north latitude, 135° 10’ 50” east. longitude (off southern 
Japan); 191 fathoms; August 28, 1906. 

This species is nearest to Antedon pusilla Carpenter, but it differs 
in the much more numerous cirri, which are longer and more slender 
with a much greater number of joints, in the character of the centro- 
dorsal, which is conical and usually rather long instead of low-hemi- 
_ spherical, and in the aspect of the radials, which are markedly longer. 


18. ANTEDON DIADEMA, new species, 


Centro-dorsal long and columnar, the tip conical, bearing about 20 
slender cirri in 10 rows of 2 each, those of one row alternating in posi- 
tion with those of the adjacent rows; cirri 25 mm. long with 50-55 
joints, the basal half elongate, the distal short with prominent dorsal 
spines. 

Basals just visible as small interradial tubercles. 

Radials rather long, the first and second about the same size, the 
axillary widely pentagonal, broader than high, the axillary and second 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 145 


radial with a high and sharp median keel; distichals two, like the two 
outer radials, and with a prominent keel; 11 to 18 arms, 80 mm. long 
(only one-fifth longer than the cirri), the first 8 brachials oblong, 
rather long, then becoming quadrate; all the brachials are strongly 
‘arinate and compressed, the arms becoming very narrow after the 
basal third, where the brachials begin to develop overlapping dorsal 
spines. 

First pinnule considerably the largest, with 8 or 10 elongated joints; 
the following pinnules decrease in length to the fifth or sixth, then 
increase again slowly distally. 

Color in life bright yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22637, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 4934; 
30° 58’ 80” north latitude, 130° 32’ 00” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 152-103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


19. ANTEDON ASTER, new species. 


This species is nearest to Antedon quinquecostata Carpenter (=A. 
conifera Hartlaub), of which I have 7 Japanese examples for compari- 
son; but the cirri are shorter and proportionately stouter, with 35-40 
joints, the radials and brachials are rounded and not compressed, the 
former with their edges armed with fine teeth, the distal brachials 
strongly overlapping, the distal half as well as the distal edge of each 
joint beset with numerous fine teeth. 

Color in life bright yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22636, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 5088; 
35° 11’ 25” north latitude, 139° 28’ 20’ east longitude (Sagami Bay, 
southern Japan); 369-405 fathoms; October 25, 1906. 


20. ANTEDON ALBOFLAVA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical or bluntly conical, bearing about 15 
cirri; cirri 20 mm. long with 30 short joints, only a very few of which 
are longer than wide, the sixth and following with sharp dorsal spines. 

First radials visible as paired interradial tubercles, sometimes as 
avery narrow band below the second radials; second radials short, 
deeply incised by the axillaries, strongly carinate; axillaries over twice 
as wide as high, with a pronounced median keel. Thirteen to 15 arms, 
65 mm. long, of about 110 joints; first 8 or 9 brachials oblong, then 
triangular, about as long as wide, the distal brachials overlapping; a 
pronounced median keel on the first two brachials; distichals two, 
resembling the two outer radials and, like them, strongly carinate. 

First pinnule 6 mm. long with 12 squarish joints, flattened exteriorly; 
following pinnules successively shorter to the fifth or sixth, which is 
3 mm. long with 7 short joints, then becoming gradually longer again 
distally, where the pinnules are 8 mm. long with 17 or 18 rather short 
joints. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——10* 


~ 
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Color in life light yellow, banded with white; cirri white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22634, U.S.N.M.; from Aldatross station, No. 4936; 
30° 54’ 40” north latitude, 130° 87’ 30” east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


21. ANTEDON RUBER, new species. 


Centro-dorsal low, bearing about 30 cirri in 15 vertical rows; cirri 
11 mm. long with about 30 joints, the first 8 longer than wide, the 
others short, sharply carinate distally, but without distinct dorsal 
spines. 

First radials narrow and crescentic, in apposition laterally; second 
radials about twice as wide as high, oblong; axillaries pentagonal, 
nearly as high as wide. Ten arms 35 mm. long, the first five brachials 
nearly oblong, then quadrate, becoming elongated toward the ends of 
the arms; syzygies in the third, and seventh-tenth brachials, and 
about every other joint distally. 

First pinnule on second brachial, 4 mm. long, with 12 joints, the 
distal ends raised and serrate or spinous; the third brachial has no pin- 
nule, the second, third, and fourth pinnules are of the same character 
as the first, but gradually decrease in length; distal pinnules 6 mm. 
long with about 12 joints, slightly expanded at their junctions. 

The disk of this species is well plated in the areas between the arms; 
the anal tube is about three times the diameter of the disk in length, 
reaching to the fifteenth brachial. 

Color in life salmon red, the pinnules yellow, the cirri white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22648, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 4894; 
32° 33' 00’ north latitude, 128° 32’ 10” east longitude (Korean Straits); 
JE fathoms; August 9, 1906. 


9E 


hs 


22. ANTEDON DIOMEDEZ, new species. 


Centro-dorsal small, rounded-conical (rarely long conical) bearing 
30-40 slender cirri in 15 closely set vertical rows; cirri 30 mm. long, 
slender, with about 40 joints, the basal half elongate, the distal short, 
developing strong dorsal spines. 

First radials oblong, about twice as wide as high, in apposition all 
around; second radials similar, but rather higher, and well separated; 
axillaries about as wide as high, with an extravagantly elongated con- 
ical tubercle on the junction of the second radial and axillary. Ten 
arms, 7) mm. in length, with about 70 joints, at first irregularly 
eblong, then quadrate, becoming elongate distally; there is another 
long tubercle on the junction of the first two brachials. Syzygies 
cecur in the third, eighth, and twelfth brachials, and distally at inter- 
vals of 3 joints. 

The third brachial bears no pinnule; the pinnule on the second 
drachial is 7 mm. long, moderately stout, with about 12 joints, roughly 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 147 


twice as long as wide; the pinnule on the fourth brachial (second pin- 
nule) is similar, and about the same size, usually slightly shorter, 
rarely somewhat longer; the next few pinnules decrease in length, the 
distal pinnules becoming longer again and very slender, with about 20 
elongated joints. 

Color in life rich reddish purple, spotted and blotched with white; 
the radials and lower brachials are white, the tubercles purple, the 
radials with narrow purple transverse lines; cirri white, banded with 
purple. Younger examples are lighter in color, very small ones being 
nearly all white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22640, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4947; 
31° 28’ 20" north latitude; 130° 35’ 30” east longitude (off the southern 
shore of Nipon); 51 fathoms; August 20, 1906. 


23. ANTEDON TIGRINA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal, much smaller than the disk, bearing 25-30 
marginal cirri in a single irregular row; the cirri are 10 mm. long, with 
about 20 short joints, of which the distal half bear small paired spines, 
which become single near the tip. 

First radials concealed, or barely visible; second radials over twice 
as wide as high, oblong, well separated laterally; axillaries pentagonal, 
alow, rounded tubercle at the junction of the axillary and second radial. 
Ten arms, reaching 50 mm. in length in the largest specimen; first 6 
brachials oblong (except the third, which is almost square) about twice 
as wide as high; the next two or three quadrate, the following trian- 
gular, becoming quadrate and elongate distally; distal edges of brachials 
finely serrate, and turned outward and slightly backward; syzygies 
in the third, eighth, and twefth brachials, and distally at intervals of 
4-9 joints. ; 

First pinnule (on second brachial) about 5 mm. long, slender, with 
13 joints, the first 3 or 4 squarish, the others longer than wide; the 
third brachial has no pinnule; second pinnule (on fourth brachial) 
about 10 mm. long, with 20 joints, the first 2 about as long as wide, 
the others elongated; following 3 or 4 pinnules decrease rapidly in 
length; the distal pinnules are 9 or 10 mm. long, slender, with 20-25 
joints, not greatly elongated; the joints of the lower pinnules are 
slightly expanded distally, with finely serrate margins; the first 5 or 
6 pairs of pinnules are very stiff. 

Color (in spirits) whitish, the brachials broadly edged with deep red- 
dish brown; radials and first 6 or 7 brachials purple, with a median 
band of white; lower pinnules white, purple, or banded, the distal pin- 
nules usually purplish or reddish brown; cirri light purplish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22642, U.S.N.M.;? Kagoshima Bay, Japan; the 
19 specimens of this species were obtained by the United States North 


148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Capt. John Rodgers, Ue s. Navy, ; 
and are labeled ‘‘ Kagoshima Bay;” but there appears to be some 
doubt as to whether they really were obtained there.¢ 


24. ANTEDON BOWERSI ? new species. 


Centro-dorsal conical, bearing about 30 cirri in 15 closely set vertical 
rows; the cirri are 13 mm. in length, with 30 joints, of which only 
about the first 7 are longer than wide; the distal joints do not bear 
spines. 

First radials just visible, in apposition all around; second radials 
oblong, short, and wide, well separated; axillaries pentagonal, wider 
than high. Ten arms, 40 mm. long, the first 5 brachials oblong, 
then quadrate, becoming elongate distally; syzygies in the third, 
eighth, and twelfth brachials, and distally at intervals of 1 or 2 joints. 

First pinnule (on second brachial) the largest, 4 mm. long, stiff, with 
10 elongated joints; second pinnule (on fourth brachial) similar, but 
shorter, and rather less stout; following pinnules more slender, and 
increasing in length to about 6.5 mm., with 15 joints, the first 2 
expanded and trapezoidal, the others elongated. 

Color in life brownish yellow, the skeleton and cirri nearly white. 

Type. Cat. No. 22641, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4934; 
30° 58’ 30” north latitude; 130° 32’ on" east longitude (off Kagoshima 
Gulf); 152-103 fathoms; August 16, 1906. 


25. ANTEDON ABBOTTI,€¢ new species. 


Centro-dorsal saucer-shaped, with 15 marginal cirri; theseare 23 mm. 
long, stout, with 40-45 short joints, the distal bearing a small, low 
tubercle dorsally. 

First radials just visible, the distal corners free; second radials 
about twice as wide as long, bearing distally on the lateral edges small 
tubercules; axillaries pentagonal, rather long, also with lateral 
tubercles; distichals 2, like the outer radials, but first distichals in 
apposition for almost their entire length; the distichals and the first 
brachials have lateral tubercules; no further arm division. Twenty 
arms 100 mm. long, the first 8 or 9 brachials oblong, then quadrate, 
soon becoming triangular, about as wide as high; asyzygy in the third 
brachial; in the arms having an additional syzygy it is in the forty- 
first (twice), forty-second, forty-fourth, forty-seventh, fifty-fourth, 
and ninetieth brachials, respectively. 

The disk is very deeply incised. 


“Since the description of Antedon tigrina was put in type I have ene sey- 
eral specimens of the species taken in Sagami Bay in 1900, so I have no doubt that 
the originals really did come from Japan. 

» For the Hon. George M. Bowers, the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. 

¢For Dr. W. L. Abbott, to whom we are indebted for much of our knowledge 
regaraing the fauna of the Indo-Malayan region. 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 149 


First pinnule 5 mm. long, with 20 squarish joints, tapering evenly 
from the base; second pinnule 12 mm. long, very stout, with 20 short 
joints; following pinnules rather smaller than the first, becoming 
elongate distally. 

Color (in spirits) dark purplish brown, cirri and second pair of 
pinnules lighter and yellowish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22644, U.S.N.M.; from Pulo Taya, China Sea; 
obtained in July, 1899, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. 


26. ANTEDON STYLIFER, new species. 


Centro-dorsal hemispherical, bare at the pole, with 80 cirri; cirri 
20 mm. long, with 30 joints, very slightly longer than wide, remark- 
ably uniform in size; there are no dorsal nor opposing spines. 

First radials just visible; the second short, in close contact laterally, 
and less than half the height of the irregularly rhombic axillary; first 
distichal oblong, about two and one-half times as wide as high, the axil- 
lary triangular, about half as high as wide; the junction between the 
2 outer radials and the 2 distichals is elevated into a low tubercle; the 
radials, distichals, and first brachials are in close contact laterally. 
Nineteen arms 70 mm. long, with about 150 joints, the first 8 oblong, 
then triangular (much wider than high) to the fortieth brachial, after 
which they become irregularly oblong; syzygies in the third brachials, 
again about the twelfth, and distally at intervals of about 4 joints; the 
lower brachials are slightly tubercular, and all the brachials have 
slightly overlapping edges. 

First pinnule 8 mm. long, rather slender, with 16 moderately elon- 
gated joints; second pinnule 11 mm. long, with 17 joints, stouter than 
the first; third pinnule 15 mm. long, stout, stiff, and rigid, with 16 
long cylindrical joints; this pinnule is much stouter and stiffer than 
any of the others; fourth pinnule 10 mm. long, fifth 7mm. long; distal 
pinnules 8 mm. long, with about 20 joints, tapering gradually from the 
base to the point. 

Color in life purple, the skeleton and cirri light brownish yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22645, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 
4929; 30° 12’ 30” north latitude, 130° 43’ 00” east longitude (Eastern 
Sea); 84 fathoms; August 15, 1906. 


27. ANTEDON DELICATISSIMA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal low-hemispherical, a large area at the pole bare, 
bearing about 30 marginal cirri; these are 30 mm. long, with 40 joints, 
much elongated basally, short distally, none of them bearing dorsal 
spines. 


150 “PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII, 


Disk naked, deeply incised, the anal tube greatly elongated (9 mm. 
in length), the anal interambulacrum being much larger than the 
others, the mouth subcentral. 

First radials concealed; second radials short, in lateral contact for 
the basal half; axillaries low-pentagonal, well separated laterally; 
distichals and palmars 2, articulated (the latter developed on the 
outer side of the rays only), resembling the two outer radials, but 
longer in proportion to the width. Twenty-eight arms 70 mm. long, 
the first 10 brachials oblong, then short-quadrate, becoming oblong 
again distally; syzygies in the third (sometimes the second) bra- 
chials, again about the fourteenth to twentieth, and distally at inter- 
vals of 3-5 joints. 

First pinnule short, 5 mm. in length, with 15 short joints; second 
pinnule longer; third pinnule much the longest, 11 mm. long, with 
about 20 elongated cylindrical joints; succeeding pinnules_ short, 
becoming long and slender distally. 

Color in life light purplish gray, the skeleton yellowish white, with 
a narrow purple median line. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22646, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4930; 
30° 12’ 00” north latitude, 130° 44’ 00” east longitude (Eastern Sea); 
84 fathoms; August 15, 1906. 

This species comes nearest to Antedon bimaculata P. H. Carpenter, 
from which it differs in its elongate cirri, with nearly double the 
number of joints, the short intersygial interval and the more proxi- 
mal position of the second syzygy, the proportions of the lower 
pinnules, and the less number of arms. . 

The color of A. bémaculata is probably quite unreliable as a specific 
character, for of the 80 specimens I have at hand of A. manca 
one is colored exactly as described for A. b¢maculata, although all the 
others are quite different. A. delicatissima in color agrees most 
nearly with certain specimens of A. multicolor. 


28. ANTEDON RUBROFLAVA, new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal, broad, slightly concave on the dorsal sur- 
face, bearing 35-40 very stout cirri in two marginal rows; the cirri 
have 15-20 joints, stout, about as wide as long, which exhibit a slight 
tendency to overlap ventrally, but do not bear dorsal spines; the joints 
are somewhat compressed ‘and are constricted in the middle, thus 
giving especial prominence to the articulations; the penultimate joint 
is furnished with an opposing spine. 

First radials concealed; second radials partially concealed; axilla- 
ries pentagonal, wider than high, with a syzygy; distichals 3, the 
axillary a syzygy. Eleven arms 180 mm. long, with 260 or more 
joints, the first 8 or 9 brachials nearly oblong, becoming: distally 
triangular, all the brachials with overlapping edges, furnished with 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. vt 


on the junction of the first two brachials; syzygies occur in ¢he third 
brachial, again about the eighth or ninth, and usually in the twelfth 
or thirteenth, with others distally at intervals of 5-7 joints in the 
proximal part of the arm and 3 joints toward the tip. 

The first pinnule is on the second distichal and resembles that on 
the second brachial; pinnule on second brachial 8 mm. long, of about 
28 joints, flagellate, the second to the fourth joint furnished with large 
dorsal keels; the pinnule on the fourth brachial is 11-15 mm. long, with 
35-40 joints, flagellate, the first 2 or 3 joints with a dorsal keel; the 
pinnule on the sixth brachial is 12-16 mm. long, with about 40 joints; 
that on the eighth is about the same, that on the tenth slightly shorter, 
like that on the twelfth; from this point the pinnules gradually 
decrease in length and become more slender, the joints much more 
elongate; the pinnule on the fortieth brachial is 9 mm. long, with 23 
long and very slender joints. 

The color in life is brilliant yellow, the arms broadly banded with 
bright red; the cirri are dull orange red. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22639, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4880; 
34° 16’ 00” north latitude, 130° 16’ 00” east longitude (Korean Straits) ; 
59 fathoms; August 2, 1906. 

This species is readily distinguishable from A. hartlaub: by having 
fewer arms, which are longer and more slender, by having the second 
radials visible, and by the character of the cirri, which are more 
numerous, stouter, with shorter joints, and with a prominent opposing 
spine on the penultimate. The very brilliant and unusual coloration 
may be a good specific character. 


29. ANTEDON THETIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal, bearing about 12 marginal cirri; these are 
about 10 mm. long, with 25 to 30 joints, of which the fourth, fifth, and 
sixth are squarish; the others wider than long, developing prominent 
spines distally. 

First radials very short; but laterally they are in apposition, form- 
ing a large interradial triangle, produced anteriorly, separating the 
second radials; second radials rather short, trapezoidal; axillaries pen- 
tagonal, less than twice as wide as high; the second radials and axil- 
laries are rounded laterally, and widely separated. ‘Ten arms 30 mm. 
long; the first brachials on each arm in close apposition for their entire 
length, roughly oblong; second brachials squarish, strongly convex 
exteriorly; third brachials longer than wide, constricted in the middle; 
following 2 or 3 brachials quadrate, then becoming triangular, longer 
than wide, the outer side convex, becoming elongate and quadrate 
distally. 

First pinnule small, short, and weak, with about 25 squarish joints; 


£ 


152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the first joint is enormously expanded laterally, the second intermedi- 
ate between it and the other joints; second pinnule greatly elongated, 
stiff, and spinelike, with 15 elongated joints; third pinnule usually 
shorter, but similar in character; following pinnules decrease in length, 
becoming somewhat longer distally. Pinnule ambulacra plated. 

Color (in spirits) light purple, banded with dull yellow; cirri 
purple, banded with white. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22654, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 3744; 
Suno Saki bearing east, 8.83 miles distant (off Nipon, Japan); 46 
fathoms; May 19, 1900. 

This species belongs to the Accela group, but is readily distinguished 
from the other 10-armed species by having the second radials sepa- 
rated by a forward projection from the first radials, asin A. multicolor, 
combined with the lack of any lateral processes on the radials. 


30. ANTEDON HAWAITIENSIS, new species. 


Centro-dorsal large, hemispherical or short columnar, with 5 well- 
separated double rows of cirri, usually about 20 cirri in all; these are 
32 mm. long, rather slender, with 50 to 55 short joints, the fourth to 
the eighth rather longer than wide, the others wider than long; from 
the tenth onward dorsal spines are developed which are long and 
prominent. 

Basals sometimes just visible; first radials just visible, crescentic; 
second radials very short; axillaries about one and one-half times as 
wide as long. The radials and first (sometimes, also, the second) 
brachials (or first and second distichals, when present) fringed with 
numerous rather long, stout spines; there may be also a few scattered 
spines on their dorsal surface. Distichals, when present, 4 (3+-4). 
Ten to 12 arms 110 mm. long, the first 6 brachials oblong, wider than 
long, then triangular, about as long as wide; distally the arms are 
compressed, and the brachials develop long, curved, overlapping spines, 
as in A. spinifera. A syzygy in the third (or, after a distichal series, 
the first) brachial, another at about the twentieth, and distally at 
intervals of from two to four joints. 

First pinnule the longest, very stout, flattened exteriorly, with 
about 12 joints, tapering rapidly after the seventh or eighth; second 
and following pinnules much more slender, shorter, with fewer joints 
but slightly longer than wide; the distal pinnules are somewhat elon- 
gated, with elongate joints, except the first two, which are short, 
somewhat expanded, and trapezoidal. 

Color (in spirits) white, the radials, distichals, and lower brachials 
dusky. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22653, U.S.N.M.; from Adbatross station, No. 3475; 
21° 08’ 00” north latitude, 157° 48’ 00” west longitude (Hawaiian 
Islands); 351 fathoms; December 6, 1891. 


No, 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. Lbs 


31. COMATULA MARIZ,/¢ new species. 


Centro-dorsal discoidal, 9 mm. in diameter, bearing about 30 mar- 
ginal cirri in two irregular rows; cirri 25 mm. long, moderately stout, 
with 27 to 30 joints, the proximal half of which are somewhat longer 
than wide, the distal half short; from the sixth joint the distal dorsal 
edge begins to project, forming prominent broad dorsal spines on the 
distal two-thirds of the cirrus. 

First radial concealed; second radials rather short, very broad, in 
apposition laterally; axillaries more than twice as broad as long, free 
laterally. Twenty-six arms, 160 mm. long. The distichal and palmar 
series in this species are quite unique, no other previously described 
form at all approaching it in irregularity. There are 9 distichal 
series present, 3 consisting of an axillary only, 1 of 2 joints united 
by syzygy, 4 of 2 articulated joints, and 1 of 4 joints, the 2 outermost 
united by syzygy. Of the 7 palmar series, 3 are of 3 joints, the 2 outer 
united by syzygy, 2 are of 2 joints united by syzvgy, | is of 2 articu- 
lated joints and 1 is of 4 joints, the 2 outer united by syzygy. The first 
arm syzygy is usually in the second brachial, but often in the first; 
sometimes both the first and second are syzygies, while again there 
may be none until the third. Succeeding syzygies are quite irregu- 
lar; the second may be anywhere from the sixteenth to the fortieth 
brachial, and the distal intersyzygial interval anywhere from 7 to 22 
or more joints. The arms are slender, remarkably uniform in width; 
the first 5 to 7 brachials are oblong, then triangular about twice as wide 
as long, becoming short and discoidal in the distal half of the arm; all 
the brachials overlap somewhat, the distal edges being finely serrate. 

The lower pair or two of pinnules are 20 mm. long, and slender, the 
lower 5 or 6 joints the largest, but not especially enlarged. The fol- 
lowing pinnules decrease rapidly in length to about the sixth pair; 
the following 4 or 5 pairs of pinnules are comparatively stout, with 
the 4 or 5 basal joints enlarged somewhat, after which the pinnules 
become more elongated. The distal-edges of all the pinnule joints 
are everted, prominent, and serrate. 

Color in tife brownish yellow, the pinnules grayish. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22655, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station, No. 4880; 
34° 16’ 00" north latitude, 130° 16’ 00” east longitude (near the Oki 
Islands, Sea of Japan); 59 fathoms; August 2, 1906. 


32. COMATULA SOLASTER, new species. 
Centro-dorsal large, flat, and discoidal, bearing about 20 cirri in a 


single marginal row; these have about 20 or 21 (rarely more, though 
sometimes as many as 30) joints, the third to the seventh much elon- 


«For Mrs. Mary W. Clark, of Boston, who has been of great assistance to me in 
my work on the unstalked crinoids. 
a 


154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIII. 


gated, the others shorter than broad, the distal bearing low spines. 
The cirri are moderately stout, resembling those of C. japonica. 

Radials usually concealed as far as the axillary. Avxillaries trian- 
gular, over twice as broad as long. Distichals and palmars 4 (8+ 4), in 
close apposition, and flattened, as in the Basicurva group of Antedon. 
In some places the distichals are separated enough to make room for 
the dorsal keel of the much flattened distichal pinnule, but the perisome 
is never visible from the dorsal surface. Twenty to 30 arms, very 
stout, tapering rather rapidly, the brachials quadrate, very short, and 
strongly overlapping. Lower pinnules not especially large, but 
greatly compressed and very strongly carinate for the basal 8 to 12 
joints. This carination decreases in degree after the first 3 or 4+ pairs 
of pinnules, but is evident even on the distal pinnules. The pinnules 
(except for the first few pairs) have their joints overlapping and 
finely spinous. 

Color in life dark purple, the disk, cirri, and pinnules brownish 
yellow. 

Type.—Cat. No. 22656, U.S.N.M.; from Albatross station No. 4944; 
31° 88’ 15” north latitude, 130° 46’ 50” east longitude (in Kagoshima 
Gulf); 48 fathoms; August 17, 1906. 

This species is readily distinguished by its very massive radials and 
distichals, which form a solid cup, so that none of the perisome is per- 
ceptible from the dorsal side; very small specimens show that this 
character is assumed at an early period of growth. In the adults the 
‘adials and distichals are so closely welded together that 1t becomes 
difficult to trace the sutures. 


33. COMATULA SERRATA, new species 


Centro-dorsal a thick, flat, pentagonal disk with about 15 marginal 
cirri in two irregular rows; the cirri are small, with 10 joints, the 
third and fourth much elongated, becoming rapidly shorter distally. 
The terminal 7 joints bear small dorsal spines, that on the penul- 
timate being the largest; terminal claw rather long. 

First and most of the second radials concealed; two outer radials 
united by syzygy; distichals + (8+4); rarely 2 (1+2); rays separated 
from the second radial; first brachials closely united interiorly, the 
second brachials free; first {wo brachials united by syzygy. First three 
brachials oblong, then quadrate, becoming triangular, about as wide as 
long after the seventh; the radials, distichals, palmars, and brachials 
all have everted and serrate edges; in the only arm remaining the 
ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, eighteenth, and twenty-first brachials are 
syzygies. The pinnule joints have strongly spinous distal edges. 

Color in life dull greenish, yellow. 


No. 1561. NEW UNSTALKED CRINOIDS—CLARK. 155 


Type.—Cat. No. 22657, U.S.N.M.; from Adbatross station No. 4895; 
32° 33’ 10” north latitude, 128° 32’ 10" past longitude (southern part 
of the Sea of Japan); 95 fathoms; August 9, 1906, 

Another specimen, from station No. 4893, is somewhat smaller, but 
otherwise agrees perfectly with the type. co of the rays, however, 
has the distichal series of only two joints, united by syzygy, like the 
palmars; neither of the specimens has the disk in position. 


34. COMATULA ORIENTALIS, new name. 


In the Challenger“ report on the Comatulee Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter 
gave the name Actinometra simplex to a curious little species from 
the Admiralty Islands; in 1881, however,’ he stated that in the Paris 
Museum he found specimens of Comatula purvicirra bearing the name 
of C. simplex. He mentioned certain peculiarities of these specimens, 
showing how they differ from Miller’s original description of Alecto 
parvicirra, thus making it clear that they can not belong to the Chal- 
lenger species to which he gave the name slcténometra simplex. Asthe 
two are congeneric, Woreree it becomes necessary to designate the 
species described in the Challenger report by a new name, and for it I 
propose the name Comatiula orientalis. 


35. ATELECRINUS POURTALESI,¢ new name. 


In 1869,¢ L. F. de Pourtalés described Antedon cubensis from two 
specimens dredged in 450 fathoms off Cojima, near Habana, Cuba; but 
his description is applicable only to the larger and more perfect speci- 
men. Although later he seems to have suspected that the two were 
different, he never gave a name to the smaller form. 

In 1881° Doctor Carpenter, in his preliminary report on the Comatu- 
lidee collected by the United States Survey Steamer Blase, showed that 
the smaller specimen was not only spec ifics lly but generically distinct 
from the larger one, and he proposed the genus A/elecrinus for it and 
an allied form, also from Cuba, which he called Atelecrinus cubensis 
and Afelecrinus balanoides, respectively. The name evhens7s he credits 
to Pourtalés, saying that the species ‘‘may retain the name cubens’s, 
originally conferred upon it by Mr. Pourtalés.” But, although the 
Antedon cubensis was a composite species, the type specimen is cle urly 
peated in the the original dese USUI Es 6 and it is ee a different 


a Gulls Reports, Toataoe XRV Ep: 312: 

b Notes from the Leyden Museum, ITI, p. 20. 

¢ For the late L. F. de Pourtalés, to whom we owe much of our knowledge respecting 
the crinoid fauna of the Caribbean Sea. 

@Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, No. 11, p. 356. 

€ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., [X, No. 4, p. 166. 


156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


thing from Afelecrinus cubensis of Carpenter, belonging to a different 
genus. 

Now, Doctor Carpenter has restricted the use of Antedon cubensis 
to the smaller of the two original specimens described by Pourtalés, 
while Pourtalés himself indicated the larger as the type of the species; 
the name can not, of course, be applicable to both, and must stand for 
the species represented by the larger specimen. As this leaves the 
species called by Doctor Carpenter Af¢decrinus cubensis (Pourtalés) 
without a name, I propose that it be known as Aftelecrinus pourtalesi. 


A REVIEW OF THE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN. 


By Davip STARR JORDAN AND ALBERT CHRISTIAN HERRE. 


Of Stanford University, California. 


In the present paper is given an account of the fishes of the families 
of Cirrhitide and Aplodactylide: known to inhabit the waters of Japan. 
It is based on the collections of Professors Jordan and Snyder, series 
of which are deposited in the U. S. National Museum. 


KEY TO FAMILIES OF CIRRHITOID FISHES FOUND IN JAPAN. 


a. Dorsal spines 10, the spinous part of the fin longer than the soft; vertebra 10> 
6eeye with a Su DOnbitah Selo. osc. << socicle nc. cersie cis sere CIRRHITID A 
aa. Dorsal spines 15 or more; the soft dorsal as long as spinous; anal short with 
acute or incisor-like vertebrae more than 10-+-16; nosuborbital shelf. 
APLODACTYID.& 


Family CIRRHITID. 


Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate scales which are 
cycloid or ctenoid; dorsal and ventral outlines not similar; lateral line 
continuous, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal; mouth 
low, terminal, with lateral cleft; eye lateral, of moderate size; pre- 
maxillaries protractile; maxillary narrow, not sheathed by preorbital; 
teeth small, pointed, sometimes present on vomer or palatines; cheeks 
without bony suborbital stay; branchiostegals, usually 6; gill mem- 
branes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle serrate or entire; 
opercle unarmed; nostrils double; forehead flattened; no spines or 
serrations on bones of cranium; second suborbital with an internal 
lamina supporting the globe of the eye; dorsal fin continuous, long, 
the spinous part longer than the soft, usually of 10 spines, the spines 
not depressible in a groove; soft dorsal low; spines rather low and 
strong; pectoral fin short and broad as in the Cottidee; lower half of 
fin with its rays simple and enlarged; the membranes deeply incised; 
ventral fins thoracic, but considerably behind root of pectorals, the 
rays 1, 5; air bladder large and complicated; pyloric ceca few: 
skull very compact and solid. Carnivorous fishes of the warm 
parts of the Pacific; apparently really allied on the one hand to the 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1562. 


} 57 


158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIIL. 


Serranide, with w hic h group Boulenger finds that the skeleton has 
much in common; on the other hand, they show aflinities with the 
Scorpenide. 

Boulenger separates the Cirrhitidee from the Aplodactylide and 
Latrididz, regarding the first named as a subfamily of Serranide. 

KEY TO GENERA. 
a. Scales ctenoid, large and rough; cheeks with large scales; palatine teeth present; 
canines small; preopercle serrulate.......-...-----------. Tsobuna, 1. 

aa. Scales eyeloid or nearly so; preopercle more or less serrate. 

b. Profile decurved or convex, scarcely incurved at the nape. 


c. Palatine teeth present; scales on cheeks small_....---......-... Cirrhitus, 2. 
bb. Profile more or less incurved or concave, above the pointed snout; teeth on 
palatines; preopercle sharply serrate....----.----- Cirrhitichthys, 3. 


1. ISOBUNA Jordan, new genus. 


Paracirrhites StTEINDACHNER, Fische Japans, II, 1883, p. 25 (japonicus) not Par- 
acirrhites Bleeker, 1875/type forsteri. ) 

Body oblong, compressed, with strongly toothed scales; pointed 
teeth in jaws, and on vomer and palatines; upper jaw with two small 
canines in front; preopercle toothed. Dorsal rays X, 15; anal rays 
III, 7. Scales large; 6 or 7 lower pectoral rays simple, not thickened. 
One species known. The genus is well distinguished by the large 
rough scales. The name chosen by Steindachner was already in use 
for a large genus of the same family. 

(‘sobuna, the Japanese name; 7so, seashore; fina, buna for euphony, 
gold-fish. ) 


Type of genus.— lsohuna japonica. 


. ISOBUNA JAPONICA (Steindachner). 


ISOBUNA. f Leder ee 


Paracrrhites japonicus STEINDACHNER,, Fische Japans, II, 1883, p. 25 (Japan), 
Coll. Cristoforo Bellotti, in Mus’ Milan.—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 
1901, p. 84. 

[abitat.—Coast of southern Japan. 

Head 2% in leneth; depth 24 (ey e, )° in head; 1D, Xd: Aq Thier: 
scales 2-33 or 34-10. 

Upper profile moderately arched; head pointed in front; ventral 
outline to anal nearly straight. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary 
extending a little beyond eye; eye 5 in head; breadth of forehead 8; 
snout with chin, nearly 4; lower jaw slightly projecting. Teeth slen- 
der, sharp, those of the outer row a little enlarged; a small canine on 
rach side of upper jaw in front; Preopercle finely serrate, opercle with 
three short spines, the middle one sharpest and largest. Head well 
scaled, except lips and space before snout. Large scales on cheeks 
and opercles; scales on top of head small. Scales all very rough. 
Lateral line concurrent with back. Dorsal deeply notched, 5th and 


no. 1562. THE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND HTTERRE. 159 


6th dorsal spines 34 in head, the last spine half as long as eye; first 
soft ray as high as highest spine. Caudal weakly concave, 14 in head; 
second anal spine strong, longer than third and weakly curved, longer 
than the highest dorsal spine. Ventrals not reaching vent. Pectoral 
with 6 or 7 lower rays simple but not thickened, the fin reaching 4th 
soft ray of anal. Bases of fin rays scaly. 

Color golden brown, with a faint spot of golden yellow in the center 
of each scale along the sides (Steindachner). 

This species is known froma single specimen, 15 em. in length, in 
the museum at Milan. We have not seen it. 


> CIRRHILTUS Lacépede. 


Cirrhitus Lackrzpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1808, p. 3 (maculatus=marmoratus). 

Cirrhites Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, p. 1829 (change in 
spelling). 

Cirrhitichthys GéxtuER, Cat., II, 1860, p. 78, in part. 


Seales large, cycloid; head obtuse, rounded in profile; snout short; 
cheeks with small scales, teeth on vomer and palatines; jaws with small 
canines; preopercle finely serrate; opercle with a flat spine; dorsal rays 
about X, 11, anal III, 6; caudal truncate, anterior nostrils fringed; 
dorsal spines not fringed. Tropical Pacific. 

(cirrus, a lock of hair.) 


2. CIRRHITUS MARMORATUS (Lacepéde). 


Labrus marmoratus LackprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1801, p. 492, pl. v, fig. 3 
(no locality given). 

Cirrhitus marmoratus Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 107 (Hawaii n 
Islands).—Jorpan and Eyermann, Fishes of Hawaiian Islands, 1905, p. 452, 
pl. uxx (Hawaii).—Jorpan and Saxe, Fishes of Samoa, p. 278 (Samoa ).— 
Jorpan and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1906, p. 699 (Yaku Island). 

Cirrhites marmoratus BurEKER, Verh. Koninkl. Ak. Wet., XV, 1875, p. 3; 
(Sumatra; Amboyna).—Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 
(Sept. 23, 1903), p. 491 (Honolulu).—SnypeEr, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 
XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), p. 527 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii). 

Cirrhitus maculatus LackpEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1803, p. 3 (no locality given ).— 
Gtnrner, Fische der Siidsee, III, 1874, p. 71, pl. 1, fig. A (Hawaiian 
Islands, Society Islands, Cook Island). 

Cirrhitichthys maculatus GUNTHER, Cat. II, 1860, p. 74 (Polynesia, India, Hawaiian 
Islands, He de France).—Ktunzincer, Fische des rothen Meeres, p. 131, in 
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XX, 1870, p. 798 (East coast of Africa, Polyne- 
sia). —Gittnrner, Shore Fishes, Chall., I, 1880, p. 59 (Honolulu). 

Cirrhites ( Cirrhitichthys) maculatus SrEinDACHNER, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 
1900, p. 490 (Honolulu; Laysan). 

Cirrhites maculosus Bexnert, Zool. Journ., IV, 1829, p. 38 (Sandwich Islands) .— 
Ritprewt, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 13, pl. xv, fig. 1 (Red Sea). 

Cirrhites alternatus Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 122 (Hawaiian 
Islands, young). 


160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII 


Habitat.—Coral islands of the tropical Pacific, north to Yakushima, 
southern Japan. 

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.75; eye 5.75 in head; snout 3; maxil- 
lary 2.4; mandible 2.1; preorbital 4.8; interorbital 5.75; D. X, 11; 
A. III, 6; scales 6-40-8; Br. 5. 

Body short and stout, moderately compressed; head heavy, longer 
than deep; snout bluntly conic; mouth large, slightly oblique, the 
jaws subequal; . maxillary rather long, reaching middle of pupil; 
patches of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; tongue naked; jaws 
with bands of villiform teeth, 2 or more enlarged canines in front of 
upper jaw and about 4 somewhat longer canines on each side of lower 
jaw; dorsal profile moderately arched, the curves strongest between 
nape and origin of dorsal; eye moderate, high, the supraorbital rim 
projecting strongly above the profile; interorbital concave; nostrils 
moderate, nearly circular, close together, the anterior with a bushy 
filament about as long as diameter of pupil; origin of dorsal over base 
of pectoral, its distance from snout equaling its base; dorsal spines 
rather strong, fourth or fifth longest, about equaling snout; dorsal 
rays about equal to length of spines a little greater than longest spine; 
caudal truncate or slightly rounded when expanded; anal spines stout; 
second and third about equal in length, a little shorter than snout; 
anal rays moderately long, longest ray 2 in head; the 7 lowermost 
rays of pectoral thick and free at the posterior ends, the sixth from 
bottom longest, 1.8 in head or, measured from base of fin, 1.4 in 
head; scales large, smooth, arranged somewhat irregularly; nape, 
opercle, and breast with large scales; cheeks with very small scales, 
rest of head naked; preopercle finely serrate; opercle ending in a soft 
flap, projecting beyond a flat obscure spine; gill-membranes broadly 
connected across the isthmus. 

Color in life, body marbled and blotched with bluish olivaceous, 
brownish and white, with numerous red spots of varying sizes, the 
white appearing as 5 ill-defined vertical bars; head bluish white with 
irregular lines of yellowish or orange brown, these palest on cheek; 
lower jaw pale blue with cross-markings of darker blue; base of 
pectcral pale with yellowish-brown blotches; posterior portion of back 
with 4 large reddish-brown blotches, the first under the last 2 dorsal 
spines, the second under sixth and seventh dorsal rays, the third under 
last dorsal rays, fourth on upper edge of caudal peduncle; spinous 
dorsal pale-yellowish blue, crossed by 3 series of large orange-red 
spots on the membranes, the uppermost series least complete; tips of 
membrane of spinous dorsal whitish, above black blotches; soft dorsal 
pinkish with a series of redder spots along the base; caudal pale 
pinkish, crossed by about 4 series of bright blood-red blotches; anal 
pale rosy, whitish at base, with 3 series blood-red blotches; an olive 


no. 1562. THE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND HERRE. 161 


blotch near middle of first and second spines; pectoral and ventral 
pale rosy. 

This well-known species, abundant among the coral islands through- 
out the Pacific, has been once taken in Japan, a specimen having been 
sent from the offshore island of Yaku in southern Japan. A beauti- 
ful colored figure by Capt. Charles B. Hudson is given by Jordan and 
Evermann. Of the closely related genus, Parac/rrhites Bleeker, dis- 

tinguished by absence of palatine teeth, no species has been recorded 
from Japan. Amblycirrhitus Gill“ is probably identical with Lara- 
cirrhites. 

(marmoratus, Marbled.) 


On CLEVE iMnhGEivMmkinyes sleeker: 


Cirrhitichthys BLEEKER, Naturk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind., X, 1856, p. 474 ( graphi- 
dopterus=caprinus ). 
Cirrhitopsis GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 109 (aureus). 

Body oblong, the back arched, the proflle somewhat concave at the 
nape on account of the more or less projecting snout; preopercle sharply 
serrate; preorbital serrulate or entire: no canines; teeth on vomer and 
palatines; branchiostegals 6; scales large, slightly ctenoid or cycloid; 
dorsal rays X, 12; anal II], 6 or 7; first dorsal ray eiongate; dorsal 
spines moderate; second spine elongate; pectoral with 6 simple rays; 
first soft ray of dorsal sometimes elongate. 

Species of the tropical Pacific, one of them foundin Japan. It dif- 
fers from C7rrhitus mainly in the more produced snout and notched or 
incurved profile. 

(Cirrhitess iyOvs tish.) 

3. CIRRHITICHTHYS AUREUS (Schlegel). 


OKIGONBE (OFFSHORE SPRITE), 
Cirrhites aureus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1843, p. 15, pl. vir, fig. 2, 
(Nagasaki).—Ricnarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 239 (Canton).—JorDAN 
and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 85. 
Cirrhitichthys aureus GUNTHER, Cat., II, 1860, p. 75 (Canton, China ).—NaMrye. 
Class. Cat., 1881, p. 95 (Awa).—IsHikawa and Marsuura, Prel. Cat., 1897, 
p. 52 (Boshu, Kagoshima). 

Habitat.—Southern Japan to China (and to India, if Cirrhitichthys? 
bleeker’ Day, from Madras, should prove to be the same, which is not 
probable. ) 

Head 3 in length to base of caudal; depth 24; eye +5 in head; D. X, 
12, A. ILI, 6; scales 4-42-9, P. 14, with 6 rays simple. 


@Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 106 (fasciatus). 

*Cirrhites fasciatus Jerdon, Madras Journal, 1851, p. 132 (Madras); not of Cuvier 
and Valenciennes. 

Cirrhitichthys bleekeri Day, Fishery Rept., CXCI, no. 207. 

Cirrhitichthys aureus Day, Fishes India, 1876, p. 145, pl. xxxv, tig. 5, Madras. 
11 = 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 


162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


the outline incurved at the nape; snout short, scarcely longer than eye; 
mouth small, the jaws equal; outer teeth of lower jaw enlarged; villi- 
form teeth on vomer and palatines. Scales large, mostly ecycloid, the 
smaller slightly ctenoid. Preopercle strongly serrate; cheeks with 4 
rows of scales; suborbital rim and preorbital apparently scaleless, but 
with mucous striz; opercle scaled; opercular spine obsolete; supraor- 
bital rim somewhat elevated; interorbital area very narrow, 14 in eye. 
Branchiostegals 5. Gill-rakers short and blunt, about 6+-6. 

First soft ray of dorsal filiform (broken in specimen); dorsal fin not 
notched; fourth spine not elevated, 2 in head; a shght fleshy tag behind 
tip of each spine; second anal spine enlarged, 1; in head; anal fin trun- 
cate; pectoral with 6 simple rays, the longest reaching beyond origin 
of soft rays of anal, a little longer than head; caudal lunate. 


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Fic. 1.—CIRRHITICHTHYS AUREUS. 


Color uniform pale, doubtless orange or yellow in life, with no traces 
of markings of any kind. Of this rare species we have seen but one 
specimen, 44 inches in length. It was taken at Misaki, and was pre- 
sented to us by Professor Mitsukuri. It probably lives in rather deep 
water. It is the type of the subgenus Cirrhitopsis Gill, said to be dis- 
tinguished from Cirrhitichthys by the scaly suborbital. The subor- 
bital ring is said to be naked in the type of Cirrhitichthys (graphidop- 
terus = aprinus). Weare, however, unable to find true scales on the 
narrow suborbitalof C. aureus. The preorbital has strize or muciferous 
ducts resembling scales. The species is very close to Cirrhitichthys 
bleckert Day, of India, and it may prove to be the same, which is the 
latest judgment of Doctor Day. The two have the same numbers of 


no. 1562. THE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND HERRE. 163 


scales and fin rays, but (. bleeker? is said to be much more elongate, 
the depth, 23 in length (8} in total length, with caudal); the eye 33 in 
head; the color rosy, with pale streaks, a large black blotch below soft 
dorsal, a dark blotch behind opercle; caudal with red spots: dorsal and 
caudal banded. The Indian species is probably different from the 
Japanese. 

(aureus, golden.) 


Family APLODACTYLIDZ. 


This family agrees with the Cirrhitide in having the lower pectoral 
rays simple, elongate, and thickened, and in having the ventrals 
inserted well behind the pectorals. 

It differs technically, according to Boulenger, in the absence of a 
suborbital shelf, and also in the much larger number of dorsal spines, 
the soft dorsal also being many rayed. Anal fin short, vertebra more 
than 10 + 16, teeth acute or incisor-like. Shore fishes of the warm 
parts of the Pacific. 

a. CHEILODACTYLIN®. Teeth pointed not incisor-like, dorsal spines about 18, the 

spinous part of the fin not longer than the soft; preopercle entire. 


b. Anal fin short, III 8, or III 9; dorsal fin deeply notched, the fourth spine 
elevated; soft dorsal of about 30 rays ..-...--.------------- Goniistius, 4. 


ee (GKOUN MES MIN GIs). (Gauls 


Goniistius Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 120 (zonatus). 
Zeodrius CASTELNAU, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., III, 1878, p. 377 (vestitus). 

Body highest anteriorly, the anterior profile steep and compressed. 
Head small; cheeks and crown scaly; preopercle entire; opercle end- 
ing ina flat spine; mouth small, the lower jaw included; teeth small, 
in several series, the outer enlarged; vomer and palatines toothless; 
branchiostegals 6; adult with a pair of tubercles above eye and one 
above snout; scales moderate; dorsal fin very long, the spinous and 
soft parts about equal, the rays about X VII-30, the fin deeply notched, 
the fourth spine much elevated and curved backward; anal with three 
small spines, the rays about III, 8, the last rays rapidly shortened; 
pectorals with about 6 simple rays, of moderate length; ventrals well 
behind pectorals; caudal forked; body with oblique black bands. 
Species about 6, of the tropical Pacific. The genus is closely related 
to Cheilodactylus, from which it differs mainly in the elevated, notched 
dorsal, the soft dorsal being longer than in Cheilodactylus. From 
Dactylosparus Gill (D. carponemus) the short anal distinguishes Gon77- 
stius. Goniistius vittatus from Hawaii is allied to G. zebra, and still 
other species inhabit Australian waters. 

(vya@via, angle: totiov, sail: for dorsal fin.) 


164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


KEY TO SPECIES. 

a. Body with about 9 oblique dark brown cross-bands, two on the head, the second 
across opercle, and base of pectoral; membrane of opercle jet-black; a 
lengthwise band along dorsal fin; ventral fin pale; caudal with several 
round white spots. D. XVIII, 32. A. III, 8. Scales 60. Fourth dorsal 
spine 121m head) 2 2525 Sse 2 ck ce oe ae ec eee ee ee eee 

aa. Body with 7 oblique jet-black bands; 3 of these on the head, the second extend- 
ing across eye and across base of pectoral, the seventh covering most of 
caudal peduncle and lower lobe of caudal fin, ventral fin black; fourth, 
fifth, and sixth bands extending across dorsal fin. Dorsal rays X VII, 34, 
Anal III, 8. Scales, 70; fourth dorsal spine 14 in head........-.-- zebra, 5. 


4. GONIISTIUS ZONATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


TAKANOHADAI (HAWK-PORGY), TAKAPA (HAWKLET), KIKORI (WOOD-CHOPPER), 


Labre du Japon Krisenstern, Reise, Atlas, 1809, p. 63, pl. xii, fig. 1 (Japan). 
Cheilodactylus zonaltus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1830, V. 
p. 365, pl. cxxrx (Japan).—ScHLecEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1843, p. 64, 
pl. xxrx ( Nagasaki).—RicHarpson, Ich. China., 1846, p. 239 (Canton); Proc. 
Zool. Soc., London, 1850, p. 66.—RicHarpson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), 1851, 
VII, p. 282.—BierKker, Nieuwe Nalez., Japan, 1857, p. 83 (Nagasaki).— 
GiinrHER, Cat. Fish., II, 1860, p. 82 (Canton; Japan).—STernDACHNER and 
D6pERLEIN, Fische Japans, II, 1881, p. 27 (Tokyo).—Namtiye, Class. Cat., 
1881, p. 95 (Tokyo).—Nysrrém, Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl., XIII, 1887, p. 
18 (Nagasaki).—IsHikawa and Marsuura, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 52 (Tokyo, 
Riu Kiu Islands).—Jorpan and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 
1900, p. 358 (Tokyo); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XIII, 1900, p. 752 (Yoko- 
hama); Check List, 1901, p. 84 (Yokohama). 
Habitat.—Coasts of Japan and southern China, north to Tokyo, 
generally common. 
Head 3} in length to base of caudal; depth 2$; eye 43 in head; 
D. XVII, 32; A. III, 8; P. 13, with 6 rays simple; scales 9-60-16. 
Body oblong, deep, compressed, the lower profile nearly straight, 
the upper compressed and highest forward; steep and nearly straight 
from tip of snout to front of dorsal. Mouth small, the lips pro- 
duced, thick and fleshy; small teeth in jaws only; 2 fringed flaps over 
the anterior nostril, the posterior flap double the size of the anterior 
one; posterior nostril without flaps or processes; interobital space 
broad, 4 in head; snout and preorbital scaleless; top of head, cheeks 
and opercles with small or minute scales; preopercle entire; opercle 
entire, rounded. Branchiostegals 6; gill-rakers 14+8, short, stout. 
Dorsal deeply notched, second spine equal to diameter of eye, high, 
about 2 in head; anal spines rather small, the third 3% in head; last 
“soft rays much shortened, the longest a trifle more than 2 in head; 
pectoral almost as long as head, not quite reaching vent; ventrals 
moderate inserted opposite end of lowest simple pectoral ray and 
reaching beyond vent; caudal deeply and evenly forked. Scales mod- 
erate, cycloid; base of pectoral scaled; a scaly sheath about base of 
anal and dorsal; caudal largely scaled. 


no. 1562. PHE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND HERRE. 165 


“Color of body olive brown, paler on belly, about nine parallel 
oblique crossbars of deep brown, bright dark otive-orange in life, a 
little narrower than the interspaces; the first extending across the eye 
and cheek, the second from nape to base of pectorals, forming a jet- 
black blotch on opercle, and a dark bar across base of pectoral; the 
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth extend diagonally backward from dorsal 
to belly, where they disappear; the seventh, eighth, and ninth bands 
encircle the body, the seventh including the posterior portion of the 
soft dorsal: these three bands are confluent along the lateral line; 
dorsal fin brown: with a darker basal shade and one or two pale spots 
posteriorly. Caudal dark brown, with large round white spots about 
twelve in number: two or three similar white blotches on caudal 
peduncle; anal and ventrals black; pectoré ls uniform, pale brown 


Fic. 2.—GONIISTIUS ZONATUS. 


except the scaly base which is marked by a dusky crossbar; lips 
blackish, edged with rosy brown; two dark lengthwise lines across 
cheeks, from preorbital backward. 

This description is taken from a specimen 5 inches long from 
Wakanoura. Larger examples are similarly colored, but the dark 
bands, always paler than in Goniistius zebra, grow fainter with age, 
and orange specks sometimes appear between them. The spots on 
the caudal fin are obsolete in some old examples. 

Of this common species, we have specimens from Tokyo, Misaki, 
Wakanoura, Hakata, and Nagasaki. It is a food-tish of moderate 
importance and is called Takanohadai, or hawk-porgy, Tai being the 
common name applied to Pagrus major and all similar fishes, 

(conatus, banded. ) 


166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


5. GONIISTIUS ZEBRA (Déderlein). 


Cheilodactylus gibbosus STEINDACHNER and DOpERLEIN, Fische Japans, I1, 1883, p. 
27, pl. vir, fig. 2 (Tokyo; not of Richardson; the synonymy given being all 
incorrect). —Nysrrém, Svensk. Vet. Ak., Handl., XIII, 1887, p. 18 
(Nagasaki).—Jorpan and Snyper, Check List, 1901, p. 84. 

Cheilodactylus zebru DépeERuLEIN, Fische Japans, II, 1881, p. 29 (Tokyo; same 
specimen; a provisional name. ) 

Habitat. Coast of Japan, known from Tokyo, Wakanoura, and 
Nagasaki. 

Head 23 in length; depth 33. Eye 3% in head; snout about 5; inter- 
orbital width 4. D. XVII, 32. <A.III,8. Seales 10-70-15. 

Body oblong, much compressed, the lower profile relatively straight, 
the upper much compressed, and elevated forward; a deep notch at 
the nape and another at the nostril; mouth small; lips thick; teeth in 
jaws only, the outera little enlarged; a blunt projection over each eye 
erowing larger with age, and one at the nostril; snout and preorbital 
scaleless; top of head, cheeks, and opercles with small scales; preopercle 
entire; opercle ending in two flat points; gill-rakers 12+-5. 

Dorsal deeply notched, the fourth spine 14 in head; anal spines mod- 
erate, the second thickest; last soft rays rapidly shortened, the longest 
1 in head; pectoral longer than head, reaching vent; ventrals mod- 
erate, inserted well behind pectorals; caudal deeply and evenly forked. 

Body rosy brown, with oblique cross bands of deep brown or rather 
orange black; three of these on the head, the second across eye and 
base of pectoral, the third forming a large blotch on the opercle; 
fourth including first three dorsal spines and extending across to ven- 
trals fading below, the ventral fins being jet black; fifth and sixth 
bands extending on dorsal and ceasing near middle of side, the sixth 
confluent below with seventh; seventh fully confluent with eighth, 
leaving only three spots of the pale ground color between them; 
seventh and eighth not extending on dorsal, but covering almost all 
of caudal peduncle and the lower half of caudal fin. Anal fin a little 
dusky; fins pale except where crossed by the extension of the dark 
cross bands. 

From Steindachner’s excellent figure our specimen differs in the 
ereater extension downward of the fourth band, and in the partial 
separation of the seventh and eighth bands. Of this species we have 
in hand a single specimen 10 inches long. It was found in the market 
of Yokohama by Pierre L. Jouy. A specimen was also seen at Waka- 
noura. It is otherwise known only from the specimen of Steindachner, 
and that recorded by Nystrém. The species is certainly distinct from 
Goniistius gibbosus (Richardson) of the coast of Australia, with which 
Steindachner has confounded it, and probably from Gondist/us vestitus 
(Castelnau) and Gonéistius quadricornis (Giinther), both Australian 
species. Gondistius vittatus Garrett, of Hawaii, which Steindachner 


no. 1562. THE CIRRHITOID FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND HERRE. 167 


calls a ** Hurbenvarictit,” is also nearly related. It is, however, clearly 
distinct from Gondistius zebra, as will appear from a comparison of 
Steindachner’s excellent figure with that of Chetloductylus vittatus 
(properly Gon7ist/us v/ttatus) in Jordan and Kvermann’s report on 
the Hawaiian fishes. 

(zebra, the zebra. ) 


SUMMARY. 
Family Cirrairip®. 


1. Isobuna Jordan, 1907. 
1. japonica (Steindachner), 1883. 
2. Cirrhitus Lacépede, 1803. 
2. marmoratus (Lacépéde), 1801; Yaku Island. 
3. Cirrhitichthys Bleeker, 1856. 
3. aureus (Schlegel), 1848; Misaki. 


Family APLODACTYLID®. 


4. Goniistius Gill, 1862. 
4. zonatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830; Tokyo, Misaki, Wakanoura, Hakata, 
Nagasaki. 
5. zebra (Déderlein), 1883; Yokohama, Wakanoura. 


Wy 


-_ 
Ry ee ee Spr 
bel oR Tatil 


ON SOME EARWIGS (FORFICULID®) COLLECTED IN 
GUATEMALA BY MESSRS. SCHWARZ AND BARBER. 


By ANDREW NELSON CaUDELL, 


Custodian of Orthoptera, U.S. National Museum. 


During the spring of 1906 several ae Were spent in eastern 
Guatemala by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, who are both 
skillful collectors, having special aptitude for tite discovery of minute 
forms of insect life. Being coleopterists, their particular attention 
while collecting was naturally directed toward beetles, but that other 
groups were not neglected is well proven by the following list of For- 
ficulidx collected by them. There are 88 specimens of these -ALrW1e's, 
representing 18 species, distributed in 13 genera, of which 6 species 
and 1 genus are undescribed. All of this material is in the United 
States National Museum. 

The locality most frequently mentioned—‘‘ Cacao”—is situated in 
the Province of Alta Vera Paz, between Panzos and Senahti, at an 
altitude of about 900 feet, near the foot of the waterfalls. above which 
the coffee plantation of Trece Aguas is situated. 

Notes by Mr. Barber are appended to the discussions of some of the 
species. These notes are inclosed in quotation marks. 


DIPLATYS JANSONI Kirby. 


Two females, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, March 26, 31. 


“One specimen beaten from dead banana leaves, the other from dead leaves from 
a recently felled tree. This species so closely resembles the ver y common Stapylinid 
beetle, Paederus lxtus, in form, coloration, and movements that it was by accident 
we discovered that it was a Forficulid, and it is probable that many more specimens 
were seen without being recognized.’ 


DIPLATYS SEVERA Bormans. 
Two males, 6 females, 2 larva, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, 
April 13-21. 
These larve exhibit the slender, many-segmented anal cerci, as 
described by Westw ocd some years ago abc Be synonymous oe 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. XXXIII—No. 1563. 
169 


IFAW) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Dyscritina. The matter provoked much discussion at the time, and 
the rearing of the adult insects by Green definitely settled the ques- 
tion of the affinities of Westwood’s genus, showing it to be Forficulid 
and congeneric with Diplatys. These specimens from Guatemala are, 
so far as I can learn, the first examples of this ancestral type of forfi- 
culid larvee ever reported from the New World. The adult form, 
however, is not at all rare in certain places. 

D. severa, which was described from a single female specimen, is a 
good species, but is very variable in coloration. The series before 
me comprises one with the color almost entirely black, some with 
the base of the abdomen and the forceps, or only the base of the abdo- 
men, reddish, and some with the apical part of the abdomen and the 
forceps, or only the forceps, red. The pronotum is usually unicol- 
orous, sometimes margined with lighter color, as in the type, and the 
elytra of the specimens before me are uniformly black. The pro- 
jecting portion of the wings is usually, but not always, darker on the 
apical portion than basally. The legs are sometimes wholly black, and 
sometimes the middle and posterior femora are basally yellowish. 

“Several specimens, including long-tailed larvee, beaten from dead banana leaves 
that hang on the growing plant.”’ 


CYLINDROGASTER DIPLATYOIDES, new species. 


One female, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 11. 

Description. —Head slightly broader than the pronotum; color shiny 
black above, below and about the mouth parts brownish; antenne 
imperfect, clear reddish yellow in color, the long basal and very short 
second segments darker. Pronotum shining black above, lighter 
below, longitudinally broadly sulcate above, the disk anteriorly con- 
vex, posteriorly flattened; the whole pronotum is distinctly narrowed 
and neck-like in nearly the anterior half, the posterior portion parallel 
sided, truncate behind, the entire disk less than twice as long as the 
mesiam width. Elytra piceous, not quite twice as long as the prono- 
tum and together almost twice as broad as the pronotum, posteriorly 
subtruncate. Scutellum showing between the bases of the elytra, 
small but distinct; projecting portions of the wings a little less than 
one-half the length of the elytra and of the same color and texture, 
but narrower. Abdomen narrowing basally, reddish yellow above 
and below, somewhat infuscated laterally above on the basal third; 
there are inconspicuous lateral folds near the base of the abdomen, and 
the last segment is very large and subquadrate. Legs clear reddish 
yellow, without distinct infuscation. Forceps somewhat longer than 
the pronotum, moderately stout, and ‘separated basally by a space 
nearly as great as the width of one of them at that point, parallel 
sided in the basal half, then narrowing in two terraces to a point; 
unarmed, the tip considerably incurved. 


° 


NO. 1563. SOME EARWIGS FROM GUATEMALA—CAUDELL. eae 


Length.—Boly, without fore ae 7.5 mm.; forceps 2 mm. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 10365, U.S.N. M. 

The posteriorly broader arent um and the obscurely late ‘ally folded 
abdomen is not in full accord with characters given for the genus 
Cylindrogaster, inclining rather to Yplatys. Other characters, how- 
ever, have led me to place it here. 


“In company with Labia cacaoensis.’ 
PYRAGRA CHONTALIA Scudder. 


“One male, one immature female, taken onto steamer with firewood. Polochic 
River, below mouth of Cahabon River, March 22.’’ 


SARL SEN @ 2 DID AL ONS raven ne Opsianbicy 


Description.—Female, unknown. Male, head convex above; anten- 
ne of more than 19 segments,’ the basal segment moderately large 
and somewhat enlarged apically, scarcely longer than the greatest 
width; second segment smaller than the basal one and about one- 
third as long; third segment very long, being almost twice as long as 
the basal one and mesially about as thick; fourth segment about the 
same length as the second, scarcely as long as broad; the next four or 
five segments are about as long as broad, beyond them the segments 
gradually grow more elongate, fie nineteenth being about four times 
as long as broad. Pronotum no longer than broad, no broader than 
the head. Elytra and wings absent. Abdomen elongate, scarcely 
broadened mesially and moderately. convex, without lateral folds, the 
last dorsal segment shghtly transverse. Legs moderately stout, the 
second tarsal segment small and simple, the first and third subequal in 
length, no arolium visible between the claws. Forceps of moderate 
length and simple, subcontiguous basally. 

This genus is allied to Achinopsalis, but the antennal segments are 
somewhat different from those of the type of that genus, more like 
those of Rehn’s £4. hrestbractea. Arthredetus, morever, is apterous. 

Type of the genus.—Arthredetus barber/. 


ARTHRCDETUS BARBERI, new species. 


One male, Polochi: River, May 2 

Desc ype OF mode ate lanes size; general color almost uni- 
formly light brown above, somewhat lighter below. Head slightly 
darker above than the rest of the body and with a distinct transverse 
occipital line, and from the center of this line a longitudinal depressed 
line extends to the hind margin where it meets the anterior end of a 
deep and distinct median suleus which extends the entire length of the 
pronotum and obsoletely on over the meso- and metanotum. Pronotum 


“The antenne of Hine only specimen known are meeen 


172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


quadrate with the anterior margin well rounded, the sides and_pos- 
terior margin more broadly so; metanotum as broad as long and 
posteriorly roundly and deeply concave. Abdomen long and some- 
what flattened. Legs light brown with a scarcely perceptible infus- 

cated tint medially on the femora. For- 

Poa wancnen ceps straight, moderately swollen, and trian- 

a gular basally, curved slightly inwards and 
DIAGEAMMATICAL FIGUEE_OF THE cylindrical in the apical. fourths the inner 

BASAL SEVEN SEGMENTS OF THE 

ANTENN® OF ARTHRa@pETUS Margin armed on the basal three-fourths 

ge _ with a number of very minute denticules. 
Pygidium small, about as broad as long, rapidly tapered and apically 
truncate. 

Length.—Body, without the forceps, 12 mm.; forceps, 2.5 mm. 

Type-specomen.—Cat. No. 10866, U.S.N.M. 

The accompanying figure represents diagrammatically the first seven 
seements of the antenne Arthrudetus barber. 


‘“This insect was beaten from a tangle of spiny plants and vines at a landing 
made to take on firewood, on the left bank of Polochic River below the mouth of the 
Cahabon River.’’ = 
, PSALIS, species. 


One immature male, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 23. 
BRACHYLABIS NIGRA Scudder. 


One male, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 19. 

This is the first reference, so far as I know, of this species being 
found north of South America. 

The tarsus of the left middle leg of this specimen is deformed, having 
the second joint aborted and the others somewhat swollen, the whole 
tarsus a little shorter and stouter than normal. The golden luster is 
but little noticeable in this specimen. The measurements are: Length, 
body, without the forceps, 8 mm.; forceps, 1.75 mm. 


SPARATTA MINUTA, new species. 


One female, Polochic River, March 22. 

Description.—Male, unknown. Female, smaller than usual in the 
genus. Head black; antenne imperfect, the segments present, eleven 
in number, unicolorously brown. Pronotum black, somewhat longer 
than broad, rapidly and much constricted anteriorly, being necked, 
and posteriorly gradually and slightly narrowing, the posterior margin 
rounded; the disk is mesially carinate longitudinally, but inconspicu- 
ously so, and is more flattened on the posterior portion. Abdomen 
much flattened, broadest in the middle, the lateral folds scarcely visible, 
the last segment very slightly transverse; subgenital plate projecting 
backward between the lower part of the forceps as a quadrate apically 


No. 1563. SOME EARWIGS FROM GUATEMALA—CAUDELL. Nes; 


notched plate, the outer apical angles of which are acute. ‘The color 
of the abdomen is black above except the anal segment, which is red- 
dish yellow, beneath paler. Elytra black, twice as long as broad, 
together much broader than the pronotum, posteriorly obliquely 
roundly truncate. Projecting portion of the wings similar to the 
elytra in texture and color and nearly as long but somewhat narrower, 
being noticeably more than twice as long as broad, posteriorly rounded. 
Legs reddish brown, the femora stout and somewhat infuscated basally. 
Forceps blackish with a reddish tinge at the extreme base inwardly, 
long and stout, straight, the tips incurving, armed inwardly about the 
middle with a minute sharp tooth and at the base on the inner inferior 
margin with a larger triangular tooth. Pygidium nearly quadrate, 
the posterior margin slightly projecting mesially and the lateral 
margins very little rounded. 

Length.—Body, without the forceps, 5 mm.; forceps, 1.5 mm. 

Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 10367, U.S.N.M. 

This small species seems distinct from any of the described members 
of the genus. It doves not appear to be found among the species 
recently described by Rehn and Borelli, nor does it appear to be any 
of the older established species. In color it is something like the S, 
dentifera of Rehn, but is much smaller. 


‘‘Under bark of Cecropia wood taken onto the steamer from the left bank of the 
Polochie River below the mouth of the Cahabon.”’ 


SPARATTA FLAVIPENNULA Rehn. 


Four immature specimens, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, 
April 2, 21, and 26. 
LABIA ARCUATA Fabricius. 


2 


Twelve males, 16 females, 3 immature specimens, Cacao, Trece 
Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, March 24 to April 26. 

‘“A few individuals found singly under various circumstances, but the species was 
found in abundance in and under a pile of old corn husks lying on the ground beside 
the trail and also on the ground under and in a rotting banana plant.’’ 


LABIA BILINEATA Scudder. 
One male, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 20. 
LABIA SCHWARZI, new species. 


Two males, 2 females, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 11. 
Description.—Head broader than the pronotum, shining black; eyes 
prominent; antenne 14 jointed, light brown in color, the basal three seg- 
ments paler. Pronotum noticeably longer than broad, a little narrower 
anteriorly, the posterior margin rounded, the disk posteriorly trans- 
versely depressed. Elytra dark brown with a lateral yellowish line, 


WA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


broadening at the humeral angle; in length the elytra are fully twice 
that of the pronotum and together are considerably broader than it, 
posteriorly truncate. Wings brown on the inner half, yellowish on 
the outer, projecting beyond the tips of the elytra a distance equal to 
about two-thirds the length of the latter, rounded posteriorly. Legs 
brownish or black, the femora very stout. Abdomen convex, short, 
distinctly broader mesially, lateral folds scarcely in evidence, the 
terminal segment broadly transverse; forceps of the male about as 
long as the abdomen, triangular basally, apically cylindrical, curved 
moderately inward basally widely separated and armed on the inner 
margin with some minute teeth; of the female slender, somewhat 
shorter and straighter, the denticles in the inner margin a little larger, 
basally less widely separated. Pygidium of the male very broad, 
somewhat longer than broad and apically rounded, entire. 

Length.—Body, without forceps, male, 3.5—4 mm., female, 3.5 mm. ; 
forceps, male, 1.25-1.5 mm., female, 1 mm. 

Type-specemen.—Cat. No. 10368, U.S.N.M. 

Except for size this species bears a superficial resemblance to 
Spongophora pygmaed as figured by Bormans.“ The pygidium of the 
male will serve to separate it from Ladza bilineata Scudder, to which 
it bears a somewhat close resemblance. 


‘*Found running on and under the bark of a tree resembling Vanthoxcylon.”’ 
LABIA BREVIFORCEPS, new species. 


One female, Livingston, Guatemala, May 5. 

Description.—General color yellowish brown, the basal two seg- 
ments of the antennz lighter, beyond infuscated, the lateral margins 
of the pronotum and elytra and the legs yellow. The elytra show the 
yellow color mostly at the humeral angles, from where it shades off to 
brownish posteriorly. The inner margins of the projecting portions 
of the wings show a trace of lighter yellow. Eyes black. 

Head convex, broader than the pronotum; antenne with eighteen 
segments; may be more as some of the terminal ones may be missing; 
the third segment is about as long as the first, three times as long as 
the second, being about three times as long as it is wide. Pronotum 
about as long as wide, posteriorly semicircularly rounded, mesially 
transversally depressed on the disk. Elytra three times as long as 
broad, together considerably broader than the pronotum, posteriorly 
truncate; wings projecting a distance equal to about one-third the 
length of the elytra, posteriorly narrowly rounded. Legs short and 
stout, the femora thick, second tarsal joint small and simple, the third 
but little hairy beneath, and the claws have a small pad between them. 
Abdomen without lateral folds, convex, broad, mesially somewhat 
broadened, the last dorsal segment somewhat transverse, dorsally 


« Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orthoptera, I, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. 


No. 1563. SOME EARWIGS FROM GAUTEMALA—CA UDELL. % 5 


bro nal concave, truncate, the apex obscurely Ripe ce late: last ven- 
tral segment transverse, reounvalaa Forceps very short and stout, tri- 
angular basally, nearly contiguous and curved decidedly upwards, but 
only slightly inwards and that only at the tip. 

Length.— Body, without forceps, 5 mm.; forceps, 0.5 mm. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 10369 U.S.N.M. 

This insect presents characters, such as the many jointed antennae, 
smooth abdomen, etc., not in accord with those of the genus Lad/a, 
but for the present I have preferred to place it questionably in that 
genus. 

“This was beaten from leaves of recently felled trees in a new clearing at the 
mouth of the Rio Duice, about two miles from Livingston.”’ 


SPHONGOPHORA PYGMAEA Dohrn. 


Four males, 3 females, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 
Zoe 20, and: 21, 

ins of these specimens, a male taken April 2, represents a variety 
differing from the typical form in the shape of the forceps, which are 
uniformly bowed instead of nearly straight, and are almost unarmed 
on the inner margin. One of the foals has the elytra and wines 
unicolorously black. 

OPISTHOCOSMIA AMERICANA Bormans. 

Four males, 2 females, 3 immature specimens, Cacao, Trece Aguas, 
Alta Vera Paz, April 11 to 27. 

The females sometimes have the wings conspicuously marked by a 
yellow spot, and sometimes the spot is almost entirely absent. The 
forceps of the male are sometimes shaped as shown in Bormans’s 
original figure, but in three of the four representatives of that sex 
now before me the forceps are tubercled about as prominently as 
in Bormans’s figure but are nearly straight, not so sinuate, in this 
respect approaching the QO. anomala of Rehn. 


“*Running on brush. Not uncommon.’’ 
NEOLOBOPHORA RUFICEPS Burmeister. 

Two immature females, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 5. 
SPHINGOLABIS LINEARIS Eschscholtz. 


Six males, 2 females, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, April 9 
to 27. 
FORFICULA CACAOENSIS, new species. 


One male, 1 female, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, March 29 
and April 19. 


176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxuu. 


Description—Male: Head moderate; eyes prominent; antenne 13 
jointed, of the usual structure. Pronotum equaling the head in 
width, subquadrate, posteriorly broadly rounded, anteriorly very 
slightly excavate, the sides straight, thin and inclined a very little 
upwards; disk a little convex with a persistent slender median sulcus, 
broader in the anterior half. Abdomen moderate, broadest mesially, 
the surface punctured, the segments apically rounded, the second and 
third with distinct lateral tubercles, those on the third segment the 
larger. Elytra nearly twice as long as broad, together slightly broader 
than the pronotum, posteriorly truncate, the sides deflexed, the pos- 
terior lateral angles rounded; the elytra meet in a slightly curved 
line and the left one has a slight curved depression in the middle 
near the inner margin. Wings projecting a very little beyond the 
tips of the elytra, scarcely extending over the basal segment of the 
abdomen, but when more specimens are examined this will probably 
be found to vary somewhat. Legs moderately stout, the second 
joint of the tarsi distinctly cordiform. Forceps contiguous on the 
basal eighth, or slightly less, by a basal expansion which extends 
almost horizontally inwards from the arm of the forceps and is den- 
tate on the inner margin; from the ampliate contiguous base the 
forceps are rounded, unarmed and uniformly curved. Pygidium not 
visible. Color of the head, pronotum, elytra, wings, abdomen and 
most of the forceps black, antenne dark brown, uniform, legs light 
brownish yellow, the femora slightly darkened above, forceps at the. 
extreme base above yellowish. 

Female: Similar to the male, the abdomen more uniformly heavy, 
not noticeably widened mesially; the wings project more than in the 
male type, the projecting portion of each being longer than wide: the 
forceps are nearly straight, the tips a little incurved apically and the 
basal two-thirds are triquetreous, inwardly slightly depressed and 
minutely serrate, the apical third cylindrical and unarmed. 

Length.—Body, without the forceps, male, 7 mm., female, 10 mm.; 
forceps, male, 2 mm., female, 2 mm. 

Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 10370, U.S.N.M. 

This black earwig is superficially somewhat allied to /. ldugubris, 
but is amply distinct from that species. It resembles somewhat the 
FE. metrica of Rehn, but the forceps of the male will at once separate 
it from that species. 


NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE WEST COAST OF 
AMERICA. 


By Pauu Barrscu, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum. 


The present paper embraces diagnoses” of new mollusks from the 
Oregonian faunal area, belonging to the genera Sela, Bittiwm, 
Cerithiopsis, and Metaria. Figures of these will appear when the 
monograph of these forms in course of preparation is published. 


SEILA MONTEREYENSIS, new species. 


Shell large, robust, brown. (Extreme apex lost in all our speci- 
mens.) One of the cotypes has two and a half nuclear whorls remain- 
ing. These are rather inflated, evenly rounded, marked by many 
slender obliquely retractive axial riblets. The transition of the nuclear 
sculpture to the post-nuclear is very abrupt. The sculpture of the 
post-nuclear turn consists of three very strong, equal, and equally 
spaced lamellar spiral keels between the sutures. Channels separating 
the spiral keels well rounded, a little wider than the keels, crossed by 
many subequal and subequally spaced slender riblets, of which about 
40-50 appear on the whorls. Periphery of the last whorl marked by a 
fourth spiral keel not quite as strong as the keels of the spire and a little 
more closely placed to the keel posterior to it than that is to its neighbor 
above it. Base marked by a spiral keel which equals the peripheral 
keel in strength, separated from it by a channel a little narrower than 
the supraperipheral groove. Both of these channels are crossed by 
the axial riblets. The remaining portion of the base slopes somewhat 
concavely toward the stout columella. Under the microscope the 


“In the preparation of the present diagnoses the following terminology is used: 

Spiral sculpture, the markings following the direction of the coils of the whorls. 

Axial sculpture, the markings which extend from the summit of the whorls toward 
the umbilicus. 

The axial sculpture may be— 

Vertical, when the markings are in general parallelism with the axis of the shell. 

Protractive, when the markings slant forward from the preceding suture. 

Retractive, when the markings slant backward from the suture. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1564. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——12 17 


~I 


178 


VOL. XXXIII. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


entire surface of the spire and base appears marked by fine lines of 
growth and spiral striations. Aperture subquadrate, decidedly chan- 
neled anteriorly; outer lip rendered sinuous by the spiral keels, 
parietal wall and edge of columella covered by a moderately strong 
‘allus. The nuclear structures were described from a young specimen, 
Cat. No. 195206, U.S.N.M., which has 10 whorls (the first two nuclear 
whorls probably being lost), and measures: Length 3.6 mm.; diameter 
1.4 mm. The other cotype (Cat. No. 32290, U.S.N.M.) is an adult 
shell in which the last 11 whorls remain, and measures: Length 
12.4 mm.; diameter 4.1 mm. 

This species has been known from the west coast under the name of 
Cerithiopsis assimilata C. B. Adams, a Panamic species, which is a 
pygmy in size compared with the present form. 


Specimens ecamined. 


Speci- Re ro ‘ A a 
sail = Locality. Collector. Museum number. 
Cat. No. 
2) | Monterey, Califor aterm. see Stearms:collectione seas asee- eee 32290 (1 cotype). 
1 | Monterey, California, (off Del Monte, | 8.S. Berry .......---..------------ 195206 (cotype). 
12 fathoms). | 
1, || Monterey. Califormiage.-- 2222-22. s-2- WE Dalle ae ae ace ee cee aes 56009. 
PF | ees (6 (0 eee ee ee eee eee oe AA AE = Canmfieldleasatoce-e eae ees 23738. 
ay eee GO rere nee eee Coe eerste Ne dep s fel DF 8 | ae eee arne SAAB e San 160892 
{| | Santa Barbara Islands'::22222222-2-2- IECOOPER CG eascen see sesemae raeeerastts 15731. 
6) (Sam Pedro, Califormia.¢-c2----2s--6-- eMac Oldroy.dmnsseecosteeeeeeeeee 195207 
a Ow sreeiSae ie akaeee ae ne [ee ele ce eee ese ete oot 195209 
4 \,San) Pedroi@Wwihites: Point) ee esse.s se oles GOW pao eee eee seers 195208 
1 | San Pedro (Terminal Island) -........-. | Mrs: Wish aurea ase say eietent 109514 
| Sant Diego, California: 2. = 2-2-5: a2 Stearns collection se.c-2-.4--ees06 | 32397. 
4 | San Diego (Ocean Beach) | ES We MCIRCN Es Sccabbcccacioscesadea) 153046. 
9)\(San\Diero (Ash street) eeecs- scanner Mrs#Oldnoy die seso-eeee oe ea 195210. 
1 | Off Point Loma light (71 to 75 fath- | U.S. F.C.Station 4310..-.....--.-. 195211 
oms). 

3 | Todos Santos, Lower California... ..... | Heskiem phillesscesoeeeeee eee ee 32393 


BITTIUM (STYLIDIUM”) ESCHRICHTI ICELUM, new subspecies. 


In B. eschrichti only the early whorls show axial ribs. In the pres- 
ent form they are well developed on all the turns, weakening only on 
the last. The type, Cat. No. 152092, U.S.N.M., was collected by J. G. 
Swan at Neah Bay, Washington. It has 9 whorls (the nucleus being 
lost), and measures: Length 15 mm.; diameter 5.5 mm. Another 
specimen, Cat. No. 32209, U.S.N.M., belongs to the Stearns collection 
and comes from Monterey, California. 


BITTIUM (STYLIDIUM) ESCHRICHTI MONTEREYENSIS, new 
subspecies. 


This form is the southern race of B. eschrichti. It differs from the 
typical form in being less strongly spirally keeled, much more smooth, 
more slender, and in every way more elegant than eschricht:. The 
typical form varies in color from brown to white, and is very rarely 


aThe name Stylidiwn is proposed by W. H. Dall, with B. eschrichti Middendorif, 
as type, in a publication now in press. 


No. 1564. NEW WEST COAST MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 179 


spotted. In montereyensis the variegated forms predominate; that is, 
the shells are whitish mottled ‘with rust brown. The type, Cat. 
No. 32221, U.S.N.M., has10 whorls, and measures: Length 13.8 mm.,; 
diameter 5 mm. 


BITTIUM ESURIENS MULTIFILOSUM, new subspecies. 


Shell similar to B. esurvens, but having 7 spiral keels between the 
sutures on the whorls of the spire instead of 4. 

The type, Cat. No. 127051, U.S.N.M., was collected by Mrs. Old- 
royd at Whites Point, San Pedro, California. It has 10 whorls, and 
measures: Length 9.2 mm.; diameter 3 mm. 


Specimens examined. 


= . { 
Speci- 


i Locality. Collector. Museum number. 
mens. | 
| Cat. No 
ie jwlontercy; Calilornia 4.2%. <<.0-- + 425 == WS HesD a litte aes seer gece sone 56002. 
Bia ees COs ees aoe e eee cece ms Steamnsicollectioni--s.-.se5- 5 ae 32235. 
1 | Whites Point, Sam Pedro ..-........-.- Mrs Oldro yaaa. see ses 127051 (type). 
We \Waesee LO PR eee oe, eters cto Beets cere GOES Sameer nae san ee SAS 195125. 
We aOa tala S GAGs eee eee = sar \iive ISL JONI ene ne ea sob eeoseee ceenl) meee 
al) Paes CLO Pema ei Sere eee ee ee ere nee GOP Se eases ere oe Ca | FOOSUS: 
1 | San Pedro (50 fathoms)............... Mrs OldroyGiescaae-ee acces nae 195126 
| 


BITTIUM TUMIDUM, new species. 


Shell of medium size, light yellowish-brown, shining. Nuclear 
whorls decollated. Post-nuclear whorls somewhat inflated, well 
rounded, separated by constricted sutures and ornamented with strong 
tuberculate axial ribs, of which there are 18 upon the second of the 
remaining whorls and 22 upon the penultimate turn. In addition to 
the axial ribs there are four unequally broad, low, spiral ridges 
between the sutures, which are much wider than the spaces which 
separate them, the latter appearing as strongly incised lines. The 
intersection of these ridges and the ribs form the tubercles. The 
whorls slope gently from the second spiral ridge toward the summit, 
and the first row of tubercles which is only feebly developed is located 
on the sloping shoulder. The second set of tubercles are rounded 
while the third and fourth rows are decidedly elongated. Periphery 
of the last turn marked by a strong smooth spiral keel, which is sepa- 
rated from the supraperipheral keel by a mere constriction. Base 
rather short without keel, marked only by lines of growth. Aperture 
suboval, decidedly channeled anteriorly; outer lip rendered sinuous 
by the external sculpture; columella short, very broad, and slightly 
expanded at the insertion, a little lighter in color than the rest of the 
shell; provided with a strong callus on its inner edge which is reflected 
over the parietal wall. 

The type, Cat. No. 74001, U.S.N.M., was collected by Canfield at 
Monterey, California. It has 8 postnuclear whorls and measures: 


180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Length 4.2 mm., diameter 1.7 mm. A second immature specimen, Cat. 
No. 23261, U.S.N.M., is in the Stearns collection, also from Monterey, 
California. 


BITTIUM QUADRIFILATUM INGENS, new subspecies. 


Shell similar to B. guadrifilatum bat in every way stronger and 
larger and of white color. The spiral bands in B. guadrifilatum do 
not form strong cusps at their intersections with the axial ribs, but 
simple nodes, while in the present form these intersections are decid- 
edly cusped. | 

The type, Cat. No. 32213, U.S.N.M., from Monterey, California, 
has lost its nucleus; the ten remaining turns measure: Length 12.2 mm. ; 
diameter 4.5mm. Another specimen, Cat. No. 195159, U.S.N.M., 
was dredged by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 4475, 
10 miles off Point Pinos Light, California, in 142 to 158 fathoms. 


CERITHIOPSIS COSMIA, new species. 


Shell elongate-conic, variegated with various shades of brown, white, 
and wax yellow. Nuclear whorls 33, slender, lending the apex a 
mucronate appearance. First nuclear whorl smooth, second crossed 
by feeble axial riblets. The riblets increase considerably in size in 
the remaining turns, where they are very regularly developed and 
evenly spaced. They are strongly protractive as they pass from suture 
to suture, the extremity at the lower suture being considerably in 
advance of the extremity at the summit. In addition to the vertical 
_riblets microscopic crinkly lines appear on the intercostal spaces 
which intersect the riblets in oblique even curves at right angles. 
The transition from the nuclear to the post-nuclear sculpture is 
abrupt, the three chief tuberculate spiral keels being present from 
the very beginning of the postnuclear turn. On the first four post- 
nuclear turns the posterior spiral keel is less developed than the rest, 
but it increases with each succeeding turn and finally becomes the 
strongest of the three. The tubercles are the early whorls, are almost 
round and slope abruptly, concavely posteriorly and gently well 
rounded anteriorly. On the later whorls they are oblong, with their 
long axis vertical. Channels separating the spiral keels about as 
wide as the keels on the early whorls, less so in the later turns, curved 
by the low, broad, strong, backward slanting axial riblets. The 
spaces between these ribs and the spiral keeis appear as rounded pits. 
Sutures well impressed. Periphery of the last whorl marked by a 
strong spiral keel. Base well-rounded, marked by three equal and 
equally spaced spiral keels separated by equaily wide and strong chan- 
nels. The entire surface of the spire and base keels, tubercles, and 
channels are marked by microscopic lines of growth and spiral stria- 
tions. Aperture subquadrate, posterior angle obtuse, decidedly chan- 


No, 1564. NEW WEST COAST MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. St 


neled at the junction of the short, thick, somewhat twisted columella 
and outer lip. 

This description is based upon two specimens, cotypes, Cat. No. 
195196, U.S.N.M. One has the nucleus and 11 postnuclear whorls, 
and has furnished the description of the nucleus. This measures: 
Length 7.3 mm.; diameter 2.3 mm. The other has lost its nucleus 
and probably the first two postnuclear turns, and measures: Length 
9mm.; diameter 2.9 mm. 


Specimens tn the UL S. National Musewm. 


Locality. Collector. Museum number. 
mens : 
| : | Cat. No. 
IOEMonterey, California. =. 2... 2--.2-2 a... Winkle Dall osaexaoiea ss anced ae os 160870. 
itl hee CO reise ope aiterts (fae ae Ss deen aise oe COS Es hee lace shactancessaeesas 56012. 
Wir ees ec 0 (0s ee a PE ee eke aes COREE St yarn sae sea: 56008. 
VE R@atalinanl Slam dys —2 Ags s2 secsaacoss soca eccrine = Acces acsces aeaecaneecouess 160077. 
33 | Whites Point, San Pedro.........-..... i ReseX ON ObWON Glee ae a5 Oe ene ae aeaee 195196 (2 cotypes). 
Bs {| Ship ated etexe lic(ohi edhe ces elses See eee sel eeaete AO Sa ee wadece suet se oeraee | 195197. 
3 | Government jetty, San Diego.-..-..... BWEWeKielsey. 52 ee cass Sees cs 153057a. 
De |W ASTIN ah) Vaya eee eet ae Ser eee oar te ERSHem ip lille eee a eee 2a. LO9S65: 
Sa ROG OS OHMLOSU BA Vien teen eases escent e. IPS CCMNIUNS secon eee ere eee een tozoo 2: 


CERITHIOPSIS PEDROANA, new species. 


Shell small, slender, dark brown. Nuclear whorls three, yellowish- 
white, smooth. Post-nuclear whorls strongly differentiated from the 
nuclear onés, showing the sculpture characteristic of the adult shell 
from the very beginning. This sculpture consists of three equally 
spaced tuberculate spiral keels between the sutures, the posterior one 
of which is slightly smaller than the other two. These keels are 
separated by deep rounded channels almost as wide as the keel. In 
addition there are many low, rather broad axial ribs, the intersec- 
tions of which with the keel form the tubercles. About 20 of them 
occur upon the first, 22 upon the fifth, and 30 upon the penultimate 
post-nuclear turn. The connection between the tubercles, both spiral 
and axial, are about equal, inclosing deep, squarish pits. In addition 
to the above sculpture the entire surface is marked by fine spiral lines 
and lines of growth. Sutures strongly marked, constricted, showing 
the peripheral keel in the later whorl. Periphery marked by a broad, 
low, rounded keel. Another of equal width is located upon the middle 
of the base. The sulcus which separates these keels and the supra- 
peripheral sulcus are of equal width; both are crossed by the weak 
continuations of the axial ribs, which gradually weaken as they pass 
toward the columella. The basal keel is separated from the columella 
by broad, shallow grooves. Aperture irregularly oval, decidedly 
channeled anteriorly, outer lip thin, rendered sinuous by the external 
keel; columella stout and somewhat twisted, with a strong callus on its 
inner edge that extends over the parietal wall. 


182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


The two cotypes, Cat. No. 109512, U.S.N.M., were collected by 
Mrs. W. H. Eshnaur at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California. The 
one has the nucleus and 3 post-nuclear whorls; the other has lost the 
nucleus and has 9 post-nuclear turns and measures: Length 5.2 mm., 
diameter 1.8 mm. 


Specimens in the U. S. National Museum. 


Speci- 


mena! Locality. Collector. Museum number. 
~— — ne PY sees a | = eee 
| Cat. No. 
390 | Terminal Island, California.......-.... Mrs co. Ee shmaunee seer eeeses 109512 (cotypes). 
1 | Catalina Island, California........--.- WiEL SD bill 7 stems ye cee ree ES 56751. 
3 SanvPedro; Calitorninc 2.27 esse ar nc Ti Oldvoy dts = sascncse eee eee 195179. 
2 = 2272 (0 (0 ne Bee ae oa oe nee eeeanros Je, Gi COOper fe scmees soce een eaten: | 14825. 
1 | San Pedro (Whites Point), California .| T.S. Oldroyd..................... 195180. 
Li eters COMB. are tc Seats mee seninee sear Braman wo. . cc celeseeeek seceeeeana 737254. 
9 Sani DiesouCalifonniamessecece sn ee-e JicMe Cookes: Sears cee aceee | 130584. 
AON PAeee GO gst Net se Se eee aeceneneee et Stearns collection ........--.-.-- :| 32287a. 
18} | ES aaa) cosdononauscd asearceesencenescndd||>se5e CKO Rene eeu See nee 32220D 
Suienee CHESS Seow erE SE ctrosGe suas WAtELD alll See cc eeece ote oder 56006a 
Gleason GOFSe a A ol cee eee ae eee DAS OlLNOVGsssec eases See eee 123401. 
da eee GO ASkoresnes eee Coe eee een eS emap bill ee ee eee eee ee 109364. 
7 | San Diego (Government jetty), Cali: | F. W. Kelsey .-............-..---- 153058. 
| fornia. 
1 | Point Abreojos, Lower California. .... | Belo sire coy o) OW 5 See noosa casos ae 106504. 
1 | Todos Santos Bay, Lower California ..) Stearns colleetion®= 2 2-e en eee 32292. 


METAXIA DIADEMA, new species. 


Shell slender, decidedly turrited, brown. Nuclear whorls four, the 
first smooth, the others marked by two spiral threads, the posterior 
one of which falls on the middle of the whorls between the sutures, 
while the anterior one is about halfway between it and the basal suture. 
In addition to this sculpture there are slender equal and equally spaced 
axial riblets, of which about 28 occur upon the third and 30 upon the 
fourth whorl. The nuclear whorls are slopingly shouldered from 
the posterior keel to the summit and well rounded anterior to it. The 
demarcation between the sculpture of the nuclear turns and the post- 
nuclear turns is abrupt. Post-nuclear turns inflated, marked by four 
strong spiral tuberculate keels and axial ribs. These four keels are 
equally spaced, but not equally strong. The third excels all the others 
in development, the fourth or basal one comes next, the second next, 
while the one at the summit is the weakest of the four. The axial 
ribs are broad and strong and rather distantly spaced, forming decided 
nodes at their intersection with the spiral keels. There are about 14 
of these ribs upon the first, 15 upon the fifth, and 22 upon the penul- 
timate turn. The spiral keels connecting the tubercles are only about 
one-fourth as strong as the axial ribs; the areas inclosed by the two 
are quadrangular, the vertical diameter being the shorter. On the 
last whorl, where the ribs are a little more crowded, these areas become 
squarish. Sutures strongly constricted. Periphery of the last whorl 
marked by a strong keel, separated from the supra-peripheral keel by 
a strong channel, which is crossed by the continuations of its axial 


No. 1564. NEW WEST COAST MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 1838 


ribs. Base rather short, sloping somewhat concavely from the periph- 
eral keel to the insertion of the broad columella, marked by a weak 
spiral thread at the base of the columella and the continuation of the 
axial ribs which extend well up on the columella. Aperture suboval, 
decidedly channeled at the junction of the lip and columella with the 
posterior angle obtuse. 

The smaller of the two cotypes, Cat. No. 195203, U.S.N.M., has the 
nucleus complete and 8 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 3.8 
mm.; diameter 1.8mm. The other, Cat. No. 153045, U.S.N.M., has 
8 post-nuclear whorls, having lost the nuclear and probably two of the 
post-nuclear turns; it measures: Length 4.6 mm.; diameter 1.5 mm. 

This species has been confounded with the European Jetax/a 
metauxae, under which name it has appeared in many lists. 


Specimens examined. 


Speci yayisc ‘olle , , } o 
ne Locality. Collector. | Museum number. 
| 
| | Cat. No. 
ee Monterey: Harbors. cer te eee ee Reese SO LOMMMSteyesccmm/oeecicctiemanc | 74012. 
My Rpeee GOs See iee cesne hence Secs ee heals (ADD EH U eae eS See eee ee | 56011. 
le Monterey (Del Monte) 12 tathoms®=<. s|:S.'S.\berry <2... sa-..--2o-ce--co>5 se (101 Berry collec- 
1 | Monterey (Del Monte), 28 fathoms....|..... Choise Bua ener re Ae ae Aeon if tion. 
QieMonberey, ((PACHICIGrOVE))+.4-2-.----55|-ce-8 GOfe Seneca neaene ----| 195223 (1 cotype). 
GalPSameRedroyee 22 pacc= = tees ween cee Mrs OlGroyair sececssceince ---| 130569. 
Cen CLO Oe ce neon ores ou eae CORE fee Fee teem a8 | 195204 
by Pear C0 VO Vpeheytits eae gn Ss StIe Oma c ater ets eae a ier IMissprohhnstone sce aecenccinccoes 152172 
ere ClO aaa csR ane ee oe asters SSS BEL ee rer mer pee aos eee 39 Berry collection. 
Iig OCEamBea Chess! serene i occeeieeeeee WeWirkelseys: 2: 23. 22acs<s amece sac 153045 (cotype). 
2) Of Point Loma, lOfathomsiz.cs-. 2. <.- -e..- AOS eee cc oten ceeeelinccee 1523388. 
Han | AVVieStn CORS bees eet creme ano eree ce ipetearns (collections. qs. naee cece 32304. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL 
CONCHOLOGIST. 


By Witi1am Heratey Dat, 


Curator, Division of Mollusks, U.S. National Museum. 


The publication of an account “ of Martyn and his famous work on 
the shells of the South Seas by me in 1905, had the hoped-for effect, in 
that it was the means of bringing out supplementary information 
which enables me to supply data missing at the date of the first paper 
and to confirm conclusions which in it were arrived at by circumstan- 
tial evidence. Next to the positive determination that the first 80 
plates were published in 1784, the most important data relate to the 
correction of the so-called reprint issued by Chenu of the tables for 
the second 80 plates, which turns out to be entirely unreliable. The 
new information comes from widely scattered sources. 

The copy containing the first 80 plates, belonging to the Academy 
of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, is about the same size as the 
National Museum copy (12% by 10§ inches) and is of the same date. 
It contains a publisher’s circular offering the work separately printed 
on an octavo sheet dated 1787, and a manuscript note’ stating that the 
Duke of York’s copy sold for 10 guineas. The plates and tables 
agree with those of the Museum copy. 

The second copy examined was sent from South Dakota by a collector 
who sold it to Mr. John B. Henderson, jr., of Washington, and like- 
wise consisted of 80 plates elegantly bound. This was evidently one 
of the ‘*select copies” of the first issue, as it is on folio sheets (Lig by 
164 inches), and is dated after the first engraved title, ‘‘ 1784,” and 
after the second engraved title has ‘*MDCCLXXXIV | Tomkins 
scripsit | Ellis sc.” | in small letters. This plate and the dedication 
are larger than those in the quarto edition and printed from a different 
engraved plate, although the wording is the same as in the quarto 
copies. There are no plates of medals. The text is worded the same 


@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X XIX, 1905, No. 1425, pp. 415-432. 
6Taken from an account of the sale in the London Times, May 24, 1827. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1565. 
185 


186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


as in the later issues, for the most part, but slightly differently dis- 
tributed. On page 8, paragraph 2, after ‘‘South Seas,” is added 
‘*comprising in all about 170 different species. The whole of which 
will be contained in four volumes, each volume exhibiting 40 shells or 
80 figures.” The later issues have only ** The whole of which will be 
comprised in two volumes.” 

The Henderson copy, p. 8, footnote, asks that “* correct copies of 
these” (i. e., drawings of unique shells for use in the work) may be 
sent to the author by ‘* Christmas, 1785,” in order to enrich the suite 
of these particular shells in this repository. This note, ora part of it, 
appears on page 6of the quarto. Page 26 in the Henderson copy ends 
the text. Then follows the ‘* Explanatory Table,” worded as in the 
quarto, but engraved ona somewhat larger plate. The figures of shells 
follow, but, while they are the same species as in the quarto, they are 
in a few cases differently placed on the sheet. and the space inclosed by 
the neat-lines is larger. 

Under the sheet of the Explanatory Table is inserted an octavo 
sheet of two pages, one English and one French, headed ** Observa- 
tions on the Explanatory Table.” This sheet has not been seen in any 
other copy, but contains nothing of importance. It is chiefly devoted 
to remarks on the shells figured on plates 2, 14, 20, and 24. 

The second forty plates forming ‘* Volume IL” have a copy of the 
1787 circular inserted after the fly leaf, together with a note (with no 
headline), as follows: ‘‘As the four first volumes of this undertaking | 
form of themselves a distinct work and as such | may be preferred by 
some Persons: an additional | Title page is therefore added for such 
Purpose, leaving the other title page to be removed at | the Discretion 
of the Purchasers.” 

There is the same engraved title as for Volume I (first forty plates), 
no text, explanatory table the same as in the quarto. 

The following differences are noted between the Henderson copy of 
the plates and the plates of the quarto: 

Plate 43 has two views of shell. There is only one view in the quarto. 

Plates 57 and 59: same remark. 

Plates 61 and 63, the figures are side by side. In the quarto (owing 
to the smaller page?) they are placed diagonally. 

All the other plates, except in regard to the reat-line, agree exactly 
with those of the quarto. 

Mr. Charles Hedley, of the Australian Museum, informed me that 
they possess a complete copy with all the plates and also copies of the 
publisher’s circular in octavo form, with French and English text for 
the issues of 1784and 1786. These circulars are now known for 1784, 
1786, and 1787. Mr. Hedley, with the concurrence of the Museum 
authorities, was kind enough to send me photographs of the circulars 
and also of the ‘* Explanatory Tables” belonging to Volumes III and 


No. 1565. ON MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST—DALL. 187 


IV, otherwise the third and fourth batches of 40 plates each. I have 
already called attention to the confusion caused by the publisher some- 
times referring to 40 and at other times to SO plates as a volume. 
The explanatory tables are marked Vol. I, Il, LI, and 1V, respec- 
tively. Ireproduce the English page of the earliest prospectus known 
to me, that dated 1784. 

The words ‘* This day is published” should not be taken literally, 
since they occur on each of the circulars. They simply mean that the 
books are on sale at the time of distribution of the circular, even when 
first issued earlier. The subsequent circulars differ but little in word- 
ing. They have the heading ‘** Academy for Painting of Natural 
History,” which is wanting on the circular of 1784. 

For condition V of the 1784 circular that of 1786 has ** That the sub- 
sequent volume, which is already in great part finished, shall be pub- 
lished some time in the spring, 1787.” 

In the circular of 1787, after the line *‘ This day is published,” is 
inserted ‘‘(in two volumes compleat);” the paragraph numbered V in 
1786 is omitted, and paragraph VI becomes V, while there is no para- 
graph VI. 

The prices cited also vary. In 1786 the price is raised to ‘nine 
guineas each volume, in a rich extra binding; and ten guineas and a 
half in morocco. Unbound, seven guineas and a half. An edition 
of the above Work, elegantly bound in small Folio, may be had at 
five guineas and a half each volume.” The same prices were asked in 
ECS 

In 1784 the author was situated at **26 King-Street, Covent-Garden,” 
but in 1786 and 1787 the circulars place him at ** 16 Great Marlborough- 
Street.” 

The data above given prove conclusively that the first eighty plates 
appeared in 1784, the third forty in 1786, and the work was completed 
probably in the spring of 1787. Also that the date on the title-pages 
was changed at least twice, copies existing dated 1784, 1787, and 1789; 
and that a separate title-page was prepared for the first four volumes 
of South Sea shells when it became impossible to carry out the author’s 
plan of issuing a general iconography. 

The photographs of the ** Explanatory Tables” of Volumes III and 
IV show such discrepancies between Chenuw’s ‘‘ reprint” and the text 
it purports to represent that the suspicion arises that the original 
table may have been submitted to some revision and additions in a 
later issue; otherwise it seems impossible to account for Chenu giving 
in each case for these two volumes the generic name Card/wn, when 
the original reads Coch/ea, and specific names to species for which no 
specific name had been engraved in the compartment of the table 
intended to hold one. 


CO 
o.0) 


se 


leereay re ee en 


- Work truly worthy the appellation Of a School, for this pleafing branch of 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X XXIII. 


Seeae pesniee aaa a 


Sede eee 


Do is Publifed. 
ww FIGURES of Non-prscript SHELLs, 


THE 


Several Voyages to the Sourn Seas, fince the Year 1 70a. 


DEDICATED (by Pernifion) to HIS MA FESTY: 


COLLECTED IN 


ConpiTions. s 5 
I. HAT the whole Work, exhibiting a| 2dly. The Enclith name and family, with 
’ compleat Collection of Non-defcript an initial letter denoting the genus, or 
Shells, from the South Seas, thall be com- divifion of that family, to which the thell 
prifed in four volumes, Folio. belongs, according to the Syitem of the i 
TI. That Ercuty Ficures of Suerrs fhall Author. 3dly. The latin name, anditsde- — j 
be given in each volume. gree of rarity. 4thly. Where the fhell is i 
AII. That the more effential parts fhall be ex- found. And laftly, im what cabinet 2t is j 
ecuted By the Author only; and the whole preferved. i : : 
By hisPupils, under his immediate direftion. || V. That the tubfequent volumes, (which are 4 
TV. ‘That in each volume thall be given'an en- |} already in great part finifhed) fhall be pub- ! 
graved title page, and an explanatory table, | ~ ‘lifhed at regular intervals of five months. i 
(in French and English) fhewing in differ- || VI. Phar the price {hall be fix guineas each 
ent columns,- 1{t. The number referring] volume, elegantly bound, or five guineas 
to each figure in the order of its fucceifion. |} unbound. e : 


= A fmall number of SELECT COPIES will be fold at an advance of two guineas anda 
half on each Volume. : 


‘The fubjeét of the Work above propofed, feems to entitle it in a parti- 
‘cular manner to the atrention of the Bgitifh Naturalitt, as a monument of 
the feveral voyages to the Pacific Ocean, and of thofe important difcoveries 
which will do fuch lafting honour'to the Philofephical fpiric of this nation, 
under the prefent-reign, fo aufpicious both ro the liberal arts and ufefulSci- 
ences. Nor is it deftitute of a more general merit, which may as power- 
fully recommend it to the Naturalift of every country.—The merit of 
Novelty: No publication on thefe particular fhells having yet appeared. 
This alone might be fufficient to infure it fuccefs, as a fupplement tothe © 
treatifes of Lifter and Orhers. The Author, however, takes this opportu-— 
nity of intimating, that he wifhes this effay rather to be confidered as the 
firft part of an undertaking much more extenfive ; that of illuftrating the 
whole Syfiem of Conchology, in the fame fuperior ftyle of accuracy and 
elegance. This fuperiority will beft appear by comparing this Publication 
with all others extant, in this or ‘any other. branch of Natural Hiftory. 
The drawings will be minutely correct, and adapted to a feale, formed 
‘on an attentive obfervation of the more perfect fpecimens in the principal  - 
cabinets of this kingdom: the engraving will confift merely of a delicate 7 
otitline, as a certain guide for the relative proportidns of the parts ; to this 
the utmoft 4kill and labour of the Painter will be added, in order to produce 
from the whole the full effect of that beautiful contour, rich colouring, and 
bold relief, which the fubject fo peculiarly demands, and which the art of | | 
painting alone can properly fupply ; while the exact and lively. repreienta-"_ 
tion of Nature in the fize, fhape, mouth, extremities, convolutions, and *; 
various colours of the different fhells thus exhibited, will ar the fame — 
time anfwer every purpofe of fcience, and in fome fort render the prefent 


Natural Hiftory. 


 * Sele Copies of the above work, richly bound in Morocco, may be had, at Fen ‘Guineas anda 
Half cach Volume: Sec — : 


Soldat Taomas Martxn’s, (the Author) No, 26; Aing-Strect, Covest-Garden, 


Londag, 1764." <j 


PROSPECTUS OF MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST, 


No. 1565. 


The following list gives Martyn’s names for his Volumes IIT and 
IV. A comparison with the list in my first paper transcribed from 
Chenu’s ‘‘ reprint” will show the discrepancies. Several species have 
no specific name given to them. When the generic name is not 
engraved against the specific name but is indicated by the context it 
In this and other respects the list agrees 
Specific names added by 


ON MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST—DALL. 189 


is placed in parentheses. 
with the construction of my previous list. 
Chenu, but not in the original, are starred: 


EXPLANATORY TABLE, VOLUME III. 


Puate 81. Buecinum ficus. 
82. Buecinum vexillum croceum. 
83. Buccinum coronatum. 
84. Bueccinum lineatum. 
85. Buecinum tessellatum. 
86. Buccinum nux-odorata. 
87. Buceinum incisum. 
88. Buccinum costatum. 
89. Buccinum scabrum. 


Buecinum 
Buecinum 


turris picta. 
turris clavata. 


90 
91 : 2 
Buccinum galea ferrea. 
Bueccinum ornatum. 
Buccinum luteolum. 
Buccinum vittatum. 
“|Buceinum yarium. 
|Buccinum coelatum., 
‘|Buccinum sinuatum (omitted by Chenu). 
95-1 ala circulata. 
Bulla villosa. 
96. Cyprea subfuscula. 
97. Clava tessellata. 
{Clava nigra. 
~"|Clava fusca. 
99. (Patella) scapula. 
100. Patella testudineata. 
101.( Patella) morionis-pileus. 
102. (Patella) umbella. 
Mitra rugata. 
|Mitra denticulata. 
{Mitra staminea. 
*|Mitra fasciata. 
{Mitra limosa. 
‘|Mitra vermiculata. 
106. (Nerita) nux-castanea. 
107. Nerita acupictus. 
108. Nerita diversicolor. 
10 eee pellis-arminiana. 
Nerita litteris Hebraicis notatus (hebrzea*). 


eae galea variata. 


103. 
104 


105 


See note a, page 196. 


190 


PLATE 


PLATE 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL. XXXIITI. 


{Nerita Solin 
\Nerita fasciatus. 
{Oliva corticata. 
Iie Ace : 
|Oliva striata. 

> JOliva interpuncta. 
“Oliva fenestrata. 

a |Purpura scabra. 
“Purp ura senticosa. 
{ Purpura tubulata. 
"| Purpura ramosa. 
115. Limax aureus. 
116. (Limax) tiara. 
117. (Limax) lampas. 
118. Limax vittatus. 
119. Limax scaber. 
120. Limax yviperinus (serpens* Chenu). 


110. 


1a 


EXPLANATORY TABLE, VOLUME IV. 


Limax spicatus. 
121., (Limax) fusea spicatus. 
| (Limax, nigra spicatus (omitted by Chenu). 
22. (Limax) flammeus. 
123. (Limax) scutulatus. 
24. Trochus petrosus. 
| (Voluta) fagina. 
"|(Voluta) cosmographicus. 
126. (Voluta) reticulata. 
(Voluta) undata. 
*|( Voluta) interpuncta. 
( Voluta) (ducis-navalis* ). 
Voluta scutulata. 
*|(Voluta) zonaria. 
Cochlea bicolor. 
*|(Cochlea) nexilis. 


| (Cochlea) tigrina. 

"| (Cochlea) aquosa. 
(Cochlea) crista-galli. 
‘| (Cochlea) histrix. 
Cochlea implexa. 
*|(Cochlea) purpurea. 
(Cochlea) triangularis. 
(Cochlea) coocinea. 
(Cochlea) dentrachates. 


id 
fo 
i) Ba 
poeta ae pee Ce eee eee pears 


134. 


Cochlea nimbata. 


5, 
136. ie 
"| (Cochlea) marmorata. 
_ {(Cochlea) cretata.¢ 
Ie Ke ‘ochlea) arborescens. 
_ {(Cochlea) russa. ? 
eS "|(Cochlea) palatam. 
“ety {Cochlea undata. 
| (pees fumosa. 


a Marked with chalk. Martyn’s English is ‘‘ Figured cockle.”’ 


> Red or rosy. 


No. 1565. ON MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST—DALL. JES) 


Puate 140. (Cochlea) nepulee 
141. (Cochlea) castrensis. 

(Cochlea) virgulata. 

ae ) inscripta. 
. (Cochleeg (albida*). 

144. oe ) viminea. 
(Cochlea) acupicta. 

Cochlea) maculosa. 

146. (Cochlea) columbina. 

147. (Cochlea) striata. 

148. (Cochlea) gilva. 

149. (Cochlea) violacea. 

150. (Cochlea) personata. 

| Muse(ulus) fuscus. 

“| (Museulus) viridis. 

{( Musculus) viridis undatus. 

“*|(Musculus) fuscus undatus. 

, | Pecten rubidus. 

”*|(Pecten) bombycinus. 

154. Ostria echinata. 

155. (Ostria) spinosa. 

Tellina cinnamar. 

(Tellina) subrubicunda. 

(Tellina) alba. 

(Tellina) rosea. 

(Tellina) barbata. 

(Tellina) subrubicunda radiata. 

( 

( 

( 


| 
145. 1( 


151 


= 


| 
156.) 
574 
ol 


158. 


| 
all 
J 
| 


Tellina) purpurea radiata. 
Tellina) adumbrata. 


60. Tellina) rubescens. 


The discrepancies between the tables as reprinted exactly above and 
Chenw’s list are so great that it does not seem reasonable to refer 
them merely to carelessness. In the absence of Chenu’s original or a 
copy of it, and from the fact that the tables as reproduced by me 
from the Sydney copy are marred by engravers’ errors—have two spe- 
cies without any specific name at all, and have thirty-six species with 
different generic names from those cited by Chenu —I conclude that 
the Sydney tables are an early issue of engravings which were later 
corrected and completed, and that it was from one of the altered copies 
that Chenu’s badly printed list was taken, adding a number of errors 
of its own. 

As illustrating engraver’s errors in the Sydney tables, I need only 
mention as misspellings such words as coocinea for coccinea, palatam 
for palatum, and ostria for ostrea. 

Other errors of the engraver consist in reversing the order of words 
as indicated by the English trivial names, putting the varietal name 
before the specific name, as fusca spicatus and nigra spicatus for 
spicatus var. fusca and spicatus var. nigra. In one instance the name 
intended for the specific name and the descriptive phrase have changed 


192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


places in the columns, an error which seems to have been corrected in 
Chenu’s original.“ 

One species and one variety are altogether omitted from Chenu’s 
list, and the thirty-two bivalves placed in a genus Cochlea by Martyn, 
in his Volume IV, are listed by Chenu as Cardium, though the two 
Cochlea of Volume II remain. The four shells listed by Martyn as 
Musculus (i. e., Modiolus Lamarck) have the name J/yt7/us in Chenu’s 
list. These facts point strongly toward a revision by Martyn himself 
of the original engravings of the tables for Volumes III and LY. 

The importance of Volumes III and IV is fortunately confined to the 
specific nomenclature of the forms figured. Of these but a few are 
American. One comes from Newfoundland, one from the Straits of 
Magellan, and the rest of the American forms are from the West 
Indies. Nearly all of them had been given specific names before Mar- 
tyn’s time, and there are no Pacific coast species among them. Only 
Volumes I and II, or the first 80 plates (dating from 178+), are impor- 
tant for any generic synonymy. These are also the portions most 
frequently quoted by Bruguiére, Gmelin, Lamarck, Deshayes, and 
other contemporary or nearly contemporaneous authors. 

The present summary will enable those interested to form a correct 
idea of the earliest issue of Volumes III and IV (1786-87), not seen by 
me when I prepared my former paper on Martyn and the Universal 
Conchologist, and to positively confirm the priority of Martyn’s names 
over those of Gmelin, Bruguiére, and Lamarck, as indicated by that 
publication. 


« Nerita hebr:eu, Plate 109, second figure. 


BASKETRY BOLO CASE FROM BASILAN ISLAND. 


By Otts ‘T. Mason, 


Head Curator, Department of Anthropology, U. S. National Museum. 


In the department of anthropology in the United States National 
Museum is a basketry toilet or bolo case of the Jacanes (Yacanes), an 
aboriginal tribe living in the interior of Basilan Island, southwest of 


a 
ae i Z 


Me labs 


Fig. 1.—JACANESE BOLO CASE. FRONT VIEW, SHOWING FOOTING. STAINED, CARVED, AND P-ERCED FOR 
THE INNER BODY TECHNIC; OUTER BODY TECHNIC, WITH HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DEXTRAL, AND 
SINISTRAL WEAVING; AND BORDER, SHOWING HOOP WORK, KNOT WORK, AND BRAID WORK. 


Mindanao (Cat. No. 239086, U.S.N/M.). Owing to the slight cloth- 
ing there needed, it is the custom to suspend the receptacle for odds 
and ends from the belt universally worn. It has the functions of a 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1566. 


193 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——138 


194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


pocket, a scabbard, and a woman’s reticule. The Basilan Moros call 
it see-bah’-kan; the Jacanes, tahm-pee’-pee. When the bolo is in it, 
the basket is called doo’-hoong. Dimensions: Height, 13 inches; 
diameter at the top, 5 inches. Gift of Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. Army. 

Structural parts.—Bottom; body, in shape of a cavalry legging 
pinched together at the bottom; border; carrying parts, only a por- 
tion of which are present; and ornamentation. The structural parts 
at once awaken interest through the economics displayed in uniting 
the greatest capacity and strength with the least weight of the vehicle. 
(See figs. 1 and 2, showing front and back views of specimen. ) 


Fig. 2.—JACANESE BOLO CASE. BACK VIEW, SHOWING THE STRENGTHENING STRIPS FOR CARRYING 
AND THE METHOD OF ATTACHING BY MEANS OF MALAY KNOTS. 


Technic.—Its technical processes areas follows: The bottom is worked 
from soft wood and is divided into quite distinct portions, the outer 
and the inner. The former is the footing—keel-shaped, parallel-sided, 
and rudely carved in front. The inside portion, acting as a lining to 
the bottom, is in shape of a long, elliptical dish, to serve as a rest for 
the weapons and other belongings (fig. 3). The furrow between these 
parts receives the textile elements of the inner basket. 

The technic of the body is in uniform, rigid splits of bamboo, in 
two series—the inner, one-quarter of an inch; the outer, one-half an 
inch wide. These are woven in four directions—horizontal, dextral, 
sinistral, and vertical. The inner series are the foundation, and are in 


No. 1566. BASKETRY BOLO CASE—MASON. 195 


hexagonal weaving (tig. 3). The dextral and the sinistral elements are 


drawn through holes in the upper border of the footing, and the 


meshes are each large 
enough to allow the pas- 
sage of six elements of 
the outer basket, two from 
each of the three direc- 
tions—vertical, right, and 
left (fig. +4). Just above 
these holes in the footing 
the first horizontal split 
of the inner basket, or 
foundation, serves as a 
starting point of the outer 
basket (fig. 3). The bam- 
boo splits of the outer 
series are doubled about 
this one, half of each split 
passing up vertically and 
the other half either to 
the right or to the left, 


AF Fis 
ST, 


SII 


aS 


and all woven in and out Fic. 3.—INsIpE OF JACANESE BOLO CASE, SHOWING HEXAGON 


through the hexagonal 
meshes (fig. 4). The ef- 


WEAVE, THE METHOD OF ITS ATTACHMENT, AND THE DOUBLE 
FUNCTION OF THE FOOTING. 


fect of this double weaving is to produce an almost compact technic, 
with the splits of the inner basket nearly concealed. 


h 


We NV, | ‘le A, 
: : 7 GH 


Fig. 4.—OUTER TECHNIC OF JACANESE BOLO CASE, SHOWING 
HOW THE ELEMENTS ARE BENT, INCLINED, AND ATTACHED TO 
THE HEXAGONAL WEAVING. NOTE SPECIALLY HOW THE 
SPLITS GO IN PAIRS, THE FLUKES ALTERNATELY DIVERGING 
RIGHT AND LEFT, AS IN AN ANCHOR, THEN CROSSING EACH 
OTHER. 


The technic of the bor- 
der is the most interesting 
of all, owing to its com- 
plexity (figs. 1, 2, and 5). 
It is founded on hoops 
and is in two sections, the 
upper and the lower. The 
former is of flat hoops 
surmounted by a smaller 
round hoop, the inner 
ones being covered in lace 
work of rattan splits (fig. 
5,4 and 4). These laced 
hoops are fitted on the 
top of the body and fas- 
tened, as follows, by what 
constitutes the second por- 


tion of the border: Stout hoops form the inwale and the outwale of 
this portion, and three series of Malay knots unite them with the 


196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Snip seeerie 


lower hoop of the laced work and with the upper edge of the body 
work, at the same time forming a band of simple sennit braid work on 
the outside (fig. 5, c-c). This is a remarkable example of joining 
Malay knot work and weaving, for the purpose of hiding the unsightly 
turning down of ends at the top of the body. 

The carrying parts present are two strong half stems of rattan laid 
on the back of the body outside, a little farther apart at the bottom, 
and held fast by a series of Malay knots about 2 inches apart. The 
ends of the carrying parts are tucked in at top and bottom. (See 
fio. 2.) 

For want of a better name the term *‘ Malay knot” is used here for 
the universal appliance to bind several parts together. It is a com- 
bination of two round turns and two half hitches in splits or tough 

and pliable stems. To 
b tie the knot, (1) pass the 
free end of the material 


ll 
2 a\\a\7 = = 
SIO 


Ie RSENS : to the right as far as the 
(Hn ‘ place where the knot is 
SSE to be tied; (2) under and 


around the parts and back 
of the standing part; (3) 


F1G. 5.—BORDER OF J ACANESE BOLO CASE, SHOWING HOOP WORK pass the free end around 


AND LACE WORK (@ AND Db), KNOT WORK AND BRAID WORK (CC). 5 % 
in the same direction and 


to the left of the first round turn, bringing it in front of the standing 
part and then under all and forward, meving toward the right; (4) 
take a half hitch around the standing part from down upward and 
make all tight. Repeat at will, always working toward the right. 

The ornamentation of the basket is in the technic, in carving and 
staining, and in smoking or charring—the last two processes on the 
front only. The footing is stained black in front and carved with very 
simple geometric patterns. The weaving of the body is smoked so as 
to present an X-shaped design in natural color, effected by laying two 
palm leaflets crossed on the surface while the coloring was going on. 
The upper outer edge of the braid work on the border has a decora- 
tion added in the shape of a little hoop joined on by overwhipping in 
fine split. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW NORTH AMERICAN TINEID 
MOTHS, WITH -A GENERIC TABLE OF THE FAMILY 
BLASTOBASID. . 


By Lorp WALSINGHAM, 


Merton Hall, Thetford, England. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Several papers were published under the title “Steps Toward a 
Revision of Chambers Index; With Notes and Descriptions of New 
Species’? in Insect Life,* a journal published by the U.S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture from 1888 to 1895. The object was the gradual 
improvement of the catalogue of North American Tineid moths by 
the publication of descriptions of new species and corrections of 
the generic locations of old ones. The standard catalogue of North 
American Tineide at the time these papers were begun was pub- 
lished by V. T. Chambers under the title “Index to the Described 
Tineina of the United States and Canada”’ in the Bulletin of U.S. 
Geological and Geographical Survey, IV, No. 1, 1878. During the 
sixteen years that have elapsed since the last installment of these 
papers was printed, the journal Insect Life has been suspended, 
but the series is herewith continued under a more explanatory title. 

The material on which these descriptions are based was in part 
received by the U. S. National Museum from the U. 8S. Department 
of Agriculture through the late Dr. C. V. Riley, and in part is con- 
tained in the author’s collection. Types of the new species are in 
the collection of the U. S. National Museum in most cases, as indi- 
cated by the type numbers, some from the museum material and 
some donated by the author. 


Family GELECHIADA. 
GELECHIA LAUDATELLA, new species. 


Antenne white, annulated with brownish fuscous, the basal joint 
having a wider white ring than those beyond it. 

Pal white, both joints brownish fuscous at the base, terminal 
joint tipped with brownish fuscous. 


a The last paper of this series appeared in Insect Life, III, 1891, p. 389. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. XXXIII—No. 1567. 
197 


198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIII. 


Head and thorax white, the latter dusted with brownish fuscous 
scales. 

Forewings white, the base of the costa and the extreme base of the 
dorsum brownish fuscous; an elongate brownish fuscous spot lies 
above the middle of the wing between and projecting farther than 
the brown above and below it; a large brownish fuscous patch 
begins at the basal fourth of the costa, its inner edge sloping obliquely 
toward, but not attaining, the middle of the dorsum; beyond its 
lower point it is indented upward to the middle of the wing and 
thence continued to the apical fourth, where its straight outer edge 
is margined by a narrow band of white; the apical portion of the 
wing, together with the grayish white cilia, is dusted and clouded 
with brown, and at the base of the cilia, beyond the middle of the 
dorsum, are a few brownish fuscous scales. 

Alar expanse.—10.5 mm. 

Hindwings pale gray; cilia faintly tinged with ochreous. 

Abdomen grayish ochreous. 

Legs, hind tibiz whitish ochreous, the tarsal joints smeared above. 

Type.—F¥emale, Cat. No. 10677, U.'S.N.M.; No. 142, Riley, 1886; 
No. 842, Walsingham, 1886. 

Habitat.—Folsom, California, July 1, 1885 (A. Koebele, collector). 

This species appears to be allied to the group of fraternella Douglass. 


GELECHIA SUBTRACTELLA Walker. 


Gelechia subtractella WALKER, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pt. 39, p. 592, No. 229, 
1864.—RILEy in Smith’s List Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 102, No. 5487. 

Blastobasis subtractella Dyar, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 528, No. 
5969. 

Type.—Female in the British Museum. 

Habitat.—Nova Scotia. 

An old note of mine, made many years ago, ‘‘ Blastobasis ¢ Wlsm. 
MS. 190: 1892,” is probably responsible for the removal of this 
species from Gelechia to Blastobasis in Dyar’s Catalogue, but a sub- 
sequent note reads as follows: ‘‘This is a Gelechiad; a wretched 
object, unset and much worn. Palpi rather rough beneath, terminal 
joint a little shorter than median. Neuration and width of wing 
impossible to arrive at. I should call it an obscurely marked Lita, 
much mottled with subferruginous spots on middle of fold, at end 
of cell and near apex, also perhaps at end of fold; but these are 
scarcely distinguishable from the fuscous sprinkling and shading which 
covers the apparently paler wing-surface (much worn). Until 
further evidence is forthcoming this must remain as an unrecog- 
nized (relechia. 


No. 1667. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHA M. 199 


Family G2COPHORID. 
Genus ETHMIA Hiibner. 


ETHMIA ALBITOGATA, new species. 


Antenne fuscous. 

Pal blackish, with a few white scales beneath, at the base and 
about the apex of the median joint; terminal joint erect, slightly 
recurved, somewhat shorter than is usual in the genus. 

Head and thorax dull fuscous, the ends of the tegule whitish. 

Forewings elongate, narrow, rounded at the apex, termen oblique, 
slightly convex; white, densely suffused with brownish fuscous 
which forms an obtuse angle on the outer half of the fold, receding 
very obliquely toward the basal and apical portions of the costa; 
a spot of the same color is conspicuous immediately above the tornus, 
running obliquely inward, and a smaller spot lies immediately below 
and adjacent to the fold near the base; the extreme costa is whitish 
and the darker markings here mentioned are rendered more con- 
spicuous in the paler or less-suffused varieties, while in others they 
become less noticeable through the more complete shading of the 
general surface of the wing; cilia whitish, more or less suffused with 
brownish fuscous, but usually with a small white spot on the upper 
half of the termen below the apex; underside pale brownish fuscous, 
the costa and dorsum and the subapical spot in the cilia showing 
some white scaling. 

Alar expanse.—16 mm. 

Hindwings white, slightly shining, the apical fourth brownish 
fuscous; cilia white, with a narrow basal band of brownish fuscous 
coinciding with the da’kened portion of the wing; underside white, 
with a small fuscous shade at the apex. 

Abdomen brownish fuscous. 

Legs whitish, much shaded with brownish fuscous; some pro- 
jecting white hairs from the end of the posterior tibiae. 

Type.—Male, No. 101552, collection Walsingham; paratype male, 
Cat. No. 10346, U.S.N.M. (Walsingham determined, No. 823, 1906). 

Habitat.—California (Zelle> coll., Mus. Walsingham; Beutenmiller 
coll., U.S.N.M.). Two specimens. 


Family BLASTOBASID. 


Blastobasidx Mcyricx, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 22. 


SYNOPTIC TABLE OF GENERA. 


,,/Hindwings with vein 4 absent...........---.-.- +--+ 22+ ++ eee eee eee eee eee 2 
Wii cliwan sewn ape welms A non eSemGs snes sees Sess See es ee were: 1a! 
pie EMTILeL nce ab PCCLCN Ass aes Sece) Aan Meee taters SMe Race clo D hyd 2 ie See 4 


onl Antenne without pecten (male) without notch)..20. 2222. .2-02..252222 2220. 3 


200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


» {Forewings: vein 7 totermen. Arctoscelis Meyrick. (Type, epinyctia Meyrick.) 
” '|\Forewings: 7 to costa... .. Endrosis Hubner. (Type, lactella Schiffermuller.) 
{ Hindwings: vein 5 remote from (3+4).........4 Aqnoea Walsingham. (Type, 
evanescens Walsingham.) 

| Hindwings: pram (s 1-4) Commatevor stall ke diqee= = =e ee ete eee 5 
5 jAntennee notched in male-....Blastobasis Zeller. (Type, phycidella Zeller.) 

SA ntennee mot motehed!: <tc ls Gee ee ee ae pt eee oer Seg ey a 6 
{ Antenne of male bifasciculate 3, attenuate at joint 4... pistetus Walsing- 
ham. (Type, divisus Walsingham.) 

| Antenne VW 004 0} Wee teepestene aan a eye Ae A Ere yl A Sih Tie a cas ona ce eos Wisely Se 8 7 

Forewines: 4and’ 5 stalikedes. 23.2 Staessen 8 
Forewings: 4 and 5 not stalked....Dryope Chambers. (Type, ochrocomella 
| Clémens.) 
| Forewings: 9 out of stalk of 7 and 8....Pseudopigritia Dietz. (Type, dorso- 
maculella Dietz.) 

Ore wines: OiseparatG ys sscccie see ces cars le eee eee 9 

2 I 

Labial palipy minutes: 3622s nc1c-< sna Nerecnd ee oe 10 
9 \ Labial palpi of moderate length; sexually dimorphic. ..-.Ploeophora Dietz. 
| (Type, fidella Dietz.) 
Labial palpi very small and indistinct in both sexes... . Epigritia Dietz. (Type, 
10 pallidotinctella Dietz.) 
eee palpi very short and rudimentary in male; distinct with terminal 
joint pointed in female... .Pigritia Clemens. (Type, laticapitella Clemens. ) 

(frindwangs? 4.amd.o stalled yess ne se rh eee er ae ee 12 

tind: wanes 74and) orconmatesortstallkedi= = tee ese a ees Sener 14 
| Hindwings: 4 and 5 stalked out of 3... .2 Auximobasis Walsingham. (Type, 
persimilella Walsingham. ) 

| Hindwings: BSC PArabere se conse sreis em eee lereies yee ee te Se ae ee meer ee 13 

g I 

Antenne notched in male.... Valentinia Walsingham. (Type, glandulella 
13 . Riley.) 
Antenne not notched..../:onisma, Walsingham. (Type, macrocera Walsing- 
ham. ) 

(Hindwings> 5 out of stalleor/3 smdkae et See oe eee te see eee 15 

\Hindwings: 5 separate (from 3 and 4 connate, or stalked)...........--.-..-. cine 
[Antennze notched in male....Holcocera Clemens. (Type, chalcofrontella 


4 


~“I 


il 


— 


14 


lAn tennce NOt motcheda.. tc aat See ees eas ee ee eee One ae oe eee 16 
Antenne of male bifasciculate....Prosodica Walsingham. (Type, nephalia 
Walsingham. ) 
Antennz not bifasciculate, slightly dentate....Catacrypsis Walsingham. 
(Type, nucella Walsingham. ) 
fAntenne notched in male. ...Cynotes Walsingham. (Type, iceryaella Riley.) 
\ Antenne not notched... .. Hypatopa Walsingham. (Type, inunctella Zeller.) 


16 


) 


~ 


1 


| 


The stigma® is absent from /Hndrosis and perhaps, also, from 
Arctoscelis, with which I am unacquainted. 


Genus VALENTINIA, new genus. 


Type of the genus.—Gelechia glandulella Riley. 

Antenne of male notched immediately beyond the basal joint, 
which is flattened and shghtly concave beneath; with a pecten. 

Maxillary palpi short, dependent. 

Labial palpi smooth, recurved; the terminal joint shorter than the 
median and scarcely more slender. 

Haustellum moderate. 


a Zeller, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XIII, 1877, pp. 429-430. 


No. 1567. _ NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. Qi 


Head and thorax smooth. 

Forewings elongate-lanceolate, with straightened costa and de- 
pressed apex. 

Neuration 12 veins; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa; rest separate. 

Hindwings with flexus well developed, cilia 14. 

Neuration 8 veins; 3 separate, 4 and 5 stalked; 6 and 7 separate. 

Abdomen somewhat flattened. 

Legs, hind tibiz hairy above. 

I have named this genus.in honor of my late friend Charles Valen- 
tine Riley, who described the type. 


VALENTINIA GLANDULELLA Riley. 


Gelechia glandulella Riney, Can. Ent., III, 1871, pp. 118-119. 

Holcocera glandulella Ritey, Rept. Inj. Ins. Mo., IV, 1872, pp. 144-145, figs. 
66 a-g.—Dyar, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5979. 

Blastobasis nubilella ZELLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., XXIII, 1873, p. 297, 
pl. rv, fig. 36. 

Holcocera nubilella Dyar, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5980. 

Holcocera triangularisella CHAMBERS, Cinn. Quart. Journ. Sci., II, 1875, p. 256; 
Can. Ent., 1X, 1877, p. 72.—Dvyar, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, 
No. 5981. 


Habitat.—Atlantic States; Texas; Kentucky; Massachusetts, Cam- 
bridge (Zeller Coll., Frey Coll.); North Carolina (Morrison, collector, 
1883) ; California, Lake County, Blue Lake, June 15,1871 (Walsingham). 

Chambers @ regarded nubilella Zeller, triangularisella Chambers, and 
sciaphilella Zeller as varieties of gladulella Riley and quotes Riley as 
having the same opinion. We may therefore accept their opinion 
that glandulella Riley =triangularisella Chambers. Mr. Buseck in- 
forms me that ‘‘the unique type @? of nubilella Z. in Cambridge is = 
glandulella,” but that ‘‘the unique type ¢ of sciaphilella, Z. in Cam- 
bridge is a true Blastobasis, Z, with seven veins in hindwing only.” 
Chambers’s figure of the neuration of glandulella” is incorrect. 


VALENTINIA RETECTELLA Zeller. 


Blastobasis retectella ZELLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, X XIII, 1873, p. 297.— 
CHAMBERS, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., IV, 1878, p. 132—Riney, Smith’s list 
Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 104, No. 5575. 

Holcocera rectectella Dyar, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5978. 


Type.—Female, No. 101611, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat.—Bosque County, Texas, August 29 (Belfrage, collector). 

I have a second specimen (female, No. 33097, Mus. Walsingham), 
also collected by Belfrage, dated September 2, 1876. 


aCan. Ent., IX, 1877, p. 72. 
6 Trans. Cin. Soc. Nat. His., II, 1880, p. 203, fig. 24. 


202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


VALENTINIA FRACTILINEA Zeller. 


Blastobasis fractilinea ZELLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXIII, 1873, p. 298, 
pl. rv, figs. 37 a—b. 
Flolcocera fractilinea Dyar, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5984. 


Type.—Male, No. 101612, Mus. Walsingham; paratype, male, No. 
101613, Mus. Walsingham. 
ITabitat—Bosque County, Texas, August 1-19 (Belfrage, collector). 


VALENTINIA NOTHROTES, new species. 


Antenne pale slaty brownish. 

Palpi grayish brown, with whitish sprinkling. 

Head and thorax whitish, with grayish fuscous speckling, especially 
in a band across the front of the thorax and another across the pos- 
terior half of the tegule. 

Forewings dirty white, profusely sprinkled with grayish fuscous, of 
which a transverse fascia crosses the wing at one-third; this is shghtly 
angulated outward in the middle, and partially diffused outward at 
the middle and about the costa; at the end of the cell a somewhat 
less defined, straight, transverse fascia occurs, absorbing the two 
spots which would otherwise appear at the end of the cell, corre- 
sponding to a small discal spot at about the middle of the wing; the 
apical area is thickly bestrewn and mottled with grayish fuscous; 
cilia brownish gray, sprinkled with whitish and grayish fuscous 
atoms. 

Alar expanse.—12 mm. 

Iiindwings brownish gray; cilia slightly paler. 

Abdomen slaty gray, anal tuft paler. 

Legs pale brownish gray. 

Type.—Male, No. 35536, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat. —Arizona, 1883 (Morrison, collector). Unique. 

A small and narrow-winged species, somewhat similar in markings 
to retectella Zeller, with which it agrees in having a strong notch and 
pecten on the antennx, and 4 and 5 of the hindwings stalked, but is 
quite distinct in size and shape. 


Genus BLASTOBASIS Zeller. 
BLASTOBASIS (?) CITRICOLELLA Chambers. 


Blastobasis citricolella CHAMBERS, Rept. U.S. Dept. Agric., for 1879, 1880, p. 207.— 
Comstock, Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr., for 1879, 1880, pp. 206-7.—Hy. Epwarps, 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 35, 1889, p. 125.—Riney, Smith’s List Lep. Bor. 
Am., 1891, p. 104, No. 5561. 

Blastobasis citriella CHAMBERS, Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., for 1879, 1880, p. 245. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 203 


Antenne with strong flattened tuft beneath basal joint (mot a 
bristly pecten, but closely packed curved scales as in Awximobasis) ; 
whitish cinereous. 

Pal slightly recurved, divergent, reaching well beyond the head ; 
terminal joint more than two-thirds the length of median; whitish, 
speckled with fawn brown. 

Head smooth; white, slightly sprinkled with brownish gray. 

Thorax brownish gray above, tegule whitish, sprinkled with 
brownish gray. 

Forewings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked; white, suffused and 
sprinkled with brownish fuscous intermixed with pale fawn brown; . 
the markings, so far as the darker shading of these colors indicates 
them, tend to be longitudinal and consist of a strong line along the 
fold from near the base, almost joining a spot in the fold above the 
middle of the dorsum, below the fold the base is suffused; a shorter 
line on the disc, above the fold, runs parallel to the upper half of 
the plical line, and above it, below the costa, as well as beyond it on 
the outer half of the disc are sundry mottlings of the same mixed 
color; two spots, obscurely indicated at the upper and lower angles 
of the cell, the lower one a little beyond the upper; an ill-defined 
obilque streak at four-fifths precedes a broken antemarginal shade, 
which, leaving the costa at the commencement of the cilia, strikes 
outward to the apex and reverts at an angle along the termen, the 
dorsal space behind its lower extremity being much shaded; cilia 
whitish, much speckled and shaded with pale brownish fuscous, 
which has a tendency to form slender parallel lines through them, 
but fading out towards the tornus. 

Alar expanse.—19 mm. 

Hindwings (detached) 7 veins, 3 and 4 coincident; 5 closely approx- 
imated to (3+4) at origin, 6 and 7 parallel; shining, pale-brownish 
gray; cilia dull-brownish gray. 

Legs (missing). 

Type.—Female, Cat. No. 3774 U.S.N.M.; Walsingham determined, 
No. 3688, 1898. 

Habitat.—Jacksonville, Florida. Larva in dry orange infested by 
beetle (Arzocerus fasciculatus); issued, March 17,1880. Unique. 

The type, a female, consists of thorax and head, left forewing 
(torn), right hindwing (broken), and left antenna. The palpi are 
broken and the abdomen is missing as also the right forewing and 
left hindwing. It is probably a Blastobasis Zeller, but this can not 
be decided from a female. 

This species is omitted from Dyar’s List of North American Lepi- 
doptera. 


204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


BLASTOBASIS?, new species. 


Blastobasis, new species [Ritey and Howarp], U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bull., Ins. 
Life, IV (1892), p. 290. 

Halbitat.—Australia. Larva on Chionasms on orange (sent to 
Washington by Koebele). 


BLASTOBASIS COCCIVORELLA Chambers. 


Blastobasis coccivorella CHAMBERS, Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr., for 1879, 1880, pp. 207, 
245.—Comsrtock, Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., for 1879, 1880, p. 244.—Packarp, 
U.S. Dept. Agr., Intr. Ent. Comm. Bull., No. 7, 1881, p. 54.—Dovue.ass, 
Ent. Mo. Mag., XXIV, 1888, p. 228.—Hy. Epwarps, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 35, 1889, p. 125.—Pacxarp, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Rept. Ent. Comm., V, 
1890, p. 219.—Ritey, Smith’s List Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 104, No. 5562. 

Type.—A female. 

Habitat—Cedar Keys, Florida. Larva in Coccid-scales on oak 
(Kermes, species, near pallidus Réaumur). Collected in March; issued 
between April 1-10. This species is omitted from Dyar’s List. If the 
type is still extant’ there should be no difficulty in placing it in 
its proper genus. Chambers’s reference to the neuration is doubtless 
incorrect. 


Genus HOLCOCERA Clemens. 


HOLCOCERA NIGROSTRIATA, new species. 


Antenne yellowish; basal joint considerably widened, with strong 
pecten, dirty whitish. 

Palpi white, sprinkled with blackish scales, very densely on the 
outer sides. 

Head and thorax white, sprinkled with blackish scales. 

Forewings white, much sprinkled and striated with blackish scales; 
an elongate patch of these scales extends from the base along the 
fold to about one-sixth, and is diffused downward to the flexus; a 
narrower streak from the base near the costa extends to a little 
beyond one-third, running parallel with the costa, but not touching 
it; beyond this, and a little further removed from the costa, a shorter 
but darker streak follows the upper edge of the cell to its outer extrem- 
ity; two other streaks, commencing rather nearer to the base, are 
situated on the cell and on the fold, respectively, while there is an 
indication of two dark dots at the end of the cell, scarcely more 
conspicuous than the blackish dusting which is generally distributed 
around them, and especially along the margins to the apex; cilia 
pale yellowish brown, speckled with white and fuscous. 

Alar expanse.—13 mm. 


aThe type is lost.—Harrison G. Dyar. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 205 


Hindwings shining, pale brownish gray; cilia yellowish. 

Abdomen whitish, with transverse fuscous lines. 

Legs whitish. 

Type.—Female, No. 35531 Mus. Walsingham; ‘paratype female 
Cat. No. 10672, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—Arizona, 1883 (Morrison, collector). Two specimens. 

This species can only be compared with gigantella Chambers, from 
which its much smaller size at once distinguishes it; it also lacks the 
radiating lines towards the apex of the wing. The male is unknown, 
but nigrostriata is doubtless more correctly referred to Holcocera 
than to Catacrypsis. 


HOLCOCERA APHIDIELLA, new species. 


Blastobasis aphidiella Ritey, Ann. Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr. for 1886, 1887, p. 485. 

Riley’s merely logonymic reference to this species is as follows: 

‘ Blastobasis aphidiella, Riley MS., we have reared from larve 
feeding on the contents of Phylloxera hickory galls.’’¢ 

Antenne strongly notched beyond the basal joint, the basal extrem- 
ity of the notch very plainly indicated by a truncate patch of scales 
from the lower margin of which the slender bent stem continues; 
beyond this they are biciliate }; basal joint with a strong scale-pecten ; 
tawny gray. 

Palm slender, pointed, slightly recurved, reaching beyond the 
basal joint of the antennz, the terminal joint nearly as long as the 
median; brownish cinereous, the median joint darkened externally. 

Head and thorax with an iridescent greenish luster; tegule tipped 
with cupreous. 

Forewings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa; tawny reddish 
gray; a darker discal spot, a little beyond one-third, is succeeded by 
a larger spot (or confluent pair of spots) at the end of the cell, below 
which the outer extremity of the fold is also dark-shaded; cilia 
brownish cinereous; underside not iridescent. 

Alar expanse.—17 mm. 

Hindwings with 8 veins, 5 out of the stalk of (3+4); rather shining, 
brownish gray with greenish and cupreous iridescence toward the 
base; cilia brownish cinereous, with a slight ocherous tinge; under- 
side decidedly iridescent. 

Abdomen brownish cinereous. 

Legs brownish cinereous. 

Type.—Male, Cat. No. 10676, U.S.N.M., Walsingham determined, 
No. 3689, 1899 (£31. Unique; not named in Europe, 1884, 1886.’’— 
Riley). 


a Ann. Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr. for 1886, 1887, p. 485. 


206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. comet 


Habitat.—United States (probably Washington City). Pupa ingall 
of Phylloxera on Carya alba, October, 1882, issued May 12, 1883. 
Unique. This species is most nearly allied to quisquiliella Zeller. 


~CATACRYPSIS,¢ new genus. 


Type of the genus.— Catacrypsis nucella Walsingham. 

Antenne without a notch in the male; basal joint with pecten, 
slightly dilated and curved; not ciliate, slightly dentate on the 
outer half, 

Maxillary palpr moderate. 

Labial palpi somewhat recurved, reaching above the vertex. 

Haustellum clothed. 

Head and thorax smooth. 

Forewings narrow at the base, widening outward. 

Neuration 12 veins; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa; 3 and 4 connate, 
or closely approximate. 

Hindwings rather broadly ovate, at least as broad as the fore- 
wings; flexus somewhat angular. 

Neuration 8 veins; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 connate, with or out of 
(3+4); 6 and 7 separate, nearly parallel. 

Abdomen somewhat flattened. 

Legs, bind tibiz hairy, tarsi smooth. 

Closely allied to Holcocera Clemens, but without the notch in the 
antenne of the male. 


CATACRYPSIS NUCELLA, new species. 


Antenne brownish fuscous; basal joint yellowish brown. 

Palpi yellowish brown, shaded with brownish fuscous externally. 

Head and thorax yellowish brown. 

Forewings, taale, yellowish brown, more or less suffused with 
purplish fuscous, especially along the costa and on the outer portion 
of the wing, an outwardly-bowed transverse shade of the same indi- 
cated at one-third from the base; at the end of the cell is a reduph- 
cated fuscous spot; cilia pale yellowish brown; female with the 
fuscous shading having a purplish tinge, and being very much thicker 
and more generally distributed than in the male (in some male 
specimens the suffusion is almost entirely absent), the basal third of 
the wing and a patch at the lower extremity of the cell alone exhibit- 
ing the paler ground color. 

Alar expanse.—16-18 mm. 

Hindwings pale brownish gray; cilia yellowish brown. 

Abdomen and legs pale brownish ochreous. 

Type.—Male, No. 30646; female, No. 30647, Mus. Walsingham; 
paratypes, male and female, Cat. No. 10670, U.S.N.M. 


«From the Greek word karakpvyis, signifying occultation. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSING HAM. 207 


Habitat.—Colorado, Loveland, 5,000 feet, July, 1891; September, 
1891 (W. G. Smith, collector). Thirty specimens. 

This species could only be compared with Holcocera purpuroco- 
mella Clemens, of which I have only a single female, and if Clemens 
rightly referred his species to the genus Holcocera they are of course 
structurally distinct, but apart from this I can not regard them as 
identical. 

CATACRYPSIS STYGNA, new species. 


Antenne pectinate, but not notched; purplish gray. 

Palm purplish gray. 

Head and thorax purplish gray, the tegule with a distinct coppery 
tinge. 

Forewings tawny vinous gray, a purplish sheen strongly expressed 
at the base of the costa, the middle and outer half of the costa slightly 
darker than the remainder of the wing; the commencement of this 
dark shading extends across the wing to the dorsum, leaving the 
preceding space outwardly angulate at the middle and of a paler or 
more grayish shade; a reduplicated shade-spot at the outer end of 
the cell is very obscurely indicated; cilia brownish gray, with a 
slight tawny suffusion. 

Alar expanse.—18 mm. 

Hindwings brownish gray; cilia pale buff-brownish. 

Abdomen (missing). 

Legs brownish gray, with broad tawny tarsal bands. 

Type.—Male, No. 90425, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat—Mendocino County, north of Mendocino City, California 
(close to the town), June 3-5, 1871 (Walsingham, collector). Unique. 

Very similar in appearance to Holcocera purpurocomella Clemens, 
but differing in the absence of the notch in the antenne. 


CATACRYPSIS URSELLA, new species. 


Antenne with pecten, but without notch; pale brownish ochreous. 

Palm brownish gray externally, dirty whitish on their inner sides. 

Head and thorax bone-whitish, the latter tinged with brownish 
eray anteriorly. 

Forewings bone-white, much suffused and sprinkled with brownish 
gray, overclouding the costa as well as the apical area beyond the 
cell, but less profusely along the dorsum and scarcely at all along the 
disc; a faintly indicated narrow brownish gray fascia seems to leave 
the costa at one-third from the base, and, after interruption on the 
cell, is bent inward from the fold to the dorsum at one-fourth; this is 
somewhat accentuated in the fold, where it probably absorbs a small 
darker spot, corresponding to, but preceding, a larger brownish fus- 
cous discal spot about the middle of the wing; two smaller darker 
spots are indicated at the end of the cell, and one at the lower edge of 


208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


the cell equidistant between the inner and outer ‘discal Spots: the 
apex is slightly mottled, the cilia pale brownish gray. 

Alar expanse.—18 mm. 

Hindwings pale gray, with a slight brownish tinge; cilia pale 
brownish ochreous. . 

Abdomen grayish. 

Legs pale brownish ochreous. 

Type.—Male, No. 90438, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat—Shasta County, Bear Creek, California, July 27-28. 
1871 (Walsingham, collector).. Unique. 

The species is larger than inconspicua and more marked; the gen- 
eral pattern much as usual in this group, but the difference of struc- 
ture renders it easily distinguishable from Valentinia glandulella 
Riley, Holcocera chalcofrontella Clemens, or I]ypatopa texanella 
Walsingham. 

CATACRYPSIS IRENICA, new species. 


Antenne, female, brownish gray; basal ikon with strong pecten, 
paler. 

Palpi grayish white, median joint grayish brown externally nearly 
to its apex; terminal joint also sprinkled with grayish brown. 

Head and thorax whitish, slightly sprinkled with brownish gray. 

Forewings grayish white, with brown-gray sprinkling, especially on 
the outer two-thirds of the costa and on the dorsal and apical portions 
of the wing; a patch of this at the base of the costa, mixed with some 
ferruginous scales; a similar patch before the middle of the costa 
exhibiting more of the ferruginous coloring, which is diffused down- 
ward to the fold, touching the inner extremity of an elongate-ovate 
blackish-brown discal spot, beyond which, at the end of the cell, are 
two smaller spots of the same color, which is also faintly reproduced 
in a diffused patch or cloud on the dorsum beneath them and on the 
costa beyond them; cilia hoary grayish. 

Alar expanse.—20 mm. 

Hindwings shining, yellowish gray, with pale brownish ocherous 
cilia. 

Abdomen whitish gray. 

Legs whitish, shaded with brownish gray on their outer sides. 

Type.—Female, No. 90429, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat.—Mendocino County, mouth of Albion River, California, 
May 30-31, 1871 (Walsingham, collector); British Columbia, New 
Westminster, June 13, 1900 (C. W. Durrant, collector). Two 
specimens. 


CATACRYPSIS INCONSPICUA, new species. 


Antenne pale grayish brown. 
Palpi grayish brown, darkened externally. 
Head and thorax grayish brown. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHA M. 209 


Forewings ¢ oray ish brown. through ¢ a , profuse dusting, amounting to 
an almost entire suffusion of this color upon a pale cinereous ground; 
the only marking indicated is a shght and obscure transverse shade at 
two-fifths from the base and a reduplicated brownish fuscous spot 
at the end of the cell; cilia pale grayish brown. 

Alar expanse.—13-14 mm. 

Hindwings shining, purplish gray; cilia yellowish brown. 

Abdomen shining, brownish gray. 

Legs pale yellowish brown. 

Type.—Male, No. 90433, Mus. Walsingham; paratype male, Cat. 
No. 10669 U.S.N.M. 

Hatitat.—Shasta County (Hatchet Creek), California, July 14-17, 
1871 (Walsingham, collector.) Five specimens. 


CATACRYPSIS FLUXELLA Zeller. 


Blastobasis (?) fluxella ZELLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXIII, 1873, pp. 
301-302.—CHaMBERS, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., IV, 1878, p. 131.—Ritey, Smith 
List Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. me No. 5565. 

Holcocera fluxella Dyar, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5971. 

Type.—Male, Museum of coe ative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts. 

Habitat—Bosque County, Texas, October 11, 1876 (Belfrage, col- 
lector). 

Zeller described this species from a single male without notched 
antenne, and with broader hindwings and palpi three or four times 
as long as those of aufugella Zeller. 

B. (%) fluxella can not therefore be referred to either Holcocera or 
Pigritia. I have a single male (33096), collected by Belfrage in 
Texas, which exactly agrees with Zeller’s description, and having 
vein 5 of the hindwings out of the stalk of 3 and 4 proves the spe- 
cies to belong to Catacrypsis. 


CATACRYPSIS MORRISONI, new species. 


Antenne with moderate pecten; pale brownish: ocherous. 

Palp. brownish ocherous. 

Head and thorax grayish brown, with paler speckling. 

forewings rather narrow, elongate, not widening outwardly; bone- 
white, with grayish brown suffusion, especially around the margins; 
a brownish shade at the base of the costa, a darker streak in the basal 
third of the fold, diffused and diluted to the flexus; beneath it a tri- 
angular brownish fuscous dorsal patch, arising a little before the mid- 
dle, directed obliquely outward and ending obtusely on the cell at 
about half the wing length; beyond it a pair of brownish fuscous spots 
at the end of the cell and a few ill-defined similar spots around the 
apex and termen; cilia grayish brown. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——14 


210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL XXXIII. 


Alar expanse.—17 mm. 

Hindwings shining, pale brownish gray; cilia pale brownish 
ocherous. 

Abdomen and legs pale brownish ocherous. 

Type.—Male, No. 35527, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat.—Arizona, 1882 (Morrison, collector). Unique. 

A narrow-winged species, differing much in appearance from any 
already described, and quite unlike such exponents of allied genera as 
I have before me. 


CYNOTES, new genus. 


Type of genus.—Blastobasis iceryaeella Riley. 

Antenne not more than 3; basal joint slightly dilated, curved, hol- 
lowed beneath, with a strong pecten consisting of thick scale clothing; 
a distinct deeply excised notch beyond it; beyond this the antenne 
are biciliate, the ciliations diminishing in length outwardly. 

Maxillary palpi meeting above the base of the haustellum. 

Labial palpi recurved, reaching above the base of the antenne. 

Haustellum moderate, clothed. 

Head thickly clothed, moderately broad, a fringe of long diverging 
hair scales beneath the eye. 

Thorax smooth. 

Forewings elongate, widening outwardly. 

Neuration, 12 veins; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa; rest separate. 

Hindwings at least as wide toward their base as the outer half of 
the forewing; flexus angulate; apex obtusely rounded. 

Neuration, 8 veins; 3 and 4 connate; 5 separate; 6 and 7 separate. 

Abdomen rather short, flattened. 

Legs stout, hind tibize and tarsi clothed with hair-scales, the tarsi 
less conspicuously. 

Allied to Hypatopa, from which it differs in the notched antennz 
of the male. 


CYNOTES ICERYAEELLA Riley. 


Blastobasis iceryaeella Ritey, Ann. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1886, 1887, pp. 
484-485, 485-486; same for 1888, 1889, p. 86; Ins. Life, I, 1888, p. 130; Smith’s 
List Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 104, No. 5569. 

Holcocera iceryaeella Dyar, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 529, No. 5974. 

Type.—A male and a female, Cat. No. 473, U.S.N.M. 

Doctor Dyar evidently regards this species as an importation from 
Australia, but we still lack exact information, for Doctor Riley omitted 
to furnish any data when describing the species. Through the kind- 
ness of Doctor Howard I received some of Coquillett’s specimens 
labeled ‘““Pupa on orange.’ These may have been imported, but 
they can not affect the fact that my collector, the late Thomas Eedle, 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. Walk 


while waiting for me to start on my collecting trip in California and 
Oregon, took a single specimen (No. 90428) at Sacramento between 
April 24 and May 16, 1871. 

Genus HYPATOPA, new name. 


Hypatima Herricu-ScHak&FFeErR, Syst. Bescrh. Schmett. Eur.,V, 1853, pp. 47, 217, 


pl. xm, figs. 15-16 (not Hiibner).—Srauprycer and REBEL, Cat. Lep. Eur., 
Pt. 2, 1901, p. 164, No. 353.—Dyar, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, 
p. 028. 


Type of genus.—Oecophora inunctella Zeller. 
A. HINDWINGS WITH VEINS 3 AND 4 STALKED. 
HYPATOPA TEXANELLA, new species. 


Antenne, male, with conspicuous pecten, but without notch; pale 
brownish gray. 

Palpi brownish gray, slightly darker on their outer side. 

Head brownish cinereous. 

Thorax cinereous, shaded with brownish gray. 

Forewings hoary whitish cinereous, shaded and speckled with 
brownish gray, especiaily at the base, along the costa, more widely 
on the outer half, as well as on the apical and dorsal portions of the 
wing; with an outwardly curved, ill-defined, brownish gray fascia, 
at about one-third from the base, followed by a discal spot of the 
same color slightly above the middle; at the end of the cell are two 
spots, one above the other, corresponding to the angles of the cell, and 
below and beyond these is a less clearly defined spot touching the 
dorsum about the tornus; cilia brownish gray. 

Alar expanse.—14-16 mim. 

Hindwings and cilia pale yellowish brown, the former with a rather 
shining gloss. 

Abdomen pale yellowish brown. 

Legs pale yellowish brown, the tarsi faintly mottled. 
~ Type—Male, No. 33087; female, No. 33089, Mus. Walsingham; 
paratypes male and female, Cat. No. 10671, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—Bosque County, Texas. April 28—May 20, October 6-10, 
1876 (Belfrage, collector). Nine specimens. 


HYPATOPA EPISCIA, new species. 


Antenne, palpi, head, and thorax uniformly grayish cinereous. 

Forewings grayish cinereous, somewhat mottled with shghtly 
darker shades; the first of these at the basal third takes the form of a 
rather wide band from the costa, but does not reach the dorsum; 
beyond this lies a small darkened spot, and about the tornus is a 
small patch of the same color preceded and followed by others smaller 
and less conspicuous; cilia concolorous with the wing. 


DM PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Alar expanse.—14-15 mm. 

Hindwings and cilia pale grayish, with a slight brownish ochreous 
iridescence. 

Abdomen pale grayish, inclining to ochreous posteriorly. 

Legs conforming in color to the hindwings, tarsal joints not shaded. 

Type.—Male, No. 90420; female, No. 90421, Mus.Walsingham; para- 
type male, Cat. No. 10675, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat—Sonoma County, Russian River, California, May 19, 1871; 
Dry Creek, May 20-21, 1871; Mendocino County, head of Noyo River 
June 8-11, 1871; past Little Lake, June 12, 1871 (Walsingham, 
collector). Five specimens. 

In some specimens there are two elongate spots on the fold, but 
such markings are so little differentiated from the ground-color as to 
be scarcely worthy of description. The whole insect has a plain 
unornamented appearance, it is somewhat darker and grayer than 
conia, from which it differs in having veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings 
stalked instead of connate. 


B. HINDWINGS WITH VEINS 3 AND 4 CONNATE. 
HYPATOPA CONIA, new species. 


Antenne cinereous. 

Palpi whitish cinereous, sprinkled with brownish fuscous; median 
joint brownish fuscous externally, except its apex, which is whitish. 

Head and thorax whitish cinereous, dusted with brownish fuscous. 

Forewings whitish cinereous, dusted with brownish fuscous, espe- 
cially on the costal and dorsal portions; an elongate brownish fuscous 
spot before the middle, sometimes reduplicated above toward the 
base; there is sometimes an elongate spot of the same color in the fold 
below them, a slight shade at the end of the cell, and a few ill-defined 
groups of brownish fuscous scales around the apex; cilia whitish 
cinereous, inclining to grayish at the tornus, dusted with brownish 
throughout; underside scarcely darker than the pale, shining hind- 
wings. 

Alar expanse.—14-16 mm. 

Hindwings cinereous, with a slight brownish tinge; cilia paler, 
inclining to ochreous. 

Abdomen pale grayish, inclining to ochreous posteriorly. 

Legs of the same color as the cilia of the hindwings, tarsal joints 
somewhat griseous. é 

Type.—Male, No. 90405; female, No. 90408; Mus. Walsingham; 
paratypes male and female, Cat. No. 10674, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat—Lake County, Blue Lake, California, June 15-16, 1871; 
Siskiyou County, Mount Shasta, October, 1871 (Walsingham, col- 
lector). Fifteen specimens. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 213 


This species differs from fasciata in the absence of the wide curved 
band before the middle of the forewing, and in its paler coloring, but 
in other respects it bears great resemblance to it, although in many 
specimens the markings are wholly or partly obliterated. 


HYPATOPA FASCIATA, new species. 


Antennx with a pecten, but not notched; brownish fuscous. 

Palpi brownish fuscous, both joints tipped with hoary fuscous. 

Head and thorax hoary, dusted with brownish fuscous. 

Forewings hoary, profusely sprinkled with brownish fuscous; a 
somewhat outwardly curved brownish fuscous fascia, at one-third 
from the base, is preceded by a distinct line of the pale ground-color 
and followed about its middle by a thickened patch of brownish 
fuscous, sometimes divided into two spots on the pale discal surface ; 
there is a longitudinal streak of the same color lying in the fold 
beyond its middle, and at the end of the fold, opposite the tornus, is 
a somewhat triangular patch of brownish fuscous, its apex pointing 
toward the costa; a series of indistinct mottlings or groups of scales 
are noticeable in good specimens around the termen; cilia hoary, 
inclining to grayish, with two slender lines running throughout from 
tornus to apex; underside unicolorous pale brownish gray, with a 
slight iridescence. 

Alar expanse.—14-17 mm. 

Hindwings shining, pale brownish, with an iridescent luster in a 
strong light; cilia the same, slightly paler along their base; underside 
unicolorous pale brownish gray, slightly iridescent. | 

Abdomen shining, pale brownish gray; anal tuft corresponding in 
color with the hindwings. 

Legs pale brownish, the tarsal joints somewhat shaded with 
brownish fuscous. 

Type.—Male, No. 90388, Mus. Walsingham; paratypes male, Cat. 
No. 10673, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat—Head of Noyo River, Mendocino County, California, 
June 8-11, 1871; past Little Lake, June 12, 1871; Lake County, Blue 
Lake, June 15-16, 1871; Colusa County, North Fork Cache Creek, 
June 24-26, 1871 (Walsingham, collector). Sixteen specimens. 


HYPATOPA ORITES, new species. 


Antenne brownish gray; basal joint pectinate. 

Palpi strongly recurved to the back of the head above; grayish 
white, much dusted with brownish fuscous, especially on the outer 
side of the median joint. 

Head grayish white, sprinkled with fuscous. 

Thorax grayish white, suffused and sprinkled with brownish 
fuscous. 


214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Forewings grayish white, suffused and sprinkled with brownish 
fuscous; the central portion of the wing, on which is exhibited a dark 
discal shade-spot and another at the end of the cell is less overclouded 
with fuscous sprinkling than the margins or apex of the wing; a little 
beyond the discal spot is an elongate dark streak in the fold, and a 
dark shade at the end of the fold is a little less obliquely placed in 
relation to a spot at the end of the cell; the apex and termen show 
slight pale interruptions in the dark shading, which gives the appear- 
ance of a series of ill-defined marginal shade-spots extending through 
the whitish gray cilia; the whole wing has thus a mottled and speckled 
appearance, the white ground-color showing chiefly before and 
beyond the discal spot, and in two rather oblique marks pointing to 
the flexus beneath the basal half of the fold. 

Alar expanse.—16 mm. 

Hindwings shining, grayish brown; cilia brownish ochreous. 

Abdomen pale imewanel ochreous. 

Legs pale brownish ochreous. 

Type.—Female, No. 90427, Mus. Walsingham. 

Habitat—Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County, California, August, 
1871 (Walsingham, collector). Unique. 


Family STENOMATIDA. 


=NXyloryctide Dyar, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, pp. 518-9. 


Allied to Xyloryetidz Meyrick, but differing in having veins 7 and 
8 pf the forewings separate. 

This family is characteristic of tropical America, but would include 
Agriophara Rosenstock 4 (the only Australian genus with veins 7 and 
8 of the forewings separate referred by Meyrick to the Xyloryctide) 
and a few Indian forms. 

The species belonging to various genera of the Stenomatids have 
been generally erroneously described as ‘‘ Cryptolechia” (Oecophoride) 
which genus differs in having 7 and 8 of the forewings stalked, and 6 
and 7 of the hindwings separate and parallel. 


MENESTOMORPHA)D, new genus. 


Type of the genus.—Male of Menestomorpha oblongata Walsingham. 

Antenne biciliate (24). 

Maxillary palpi rudimentary. 

Labial palpi recurved, median joint of even width imcucuontte 
closely clothed ; Vanna joint rather more than half the fener of 
the median, reaching above the vertex, acuminate. 


a Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XVI, 1885, p. 489. 
b From Menesta and “op@y, signifying form. 


NO. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHA M. 215 


Haustellum moderate. 

Head rough above. 

Thorax smooth. 

Forewings elongate, oblong, ef approximately equal width through- 
out, costa very slightly depressed along middle, termen oblique. 

Neuration 11 veins; 2 and 8 coincident, stalked with 4; 7 and 8 
separate, 7 to apex; rest separate. 

Hindwings (2), evenly rounded to the somewhat prolonged apex, 
not sinuate below apex. 

Neuration 7 veins; 3 and 4 coincident, connate with 5; 6 and 7 
stalked. 

Abdomen somewhat stout. 

Legs, hind tibiae hairy. 

Allied to [de Chambers, but differing in the loss by coincidence of 
a vein in both wines. 


t= 


MENESTOMORPHA OBLONGATA, new species. 


Antenne cinereous. 

Palpi, head, and thorax whitish cinereous, mixed with grayish 
fuscous scales. 

Forewings whitish cinereous, streaked and speckled with grayish 
fuscous, a shght indication of a grayish fuscous transverse band form- 
ing a very indistinct basal patch, a slender grayish fuscous line beyond 
it in the fold, and above this toward the costa, some grayish fuscous 
shading, blending with a series of ill-defined grayish fuscous streaks, 
following the lines of the veins, beyond the cell to the costa and 
termen; along the termen, reaching to the apex, is a series of five or 
six obscure grayish fuscous spots; cilia grayish fuscous, with a darker 
line along their base above the middle; underside pale brownish 
cinereous. 

Alar expanse 15 mm. 

Hindwings brownish gray; cilia somewhat paler, a slender grayish 
fuscous line along the margin at the base and two parallel shades of 
grayish fuscous running through them; underside pale brownish 
cinereous. 

Abdomen brownish gray, with some grayish fuscous scaling. 

Legs whitish cinereous. 

Type.—Male, No. 32542, Mus. Walsingham; paratype, Cat. No. 
10347, U.'S.N.M. (Walsingham determined, No. 4778, 1906.) 

Habitat.—Fort Grant, Arizona, from Cynipid gall on oak, issued 
April 22, 1882 (Morrison, collector). 


216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Family HY PONOMEUTIDAL. 


Genus COLEOPHORA Hubner. 
COLEOPHORA PRUNIELLA Clemens and Walsingham. 


Coleophora prumiella CLEMENS, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., I, 1861, pp. 78, 79.—CLEM- 
ENS in Stainton, Tin. No. Am., 1872, pp. 165-167.—ZE.LLER, Verh. zool.- 
bot. Gesell. Wien., XXIII, 1873, pp. 309, 310.—CuamBerrs, Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Surv., IV, 1878, pp. 111, 1836.—Pacxarp, U.S. Dept. Agr., Int. Ent. 
Comm. Bull., VII, 1881, p. 134.—Hy. Epwarps, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 35, 1889, p. 128.—Pacxarp, Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Comm., V, 
1890, p. 528, No. 17.—RineEy, Smith’s List Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 106, No. 
5699.—Dyar, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 533, No. 6034. 

Larva on Prunus serotinus, imago unknown. 

Antenne grayish fuscous, without a basal tuft, basal joint enlarged. 

Palpi with a very small tuft from the median joint; hoary. 

Head and thorax hoary. 

Forewings hoary whitish gray, sprinkled with fuscous scales, the 
apex irrorated with fuscous; a distinct, but not clearly defined, spot 
above the tornus at one-third from the dorsum; costal cilia greyish, 
terminal cilia hoary gray, dorsal cilia pale grayish. 

Alar expanse 13.5 mm. 

Hindwings shining gray; cilia pale grayish. 

Abdomen and legs grayish, the tarsal joints with faintly paler bands. 

Case.—This agrees with Clemens’ description, but he omits to say 
that it is pale ochreous, with a slight ridge along the top from mouth 
to apex. 

Type.—Female (Walsingham determined No. 4943, 1906), U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—Placer County, California. Larva on Prunus demissa, 
issued August. Unique. 

This species is distinct from occidentis Zeller. The imago was 
unknown to Clemens. 


COLEOPHORA OCCIDENTIS Zeller. 


Coleophora occidentis ZELLER, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., XXIII, 1873, pp. 
309-311. 
Coleophora occidentalis CHAMBERS, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., IV, 1878, p. 136.— 
RitEy, Smith’s List. Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 106, No. 5695. 
Coleophora pruniella Dyar, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 533, No. 6034. 
Type.—In Mus. Walsingham. 
Habitat.—Massachusetts. 


COLEOPHORA LAPIDICORNIS, new species. 


Antenne without a basal tuft, but the basal joint is thickened; 
pale stone-color, inclining to whitish ochreous, faintly annulate 
toward the tips. 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. DileG 


Palpi with a slight brush from the median joint; stone-gray. 

Head and thorax stone-gray. 

Forewings stone-color, with a sight brownish tinge, with numerous 
lines of blackish scales intermixed with some whitish ones, especially 
on the outer half of the wings; the lines are not clearly defined, but 
one subcostal, one along the fold, one along the dorsum, and about 
three from the apical portion, pointing inward, are faintly distin- 
euishable; cilia gray. 

Alar expanse.—11.5 mm. 

Hindwings and cilia gray. 

Abdomen and legs brownish gray. 

Type.—Male (Walsingham determined, No. 4927, 1906), Cat. No. 
10348, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat—Akron, Ohio; Larva on Prunus . . . issued October 14, 
1890 (K. M. Claypole, collector). Unique. 


COLEOPHORA VAGANS, new species. 


Antenne faintly annulate, brownish gray. 

Palpi simple, without a basal tuft; brownish gray. 

Head and thorax dull brownish gray. 

Forewings dull brownish gray, with very faintly indicated lines of 
mixed fuscous and pale scales; one running from the base about the 
middle, slightly bent downward toward the tornus; another on the 
fold; a few indications of oblique pale lines between the middle of 
the costa and the apex, pointing inward, and a slight sprinkling of 
blackish scales about the apex; costal cilia slightly paler than the 
dorsal. 

Alar expanse.—12 mm. 

Hindwings grayish; cilia brownish gray. 

Abdomen (greasy). 

Legs (broken). 

Type.—Female (Walsingham determined, No. 4928, 1906). Cat. 
No. 10349, U.S.N.M. 

Case.—Triangular at the apex, cylindrical, slightly bulged, the 
mouth bent over; general color stone-grayish, a brownish patch 
above, extending from the mouth, which is slightly lipped, to about 
one-third of its length. 

Habitat—New York city, larva on grass, issued August, 1888. 
Unique. 

Genus C@LOP@TA2S, new genus. 


Type of the genus.—Male and female, Colopata glutinosi Walsing- 
ham. 
Antenne.—Male, simple, 3; basal joint with pecten. 


* From Kotdos, signifying hollow; and zoin77)s, signifying a maker. 


218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE, NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Labial palpi moderate, curved, slightly ascending; terminal joint 
much shorter than median. 

Haustellum naked. 

Ocelli absent. 

Head and thorax smooth. 

Forewings tapering, acute. 

Neuration 12 veins; 2, 3, and 4 separate, discoidal subobsolete. 
between 4 and 5; 5 out of radius before 8, apparently connate with 
(6+7+8); 6and7 stalked, inclosing the apex, 8 out of stalk of (6 +7); 
tornal branch of media traceable between 3 and 4, rest. of media sub- 
obsolete; 1° strongly furcate, 1° strongly developed outwardly. Hind- 
wings 4, tapering, acute, margins not sinuate; cilia 24. 

Neuration 8 veins; cubitus strong, as also 2 and 3; media weak, its 
upper fork subobsolete, but becoming distinct as vein 5; discoidal 
obsolete; radius strong, 6 and 7 stalked; 8 strong. 

Abdomen moderate, wide at the base. 

Legs hind tibie hairy above and beneath. 

This genus belongs to the group of Elachista Treitschke, from 
which it differs entirely in its larval habits and in having all the 
veins present in both wings. In Llachista vein 6 of the forewings 
arises from the stalk of (7+8), while in Celopeta veins 6 and 7 are 
stalked, vein 8 arising from their stem. 


COELOPCTA GLUTINOSI, new species. 


Antenne fawn-whitish, barred on the upper side with fuscous. 

Palpi whitish. 

Head and thorax whitish, sprinkled with fawn. 

Forewings fawn-whitish, profusely sprinkled and shaded through- 
out with fawn-ocherous, or fawn-brown, a few fuscous scales at the 
extreme base of the costa, and at the base of the costal and apical 
cilia in some specimens; cilia fawn-ocherous, sprinkled on their basal 
half with fawn-brown. 

Alar expanse.—12-13 mm. 

Hindwings tawny gray; cilia rather paler, grayish fuscous. 

Abdomen gray; anal tuft fawn-whitish. 

Legs whitish; hind tarsal joints barred with fuscous. 

Type.—Male, No. 90511; female, No. 90512 in Mus. Walsingham; 
paratypes, male and female, No. 10350, U.S.N.M. (11 specimens.) > 

Habitat.—California, Mendocino County, Coal Creek Canon (Pot- 
ter’s Valley), June 14, 1871; larve in galls on Eriodycteon glutinosum, 
June 14, issued middle of June to middle of July, 1871: Lake County, 
Scott's Valley (5 miles north of Clear Lake), June 17-19, 1871: Lower 
Lake, June 22-23, 1871: Colusa County, Phip’s Place, June 26, 


NO. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 219 


1871: Shasta County, Hatchet Creek, July 14-17, 1871: Bear Creek, 
July 27-28, 1871: Siskiyou County, Mount Shasta, August 2-Sep- 
tember 1, 1871. Seventy-three specimens (Walsingham, collector). 

The color of the forewings is somewhat variable; In some specimens 
the darker sprinkling gives a suffused appearance beyond the middle 
and is condensed in two obscure marginal spots on either side of the 
tornus, but in the majority this brownish sprinkling is evenly dis- 
tributed over the wing surface and no markings are apparent. In 
other specimens the ground color becomes almost white and the 
darker sprinkling is unimportant. 

I first met with this species in the middle of June, 1871, on the 
borders of Mendocino and Lake counties, California, where I took 
specimens flying among plants of Hriodycteon glutinosum; on the 
same plant I found bladder-like galls produced by a larva, apparently 
mining in the midrib. The gall occupied nearly the whole width of 
the leaf, which was curled up at the sides and at the end by contrac- 
tion. On opening these galls a small elongate-ovate and rather 
flattened cocoon was found; from these the moths continued to emerge 
up to the middle of July. More specimens were met with at the end 
of July and the beginning of August on the borders of Shasta and 
Siskiyou counties; it is certainly abundant where it occurs. 

I am indebted to the late Professor Bolander, of San Francisco, for 
the determination of the plant. 


Genus STAGMATOPHORA Herrich-Scechaeffer. 


Stagmatophora HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Syst. Beschr. Schmett. Eur., V, 1853, p. 49, 
No. 87; VI, 1853, expl. of pl. vi.—STaupINGER and REBEL, Cat. Lep. Eur., 
Pt. 2, 1901, p. 188, No. 405.—WatsincHam and Durrant, Ent. Mo. Mag., 
XLII, 1906, p. 196-7. 


STAGMATOPHORA SEXNOTELLA, Chambers. 


Gelechia sexnotella CHAMBERS, Bull. U. S. Geo. Surv., IV, 1878, p. 88.—Hacen, 
Papilio, IV, 1884, p. 99.—Rizey, Smith List. Lep. Bor. Am., 1891, p. 102, 
No. 5482. 
Mompha seanotella Buscx, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., X, 1902, p. 97-98.—Dyar. 
Bull. U. 8. N. Mus., No. 52,1902, p. 543, No. 6168. 
Antenne brownish fuscous, with a small white spot at the end of 
the basal joint. 
Palp: cream-white, the terminal joint biannulate with brownish 
fuscous. 
Head white. 
Thorax brownish fuscous. 
Foreurngs rather shining, brownish fuscous, with shining white 
markings; a rather outwardly oblique costal streak, from near the 
base, reaching over the fold but not to the dorsum, a medio-costal 


220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


spot, somewhat obliquely prolonged, and a larger costal spot before 
the apex; also two smali dorsal spots, the first opposite the middle 
costal spot, the second beyond it, and a small spot at the apex; cilia 
brownish gray. 

Alar expanse.—11 mm. 

Hindwings and cilia brownish gray. 

Abdomen brownish fuscous, with whitish marks along the sides. 

Legs whitish, barred with brownish fuscous on the hind tarsal 
joints. 

Habitat.—Bosque County, Texas; Georgiana, Florida; Pennsylvania; 
Virginia. Larva in stem-gall on Trichostomum dichotoma; issued 
June 9, 1881. Walsingham determined No. 4497, 1906. 

There is a specimen from Beverly, Massachusetts, July 11, 1868 
(Burgess) ‘‘Stagmatophora argyrela,* Mus. Z.” (Zell. Coll. 101533), 
which very nearly agrees with the type, the only difference being 
that the two dorsal spots and some white scales on the margin between 
these and the apical spot are slightly raised and somewhat metallic. 
I must express my thanks to Mr. Busck for suppressing a prospective 
synonym by letting me know that this description applies to Gelechia 
sexnotella Chambers, with which I was unacquainted. 


Genus HYPONOMBEUTA Latreille. 
HYPONOMEUTA DIAPHORUS new species. 


Antenne fuscous. 

Palpi slender, projecting about the length of the head beyond it; 
whitish, touched with chestnut-brown. 

Head and thorax white, dusted with grayish above. 

Forewings white, with grayish dusting along the costal portion, 
especially near the base; numerous grayish brown spots of varying 
sizes run in four diverging lines from the base; on the costal por- 
tion above the cell is a row of six, the last but one of which is situ- 
ated at about half the iabeleneai: below this series is another, of 
six or seven, running through the discal cell, and on the outer and 
of the wing are two or three detached spots above it leading up to 
the apical series; immediately below the fold is a third row of spots, 
and along the dorsum are four or five more, forming the fourth row; 
the apical series commences on the costa at about the end of the 
cell, and is continued along the termen to the tornus, consisting of 
about eleven spots; cilia fawn-color. 

Alar expanse.—19 mm. 

Hindwings light chestnut-brown, or fawn-color, somewhat intensi- 
fied toward the apex; cilia concolorous. 

Abdomen Pe legs agreeing in color with the hindwings: 


a From Apyiponent Sr ee ips elileh 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 221 


Type.—Female, No. 5391, Mus. Walsingham; paratypes, U. 5. 
Nat. Mus.,¢ Mus. Fernald. Three specimens. 

Habitat.—Texas (‘‘ Ber. Gerh.’’). 

A single specimen given me by the late Monsieur Ragonot in 1884 
agreed with another in the late Doctor Riley’s collection, also from 
Texas; a third specimen is in the collection of Professor Fernald. 
The paratypes were perhaps labeled by me about 1885, “ /neemia 
posticella Wlsm. MS.;’ they however differ from Meza Walker 
(= Eustizis Hiibner, = Enemia Zeller) in the coincidence of veins 3 
and 4 of the hindwings, thus agreeing with Hyponomeuta Latreille. 


Family TINEID. 
-Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller. 
BUCCULATRIX EUROTIELLA, new species. 


Antenne white, faintly annulate with grayish fuscous. 

Head and thorax white. 

Forewings white, with a patch of fawn-colored scales on the costa 
beyond the middle, a smaller patch of the same color before the mid- 
dle; opposite to and between these two is a larger patch of fawn 
scales adjacent to the dorsum, with a black spot at its inner edge 
on the fold; the termen is shaded with fawn and contains some scat- 
tered black scales, the fawn shading extending through the cilia, 
which are grayish about the tornus and white at the apex; under- 
side rather bright ocherous, with white margins. 

Alar expanse.—8 mm. 

Hindwings pale brownish gray; cilia slightly paler. 

Abdomen pale brownish gray. 

Legs whitish; hind tarsi faintly spotted. 

Type.—Male (Walsingham determined, No. 4993, 1906). Cat. No. 
10352, U.5.N-M. 

Habitat.—Lancaster, California. 

Larva from leaves of Furotia canata. Pupa in a white, ribbed 
cocoon, issued May, 1890 (A. Koebele, collector). Unique. 


Genus) ein LE © GC@m rss LS Eiaiamer: 
LITHOCOLLETIS CERVINA, new species 


Antenne whitish. 

Palyi white. 

Head pale rust-brown; face white. 

Forewings whitish fawn, with very indistinct whitish costal streak- 
lets; the first, before the middle, oblique, outwardly margined with 


aThis specimen does not now appear in the U. 8. National Museum collection, 
and has been lost, presumably. It was seen by Lord Walsingham in 1886 and brought 
back to America by Dr. C. V. Riley. The species may be the same as HH. atomo- 
cella Dyar, from Texas and Illinois, Cat. No. 6614, U.S.N.M.—Harrison G. Dyar. 


2299 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


rust-brown; the second, at about the middle, also outwardly mar- 
gined with rust-brown, runs obliquely outward and is angulated on 
the cell, returning to the middle of the dorsum, its lower half longer 
and more oblique than its upper; the third costal streak is triangular, 
not oblique, also outwardly margined with _rust-brown, which is con- 
tinued across the wing to the tornus, where there is also a faint 
indication of a whitish spot; there is no basal streak, and, except 
for a slightly paler space before the line of dark scales on the middle 
of the dorsum, no defined dorsal streak; the space between the streaks 
and about the apical portion of the wing is slightly shaded with rust- 
brown, and the apex is profusely sprinkled with blackish scales mixed 
with some white ones; a slender blackish line runs around the 
extreme apex at the base of the pale cilia, which have a pale rust- 
brown line running through their middle. 

Alar expanse.—6 mm. 

Hindwings and cilia grayish. 

Abdomen grayish. 

Legs whitish, unspotted. 

Type.—Male. Walsingham determined No. 4972, 1906. Cat. No. 
10353, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—New York. (Beutenmiller collection.) Unique. 

This species belongs to the group of messaniella Zeller; there is 
no record of its life history. 


LITHOCOLLETIS CERIFERZA, new species. 


Antenne grayish. 

Palpi silvery. 

Head pale saffron-brown; face silvery. 

Thorax saffron-brown. 

Forewings shining saf'ron-brown, with two straight, transverse, 
silvery fasciz, both dark-margined externally; the first at one-fourth 
from the base, sloping slightly inward toward the dorsum; the second 
slightly beyond the middle, almost at right-angles to the costa; 
beyond the second fascia two silvery spots, the first costal, the second 
opposite to it on the tornus; these are also dark-margined externally, 
and, being almost confluent, present the appearance (in one wing) 
of a third fascia, not quite so far removed from the second as this 
is from the first; a few fuscous scales are scattered about the apex; 
cilia brownish, grayish toward the tornus. 

Alar expanse.—6 mm. 

Hindwings and cilia brownish gray. 

Abdomen dull grayish fuscous. 

Legs whitish, slightly speckled with grey. 

Type.—Male. Walsingham determined, No. 4969, 1906. U. 
National Museum, Cat. No. 10361. 

Habitat.—New York. Larva on Myrica cerifera. Unique. 


R 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. 223 


a 


This species was first named ceriferella Walsingham MS., but as 
aervferella Clemens is by a typographical error catalogued as ceriferella 
H. Edwards, Bull. U. S. National Museum No. 35, p. 132 (1889), the 
new species is now published as cerifere Walsingham. 


LITHOCOLLETIS LEUCOTHORASX, new species. 


Antenne pale saffron. 

Palm white. 

Head pale saffron; face white. 

Forewings pale saffron, the extreme costa whitish from the base, 
with two very oblique, shining, whitish costal streaks tending outward, 
the first at the middle, the second beyond it, and two much shorter 
streaks in the costal cilia pointing mward—all anteriorly dark- 
margined; on the dorsum are three very conspicuous, broad, white 
streaks, tending obliquely outward, the first and second before the 
middle, the third beyond it—these are all also anteriorly margined 
with ferruginous, the ferruginous shades bent outward about the mid- 
dle of the wing, giving them an angulated appearance; cilia shining, 
saffron, a small blackish apical dot and a dark line running from it 
through the cilia toward the tornus. 

Alar expanse.—8.5 mm. 

Hindwings whitish gray; cilia pale grayish. 

Abdomen tinged with saffron; anal tuft grayish. 

Legs, hind tibie yellowish white, very faintly spotted. 

Type.—Female. Cat. No. 10354, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—Santa Cruz Mountains, California (A. Koebele, collector). 
Unique. (Walsingham determined, No. 4976, 1906.) 

There is no record of the life history. 


LITHOCOLLETIS BIFASCIELLA Chambers. 


Lithocolletis bifasciella CHAMBERS, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. Surv., IV, 1878, pp. 101-2, 
119, 153.—Packarp, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Int. Ent. Comm. Bull., VII, 1881, 
p. 04.—HaGEN (and Frey), Papilio, IV, 1884, p. 151.—WatstnaHam, Insect 
Life, II, 1884, pp. 24, 119; III, 1891, p. 329.—Pacxarp, U.S. Dept. Agr., 
Rept. Ent. Comm., V, 1890, p. 219.—Ritey, Smith’s List Lep. Bor. Am., 
1891, p. 108, No. 5839.—Dvyar, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, 1902, p. 556, 
No. 6329. 

Antenne grayish fuscous, faintly barred with ocherous. 

Pal shining silvery white. 

Head pale ocherous above, reddish brown at the sides; face shin- 
ing silvery white. 

Thorax rich reddish brown. 

Foreuings shining, rich reddish brown, with shining silvery white 
markings; a slightly oblique fascia near the base, further from the 
base on the costa than on the dorsum, a second parallel fascia at 
about the middle, both with a few dark scales on their outer sides; 
a small costal streak before the apex, preceded by another on the 


224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL XXXII. 


dorsum before the tornus, above which are a few white scales on 
the costal cilia, both streaks have a few black scales on their outer 
side; cilia reddish brown, fading to gray about the tornus. 

Alar expanse.—7 mm. 

Hindwings gray; cilia grayish. 

Abdomen grey. 

Legs whitish, posterior tibiz very faintly spotted. 

Caenotype.—Male (Walsingham determined, No. 4974, 1906) U.S. 
National Museum. 

Type.—Female in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 
Massachusetts. 

Larva on Quercus alba. 

Habitat—Kentucky, New York (Beutenmiiller collection), U.S. 
National Museum. 


Genus ORNIZS Greitselke: 
ORNIX INNOTATA, new species. 


Antennx brownish fuscous, very faintly annulate. 

Palpi whitish, annulate, with fuscous before the apex. 

Head brownish. 

Thorax grayish brown. 

Forewings grayish brown, with a series of almost undistinguish- 
able streaklets along the costa, slightly oblique outward; a minute 
whitish spot occurs about the middle of the costa, and there are two 
pale’ spots in the costal cilia before the apex; the apical cilia have a 
pale line along their base, preceded along the margin by a few dark 
fuscous scales; there is also a faint indication of a darkened spot 
near the outer end of the fold; cilia brownish gray. 

Alar expanse.—9 mmm. 

Hindwings grayish; cilia brownish gray. 

Abdomen grayish brown; anal tuft slightly ocherous. 

Legs cinereous. 

Type.—Male. Cat. No. 10355, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—United States. Unique. (Walsingham determined, No. 
4984, 1906.) 


Genus TISCHERIA Zeller. 
TISCHERIA ALBOSTRAMINEA, new species. 


Antenne, head, and thorax pale whitish straw-color. 

Forewings pale whitish straw-color, the extreme costa narrowly 
sprinkled with purplish brown scales to two-thirds the length of the 
wing, where they form a slight costal spot; a dorsal spot, consisting 
of a group of scales of the same color, lies about the tornus, and 
beyond it the apex of the wing is thickly bestrewn with purplish 
scales, a reddish brown hue prevailing among them; this dark scal- 
ing does not extend to the costal cilia, which are of the pale ground 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHA M. 925 


color, but the apical cilia and those extending to the donee are pale 
chestnut-brownish. 

Alar expanse.—7 mm. 

Hindwings pale yellowish gray, the base slightly thickened; cilia 
slightly coppery gray. 

Abdomen and legs pale yellowish gray. 

Type-—Male. Cat. No. 10356, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—New York (Beutenmiiller collection). Unique. Walsing- 
ham determined, No. 4991, 1906. 

A small, slender, delicate species, decidedly distinct from any 
known form. 


Genus SCARDIA Treitschke. 
SCARDIA GRACILIS, new species. 


Antenne distinctly ciliate, the joints tufted; whitish ocherous, annu- 
late with fuscous. 

Mazillary palpi strongly developed, folded;.whitish ocherous. 

Labial palpi whitish ocherous on their inner side, the median joint 
almost as long as the terminal, tinged with brownish externally on 
the terminal joint and on the median joint to its apex 

Head and thorax whitish ocherous; the latter with a brownish fus- 
cous band across its middle, the tegule anteriorly brownish fuscous. 

Forewings narrow, elongate, the costa slightly bulged near the base, 
apex rounded, termen oblique; whitish ocherous, much clouded and 
speckled with brownish fuscous, which appears in a series of costal 
spots of varying size and in a large median costal blotch which extends 
in a somewhat triangular form to the lower edge of the cell, its outer 
edge being almost perpendicular to the dorsum; the dark coloring is 
also strongly apparent along the fold, arising at the extreme base of 
the costa, crossing the fold obliquely outward, and reaching nearly 
to the ean at about one-fifth from the base, thence angulated 
upward to the fold and returning to the dorsum at about its middle; 
thence again angulated upward and continued, with more or less 
interruption, parallel with the termen to the costa before the apex; 
a series of small dark spots along the termen; cilia whitish ocherous, 
with a brownish fuscous shade running through them near their base 
and spreading over them outwardly at about their middle; between 
these dark markings the intermediate space is speckled with brown- 
ish fuscous; underside with a slight cupreous tinge, the very pale 
margins speckled with brownish fuscous, a spot of the same showing 
through the wing at the end of the cell. 

Alar expanse.—25 mim. 

Hindwings very pale whitish ocherous, the rather shining cilia with 
one or two brownish fuscous spots around the apex. 

Abdomen whitish ocherous, sprinkled with fuscous posteriorly. 

Legs whitish ocherous, the anterior and median banded above with 
fuscous; the posterior tarsal joints sprinkled with fuscous. 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——15 


226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. _ you. xxxmt. 


Type.—-Female. Cat. No. 10357, U.S.N.M. 
Habitat.— California (Beutenmiller collection). Unique. Walsing- 
ham determined, No. 4756, 1906. 


Apparently allied to Scardia anatomella Grote, but of a somewhat 
more slender and paler appearance, differing also in the dark shade 
reaching to the dorsum in the middle of the forewing. 


Genus PSEUDOXYLESTHIA‘“, new genus. 


Type of genus.—Pseudorylesthia angustella Walsingham. 

Antenne simple in both sexes; basal jomt without pecten. 

Maxillary palpi present, not folded. 

Labial palpi porrect, closely clothed, terminal joint as long as 
median. 

Haustellum long. 

Ocelli absent. 

Head rough above; face with appressed scales. 

Thorax smooth. 

Forewings narrow, elongate, of equal width throughout, apex 
rounded. 

Neuration 12 veins, all separate; 7 to apex; 2 from near angle of 
cell. 

Tindwings broader than the forewings, termen slightly sinuate, 
attenuate, but rounded at the apex. 

Neuration 8 veins; 5 and 6 stalked; 7 straight; 3 and 4 remote. 

Abdomen rather stout; male with shortly bifid uncus and long, 
narrow claspers; female, anal segment with long hairs, ovipositor 
extruded. 

Legs not thickly but loosely clothed. 

Allied to Xylesthia Clemens, but differing in the stalking of veins 
5 and 6 in the hindwings. 


PSEUDOXYLESTHIA“ ANGUSTELLA, new species. 


Antenne greyish. 

Palm hoary grayish. 

Head and thorax hoary gray; tegule touched with ocherous. 

Forewings hoary grayish, sprinkled with ocherous, especially along 
the costa and beyond the middle, also at the extreme base of the 
dorsum; some bands of dense fuscous speckling extend across the 
wing from costa to dorsum, the first, at about one-fourth, running 
obliquely outward from the costa reaches the dorsum at about one- 
third from the base, this is more or less connected with the base of 
the wing by dark speckling; the second beyond the middle of the 
costa, tends outward in the direction of the tornus, becoming dilated 


a From the Greek word Wevd7)s, signifying false and Xylesthia, 


4 


No. 1567. NEW AMERICAN TINEID MOTHS—WALSINGHAM. DOM 


and somewhat broken-up along the dorsum, this is joined by a short, 
straightish band which connects it with the costa at one-third from 
the apex, and beyond this again is a narrower band preceding the 
termen, a detached costal spot before it and another almost about 
the middle of the wing; cilia hoary, much speckled with fuscous; un- 
derside cinereous, cilia paler. 

Alar expanse.—Male 18 mm. ; female 24 mi. 

Hindwings brownish cinereous; cilia with a slight ocherous tinge. 

Abdomen brownish cinereous; anal tuft slightly tinged with ocherous. 

Legs cinereous, with some darker speckling. 

Type.—Male No. 32547; female No. 5390° Mus. Walsingham, para- 
type female (Walsingham determined, No. 4902, 1906); Cat. No. 
10358, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat. —Arizona 
specimens. 


(Cox, collector); Texas (‘ Ber. Gerh.’’). Three 


Genwi FBENIEVAS Tlnnamniceuis: 


TINEA SPARSIPUNCTELLA, new species. 


Antenne blackish, white towards the base. 

Maxillary palpi folded. 

Labial palpi hoary, with a few projecting bristles on the upper side 
of the median joint. 

Head and thorax hoary white. 

Forewings grayish avhite, profusely sprinkled with brownish fus- 
cous dots, very equally distributed about the wing; these have a 
tendency to run together into narrow transverse streaks in fine speci- 
mens, but are apparently very easily obliterated; somewhat more 
conspicuous than the others are isa line of spots along the costa and 
around the apex and termen to the tornus; a small patch at the end 
of the cell, about equidistant from the costa and dorsum, and three 
or four spots ranged parallel to and beneath the fold; cilia white at 
the base, grayish outwardly, with a darker parting line. 

Alar expanse.—26 mm. 


«1 wrote to Lord Walsingham, calling his attention to the fact that his Pseudoxry- 
lestia angustella had apparently been already described as Dyotopasta yumacella 
Kearfott. He replied as follows: ‘‘ Our generic descriptions are at variance—you 
write ‘ocelli large,’ I write ‘ocelli absent;’ you write ‘tongue and maxillary palpi 
obsolete,’ I write ‘Haustellum long. Maxillary Palpi present.’ Mr. Durrant and 
I have very carefully reexamined my types under the microscope. The male (No. 
32547) from Arizona (Cox, through Riley, 1886), the head of which, however, is much 
distorted and possibly injured, has no tongue. The female (No. 5390) Texas (Ber. 
Gehr.) received from Ragonot, has a long tongue curled round one of the labial palpi 
and possesses distinct maxillaries.’”’ On reexamination I find that there are no 
ocelli: but all the specimens, both the cotypes returned by Lord Walsingham and 
others before me, lack tongue and maxillary palpi. Lord Walsingham’s name, Pseu- 
doxylestia angustella, is therefore retained based on the female type (No. 5390) in 
his possession.—August Busck, 


228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Abdomen slightly darker: female ovipositor extruded. 

Legs grayish fuscous. 

Type.—Female No. 90947 in Mus. Walsingham; paratype, female, 
No. 90948, Cat. No. 10359, U.S.N.M. 

Habitat.—Mendocino County, north of Mendocino city, California 
(near the town), June 3-5, 1871. Three specimens. 

A very distinct species, perhaps nearest to the occidentella Cham- 
bers group. The veins are all present and separate in both wings. 


Genus HOMONYMUS Walsingham. 
HOMONYMUS COLORADELLUS, new species. 


Antenne cinereous. 

Palpi erect, reaching scarcely above the base of the antenne, 
thickly clothed throughout; mixed brownish ocherous and brown- 
ish fuscous, appearing slightly paler than the head and thorax above 
and below them. 

Head and thorax are brownish fuscous, the scales tipped with 
hoary gray. 

Forewings rather narrow, of about equal width throughout, ex- 
cept at the extreme base, the width equal about one-third the 
length, termen slightly convex, oblique, apex rounded. 

Neuration 12 veins, all separate; dull cinereous, with some paler 
hoary patches running along the fold to the end of the cell, thickly 
sprinkled throughout with brownish ocherous and dark fuscous 
scales which are concentrated in some small patches, one at the end 
of the cell, one on, and on> immediately above the fold beyond it, 
with a series of very obscure costal spots; cilia brownish fuscous, 
slightly paler along their base and mixed with brownish ocherous 
about the tornus; underside uniformly brownish fuscous, with nar- 
rowly pale margins. 

Alar expanse.—24 mm. 

Hindwings, 8 veins, all separate; slightly wider than the forewings; 
brownish fuscous; cilia with some paler markings. 

Abdomen (missing). 

Legs brownish fuscous. 

Type.—Male (Walsingham determined, No. 4749, 1906), Cat. No. 
10360, U.S.N.M. . 

Habitat.—Custer County, Westcliff, Colorado. (Collection Beuten- 
miller). Unique. 

This agrees with the genus Homonymus, described from South 
America, but differs from the only species at present known in its 
shorter palpi and by the absence of deep purple coloring in the 
hindwings, as well as by the somewhat different pattern of the ob- 
scure markings on the forewings. 


ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINE 
ISLANDS, MADE BY MAJ. EDGAR A. MEARNS, SURGEON, 
U. S. ARMY, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN NEW 
SPECIES. 


By Atvin SEALE and Barton A. BRAN. 


In the months of January and February, 1907, two lots of fishes 
were received from Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. Army, stationed in 
the Philippine Islands. One hundred Sie thirty-two species are 
represented, including seven which are described as new. 

The collections are from Zamboanga, Mindanao, had been well 
preserved in formalin (here transferred to alcohol), and form part of 
Accessions Nos. 46983 and 46985, U.S.N.M. By reason of the new 
species and rare forms contained they are a very acceptable addition 
to the collection of fishes. 

The arrangement of the families of fishes used here is similar to that 
adopted by Doctor Jordan in recent papers on fishes of the same 
general fauna and, although not wholly concurred in, is used for con- 
venience and with the view of conforming in classification with the 
numerous papers already published and being printed upon Philip- 
pine fishes. 


Family CYPRINID. 


Barbus quinquemaculatus, new species. 

Head, 3.33; depth, 3; eye, 3.75; snout, 3.75; interorbital, 2.75 in 
head; D., 11; A., 7; scales, 5/24/2; eight scales in front of ane 

Body moderately robust, back from nuchal region to dorsal fin 
considerably elevated; snout rather pointed; lower lip included. 
Barbels four, their leneth greater than diameter of eye. Mouth 
small, the maxillary ending on anterior line of orbit. 

Pharyngeal teeth in three series, 5, 3,2, mostly hooked. Gill-rakers 
very small, about 8 on lower arch. Opercle and preopercle entire. 

Caudal peclunele rather robust, its cree 1.25 in its length. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1568. 
229 


2oa0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Head naked, body firmly scaled, the lateral line with a slight curve 
downward anteriorly, running a little below the axis of the body and 
upward along the middle of the caudal peduncle. Dorsal and anal 


Fia. 1.—BARBUS QUINQUEMACULATUS. 


with scaly sheaths. 
Ventrals with well- 
developed axillary 
scale. 

Second ray of 
dorsal ossified and 
strong, its poster- 
ior margin slightly 
denticulate, its 
length 1.75 in head. 
Base of dorsal 2 in 
head. Origin of 
dorsal midway be- 


‘tween the tip of 


snout and end of 
caudal vertebre. 
Base of anal 2.90 
in head; its longest 
ray 1.75 in head. 
Caudial Manor 
forked, its longest 
ray greater than 
length of head. 
Ventrals 1.35 in 
head; their origin 
midway bet ween 
origin of pectoral 
and that of anal, 
their tips scarcely 
reaching the anal. 
Pectorals 125 in 
head. 

Color in spirits: 
Very dark grayish 
green on upper half 
of body, yellowish 
below; scales on 
lower part of sides 
with dark margins. 


A distinct round black spot on base of caudal, another at the origin of 
the dorsal, a third less distinct at origin of anal, and two round 
black spots on the median line near the middle of the body. A 


x0. 1868. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. vo 


blackish wash at the origin of the lateral line. Dorsal whitish, its 
osseus ray gray. Caudal and pectorals grayish. Ventrals and anal 
yellowish. 

Type specumen.—Cat. No. 57840, U.S.N.M., 3.50 inches long, from 
near Zamboanga. 

This species shows a wide variation in color; there may be an jndis- 
tinct dusky line on sides of body, or the various spots may be scarcely 
perceptible, although present in all our series. The ventral surface 
may have a wash of bright orange. 

Numerous specimens obtained by Doctor Mearns at Mount Malin- 
dang all show a splendid purplish reflection with a golden wash to 
belly. 

The spots on these specimens are scarcely perceptible. 

This species equals Barbus maculatus var. unnamed. See A. Giin- 

ther, Voy. H. M.S. Challenger, Report on the Shore Fishes, pp. 53-54. 


MEARNSELLA, new genus. 


This genus is characterized by the presence of two barbels, and in 
having the pharyngeal teeth hooked and in two series, inner row with 
4 and the outer with 5 teeth; body with the entire abdominal edge 
trenchant; pectorals elongate and anal of moderate length. 

This genus of Cyprinidae is related to Eustira of Ginther, differing 
chiefly in the presence of barbels, in having but two series of pharyn- 
geal teeth, and a smaller number of dorsal rays. 

This genus is named in honor of Major E. A. Mearns, U. 8. A., by 
whom the specimens were collected. 

Type.— Mearnsella alestes Seale and Bean. 

Mearnsella alestes, new species. 

Head, 4; depth, 3.75; eye, 3.25 in head, equal to length of snout; 
interorbital, 2.50 in head; D., 11; A., 15; scales, 6/32/2. 

Body oblong, compressed; thorax and abdomen trenchant; mouth 
moderately large, oblique, with lower jaw slightly projecting ; maxillary 
ending below anterior margin of eye. A long maxillary barbel on 
each side, reaching to middle of opercle. Caudal peduncle long and 
slender, its depth 2 in its length. Pharyngeal teeth small, curved, 
sharp pointed and hooked, without evident grinding surface. Oper- 
cle and preopercle entire. 

Lateral line abruptly bent down to axis of pectoral, extending 
thence along the lower portion of body to caudal. Body covered 
smooth, deciduous, striated scales. 

Dorsal fin located on the posterior half of body, its origin opposite 
that of anal. Length of dorsal base one-half that of head; its longest 
1.10 in head; anal origin midway between base of caudal and lower 


232 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


axis of pectoral; base of anal fin 1.35 in head, about equal to its 
longest ray. 


Caudal large, forked; its longest ray about equal to 


2.—MEARNSELLA ALESTES. 


Fa. 


head. Ventrals small, 1.75 in 
head. Pectorals long, being 
contained twice in distance of 
dorsal from tip of snout; their 
origin considerably below the 
axis of the body and on a line 
with the posterior angle of the 
opercle. 

Color in spirits: Dull greenish, 
lighter below, scales of the sides 
shaded with brown punctula- 
tions. <A distinct narrow black 
line from the opercle to caudal 
ending in a black blotch at base of 
caudal fin. Some dusky blotches 
on sides above pectoral fin. A 
dusky median line on back; dor- 
sal and caudal with a slight wash 
of dusky; anal, pectorals, and 
ventrals, light grayish; a small 
black spot at the upper axis of 
the pectoral. 

Two specimens. 

Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 
57841, U.S.N.M.; length, 2.45 
inches; cotype, 2 inches long; 
both from near Zamboanga. | 
Rasbora punctulatus, new species. 

Head, 4; depth, 3.10; eye, 3 
in head; snout, 3.50; interor- 
bital, 2.50; scales, 54/26/2; D., 9; 
A., 8. 

No barbels. Mouth mode- 
rately small, oblique; the sym- 
physis of the upper jaw notched 
to receive the curved point of 
the lower jaw; maxillary extend- 
ing to the anterior border of 
eye. Pharyngeal teeth, curved, 
pointed, 5,3,-2. 


Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, cycloid, striate 


scales, 10 series in front of dorsal. 


Lateral line with a low curve 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 2ao 


extending along lower part of sides to caudal. Caudal peduncle 
robust, its depth two in length. 

The dorsal fin without enlarged osseus rays; its longest ray 
1.25 in head. The 
origin of the fin is 
midway between tip 
of snout and end 
of caudal vertebre. 
Origin of anal poster- 
ior to base of dorsal 
being midway _ be- 
tween the end of the 
caudal vertebre and 
the axis of the pec- 
toral. Base of anal 
1.80 in head; its long- 
est ray 1.35. 

Caudal large, fork- 
ed, its longest ray 
about equal to head. 
Pectorals 1.10in head. 
Ventrals large, 1.45 in 
head, their tip about 
reaching the vent; 
their origin midway 
between vent and 
posterior axis of 
pectoral. 

Color in spirits: 
Dull greenish above, 
lighter below, scales 
of sides with darker 
margins. <A distinct 
black stripe from the 
upper part of opercle 
to caudal fin. 

Dusky blotch on 
opercle; entire base 
of anal dusky, some- 
what dusky at base of 
caudal, otherwise fins 
dusky white. 

Eleven specimens measuring from 1.50 to 3 inches. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 57842, U.S.N.M., 3 inches long, Zam- 
boanga. 


: 
ees 


28a =ee — 
sane —— 


S san 
Sel 


RASBORA PUNCTULATUS. 


a 


Fig. 


va 


934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Family POLYNEMID. 


Polydactylus opercularis, new species. 

Head, 3.25; depth, 3.50; eye, 4 in head; snout less than eye, 4.10 
in head; interorbital 
space equal to eye; D., 
VINE 1. 12> AS ne 
11>P., VILL, +3 scales: 
5/55/8. 

Body oblong, com- 
pressed ; snout project- 

ing beyond the inferior 
ae Sa mouth; maxillary two 
SS in head ; teeth villiform 
BSS Sy in jaws and on vomer 
and palatines; pre- 
opercle distinctly ser- 
rated; opercle entire; 
head scaled; adipose 


tained 14 times in its 
length. Fins all scaled. 
Second dorsal spine 
1.25 in length of head; 
longest dorsal ray 15 in 
head; its base 1.25 in 
its height. Third anal 
spine much the longest ; 
longest anal ray con- 
tained 1.60 in length 
of head, equal to length 
of anal base. Origin 
of anal fin midway be- 
tween end of caudal 
vertebre and _ distal 
end of maxillary. Pec- 
toral fin 1.12 in head. 
Ventrals 1.75 in head, 
their tip reaching to 
anus. Caudal deeply forked; its longest ray equals the longest 
pectoral filament, the latter as shown in illustration is too long. 
Color in spirits silvery white, without dark stripes. A slight 
bluish tint on upper half of body; dusky blotch on opercles; 


ct i = eyelid well developed. 
\\W - ae 
wa a = Gill-rakers long and 
WINONA See OnE 3 re 
\\) Nal KR os neds # slender, about 25 on 
BERR ASS Ny 5 
VR as Se SSSeSeR j x thelower arch. Depth 
REA oh =| 
SOR ise = of caudal peduncle con- 
RNAS 2 
3 
7 
a4 


Fria. 


Sax & 
ee andar 


on anal. Pectorals and ventrals blackish. 
One fine specimen, 6.75 inches long, from Zamboanga. 
Ty pe-s pecomen.— Cat. 


No. 57844, U.S.N.M. ee 
Family SERRANIDE. ne 


Cephalopholis maculatus, 
new species. 


Head, 2.55; depth, 
3.10; eye, 5 in head; 
snout, 4; interorbital, 
Of ss Dead OG Nata toe 
ITI, 9; scales, 18/95/24; 
50 pores in lateral line. . 

Body oblong, com- 
pressed, covered with 
fine ctenoid scales. 
Head, including end of 
maxillary, fully scaled. 
Mouth large, the pre- 
maxillary extending to 
a line from the poster- 
ior margin of the pupil; 
its distal end equal to 
the interorbital space. 
Teeth in jaws, vomer, 
and palatines; those of 
jaws in several series; 
the lower jaw with the 
inner series enlarged 
and depressible; the 
upper jaw with the 
outer series enlarged 
and firm; two curved 
anterior canines in each 
jaw. Gill-rakers rather 
short, the longest about 
equal to width of pupil; 
15 rakers on lower arch. 

Preopercle rounded, scarcely denticulate. Opercle with three 
spines, the middle one the largest and nearer to the lower spine than 
to upper. Opercular flap obtusely pointed, its upper margin being 


= 


CEPHALOPHOLIS MACULATUS. 


5.— 


Fa. 6 


236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


almost straight. Caudal peduncle of moderate strength, its depth 
being equal to its length. Origin of the dorsal fin directly above the 
axis of the pectorals; the sixth dorsal spine longest, its length 3.25 
in head. 

First dorsal spine short, its length equal to width of interorbital; 
the longest dorsal ray is 2.65 in head; base of anal fin 2.35 in head; 
its second spine being longest and strongest, 3.10 in head; third 
spine almost its equal in length. Caudal strongly rounded, its median 
ray 1.75 in head. Pectorals 1.45 in head; ventrals 1.90 in head; 
their tip barely reaching vent. Origin of ventral is midway between 
tip of snout and sixth anal ray. Longest anal ray 2.10 in head. 

Color in spirits: Entire body and fins golden yellow, covered with 
numerous round and oblong spots of deep brown (dark), these 
tending to form irregular longitudinal lines on the upper part of head 
and jbody; maxillary and mandible with dark spots; pectorals 
uniform yellowish with two or three spots on base; ventrals yellowish, 
the outer ray with narrow margin of brown. 

Dorsal, anal, and caudal spotted, membranes of spinous dorsal 
with oblique lines formed by the dark spots. 

Two fine specimens, 9.75 inches long, from Zamboanga. 

Type-specumen.—Cat. No. 57843, U.S.N.M. 


Family SCARICHTHYIDA. 


Cheerops zamboange, new species. 

Head, 3; depth, 2.75; eye, 5.20 in head; snout, 2.25; interorbital, 
3.45; D:, XII, 8; A., III, 10;.scales, 43,-29, 10; 7 im front of D: 

Body oblong, compressed; anterior profile of head rounded, lips of 
moderate thickness; five or six imperfect rows of imbricate scales on 
cheeks; opercle and preopercle entire; opercles well scaled, top of head 
and snout naked; maxillary slipping under preorbital, its distal end 
scarcely reaching to line with anterior margin of orbit; each jaw with 
four enlarged anterior canines, the second pair of upper jaw much 
smaller than the first; posterior canine present; no teeth on vomer 
or palatines; gill-rakers short, their length less thaw width of pupil, 
11 on lower arch; caudal peduncle strong, its depth equal to its length 
(last anal ray to end of vertebrz); dorsal fin low, the spines stiff, 
longest dorsal spine equal to orbit (each with a filament); longest 
dorsal ray 2.50 in head; base of anal fin 1.50 in head, its third spine . 
the longest, the longest ray 2.45 in head; pectorals 1.30 in head; ven- 
trals 1.60 in head, their tip not reaching anal opening; the origin of 
the ventral fin is midway between tip of snout and base of third anal 
ray; caudal truncate, none of its rays produced; its median ray 1.75 
in head. 

Color in spirits: Yellowish white, the upper anterior two-thirds of 
body (including head) dull light drab; a conspicuous orange line, 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 237 


equal to width of eye, extends from base of caudal to axis of pectoral 
fin; a short broken brown line at lower margin of orbit; a greenish 
blue line on lower mandible from angle to angle; a slight blotch of 
yellow on oper- 
cle; spinous dor- 


sun eaigal A 
A unl 


\ AY iN tt its 

sal drab; soft Ve : i 
. 2 

dorsal yellowish = ; 
with narrow Veen et 
ae a 

RO on 


margin of drab; 
caudal yellow- 
ish; anal, pec- 
torals, and ven- 
trals uniform 
yellowish. 

Two fine spec- 
ime nms= from 
ZLamboanga, 
length 8.75 and 
10 in. 

Ty pe-s peci- 
men.—Cat. No. 
57846, U.S.N.M. 


Callyodon latifas- 
ciatus, new spe- 
cies. 


Evenid, = 93; 
depth, 3; eye, 
6.50 in head; 
‘snout, 2.50; in- 
terorbital 3; D., 
ESO As SE: 
9; scales, 24, 23, 
6; three rows of 
scales on cheeks, 
the lower row of 
three scales coy- 
ering the  pre- 
opercular limb; 
six rows. of 
scales in front 
of dorsal. 

Body oblong, compressed, the upper and lower anterior profile 
with a low even curve to the tip of the rather pointed snout; lips thin 
and narrow, covering about half of the upper jaw and less than half 


Fig. 6.—CH@ROPS ZAMBOANGH. 


238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX XIII. 


of the lower; teeth whitish; a posterior canine present on upper jaw; 
gill-rakers small and setiform, about thirty-seven on outer limb of 
lower arch. Caudal peduncle stout, its depth equal to its length. 
Longest dorsal spine 
3.75 in head, longest 
dorsal ray 2.90; base 
of anal 1.50 in head; its 
longest ray 3.10 in 
head; pectorals 1.45 in 
head; ventrals 1.90, 
their tip falling far 
short of anal opening; 
the origin of the ven- 
tral is midway between 
tip of snout and third 
anal ray. Caudal lu- 
nate, its middle ray 1.80 
and its longest ray 1.30 
in head. 

Color in spirits: Dull 
brown above, the lower 
third of body yellow- 
ish white, between the 
latter and the lateral 
line there is a wash of 
deep black extending 
from the posterior mar- 
gin of eye to the caudal 
peduncle. Top of snout 
dusky; margin of lips 
yellowish. Spinous dor- 
sal dull greenish with 
narrow blue margin; 
soft dorsal fading into 
whitish, without the 
blue margin; caudal 
greenish yellow, with 
slight dusky margin to 
upper and lower rays: 
Anal, ventral, and pec- 
torals, yellowish, with- 
out markings; a slight 


CALLYODON LATIFASCIATUS. 


7. 


FIG. 


dusky blotch on upper axis of pectorals. 
Two fine specimens, 10.25 and 11.25 inches long from Zamboanga. 
Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 57845, U.S.N.M.; 11.25 inches long. 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 239 


An annotated list of the species other than those described as new, 
and which Doctor Mearns informs us were all taken at or in the imme- 
diate vicinity of Zamboanga, follows: 


Family DASYATIDA. 


Dasyatis kuhli (Miller and Henle). 
One specimen, 9.50 inches long (tail absent). 
Tzniura lymma (Forskal). 
One specimen. Snout to vent 11 inches; vent to end of caudal 


16.50 inches. 
Family CHANID. 


Chanos chanos (Forskal). 
Two specimens, each 12 inches long. 


Family CLUPEIDA. 
Clupea melanura (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Five specimens, 4.75 to 5.25 inches long. 


Harengula moluccensis Bleeker. 
One specimen, 1:75 inches long. 


Family DOROSOMATID. 


Konosirus nasus (Bloch). 
Four specimens, 5.50 to 6 inches long. 


Family ENGRAULIDA. 


Anchovia beelama (Forskal). 

Two specimens, 1.25 and 2.50 inches long. Numerous additional 
specimens, 3 to 3.50 inches long, are shghtly more elongate than 
figured by Doctor Bleeker, but in other respects agree very well with 
the description of A. balama. 


Family ANGUILLID. 


Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. 
Four specimens, 12 to 22 inches long, bearing collector’s numbers 
937, 938, 939, and 980. 


Family MURAENID. 
Gymnothorax fimbriata (Bennett). 
One fine specimen, 30 inches long, agrees quite well with Doctor 


Bleeker’s figure of Gymnothorax isingleenoides, which Doctor Gunther 
placed in the synonymy of G@. fimbriata. 


Family PLOTOSIDA. 
Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch). 
Three specimens, 8 to 9 inches long, and a very large number of 
young from 1.75 to 2.50 inches long. 


240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL, XXXIII 


Family SYNGNATHID. 
Gasterotokeus biaculeatus (Bloch). 
One specimen, 5 inches long. 
Syngnathus schlegelii Kaup. 
One specimen. 


Corythroichthys bleekeri Day. 
Six specimens. 


Family HIPPOCAMPID. 


Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker). 
Two dried specimens, 34 inches long. 


Family PEGASID. 


Zalises draconis (Linnzus). 
Two specimens, 2.50 inches long. 


Family BELONIDA. 


Tylosurus leiurus (Bleeker). 
One specimen, 3.50 inches long. 


Tylosurus leiuroides (Bleeker). 
Four specimens, 3.50 to 7 inches long. 


Family EXOCQTIDA. 
Cypsilurus altipinnis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One specimen, 6.75 inches long. 


Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One specimen, 6 inches long. 


Zenarchopterus philippinus Peters. 
Six specimens, 2 to 4 inches long. 


Family ATHERINIDA. 


Atherina lacunosa Forster. 


Numerous specimens, 1.75 to 3.50 inches long. Four examples 
have a very distinct lateral band, but no dusky shades in pectorals. 


Family MUGILIDA. 


Liza waigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard). 

Ten specimens, 1.50 to 3.50 inches long. 
Liza troscheli (Bleeker). 

Numerous specimens, | to 3 inches long. 


Liza amarula (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Numerous specimens, 1 to 4.50 inches long. 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 241 


Family SPHYRANIDA. 


Sphyrzna obtusata (Cuvier and Valenciennes ). 

Two specimens, 10.75 and 18.25 inches long. 
Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet). 

Head, 3; depth, 3.75; eye, 4.20 in head; snout, 4.75. 

D., VIII, 1, 13; A., ITI, 13; scales 58 to end of-caudal vertebre, 
63 to end of lateral line. Pectoral appendages 5. Color in spirits 
Yellowish white, darker above, and with a streak along each row of 
scales;*fins dusky; caudal yellowish, margined with dusky. 

Two fine specimens, 9.50 and 10 inches long. 

Careful comparison of these examples with specimens from Samoa 
leave no doubt in our minds that the fish are identical, and that the 
species described as Polydactylus zophomus by Jordan and McGregor 
is the young P. plebeius. The number of rows of scales are the same. 


Family HOLOCENTRID. 


Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker. 

Three specimens, 8 to 8.50 inches long. 
Holocentrus caudimaculatum Ruppell. 

One fine specimen, 10.50 inches long, from Zamboanga. Color 
in spirits yellowish, with indistinct pinkish lines on center of rows of 
scales. Spinous dorsal orange. 

Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). 

One specimen, 8 inches long. 
Myripristis macrolepis (Bleeker). 

One specimen, 8 inches long. 


Family SCOMBRIDAE. 


Scomber macrolepidotus Ruppell. 
Two specimens, 10 and 10.50 inches long. 


Family CARANGID. 


Scombroides toloo-parah (Ruppell). 
Two specimens, 6.25 inches long. 
Scombroides tala (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


One specimen, 26 inches long. 


i 


Caranx speciosus (Forskal). 
One specimen, 15.50 inches long. Cress bands of body alternating 
wide and narrow; distinct. 
Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard. 
Six young specimens, 2 to 3.75 ches long. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07—— 16 


242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. xxx. 


Caranx carangus (Bloch). 

Six young specimens, 2.75 to 4.75 inches long. 
Megalaspis cordyla (Linnzus). 

Four specimens, 8 to 9 inches long. 
Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). 

One specimen, 13 inches long. 


Family EQUULID. 


Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One specimen, 2 inches long. 


Leiognathus edentula (Bloch). 
Two fine specimens, 7 to 7.50 inches long. 


Family APOGONICHTHYID. 


Archamia lineolata (Ehrenberg ). 
Five young specimens, 1.25 inches long. These have the caudal 
spot well developed, but do not show a distinct shoulder spot. 


Amia orbicularis (Kuhl and v. Hasselt). 
One specimen, mutilated, about 3.50 inches long. 


Amia fasciata (Quoy and Gaimard). 
Oze specimen, 1.50 inches long. 


Family AMBASSID. 
Priopis lungi Jordan and Seale. 
Numerous specimens, 1.20 to 3 inches long. 


Priopis urotenia (Bleeker). 
Numerous specimens, 1 to 3 inches long. 


Family KUHLIID. 
Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede). 
Two specimens, 5.25 to 11 inches long. 


Kuhlia malo (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One specimen, 2.62 inches long. 


Family SERRANID/. 

Epinephelus merra Bloch. 

Two specimens, 6.30 and 8.50 inches long. 
Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal). 

Two specimens, 7.75 and 8.50 inches long. 
Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal). 

Two specimens, 10.10 and 10.25 inches long. 
Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy and Gaimard). 

One specimen, 11.25 inches long. 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 243 


Cephalopholis urodelus (Forster). 
One specimen, 8 inches long. 
Cephalopholis obtusauris Evermann and Seale. 
One specimen, 12.50 inches long. 
Cephalopholis sonnerati (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Third anal spine slightly longer than the second, 3.50 in head; 
second anal spine 4.10 in head. One specimen, 14 inches long. 


Family LUTIANIDA. 


Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 

Seven specimens, 1.50 to 4 inches long. 
Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 

Five specimens, 2.50 to 4 inches long. & 
Lutianus fulviflamma (Bleeker). 

Six specimens, 2 to 7 inches long. 
Lutianus chrysotenia (Bleeker). 

Two specimens, 10.50 inches long. 
Lutianus gibbus (Forskal). 

One specimen, 19 inches long. 

Lutianus vitta (Quoy and Gaimard). 

One specimen, 10 inches long. 

Lutianus rivulatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 

One specimen, 14 inches long. Four young specimens from the 
Philippine Islands show less of the rivulated markings of the head, 
but the dusky vertical cross bands are very distinct. 

Lutianus kasmira (Forskal). 

One specimen, 8 inches long. 

Diacope sebez Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Two fine specimens, 8 to 12 inches long. 


Gymnocranius lethrinoides (Bleeker). 
One specimen, 12.50 inches long. 


Family HAMULIDA. 


Czsio lunaris (Ehrenberg). 
One specimen, 12 inches long. 

Czsio erythrogaster (Kubl and van Hasselt). 
Odontonectes GUNTHER, Fishes Brit. Mus., I, p. 265. 
One specimen 12 inches long. 


Terapon jarbua (Forskal). 
Nine specimens, 0.75 to 8.50 inches long. 


Terapon theraps Cuvier and Valenciennes. 
One very young specimen. 


244 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Seven specimens, 7.50 inches long. 


Scolopsis bimaculatus Ruppell. 
One specimen, 11.50 inches long. 


Pristipoma hasta (Bloch). 
_ Three specimens, 1.50 to 13.50 inches long. These represent the 
form called Pristipoma hasta by Bleeker and figured.4 
Euelatichthys crassispinus (Ruppell). 
One specimen, 4.50 inches long. 
Pentapus nemurus (Bleeker). 
Two specimens, 11 and 11.50 inches long. 


Plectorhynchus hematochir (Bleeker). 
One specinfen, 16.50 inches long. This specimen agrees in every 
respect with Bleeker's figure. 


Family SPARIDE. 


Lethrinus miniatus (Forster). 
Two specimens, 9.25 and 11 inches long. 


Lethrinus harak (Forskal). 

Three specimens, 2.75 to 12 inches long. 
Lethrinus richardsoni Gtinther, 

Three specimens, 8, 10, and 11 inches long. 
Lethrinus mashenoides Ehrenberg. 

Two specimens, 12.50 and 14.75 inches long. We refer this to his 
species with some doubt. They have a dusky mark on the sides 
between base of pectoral and lateral line. Head 3.10 to base of caudal 
vertebree, depth 2.60; eye 3.75 in head, 1.90 in snout; dorsal X, 9; 
anal 8; scales 48; teeth, distinct molars on sides of jaws; canines in 
front; color in spirits silvery, no dark bands or bars except a dusky 
spot above axil of pectorals. 

Lethrinus xanthotznia Bleeker. 
One specimen 12 inches long. 


Family GERRID. 


Xystema kapas (Bleeker). 
Three specimens, 2.50 inches long. 
Xystzema punctatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes). : 
Twenty-three young, length .25 to 1.50 inches. Characterized by 
the seven dark vertical bands. 
Xyxtzema oyena (Forskal). 
Five specimens, 1 to 4 inches long. 


a Atlas Ichthy., VIII, pl. cccxxv, fig. 3. 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 245 


Family SCIAENIDZ. 
Umbrina dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. 
Three specimens, 5 inches long. 
Family SILLAGINID. 


Sillago maculato Quoy and Gaimard. 
One specimen, 5.50 inches long. 


Family MULLID/. 
Pseudupeneus moana Jordan and Seale, 
Three specimens, 8.25 to 9 inches long. 
Upeneus vittatus (Forskal). 
Four specimens, 4.50 to 8.50 inches long. 
Family TOXOTID. 


Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas). 


lord 


Two specimens, 7.25 inches long. 


Family POMACENTRID. 


Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Four specimens, 2.10 to 6 inches long. 
Abudefduf antjerius (Kuhl and van Hasselt). 
One very young specimen, | inch long. 


Family LABRID/. 


Lepidaplois bilunulatus (Lacepéde). 

Two specimens, 8.75 and 9 inches long. 

Color in spirits, pinkish white; a large jet-black blotch extending 
forward at the posterior axis of soft dorsal; a wide black line extend- 
ing back from angle of mouth to lower posterior edge of opercle; a 
black spot on anterior part of spinous dorsal. 

Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde. 
One specimen, 7.50 inches long. 


Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch). 
One specimen 7 inches long. 


Cheilio inermis (Forskal). 
Four specimens 10.50 to 11.50 inches long. 
Family SCARICHTHYIDE. 
Chcerops macrodon Bleeker. 
Two specimens 7 and 10 inches long; collected August, 1906. 


Scarichthys czruleopunctatus (Rutppell). 
Three specimens 9.50 to 10 inches long. 


Scarichthys auritus (Kuhl and van Hasselt). 
Two specimens 7.50 and 8 inches long. 


246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Callyodon nigra Ruppell. 
Two specimens 11 and 12 inches long; collected August, 1906. 


Callyodon macrorhinus (Bleeker). 
One specimen 14.50 inches long; collected in August, 1906. 


Callyodon rivulatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


One specimen 13.50 inches long; collected in August, 1906. 
Callyodon zonularis Jordan and Seale. 


Two specimens 8.50 and 9.50 inches long; collected in August, 1906. 


Family PLATACIDA. 


Platax orbicularis (Forskal). 
One specimen 12.50 inches long; collected in 1906. 
One young specimen 1.875 inches long. 


Family SCATOPHAGID AL. 


Scatophagus argus ? (Gmelin). 
The following description of the young of this species is based on 
three specimens (0.40 to 0.55 inches long; collected at Zamboanga: 
Body strongly compressed, elevated, the outline suborbicular; 


F1G. 8.—SCATOPHAGUS ARGUS, YOUNG. 


trunk covered with minute setiform scales; fins unscaled except two 
or three rows of minute scales at base of soft dorsal and anal; caudal 
peduncle unarmed; head covered with bony armature; the preor- 
bital unarmed; angle of preopercle spinate; mouth small terminal; 
teeth consisting of a single series of flat, notched incisors; no teeth on 
vomer or palatines; branchiostegal rays 5; gills 4; gill membrane 
shghtly attached to isthmus; two dorsal fins; the spinous portion 


no. 1568. FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINES—SEALE AND BEAN. 947 


with about éleven. spines; anal with ‘three : spines; ventrals large, 
thoracic, I, 5. 

Head, 2.10; depth, 1.25; eye, 2.30 in head; snout, 3 in head: inter- 
orbital about equal to eye. 

D. —, XI, 16; A. III, 14; Br. 5; gills 4,a slit behind fourth. Gill- 
rakers short, about 12 on lower limb. Body without distinct scales, 
velvety. Lateral line present but indistinct. 

Head inclosed in a bony armature. A strong protuberance at the 
upper posterior margin of the orbit followed by astrong spine. Above 
this a flat nuchal spine. Preopercle with a strong vertical stay and 
three spine-like points diverging from its lower angle. Preorbital 
narrow, unarmed; mouth small. Teth, a single series of compressed 
lobate incisors about six on each side of lower jaw and twelve in the 
upper. 

Body. elevated, compressed. Depth of caudal peduncle about 
twice its length, without spines or plates. Dorsal fins scarcely 
united ; fae spine the longest, its length shghtly greater than dia- 
meter of orbit. Soft dorsal low, its height less than that of spinous 
dorsal, anal similar to soft dorsal; the free anal spines about equal 
in length. Caudal rounded, its length 1.50 in head. Pectorals broad 
with about 15 united rays. Ventrals large, I, 5; their length 1.75 in 
head, their tip almost reaching anal. 

Color very dark brown with four indistinct black vertical bands of 
less width than the interspaces. Spinous dorsal and ventrals black; 
soft dorsal, anal, and pectorals, yellowish white. 

An additional specimen, 1.50 inches long, is included in the lot. 


Family ACANTHURIDA. 
Acanthurus tuberosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One 11-inch specimen. 


Acanthurus lituratus (Forster). 
One 16-inch specimen. 


Acanthurus marginatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 
One 12-inch specimen, 1906. 


Acanthurus annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard). 
One 20-inch specimen. 


Hepatus dussummieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
One specimen, length 12.75 inches. 


Hepatus celebicus (Bleeker). 
Six specimens, length 2 to 2.25 inches, and three young. 


Family SIGANID. 
Siganus virgatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 
Two specimens, length 8.25 and 9.20 inches. 


Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn). 
Two specimens length 7 and 7.50 inches. 


948 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Siganus vermiculatus (Kuhl and van Hasselt). 
Two specimens, length 8 and 9.25 inches. 


Family BALISTIDA. 


Balistes verrucosus Bleeker. 


One specimen. 


Family TETRAODONTID. 


Canthigaster compressus (Proce). 

One specimen, length 2.50 inches. 
Tetraodon immaculatus Bloch. 

Three specimens. 


Tetraodon reticulatus Bloch and Schneider. 

One specimen, length 1.50 inches. 
Tetraodon patoca Buchanan. 

Nine specimens, length 0.50 to 4 inches. 


Spheroides lunaris ? (Bloch). 
One very young, length 0.50 inch. 


Family SCORPAINIDL. 


Synancidium horridum (Linnzus). 
Three examples, 9 and 10 inches long. 


Family NOTOTHENTID/K. 


Parapercis cylindrica? (Bloch). 
One very young specimen. 


Family GOBIID. 
Mapo fuscus (Riippell). 
Eleven specimens. 
Gnatholepis sternbergi Smith. 
One young specimen, length 1 inch, referred with some doubt to 
this species. 


Odontobutis obscurus (Peters). 

Nine specimens. 
Drombus plackyi Jordan and Seale. 

Two specimens, one, length 2.50 inches, the other length 2.25 inches. 

These specimens are larger and better preserved than the type 
with which'we have compared them. The dark blotch in the spinous 
dorsal is very distinct. There is also a light margin to the soft dorsal 
and a whitish margin to the upper caudal rays, the body is dusky 
without marks. The white spot at the upper axis of pectoral is 
indistinct. 
Eleotris ophiocephalus (Kuhl and van Hasselt). 

One young, length 1.50 inches. 


THE WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS 
TRIPHORIS. 


By Pau Bartscu, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Musewm. 


The West American members of this genus were first brought to 
the attention of conchologists by Prof. C. B. Adams, who in 1852 
described three species in his catalogue of shells collected at Panama,* 
Triphoris alternatus, inconspicuus, and infrequens. Of these, the last, 
Triphoris infrequens has proved to be a Cerithiopsis.? Later, 
Doctor Carpenter reported the occurrence of Triforis adversa Mon- 
tagu, a common European species, on the West Coast. The speci- 
mens referred to, by him, are not the Old World species but must be 
cited under one or several of the forms described in the present 
report. 

Through the kindness of Prof. John Tyler, of Amherst College, I 
have been enabled to examine, redescribe, and figure, the original 
specimen described byDoctor Adams. 


TRIPHORIS MONTEREYENSIS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 17. 


Shell rather stout, brown, with a wax-yellow band about one- 
third the width of the height of the whorls encircling the middle of the 
turns. (Nucleus decollated in all the specimens examined), post- 
nuclear whorls separated by strongly channeled sutures, ornamented 
on the early turns by a double spiral? row of tubercles and on the last 


a@Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 382-383. 
b Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 350. 
¢ Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1864, p. 613. 
d In the preparation of the present diagnosis the following terminology is used: 
Spiral sculpture, the markings following the directions of the coils of the whorls. 
Avial sculpture, the markings which extend from the summit of the whorls toward 
the umbilicus. 
The axial sculpture may be 


Vertical, when the markings are in general parallelism with the axis of the shell; 
Protractive, when the markings slant from the preceding suture forward; 
Retractive, when the markings slant from the suture backward. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1569. 


249 


250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


three by a triple row, the median one of which is very slender on all 
but the last turn and js situated a little nearer the posterior row than 
the suprasutural one. There are twenty tubercles upon the second 
and twenty-six upon the penultimate turn. These tubercles are 
joimed by moderately strong spiral bands and axial riblets which 
inclose strongly impressed rounded pits between them. The periph- 
ery is marked by a keel almost as strong as the supraperipheral 
one, while the base, which is uniformly dark brown, bears two 
prominent keels, the anterior one of which is well upon the short, 
stout columella. The channels between these keels are crossed by 
the feeble extensions of the axial riblets. Aperture strongly chan- 
neled anteriorly and posteriorly; columella and parietal wall covered 
with a strong callus. : 

The type and two additional specimens, Cat. No. 32216, U.S.N.M., 
come from Monterey, California. The type has the last seven whorls 
and measures: length, 4.6 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. Two other 
specimens, Cat. No. 56015, U.S.N.M., come from the same locality, 
and a sixth, in the collection of Mr. S. 8S. Berry, was dredged in 12 
fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, California. 


TRIPHORIS PEDROANUS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 1. 


Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, light brown. Nuclear whorls four, 
increasing regularly in size. The first three smooth, probably by 
erosion, the next faintly, obsoletely sculptured by about thirty-six 
slender, equally strong and equally spaced, axial riblets and two slen- 
der spiral threads, separated by a narrow channel near the periphery 
of the whorl. Succeeding turns separated by broad and deep chan- 
neled sutures; the first seven ornamented by two equally strong 
spiral rows of tubercles, which are separated by a channel, as wide as 
that at the sutures. Beginning with the eighth turn, a slender tuber- 
culate keel makes its appearance in this channel, situated a little 
nearer the posterior keel than the suprasutural one. This keel 
increases steadily in size and on the penultimate turn exceeds the 
supraperipheral one in strength. On the last three turns the tubercles 
of the posterior keel are a little more strongly developed than on the 
other keels. On all the keels the tubercles slope a little more abruptly 
at their posterior border, the anterior edge being gently rounded. 
There are fifteen tubercles upon the first, seventeen upon the fifth, and 
twenty-four upon the penultimate postnuclear turn. The tubercles 
are connected spirally by -a moderately wide band and axially by 
slender riblets, the spaces inclosed between these connections appear- 
ing as rounded pits. The entire surface of the spire is crossed by 
numerous microscopic spiral lines and lines of growth. Periphery of 


No. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. oe 


the last whorl ornamented by a tubercular keel, which is not quite as 
strong as the supraperipheral keel. Base dark brown, moderately 
long, marked by two strong spiral keels, the anterior one of which is 
situated partly upon the columella, while the other one occupies a 
plane half way between the anterior and the peripheral keel. The 
spaces which separate these keels are about equal in width and are 
crossed by slender continuations of the axial riblets. Columella stout 
and twisted, marked by slender spiral lirations. Aperture pyriform, 
strongly channeled anteriorly and posteriorly; outer lip patulous, 
marked within by a light brown band posteriorly and a narrow dark- 
brown zone at the base; columella and parietal wall covered with a 
thick callus. 

The above description is based upon two specimens, cotypes, Cat. 
No. 152206, U.S.N.M. An adult individual, from San Pedro, Califor- 
nia, has furnished the description of the adult features. It has lost 
the nuclear whorls. The eight which remain measure: Length, 5.1 
mm.; diameter, 1.9 mm. Cat. No. 56910, U.S.N.M.,a juvenile speci- 
men, collected by Dr. W. H. Dall, at Catalina Island, California, has 
furnished the description of the nuclear and early post-nuclear turns. 
It has four nuclear whorls and seven and one-half post-nuclear turns, 
and measures: Length,3 mm.; diameter, 1.35mm. <A third specimen, 
Cat. No. 56017, U.S.N.M., was collected by Doctor Dall at San Diego, 
California. A fourth was collected by Mr. F. W. Kelsey among rocks 
in sand and gravel at low tide at Ocean Beach, California. Three 
fossil specimens from the Upper San Pedro Series, at the lumber yard, 
San Pedro, California, were examined in Mr. Delos Arnold’s collection. 


TRIPHORIS CALLIPYRGUS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 4. 


Shell elongate, conic, subturrited, uniformly light brown. (Karly 
whorls decollated.) The remaining seven are separated by strongly 
impressed sutures, and are ornamented with three ‘spiral tuberculate 
keels on the spire. The middle one of these keels is decidedly 
stronger than the rest and marks the widest part of the turns, while 
the anterior one is the least developed on all the early turns. On the 
last whorl the three are subequal. In addition to the spiral keels the 
spire is marked by slender, axial riblets, of which there are about 
eighteen upon the first of the remaining and twenty upon the penul- 
timate turn, the intersection of the riblets and the spiral keels form- 
ing the tubercles. The tubercles slope convexly toward their anterior 
limit and are somewhat excavated posteriorly. Periphery of the last 
whorl marked by a sulcus. Base with two equally strong keels on 
the posterior half, separated from each other by a sulcus as wide as 
the peripheral one, and a third weak thread on the base of the thick 


95? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


columella. Aperture irregular, the main portion subcircular, strongly 
channelled posteriorly and anteriorly; outer lip moderately strong, 
columella short, stout, and decidedly twisted, covered partly by the 
very strong purplish parietal callus. 

The type, Cat. No. 195377, U.S.N.M., comes from San Pedro, 
California, and measures: Length, 5.2 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. 

This species differs from all the other Californian Triphoris in hay- 
ing the middle keel between the sutures best developed, forming a 
prominent shoulder at this pot, while the one at the summit is only 
feebly represented, the reverse being true in the other species. 


TRIPHORIS CARPENTERI, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 16. 


Triforis adversa CARPENTER, Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 628, in part; not 
Triphoris adversus-Montagu. 

Shell elongate-conic, almost cylindric, bleached, white. (Karly 
whorls decollated.) Later turns ornamented by three spiral ridges, of 
which the posterior one is a little more strongly developed than the 
other two and forms the summit of the whorls. The other two 
spiral ridges are equal and equally spaced. In addition to the spiral 
ridges, the whorls are marked by axial ribs, about as strong as the 
spiral ridges, the intersection of the ribs and ridges forming strong 
tubercles, while the spaces inclosed between them appear as deeply 
impressed square pits. There appear to be about twenty-two tuber- 
cles upon all the whorls. The sutures appear as broad, deep channels, 
which are crossed by the extensions of the axial ribs. On the last 
three turns the posterior edge of the peripheral keel is apparent in 
the suture. In addition to the above sculpture, the entire surface of 
the spire is marked with microscopic lines of growth and equally fine 
spiral striations. Periphery of the last turn marked by a strong 
spiral keel. Base marked by two strong rounded keels, of which the 
posterior one is separated about as far from the peripheral keel as 
that is separated from the supraperipheral one. The anterior keel of 
the base is situated on the columella and is separated by a little wider 
and deeper channel from the posterior keel than that is from its 
posterior neighbor; anteriorly it is limited by a feebly impressed 
groove. The channels of the base are crossed by weak continuations 
of the axial riblets. Aperture ovate, strongly channelled anteriorly 
and moderately so posteriorly; columella short, stout, and twisted; 
covered by a strong callus which also extends over the parictal wall. 

The type, Cat. No. 15583, U.S.N.M., was collected in Neah Bay, 
Washington, by J.G. Swan. It consists of the last eight turns, which 
measure: Length, 7.2 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm‘ 


NO. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUS "S—BARTSCH. 253 


TRIPHORIS HEMPHILLI, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 12. 


Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, chestnut brown. (Nuclear whorls 
decollated.) Succeeding turns separated by strong channeled 
sutures, ornamented on the first five turns by a double spiral row of 
tubercles which are separated by a channel a little wider than the 
tubercles. Beginning with the sixth turn, a slender, spiral, faintly 
tuberculate keel, placed a little nearer the posterior than the supra- 
sutural row of tubercles, makes its appearance in the channel. This 
keel remains slender and does not quite attain the strength of the 
suprasutural one, even on the last turn. The tubercles are joined 
spirally by quite strong connections and axially by moderately 
strong riblets. The spaces inclosed by these joing elements appear 
as elongated pits, of which the axial axis is the longest. There are 
sixteen tubercles upon the second and twenty-two upon the penulti- 
mate turn. The tubercles, as well as their spiral connections, are 
somewhat excavated posteriorly, but well rounded anteriorly, and 
the posterior row’of tubercles is considerably more strongly developed 
than the suprasutural on the last five turns. In addition to the 
sculpture described, the entire surface of the spire, tubercles, and 
intertubercular spaces are marked by slender lines of growth. Periph- 
ery of the last whorl, marked by a tubercular cord, a little less strongly 
developed than the suprasutural one. Base rather elongated, marked 
by two rather broad, low, spiral cords, the anterior one of which 1s 
partly situated upon the columella. The well rounded channel, 
which separates these keels, as well as the supraperipheral channel, 
are crossed by weak continuations of the axial riblets. Aperture 
decidedly channeled anteriorly, posterior angle obtuse; columella 
thick and twisted, covered with a thick callus, which extends over 
the parietal wall. , 

The type has ten post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length, 5.1 
mm.; diameter, 1.6 mm. It and two additional specimens are 
entered as Cat. No. 106423, U.S.N.M. They were collected by Mr. 
Henry Hemphill from shell washings at Point Abreojos, Lower 
California. 


TRIPHORIS CATALINENSIS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 18. 

Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, rather stout, with the posterior 
half of the exposed portion of the whorls white and the anterior half 
light brown. (Part of the nuclear whorls decollated.) The three and 
one-half remaining turns of the nucleus increase regularly in size and 
are marked by about twenty-six slender axial riblets on the first and 
thirty-two on the next and the third whorl. In addition to these 
riblets the nuclear whorls are encircled by two prominent sublamellar 


254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


slender, finely tuberculate spiral keels, which are placed about equi- 
distant from the sutures and are a little nearer to each other than to 
the sutures. The anterior one of these keels is much more strongly 
developed on the last nuclear turn than the posterior member. The 
intersection of the spiral keels and axial riblets are tuberculate. The 
whorls have a strong sloping shoulder which extends from the posterior 
keel to the summit. Post-nuclear whorls separated by strongly marked 
sutures, ornamented by two spiral rows of nodules, of which the pos- 
terior one is the stronger. These two rows of nodules are separated 
on the first seven post-nuclear whorls by a spiral channel almost as 
wide as the suture. From the seventh post-nuclear whorl on, a slen- 
der, spiral, weakly tuberculate cord makes its appearance in the chan- 
nel, growing stronger with each succeeding turn. This cord is situ- 
ated a little nearer the posterior row of tubercles than the anterior, and 
like the posterior row of tubercles is white. The tubercles ‘are con- 
nected by blunt, ill-defined, axial riblets. There are about twenty 
tubercles on the first and fifth post-nuclear whorls and twenty-four 
upon the penultimate turn. In addition to the strong sculpture just 
defined, the entire surface, tubercles and depressions, are crossed by 
many fine lines of growth and spiral striations. Periphery of the last 
whorl marked by a slender, weakly tuberculate keel. Base exceed- 
ingly short, almost flat, crossed by strong lines of growth and fine spiral 
striations, marked by a brown band at the insertion of the columella. 
Aperture subquadrate, outer lip sinuous, conforming with the exter- 
nal sculpture, basal wall slightly concave; columella very stout, short, 
and strongly twisted. Basal channel well developed. 

The type, which is unique—Cat. No. 193998, U.S.N.M.—is an imma- 
ture specimen and comes from Catalina Island, California. It has ten 
post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length, 5.3. mm.; diameter, 
2.2 mm. 

TRIPHORIS STEARNSI, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 3. 


Shell elongate-conic, sinistral, flesh colored. (Karly whorls decol- 
lated.) The nine remaining are moderately high, marked by a double 
spiral row of very strong, equally developed, rounded tubercles, which 
are separated on the first three turns by a channel as deep and well 
marked as the sutures. This space between the two rows of tubercles 
gradually develops into a slender tuberculate keel, which on the last 
turn is about half as wide as the tubercular ridges. There are about 
eighteen tubercles on the third to seventh of the remaining whorls 
and twenty on the penultimate. Periphery angulated. Base short, 
marked by two strong spiral keels. (Aperture fractured.) 

The type, Cat. No. 32259, U.S.N.M., belongs to the Stearns collec- 
tion and was found in the Gulf of California. It measures: Length, 
4.1 mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm. 


No. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 2 D5 


TRIPHORIS PENINSULARIS, new species. 
Plate XV i tig.-2. 

Shell sinistral, small, broadly elongate, conic, dark brown. Nuclear 
whorls four, light brown, increasing regularly in size, provided with 
spiral and axial sculpture (but this is too badly worn to be properly 
diagnosed in all our specimens). Post-nuclear whorls eight, sepa- 
rated by channelled sutures. The first four post-nuclear whorls 
have a double spiral row of tubercles, the posterior row being a little 
more strongly developed than the anterior. These rows are sepa- 
rated by a channel about as wide as the tubercular ridges. Begin- 
ning with the fifth whorl, a slender tuberculate cord appears in the 
middle of the channel which separates the two spiral ridges; this 
grows steadily in size with each turn, until on the last volution it is 
quite as strong as the suprasutural cord. On the later turns the 
middle and suprasutural spiral cords and their tubercles fall off quite 
abruptly at their posterior border and slope roundly toward their 
anterior limit. The tubercles on all the turns are joined by rather 
wide spiral bars and axial ribs, which inclose deep squarish pits 
between them. Periphery and base of the last turn well rounded, the 
former marked by a low somewhat flattened keel, which is separated 
from the supraperipheral cord by a channel as wide as the one which 
separates the supraperipheral keel from the middle one. The channel 
is crossed by the extension of the axial riblets. The base is marked 
by two spiral cords about as broad and of the same character as the 
peripheral one. These cords are separated by channels as broad as 
that which separate the peripheral cord from the supraperipheral 
one and are crossed by feeble extensions of the axial riblets. The 
anterior basal cord is situated upon the base of columella and its 
anterior border fuses almost imperceptibly with it. The entire sur- 
face is crossed by many exceedingly fine spiral striations and lines of 
growth. Aperture subquadrate, posterior angle obtuse, anteriorly 
strongly channelled; outer lip subpatulous anteriorly, not sinuous; 
columella short, thick, twisted. Columella and the parietal wall are 
covered with a strongly developed callus. 

There are three specimens of this species in the collection of the 
U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 106424, collected by Mr. Henry 
Hemphill, at Point Abreojos, Lower Califorina. The type, which is 
one of these three, has lost three of its nuclear whorls; the remaining 
nine turns measure: Length, 4.0 mm.; diameter, 1.5 mm. 


TRIPHORIS EXCOLPUS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 8. 


Shell sinistral, with alternating brown and white zones. (Nuclear 
whorls decollated.) The first three of the succeeding turns are 
marked by a double spiral row of tubercles. On the first two turns 


256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the posterior row is less strongly developed than the anterior and is 
brown in color, while the channel that separates it from the anterior 
and the anterior row are yellowish white. From the third whorl on 
the posterior row of tubercles becomes more strongly developed than 
the other. Beginning with the fourth turn, a slender tubercular keel 
appears in the space between the two tubercular ridges, which on the 
sixth turn is as strong as the anterior cord. Thus the shell is marked 
by a brown tubercular ridge at the summit and two white tubercular 
ridges anterior to it after the fourth turn. The tubercles are joined by 
a broad spiral cord and axial riblets. The connections inclose quite 
deep oblong pits. There are eighteen tubercles upon the first whorl, 
twenty-two upon the fifth, and twenty-four upon the penultimate 
turn. Sutures channelled. Periphery of the last whorl strongly 
angulated, marked by a low subacute keel. The channel between 
the peripheral keel and the supraperipheral row of tubercles is crossed 
by weak extensions of the axial riblets. Base short, light brown, 
having a single slender, spiral thread, about as far anterior to the 
periphery as the suprasutural tuberculated ridge is posterior to it. 
There are also very slender extensions of the axial riblets, which 
pass from the periphery to the insertion of the columella. In addi- 
tion to the above sculpture, the base is marked by many exceedingly 
fine spiral striations and lines of growth. Aperture subquadrate; 
posterior angle obtuse, strongly channelled anteriorly, outer lip 
rendered sinuous by the external sculpture. Columelia short, thick, 
and somewhat curved, covered by a faint callus which also extends 
over the parietal wail. . 

The type is an immature specimen which has lost the nucleus. 
The eight remaining whorls measure: Length, 3.7 mm.; diameter, 
1.6mm. It is Cat. No. 4069, U.S.N.M., and was collected at Cape 
St. Lucas, Lower California. Another badly worn individual, Cat. 
No. 15434, U.S.N.M., is from Guacomayo, Mexico. 


TRIPHORIS PANAMENSIS, new species. 
Plate XV, fig 219: 


Shell sinistral, elongate conic, of dark-brown color. Nuclear 
whorls three, forming a cylindrical, smooth apex. The five succeed- 
ing turns are marked by a double spiral row of tubercles, which are 
separated by a channel considerably wider than the channeled 
sutures. Beginning with the eighth turn a tuberculate cord makes 
its appearance in the space between the two tubercular ridges, a little 
nearer to the one at the summit than the supraperipheral one. This 
cord, at first faintly developed, increases steadily in size, until on the 
last volution it almost equals the other two in strength. The tuber- 
cles occur in regular axial series and are connected spirally and axially 
by slender riblets, the riblets inclosing small squarish meshes. There 


\ 


No. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 257 


are about fourteen tubercles on the fourth (the first sculptured) 
whorl and twenty-four on the tenth and the penultimate turn. On 
the last ten whorls the tubercles at the summit of the whorls are 
considerably stronger than the other two and darker colored. The 
sutures on the later whorls are deeply channeled; the channels are 
crossed by a slender riblet at each tubercle. Periphery of the last 
whorl marked by a strong keel which is weakly tuberculate. Base 
marked by two spiral keels a little weaker than the peripheral one. 
These two are ornamented by feebly developed tubercles, the deep 
channels between them being crossed by the continuations of the 
slender axial riblets. Aperture of irregular outline; posterior angle 
well rounded, strongly channeled anteriorly; outer lip sinuous to 
correspond with the external sculpture; columella very strong, 
twisted. 

The type, Cat. No. 56014, U.S.N.M., is from Panama. It has 
seventeen whorls, and measures: Length, 8.7 mm.; diameter, 2.2 mm. 


TRIPHORIS DALLI, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 14. 


Shell acicular, increasing regularly in size, irregularly variegated 
with varying shades of brown, yellow, and white. Nuclear whorls 
four, brown, marked by two strong, narrow spiral threads which divide 
the space between the sutures into three parts, of which the anterior 
two are about equal, while the posterior one is a little wider than the 
rest. In addition to the spiral threads, the surface is marked by 
many regular, slender, axial riblets, almost as strong as the spiral 
keels; of these there are about thirty upon the second and twenty- 
eight upon the fourth turn. The first three postnuclear turns are 
white, the remaining variegated. The early ones are marked by a 
double row of tubercles, one at the summit, the other at the periphery, 
separated by a broad channel. The anterior one is the stronger. 
Beginning with the fourth turn, a slender thread makes its appearance 
in the intermediate channel, a little posterior to the middle. This 
remains slender and on none of the turns, not even the last, becomes 
as strongly developed as the other two. The postnuclear whorls 
are also marked by poorly developed, rather broad, axial riblets, the 
intersection of which with the spiral keels marks the tubercles. The 
tubercles slope more abruptly posteriorly than anteriorly. The 
entire surface is crossed, in addition to the above-described sculpture, 
by microscopic spiral and axial lines. Sutures strongly impressed. 
Periphery of the last whorl marked by a well-impressed channel. 
Base rather short, evenly rounded, marked by three. keels, of which 
the first adjoims the peripheral sulcus and is beaded and colored like 
its posterior neighbor. The other two keels are not tuberculate and 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——17 


25 


CO 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


are separated by a channel a little deeper and wider than the channel 
which separates the middie keel from the first. The third keel is the 
least developed and is situated on the base of the columella. The 
anterior part of the base, including the median keel, is of light-brown 
color. Aperture irregular, the main portion circular. The posterior 
slit closed at the edge, but with a circular perforation a little distance 
behind the edge; anteriorly the outer lip is closely appressed to the 
columella, but a circular perforation is present at the base of the 
columella. Columella short and decidedly twisted. The type has 
seventeen whorls, and measures: Length, 6.5 mm.; diameter, 2.0 mm. 

The type and three specimens, Cat. No. 195375, U.S.N.M., were 
dredged by the steamer Albatross, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 
at Station 2798, in 18 fathoms in the Bay of Panama. 


TRIPHORIS INCONSPICUUS C. B. Adams. 
Plate XVI, fig. 16. 
Triphoris inconspicuus C. B. Apams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1852, p. 383. 


Shell small and slender, reddish brown fading to reddish yellow on 
the last turn, with the supra-sutural keel yellowish white. Nuclear 
whorls fine, the first two yellowish white, feebly sculptured, the other 
three brown, marked by two strong narrow spiral threads, which 
divide the space between the sutures into three parts, of which the 
anterior two are about equal while the posterior one is a little wider 
thanthe rest. In addition to the spiral threads, the surface is marked 
by regular, slender, axial riblets, which are about as strong as the 
spiral threads; of these there are about twenty-four upon the fourth 
and twenty-eight upon the fifth turn. Post-nuclear whorls sepa- 
rated by deeply channeled sutures, ornamented on. the early whorls 
by two narrow, tuberculate, spiral keels, which are separated by a 
very wide channel. The tubercles are connected across this channel 
by the rather strong, protractive, axial riblets, of which there are about 
sixteen upon the first, twenty-two upon the fifth, and twenty-six upon 
the penultimate post-nuclear whorls. Beginning with the fifth post- 
nuclear turn, the middle band makes its appearance in the middle 
of the channel. This increases steadily in size, but attains only about 
half the size of the anterior keel on the last turn. In addition to this 
strong sculpture, the entire surface of the spire, tubercles, and inter- 
spaces are marked by microscopic lines of growth and spiral striations. 
Periphery of the last whorl marked by a rather narrow deep channel. 
Base with three prominent, equally strong, and equally spaced keels. 
The peripheral sulcus and the two basal sulci between the keels are 
marked by the continuations of the axial riblets. Aperture irregular, 
pyriform, decidedly channeled posteriorily, main portion subcircular; 
parietal wall covered with a very thick callus, which extends down 
along the short, stout, and anteriorily decidedly twisted columella. 


No. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 259 


The basal portion of the outer lip is closely appressed to the columellar 
callus and completely closes the anterior channel, leaving only a 
round perforation at the anterior extremity of the columella. 

The specimen described and figured, Cat. No. 195376, U.S.N.M., 
has fifteen whorls and measures: Length, 4.1 mm.; diameter, 1.1 mm. 
It was dredged by the steamer of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer 
Albatross at Station 2798, in 18 fathoms, in the Bay of Panama. The 
type lot, No. 208 C. B. Adams collection, at Amherst, New Hamp- 
shire, contains ten specimens, none of which are as well preserved as 
the one figured. 

A color form of this species has the posterior and median keel white, 
while the supra-peripheral one and the base are ight brown. I will 
suggest for this form the varietal name, bicolor, fig. 6, Cat. No. 195376, 
U.S.N.M., dredged by the Fisheries steamer Albatross at the same sta- 
tion. Another specimen of this form was found among C. B. Adams 
type lot of Triphoris alternatus from Panama. 


TRIPHORIS ALTERNATUS C. B. Adams. 
Plate XVI, fig. 11. 
Triphoris alternatus C. B. Apams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1852, pp. 382-3. 


Shell regularly elongate-conic, with the median and anterior spiral 
row of tubercles wax yellow, and the rest of the spire, periphery, and 
base brown on the later whorls. Nuclear whorls five, wax yellow, 
ornamented by two spiral ridges, the posterior one of which falls on 
the middle of the turns and the anterior about half way between 
this and the anterior suture. Im addition to this they are crossed by 
many slender raised axial threads, thirty-two of which occur upon the 
last turn. The whorls are slopingly shouldered from the posterior 
keel to the summit. Post-nuclear whorls separated by deeply chan- 
neled sutures ornamented on the early turns by two strongly tuber- 
culate spiral keels—one at the summit, the other at the periphery. 
The tubercles are formed by the intersection of the spiral keels and 
the axial mbs and slope rather suddenly posteriorly and roundly 
toward their anterior limit. Beginning with the fifth post-nuclear 
whorl a slender spiral cord makes its appearance in the middle of 
the broad channel between the two keels; this increases steadily in 
size, and on the last turn bears tubercles which equal those of the 
anterior keelin strength. Axial ribs somewhat retractive, eighteen on 
the first, twenty upon the fifth, and twenty-two upon the penultimate 
whorl. The spaces inclosed between the spira! keels and axial ribs are 
deep oblong pits, the long axis of which coincides with the spiral keels. 
Periphery of the last turn marked by a strong spiral keel. Base 
well rounded, marked by two strong spiral keels, the posterior one of 
which agrees with those posterior to it in spacing and is weakly 
tuberculated, while the anterior one, which is situated on the base 


260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


of the columella, is smooth and separated a little more distantly 
from its neighbor. The supraperipheral and basal channels are 
crossed by the continuation of the axial ribs. Aperture (?%) frac- 
tured; columella stout and twisted, covered by a strong callus which 
extends over the parietal wall. 

The type, Cat. No. 207, C. B. Adams collection, Amherst College, 
Amherst, Massachusetts, has fifteen whorls, and measures: Length, 
4.8 mm.; diameter, 1.5 mm. ; 

There are two other specimens in the type lot, all of which were 
collected by Dr. C. B. Adams at Panama. 


TRIPHORIS GALAPAGENSIS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 7. 


Shell small, acicular, with the keel at the summit and the base 
light brown, the rest white. Nuclear whorls five, ornamented with 
two rather closely placed spiral threads, the posterior one of which 
marks the middle of the exposed portions of the nuclear whorls, and 
many slender, axial riblets, of which there are about twenty-four 
upon the fourth and twenty-eight upon the fifth turn. Post-nuclear_ 
whorls eight, separated by deep channeled sutures, ornamented on 
the early whorls by two strongly tubereulated keels, separated by a 
deep channel, which is crossed by the moderately strong axial rib- 
lets, which connect the tubercles of the two ridges. Beginning with 
the fourth whorl a slender keel makes its appearance between the 
other two, which rapidly increases in size, becomes tuberculated, 
and on the penultimate and last turn exceeds the basal keel in 
strength. There are about fourteen riblets upon the first, twenty 
upon the fifth, and twenty-two upon the penultimate, post-nuclear 
whorl. Base marked by three non-tuberculated, equally strong and 
equally spaced spiral ridges. Aperture irregular, pyriform, strongly 
channeled posteriorly and anteriorly, with a rounded opening at the 
anterior extremity of the short, stout, twisted columella. Parietal 
wall and columella covered by a strong callus. 

The type and six specimens, Cat. No. 195380, U.S.N.M., were 
dredved by the steamer Albatross of the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries, at Station 2813, in 40 fathoms, off the Galapagos Islands. 
The type has thirteen whorls, and measures: Length, 3.2 mm.; 
diameter, 1.1 mm. 

Two striking color forms of this species were found in the lot 
obtained from the above station. One, represented by a single 
specimen, Cat. No. 105380, U.S.N.M., which may be known as 
variety postalbus, fig. 5, has the posterior and median keel white, 
the rest brown. The other variety, wnicolor, fig. 13, represented by 
nine specimens, Cat. No. 105379, U.S.N.M., is uniformly brown. 


No. 1569. WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS—BARTSCH. 261 


TRIPHORIS CHATHAMENSIS, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 9. 


Shell acicular, nuclear whorls light brown, the others white, except- 
ing the narrow band that connects the tubercles into a spiral series 
which are brown. Nuclear whorls five, the first smooth, the rest 
marked by two, quite closely placed spiral threads, the posterior one 
of which falls on about the middle of the exposed portion of the turns. 
In addition to the spiral threads the whorls are marked by slender 
axial riblets, of which there are about twenty-four upon the second 
and twenty-eight upon the fifth turn. Post-nuclear whorls sepa- 
rated by deep sutures and ornamented from the very beginning by 
three tubercular spiral keels, of which the median is the most strongly 
and the anterior the least developed. All the tubercles slope very 
abruptly posteriorly, which lends them a somewhat truncated appear- 
ance at this end, and more gradually anteriorly. They are connected 
axially by slender riblets, of which there are about fourteen on the 
first, sixteen upon the fifth, and eighteen upon the penultimate post- 
nuclear whorl. Periphery of the last whorl marked by a slender tuber- 
culate keel in the immature shell. Base sloping concavely from the 
keel to the columella; without spiral keels, crossed by the feeble con- 
tinuations of the axial riblets which gradually evanesce as they 
approach the columella. Aperture subquadrate, irregular, strongly 
channeled anteriorly, outer and basal lip conforming with the external 
sculpture and slope, columella short, stout and slightly twisted. 

The type and four specimens, Cat. No. 195381, U.S.N.M., were 
dredged by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross at Station 2813, in 
40 fathoms off Chatham Island, one of the Galapagos group, They 
are immature. The type has twelve whorls and measures: Length 
2.8 mm.; diameter, 1.1 mm. 

This is one of the most distinct forms known to us at present from 
the entire coast; the presence of the three spiral keels from the very 
beginning is a character possessed by only one other form, namely, 7. 
callipyrgus from San Pedro, California, which is a much larger species 
with three basal keels. 


TRIPHORIS ADAMSI, new species. 
Plate XVI, fig. 10. 


Shell acicular, uniformly yellowish white. Early nuclear whorls 
decollated; the three remaining are marked by the characteristic 
sculpture, the double spiral thread, the posterior one of which is 
upon the middie of the whorls, and many slender, axial riblets, of 
which there are about twenty-four upon the last turn. Post-nuclear 
whorls increasing very regularly in size, ornamented with a double 


262 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


spiral row of strong tubercles. Channel separating these two rows 
quite wide. The tubercles are joined axially by low, rather broad 
riblets, which are decidedly protractive. Beginning with the sev- 
enth whorl the slender, median spiral thread makes its appearance. 
This is considerably nearer the posterior keel than the anterior, but 
in our specimens, which are all young, attains only a moderate 
development, with extremely weak tubercles. There are about 
eighteen ribs on the first, twenty upon the second, and twenty-two 
upon the penultimate post-nuclear turn. Periphery of the last whorl 
marked by a strong spiral keel. Base excavated without spiral 
keels covered by the feeble continuations of the axial riblets, which 
gradually fade out as they approach the short, stout slightly twisted 
columella. Aperture subquadrate, decidedly channeled anteriorly. 

The type and two additional specimens, Cat. No. 195382, U.S.N.M., 
were dredged by the steamer Albatross of the U.S. Bureau of Fish- 
eries, at Station 2813, in 40 fathoms, off Chatham Island, one of the 
Galapagos Islands. The type has twelve whorls (the first two 
nuclear probably having been lost) and measures: Length, 3.4 mm.; 
diameter, 1.2 mm. 

In this form of the aperture and sculpture of the base this species 
agrees with Triphoris chathamensis, but the sculpture of the spire is 
entirely different. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. 


The measurements cited after the name refer to the axial length of the specimen. 
All the figures have been enlarged six diameters. 


Fig. 


Triphoris pedroanus, new species; type; 5.1 mm. 
Trtphoris peninsularis, new species; type; 4.0 mm. 
Triphoris stearnsi, new species; type; 4.1 mm. 
Triphoris callipyrgus, new species; type; 5.2 mm. 
Triphoris galapagensis postalbus, new subspecies; type. 
Triphoris inconspicuus bicolor, new subspecies; type. 
Triphoris galapagensis, new species; type; 3.2 mm. 
Triphoris excolpus, new species; type; 3.7 mm. 
Triphoris chathamensis, new species; type; 2.8 mm. 
Triphoris adamsi, new species; type; 3.4 mm. 
Triphoyis alternatus ©. B, Adams; type; 4.8 mm. 
Triphoris hemphilli, new species; type; 5.1 mm. 
Triphoris galapagensis wnicolor, new subspecies; type. 
Triphoris dalli, new species; type; 6.5 mm. 

Triphoris inconspicuus C. B. Adams; 4.1 mm. 
Triphoris carpenteri, new species; type; 7.2 mm. 
Triphoris montereyensis, new species; type; 4.6 mm. 
Triphoris catalinensis, new species; type; 5.38 mm. 
Triphoris panamensis, new species; type; 8.7 mm. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XVI 


ae 5 
9 ere 


De ate 


2 


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WeEsT AMERICAN MOLLUSKS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 262, 


ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM ECHIGO, JAPAN. 


By Davip Srarr JorpAN and Ropert Kart RICHARDSON, 
Of Stanford University. 


The writers have recently received from Mr. Masao Nakamura, a 
Japanese naturalist, teacher in the schools of Nagaoka, in the province 
of Echigo, in Japan, a small collection of fishes, from that region. 
Among these are three. species new to science. Series of the speci- 
mens mentioned are in the United States National Museum and in the 
museum of Stanford University. 


Family COBITID 2b. 
1. LEFUA« ECHIGONIA Jordan and Richardson, new species. 


Head 42 in length, to base of caudal; depth 53; D. 7 or 8; A. I, 7; 
scales about 90; width of head 12 in its length; snout 3 in head; inter- 
orbital space 24 in. head; pectoral 13; ventral 24; eye 2 in interorbital 
space. 


Fic. 1.—LEFUA ECHIGONIA. 


Body moderately elongate, compressed behind; caudal peduncle 
deep, its depth fully half the length of the head; head depressed, 
broad and flat above, its width more than two-thirds of its length; 
eyes anterior, lateral; mouth somewhat inferior, subterminal, with 
fleshy lips, the lower jaw included, barbels 8, one pair nasal, one pair 
terminal on the maxillary, and two pairs on the muzzle anterior to the 
nasal and superior to the maxillary pair. 

Scales very small, cycloid, none on the head; lateral line obsolete. 

Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, the base of its first ray nearer 
to tip of caudal than to end of snout; anal wholly behind dorsal; caudal 
rounded, a low adipose membrane procurrent on the caudal peduncle 
dorsally and ventrally. 


«According to Dr. Leo Berg (Proc. U.S.N.M., XXXII, 1907), Elvis Jordan and 
Starks, to which this species belongs, is identical with the earlier Lefua Herzenstein 
(1888). 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSEuM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1570. 


264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Color in spirits olivaceous, densely dusted everywhere except on 
belly with rather coarse dark specks; a lateral row of obscure, irregu- 
larly formed, or more or less broken dusky spots, each nearly as large 
as eye; a dark humeral spot of rectangular form situated in a pit-like 
depression; belly pale, whitish; dorsal and caudal finely specked with 
dusky; other fins plain; no large fin spots or blotches. 

This species is related to Lefua nikkonis (Jordan and Fowler), differ- 
ing from it, however, in its much smaller scales, shorter ventral fins,. 
and in its coloration, there being no caudal blotch. 

Known from three specimens 13 to 1? inches long from a stream 
near Nagaoka, in Echigo, Japan, on the northwestern part of the island 
of Hondo. — 

The type is Cat. No. 20164, Stanford University. A cotype is in 
the U. S. National Museum. 

(Echigo, « province in Japan). 


Family AGONID/. 
2. PALLASINA ERYNGIA Jordan and Richardson, new species. 


Head 4.2 in length without caudal; depth 3.50 in head; width of 
body in front of soft dorsal, where body is not subject to distention, 
27.5 in length without caudal; D. VI-8; A. 10; P. 11; eye 2.5 m 
snout; interorbital space 2 in diameter of orbit; nose 2.1 in head; 
barbel twice head; plates in lateral line 50; between dorsals 12; 
between ventrals and anal 15. 


Fig. 2.—PALLASINA ERYNGIA. 


Body completely encased in an armor of bony plates, as in P. barbata 
(Steindachner); plates of the dorsal and ventral edges with low keels 
which terminate behind in a short spine; breast with a central plate 
larger than the rest, surrounded by smaller plates which lie between 
it and the bounding pectoral edge; all the plates with radial striations 
proceeding from a central umbo or from the point of the keel; a sub- 
orbital row of small, thin plates with radiating striew; angle of opercu- 
lumand preoperculum each with a short spine; jaws with fine awl-shaped 
teeth in narrow bands. 

Spinous a little higher than soft dorsal, its longest spine 2.6 in head; 
origin of anal barely in front of base of first dorsal; pectorals reach- 
ing slightly past front of first dorsal; ventrals (in male) 3.25 in head. 

Color of upper parts in alcohol brownish, specked very finely and 
densely with darker; a rather sharp line, coinciding with the keels of 


No. 1570. ON FISHES FROM ECHIGO—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 265 


the lower row of Jateral scutes, separating the upper - darker fr om the 
lower paler color of the anterior part of the trunk; breast and forward 
part of belly pale; concavity of hinder part of belly behind front of 
anal, and of caudal peduncle, darkened with fine punctulations, which 
are more or less gathered into roundish blotches, forming a monili- 
form series, and not extending fully to the margins of the concavity. 

Here described froma single specimen, the type, No. 20165, Stanford 
University, 54 inches long, taken on the coast of Echigo, Japan, by 
Masao Nakamura. Four specimens of a similar fish, 3 to 4 inches long, 
and with the barbel about equaling the length of ine head, taken by 
Messrs. Jordan and Snyder at Aomori, Japan, in 1901, possibly belong to 
this species. The species here described is well distinguished from 
Pallasina barbata® (Steindachner) by its slenderer body, its extremely 
elongated barbel, and its fewer pectoral rays (these being 12 or 13 in 
P. barbata.) 


(ypvyyos, the goat’s beard.) 


Family GOBUD. 
3. CHLOEA NAKAMURZE Jordan and Richardson, new species. 


Head 34; depth 44; D. VII—11; A. 11; P. 18; eye 43 in head; nose 
33; maxillary 21; interorbital 3 of eye; scales 70. 

Body robust, not much Pomona the back elevated, the profile 
conyex behind nape, and the caudal peduncle slender, its depth about 
4 in head; head pointed, deeper than wide; interorbital space concave; 
eyes anterior, directed somewhat upward; mouth very large, the max- 
illary reaching a vertical from posterior border of pupil; tongue broad, 
bifid; gill membranes united to isthmus at a point two eye-lengths in 
front of ventrals; gill-rakers on first arch 2 + 10, short and thick; 
pseudobranchiz large. 

Scales small and finely ctenoid; head and breast naked; belly covered 
with very small, easily displaced scales. 

Dorsal fins popemied by a distance equal to diameter of eye, the 
spinous scarcely higher than the soft dorsal; anal inserted under third 

ray of soft dorsal, length of depressed anal five-sixths of head; caudal 
rounded aoguenionlirs pectoral rounded behind, no tilaments on its 
upper edge; ventrals reaching one-half the distance from their base 
to base of anal. 


a@Six specimens of Pallasina barbata from Port Clarence, Alaska, 2 from Herendeen 
Bay, 3 from Chignik Bay, and 4 from Nemuro, Japan, show no noticeable variation 
in the body proportions, in the length of the barbel, or in the number of pectoral 
rays, the barbel never exceeding in length twice the diameter of the eye. The 
‘ specimens mentioned include both males and females. Padllasina aix Starks is dis- 
tinguished both from the present species and from P. barbata by its much larger 
eye, which is fully 1} times the diameter of the eye in specimens of the other two 
species, and the belly is punctulated more densely and evenly and farther forward. 


6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 
26 


Color in spirits pale muddy pinkish, everywhere densely and finely 
specked with black, including back, sides, belly, and head; fins and 
branchiostegals, with the exception of the pectorals, yet more densely 
specked with black, so that to the naked eye they appear almost jet 
black, especially at margins; pectorals pale; lightly specked with 
dusky. 

This species is close to Chloéa castanea (O’Shaughnessy), from which 
it differs in its much longer maxillary and in coloration. It is here 
described from 3 specimens, 1} to 2 inches in length, from Nagaoka, 
in Echigo, Japan. 

The type is No. 20163, Stanford University. Cotypes are in the 
U.S. National Museum. Two of the specimens are females, distended 


epee ee 


» 
29%) 2 
eeu 

350997979), 


XY 
y 


Fig. 3.—CHLOEA NAKAMUR. 


with eggs, and a single one (the type) isa male. It is probable that 
the dark color on fins and branchiostegals is partially the evanescent 
nuptial coloration. The speckling of the belly (in both sexes) and the 
longer maxillary of this species sufliciently separate it from Chloéa 
castaned. 

In the same collection with these species are numerous specimens of 
Chenogobius macrognathos (Bleeker) and of Chloéa sarchynnis Jordan 
and Snyder. 

(Named for Masao Nakamura, a Japanese naturalist. ) 


THE DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA) OF BURMA AND LOWER 
SIAM—II.¢ SUBFAMILIES CORDULEGASTERINA, CHLOR- 
OGOMPHIN®, AND GOMPHINE. 


By Epwarp Bruce WILLIAMSON, 
Of Bluffton, Indiana. 


This paper is the second of the series, following the general plan 
of and based on the collections described in Part I, namely: (1) A 
collection made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Lower Siam, and presented 
to the U. S. National Museum; (2) a collection made by Mrs. A. V. B. 
Crumb, presumably in the vicinity of Toungu, Burma, and owned 
by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and (3) a col- 
lection made by Mr. R. A. Earnshaw for the present writer in the 
Karenni and Toungu districts, Burma. My indebtedness to Mr. R. A. 
Earnshaw requires a second acknowledgment. Since the publication 
of Part I he has sent me material containing specimens of the 
greatest interest and value, and necessitating at some future date 
additional remarks on the Calopterygine of Burma. Through the 
kindness of M. Guillaume Séverin, of the Musée Royale de |’Histoire 
Naturelle de Belgique, I am enabled to figure in this paper the 
venation of twelve specimens from the De Selys collection. These 
photographs were made at the museum in Belgium. The pho- 
tographs of other specimens were made in the laboratory of Prof. 
James G. Needham and under ‘his direction. Mr. Samuel Henshaw 
loaned me a few very valuable specimens from the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. M. René Martin not 
only loaned me a number of specimens, but gave me others which have 
been invaluable in this study. Through the good offices of Prof. F. 
Foerster I purchased in Germany ‘a collection containing many 
~Gomphines from Tonkin. Mr. C.C. Adams has loaned me a number of 
specimens from India, Japan, and China. Dr. Philip P. Calvert has 
been freély consulted regarding many details. 

In an effort to select a nomenclature for the wing veins that would 
meet with the approval of students in this country, at least, an exten- 


@ See Part I. Subfamily Calopterygin, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, pp. 165-187, 
published April 22, 1905. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEuM, VOL. XX XIII—No. 1571. 


267 


968 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


sive correspondence has been carried on with Doctor Calvert, Professor 
Needham, and Mr. Rolla P. Currie, to all of whom I am indebted for 
advice and suggestions. I have tried to harmonize these suggestions 
as much as possible, and the names used in explaining the diagram 
of wing-venation are the result. 

In the paper on the subfamily Calopterygine the species discussed 
were mostly well known and represented by large series of specimens in 
many collections, but in the subfamilies at present under discussion 
an entirely different condition exists. The reasons for this may be 
briefly discussed. 


In the Calopterygine there are species in which the differences in 
ite) 


color between the sexes are probably as great as in any species of bird 
or butterfly, although those peculiar secondary sexual characters of 
the male usually shown by such birds and butterflies are wanting in 
the order Odonata.” Of the oriental genera of Calopterygine Rhino- 
cypha is the largest, and shows a maximum development in these 
color differences. The Calopterygine are not specialized for pro- 
tracted flight, but spend much of their lives near their birthplace; 
or if they wander it is by successive flights in an environment gen- 
erally similar to their accustomed daily haunts. Nevertheless their 
flight may be swift and mobile. Like the highly colored humming- 
birds, some of them at least are pugnacious, though evidences of 
injuries to each other from this cause are wanting. Two males of 
Calopteryx angustipennis will perform such rapid evolutions about each 
other that the eye can scarcely follow them. Males of Hetxrina wage 
similar warfare. It would be strange if males of Rhinocypha did not 
fight in the same way. In Rhinocypha the hyaline spots in the wings 
of certain males might well serve the same function attributed to 
eye-spots and other striking markings on the outer portions of the 
wings of Lepidoptera,’ but none of the many specimens I have seen 
was so damaged as to indicate that they do so serve. In fact, I 
know of no evidence that the brightly colored and often metallic 
Calopterygine are ever devoured by birds. The display of colors by 
the male before the female has been recorded for two species belong- 
ing to two widely different genera, though the possibility of voluntary 
sexual selection by these insects is, it appears to me, very remote. 
Those most active in their display, however, probably would be the 
most vigorous and highly colored of their associates and would, in 
competition with others of the same species, stand the best chance of 
reproducing. The male abdominal appendages in this subfamily are 
but little specialized, and throughout the group are remarkably 


aSome stigmatic differences may offer an exception to the rule. 

6 These markings are supposed to produce on the insects’ natural enemies the false 
impression that they are real vital organs, by which they may be captured with 
certainty. 


| 


| 4 pepe tana at Satbedew, 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 269 


similar in form. Calopterygine generally do not display great 
sensitiveness to weather conditions. Temporary cloudiness and shght 
changes in wind or temperature do not result in immediate decrease 
of activity or in search for a new environment. There is reason to 
believe that as a group the species have a moderately long or pro- 
tracted seasonal range. 

Comparing now the subfamily Gomphine—the largest of the 
subfamilies considered in this paper—with the Calopterygine, I 
find in the former only slight differences, if any, between the sexes 
of any species, and these almost entirely confined to body-mark- 
ings. Moreover, the Gomphine are as a group obscurely or pro- 
tectively colored. Metallic or other brilliant colors, so common in 
Calopterygine and in certain beetles which are not eaten by birds, 
are unknown. The ground-color varies from pale brown through 
various shades of brown and yellowish or reddish brown to black. 
The markings are from white through pale green, green, pale yellow, 
and clear yellow to orange; or the ground-color may be the paler, 
marked with the darker colors. The wings are hyaline, or slightly 
fumose. In wing venation these dragonflies are highly specialized, 
adapting them to protracted flights. For example, some species 
spend much of their time in tall forest trees and during a day may 
make numerous trips from a stream to trees at considerable dis- 
tances from the water. There is reason to believe that certain 
species spend much of their lives at a distance from the streams 
which gave them birth, being fully able, when the time arrives, to 
return by rapid and ‘sustained flight. The size, structure, and con- 
sistency of these insects make them favorable food for medium- 
sized or larger insectivorous birds, and it may be well supposed that 
natural selection has tended to suppress brilliant colors and habits 
which would attract attention. The males do not make themselves 
conspicuous by pugnacious attacks on each other. Several may 
be on the wing in close proximity without attacking, though they 
frequently approach as if in search of females. In the form of the 
abdominal appendages of the male the Gomphine are highly special- 
ized. In the oriental region Onychogomphus is represented by the 
greatest number of species, and in this genus both venation and 
male appendages are highly specialized. This specialization and 
presumably more perfect adaptation of the appendages to their 
use would render the speedy capture of the female almost certain. 
Moreover, the scattering of the species through woodland and fields 
adjacent to streams would render the meeting of individuals to 
some extent accidental. In view of these facts conflicts between 
males are probably the exception. During the act of copulation 
Gomphine generally seek more retired and elevated places than 
the Calopterygine. Some Gomphine, at least, display great sen- 
sitiveness to weather conditions, appearing about certain favorite 


VOL, XXXIII. 


S OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


EDING: 


VOCE. 


Ph 


270 


the day, absenting themselves almost 


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where several males of 


no. 1571... DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 271 


to forsake the water for the trees and bushes, where they rest inactive 
and inconspicuous till the reappearing sun brings them again to the 
stream. Continued cloudiness may cause them to leave the river, 
scattering far and wide over fields and woods. Moreover, species of 
this subfamily are well known to have a brief seasonal range in 

temperate regions, and the same thing is probably true in the tropics. — 

Because of the scarcity of positive records for Burma and Lower 
Siam of species of the subfamilies under discussion in this paper, a 
slightly different treatment from that employed in the paper on the 
Calopterygine has seemed desirable. In this paper I have given dis- 
tribution and brief notes on all the species known in the oriental 
fauna. From this it must not be supposed that I expect subsequent 
collecting to show a large percentage of these species to occur in 
Burma and Lower Siam. On the contrary, I believe a number of 
species at present undescribed will be revealed. 

Throughout the paper the halftone figures of wings are of arbitrary 
size and give no idea of the relative size of the wings in various species. 
The figures representing thoracic color pattern are diagrammatic, all 
drawn over the same outline, and give no idea of the different forms 
and sizes of the insects themselves. The figure illustrating venational 
nomenclature is still more diagrammatic. (See figs. 1-3.) The 
remaining figures are drawn to scale—the same for all—and give an 
idea of the relative sizes in different species. 


KEY TO THE ORIENTAL GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY GOMPHIN © (IMAGOES). 


ORDER ODONATA (Neuroptera Odonata, Para- 
neuroptera). 


aa. Front and hind wings dissimilar in shape, the latter usually broader at base; the 

quadrangle of the suborder Zygoptera@ divided to form the triangle and super- 

triangle. Males with one inferior abdominal appendage which, however, may 

be deeply bifid or rudimentary .................:- SuBorRDER ANISOPTERA 

6. Antenodals of first series mostly coinciding with those of the second series; triangle 

of front wing with its long axis at right angles to the length of the wing, and 
triangle of hind wing with its long axis parallel to the length of the wing. 

Famity LIBELLULID#® 

bb. Antenodals of first series not coinciding with those of the second series, excepting 

in the case of two, which are thickened..................- Famity “sHNIDm 

c. Radial and median supplements present; triangle of front wing at least as elon- 

gate as triangle of hind wing; M, paralleling M, at least as far as the stigma. 

Head globose. Lateral abdominal carinz present... .. SUBFAMILY AASHNINE 

ce. Head transversely elongated; eyes separated or meeting at a single point only. 

Lateral abdominal carinze wanting. 

d. Radial supplement developed; triangle of front wing at least as elongate as 
triangle of hind wing. Median labia llobe divided... Petalia and allies, 
probably worthy of subfamily rank; (not regional.) 

dd. Radial and median supplements not developed; M, paralleling R,. 


4See Proc. U. §. National Museum, XXVIII, p. 167. 


272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIII. 


e. Median labial lobe divided. Stigma of uniform width, the distance 
' between © and R, a cell or two beyond stigma less than the distance 
between R, and M, at the same level; in front and hind wings at least 
4 cross veins between M,_; and M,. 
/. Subtriangles of front and hind wings similar in shape. Eyes touching 
dorsally or but little separated. 
g. Median space without cross veins; triangle of hind wing more elongate 
than triangle of front wing.......-- SUBFAMILY CORDULEGASTERIN © 
gg. Median space with cross veins; triangle of front wing at least as elon- 
gate as triangle of hind wing......- SUBFAMILY CHLOROGOMPHIN & 
‘ h. Triangle of hind wing strongly narrowed in the direction of the 
long axistol the wine 2 sceels ce). eee caees Chlorogomphus 
hh. Triangle of hind wing about equilateral..........--- Orogomphus 
J. Subtriangles of frent and hind wings dissimilar; triangle of front wing 
not as elongate as triangle of hind wing. Eyes widely separated. 
SUBFAMILY PETALURIN (not regional) 
ee. Median labial lobe entire. Eyes widely separated. Stigma wider at 
middle than at either end, the distance between C and R, a cell or two 
beyond stigma about equaling the distance between R, and M, at the 
same level; triangle of front wing less elongate than triangle of hind 
WE vel 2S see Pe eee ye eh oe epee tee oe eve SUBFAMILY GOMPHIN 2 
f. Subtriangle of front wing crossed (except in Gomphidia javanica); super- 
triangular cross veins present; distance from forking of M,_, and M, to 
subnodus equal in front and hind wings, in front wing equal to one- 
fourth the distance from wing base to subnodus; cross veins between 
: M,_, and M, numerous, at least 4 in hind wing; M, in hind wing slightly 
waved; R, and M, with accessory sectors; stigma long, equaling one- 
third the distance from nodus to distal end of stigma. 
g. Lateral margins of abdominal segment 8 dilated. Triangle of front 
wing short, the inner and superior sides about equal.....--- Ictinus 
gg. Lateral margins of abdominal segment 8 not dilated. Triangle of 
front wing longer, the outer and superior sides about equal. 
Gomphidia 
jf. Subtriangle of front wing and all supertriangles without cross veins; dis- 
tance from forking of M,_, and M, to subnodus equal to about one- 
third the distance from wing base to subnodus in front wing; R, and 
M, without .distinet accessory sectors; stigma shorter, in length less 
than one-third the distance from nodus to distal end of stigma. 
g. Triangle of hind wing crossed; at least 3 rows of cells between M, and 

Cu, at level of penultimate antenodal in front wing. 

h. Triangle of front wing crossed; arculus in front and hind wings at 
level of second antenodal; anal area of front wing with 2 rows of 
cells proximal to the triangle, followed distally by more than 2 
rows; M, and Cu, in front wing divergent, about 15 cells between 
at wing margin; in hind wing 2 cross veins between M,_; and M,; 
trigonal supplement distinctly present; distance from forking of 
M,_»-and M, to subnodus about equal in both wings. 

i. Cubital space with 2 or 3 cross veins in addition to the one forming 
the subtriangle; M,, in front wing arising nearer nodus than 
stigma; basal antenodal of second series present in four wings; 
sectors strongly curved, the angle of R, with the hind margin 
ObtUSClv..sode2es pe ee eos eee aso OSes cee eee Sieboldius 

vi. Cubital space with 1 cross vein in addition to the one forming the 
subtriangle; M,, in front wing arising nearer stigma than nodus; 


-_ 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND STAM— WILLIAMSON. 273 


basal antenodal of second series wanting; sectors less curved, 
R, meeting the hind margin of wing atanacuteangle. Hagenius 4 
hh. Triangle of front wing free; arculus in front and hind wings near 
the third antenodal; anal area of front wing with 1 row of cells 
proximal to the triangle, followed by not more than 2 rows; M, 
and Cu, in front wing nearly parallel, about 9 cells between at 
margin; in hind wing 1 cross vein between M,_, and M,; tri- 
gonal supplement not distinct; distance from forking of M,_, 
and M; to subnodus greater in front wing than in hind 
NLD oc A Pe ec Ae Davidius 
gg. Triangles, subtriangles, and supertriangles all normally free; dis- 
tance from forking of M,_. and M, to subnodus greater in front wing 
than in hind wing; sectors uniformly curved; trigonal supplement 
not distinctly developed; stigma short, usually one-fourth or less 

in distance from nodus to distal end of stigma. 

h. Normally with 3 or more cross veins between My-3 and M, in hind 
wing and 4 or more in front wing; M,_, and M, approximated at 
or immediately beyond their origin at the arculus; stigma with- 
out brace vein. 

?. Basal antenodal of second series present in all wings (excepting 
in Leptogomphus sp.); anal area of front wing with 1 or 2 rows 
of cells before the triangle, followed by 2 or more rows. 

j. More than 2 rows of cells between M, and M,, at level of distal 
end of stigma; anal area of front wing with maximum width 
of 3 or more cells; proximal angle of triangle in front wing 
not as far distant from arculus as length of proximal side of 
subtriangle; forking of M,_, and M, in hind wing symme- 
tance eae sen: cael ee rae neuen US pe SVs . - Macrogomphus 

jj. One row of cells (rarely 2) between M, and M,, at level of distal 
end of stigma; anal area of front wing with a maximum width 
of 2 cells; proximal angle of triangle in front wing at least as 
distant from arculus as length of proximal side of subtriangle; 
forking of M,_, and M, in hind wing unsymmetrical. 

Leptogomphus 

u. Basal antenodal of second series wanting; anal area of front wing 
with 1 row of cells throughout; 1 row of cells between M, and 
M,, at level of distal end of stigma; proximal angle of triangle 
in front wing at least as distant from arculus as length of prox- 
imal side of subtriangle; forking of M,_, and M, in hind wing 
MULES AMITTRE TACE lees s se eee A. 9 oe Mee reve fs oe se Microgomphus 

hh. Normally with 1 cross vein (rarely 2) between M ,-3 and M, in hind 

wing and 4 or less in front wing; M,_,and M, distinctly separated 
at and beyond their origin at the arculus; forking of M,_, and 
M, in hind wing symmetrical or not distinctly unsymmetrical ; 
stigma with or without brace vein; proximal angle of triangle in 
front wing not as distant from arculus as length of inner side of 
subtriangle.® 


@ Characters based on a study of the American H. brevistylus, the only species of the 
genus known to me. 

® The following genera form a group of great venational uniformity marked by 
many minor diversities. At least 2 of them are of very wide distribution and others, 
not regional and not here considered, find their closest allies here. Genera have 
developed these many minor venational characters independently, at least in many 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——-18 


974 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


7. Stigma long, in front wing equal to more than one-fourth the dis- 
tance from nodus to distal end of stigma; triangle in hind wing 
greatly elongated, the upper side about twice as long as the 
inner side; basal antenodal of second series present in both 
wings; M, and Cu, in front wing divergent, 3 rows of cells 
between at level of the nodus; 2 rows of cells between M, and 
M,, 1n front wing at level of distal end of stigma; 2 rows of cells 
between M, and M, in front wing beginning nearer the stigma 
than the nodus; arculus in front wing at or proximal to second 
antenodal; cubital space in front wing with 1 cross vein in 
addition to the inner side of the subtriangle; anal area in front 
wing with 1 row of cells proximal to the triangle, followed by 
a maximum width of 3 cells or more; 3 rows of postanal cells in 
hind wing; distal angle of triangle in hind wing not separated 
from M, by a distinct stalk; stigma with brace vein. 

Cyclogomphus 

vw. Stigma shorter, at the most equal to or less than one-fourth the 

distance from nodus to distal end of stigma; triangle in hind 

wing with upper side not twice as long as the inner side; basal 
antenodal of second series usually absent. 

j. Cubital space in front wing with 2 cross veins in addition to the 
one forming the inner side of the subtriangle; M, and Cu, in 
front wing with 3 rows of cells between at level of nodus; 2 
rows of cells between M, and M,, in front wing at level of distal 
end of stigma; arculusin front wing distal to second antenodal; 
anal area in front wing with 2 rows of cells proximal to the tri- 
angle, beyond the triangle but little better developed, nor- 
mally only 2 cells wide at the maximum; 4 rows of postanal 
cells; distal angle of triangle in hind wing not distinctly 
separated from M,; brace vein of stigma apparently variable. 

Anisogomphus 
jj. Cubital space in front wing with one cross vein in addition to 
the one forming the inner side of the subtriangle. 

k. Triangle in hind wing not distinctly separated from M, by 
a short stalk; usually 2 (sometimes 3) cross veins between 
M,.; and M, in front wing. 

l. A, in hind wing arising near the middle of the lower side of 
the subtriangle, postanal cells of about the same width 
throughout; arculus in front wing at or proximal to second 
antenodal; 1 or 2 rows of cells between M, and M,, in 
front wing at level of distal end of stigma; 2 cells between 
M, and M, in front wing beginning nearer stigma than 
nodus; stigma with brace vein. 


cases, and, in the resulting confusion, relationships are almost impossible of discern- 
ment. At the same time I believe the genera may be accurately defined, though 
their proper grouping is impossible, by venational characters alone. Material access- 
ible to me, as explained more fully in the following pages, has been such that I have 
been limited to a first-hand study of venational characters only, in the case of many 
genera, and in the case of all to but few specimens and species. It is to be expected, 
therefore, that the arrangement of genera is not entirely a natural one and that the 
definitions in many cases are too explicit to cover all the species. More material, 
both adult and nymphal, than that to be found at present in all the collections in 
the world and the tabulation of other as well as venational characters will be necessary 
for the ultimate solution of the relationships of these genera. 


——— ee 


No. 1571. BRAG ONEETES OF BURMA AND SIAM— ee 1{MSON. eS 


ime rows ae postanal eenen in ea wing. 

Anal area in front wing with maximum width of Z cells, 
distal to the level of the triangle scarcely 2 cells 
wide, and that only for a short distance; M, and Cu, 
in front wing parallel to beyond the nodus, 2 cells 
between at level of nodus. 

o. One row of cells between M, and M,, in front wing to 
the wing margin; anal area in front wing with | 
row of cells proximal to the triangle; Cu, in front 
wing ending under the nodus... . Anormogomphus 

00. Two rows of cells between M, and M,, in front wing 
at level of distal end of stigma; anal area in front 
wing proximal to the triangle, 2 cells wide for a 
distance of 1 cell only, or only 1 cell wide; Cu, 
in front wing ending before the nodus. 

Burmagomphus 
nn. Anal area in front wing with a maximum width of 3 
cells, proximal to level of triangle 1 cell wide; M, 
and Cu, in front wing divergent, at least 3 rows of 
cells between at level of nodus; 2 rows of cells be- 
tween M, and M,, in front wing at level of distal end 
Oi alert. Pe eae ge aie aa emcee Platygomphus 
mm. Four or more rows of postanal cells inhind wing; 2 rows 
of cells between M, and M,, in front wing at level of 
distal end of stigma; anal area in front wing proximal 
to triangle, 2 (or in some American species 1) cells 
wide, distally reaching a maximum of at least 3 cells 
(2, fully developed, in some American species); M, 
and Cu, in front wing divergent, at least 3 cells be- 
tween them at level of nodus.......-..-- Gomphus@ 
ll. A, in hind wing arising near or proximal to the inner angle 
of the subtriangle, A, or A, or both usually decidedly an- 
eled, at least 4 rows of postanal cells; anal area in front 
wing proximal to the triangle, 2 cells wide for at least the 
length of 1 cell, followed distally by a maximum width 

‘of not less than 3 cells. 

n. M, and Cu, in front wing parallel to beyond the nodus, 2 
cells between at level of nodus; arculus in front wing 
at or proximal to second antenodal; 1 or 2 rows of cells 
between M, and M,, in front wing at level of distal end 
of stigma; 2 cells between M, and M, appearing first 
nearer the stigma than the nodus in front wing; first 
postanal cell in hind wing divided, not twice as wide as 
the second; stigma with brace vein. ..Onychogomphus 

mm. M, and Cu, in front wings divergent, 4 rows of cells be- 

tween at level of nodus; arculus in front wing distal 
to second antenodal; 3 rows of cells between M, and 
M,, at level of distal end of stigma in front wing; 2 
cells between M, and M, appearing first nearer the 
nodus than the stigma in front wing; first postanal 
cell in hind wing divided, twice as wide as the sec- 


a As shown by Needham’s studies of some of the North American species, sub- 
groups are definable, but more material is needed for a final disposition of the subject. 


bo 
“I 
lor) 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


ond; stigma without brace vein (in cochinchinensis, 
the only species of the genus I have studied). 

Heterogomphus 

kk. Triangle in hind wing distinctly separated from M, by a short 

stalk (the extreme development from the condition found 

in Agriogomphus and Neogomphus, for examples); M, and 

Cu, in front wing divergent, 4 cells between at level of 

nodus; 3 rows of cells between M, and M,, at level of distal 

end of stigma in front wing; 2 rows of cells between M, and 

M, in front wing appearing first nearer stigma than nodus; 

arculus in front wing distal to second antenodal; anal area 

in front wing with 2 rows of cells proximal to the level of 

the triangle, followed distally by a maximum width of 4 or 

5 cells; A, in hind wing arising near the inner angle of the 

subtriangle; 5 rowsof postanal cells; 3 or 4 cross veins be- 

tween M,_; and M, in front wing; stigma with brace vein. 

Merogomphus 


Subfamily CORDULHEGASTHRIN 244. 


Genera ALLOGASTER De Selys, ANOTOGASTER De Selys 
and THECAGASTER ‘De Selys. 


No species of the subfamily Cordulegasterinee have been reported 
for Burma or Siam and none is represented in the collections accessible 
to me, though representatives of three genera are known from India. 


Fig. 4.—WINGS OF MALE ANOTOGASTER SIEBOLDII FROM JAPAN. 


These genera are separated by De Selys as follows: Allogaster is 
distinguished by the greatly developed frons, almost as wide as the 
eyes, with the crest as elevated as the base of the occiput. Only 
one species, latifrons De Selys, from Bengal, is known. In Anoto- 
gaster the stigma is long, the head globose; and in Thecagaster the 
stigma is short, the head transverse. Four species of Anotogaster 
are known, occurring in Nepal and North India, through Tibet 
and China to Japan. A. basalis De Selys, occurring in North India, 


ee 


* senate Ue ethane gt anna wages ii cee alll ile eee ipa 


Ee a EE rng +O 


No. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. rth 


is distinguished by De Selys from nipalensis De Selys, occurring in 
Nepal, as follows: By yellow venation instead of black; by a large 
yellow ring on abdominal segment 10, wanting in nipalensis, and 
by other characters. Thecagaster is represented by two species from 
North India (North India and Himalaya). These species, originally 
placed in this genus by De Selys, were later definitely referred by 
him to Cordulegaster (Causeries Od. No. 7). The two species, brevi- 
stigma De Selys and parvistigma De Selys, have the abdomen black 
with dorsal spots in a half rmg. 7”. brevistigma has 14 or 15 ante- 
nodals in front wing, while parvistigma has 21. Some other differ- 
ences mentioned by De Selys are: T. brevistigma has the upper lip 
bordered with black, and abdominal segment 10 black with a lateral 
longitudinal yellow spot; parvistigma has the upper lip not bordered 
with black, and 10 without yellow markings. Representatives of 
the subfamily Cordulegasterine will certainly eventually be found in 
Burma and probably also in Siam. (See fig. 4.) 


Subfamily CHLOROGOMPHIN &. 
Genus CHLOROGOMPHUS De Selys. 


This genus is represented by two species confined to Sumatra 
and Java. 


qoeseS Saeocmitn 

Paar) alatiel siete 
NLA ~o | ¢ 

eae CE a | yay 5 


Fia. 5.—WINGS OF MALE OROGOMPHUS ATKINSONI. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 
Genus OROGOMPHUS De Selys. 


Three species are known, found in Luzon, Bengal, Tonkin, and 
Burma. The three species are distinguished by De Selys as follows: 
O. splendidus De Selys, Luzon and Tonkin, and speciosus De Selys, 


& 


278 
Burma, are distinguished from atkinsoni De Selys, from Bengal, by 
having the frons less elevated, entirely black in front; 3 yellow 
lateral thoracic stripes, the middle the widest, instead of 2; and 
the end of the abdomen a little dilated. (See fig. 5-6.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


FIG. 6.—WINGS OF FEMALE OROGOMPHUS ATKINSONI. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


O. splendidus has the wings marked with brownish yellow, the 
apices reddish brown, and abdominal segments 3-7 black. In 
speciosus the wings are hyaline, and segments 3-7 are black, with 
an apical yellow spot on each. 


1. OROGOMPHUS SPECIOSUS De Selys. 


“Taho en Mars (Fea).’’? Known only from the female. I have 
not seen specimens. Abdomen 57 mm., hind wing 46 mm. 


Subfamily GOMPHIN &*. 
Genus ICTINUS Rambur. 


Fifteen species and one variety of the genus /ctinus are at present 
recognized, or twelve species and four varieties, if De Selys’s views are 
followed. Twelve of these sixteen occur in the oriental region. 
These have been divided into two groups by De Selys, defined most 
readily by the color pattern of the head, thorax, and legs, as follows: 

First group.—F ace largely black; posterior edge of side of thorax 
black; femora largely black or brown. J. tenaz Hagen occurs in the 
Philippines. It has been described from a single male and an incom- 
plete female. According to De Selys it is distinct by having the 
femora with an external double yellow stripe, obliterated on the 


second femora of the female; the nasus banded, not spotted, with 


yellow; abdominal segment 7 spotted, not ringed, with yellow; and 
the inferior abdominal appendage of the male not more divaricate 


no. 1571. - DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM— WILLIAMSON. 29 


than the superior appendages. J. decoratus De Selys occurs in Java, 
Sumatra, Borneo, and Tonkin. It may be recognized by the asso- 
ciation of the following characters: Antehumeral yellow stripe 
slightly or not interrupted; frons black, with a narrow yellow line; 
a yellow stripe between the two lateral thoracic sutures; posterior 
edge of side of thorax broadly black; and femora largely brown. 
I. melenops De Selys occurs in Indo-China, Sumatra, and Borneo. 
It is distinct from all by having the antehumeral stripe reduced to a 
superior spot and the area between the lateral thoracic sutures uni- 
formly black, or with 1 or 2 small superior spots. Of the remaining 
four oriental species (or two species and two varieties) of this group, 
pertinax Hagen, occurring in China and Tonkin, is separated by having 
the nasus without a median yellow spot, abdominal segment 8 later- 
ally spotted, without a yellow ring, and 10 all black. J. rapax 
Rambur, known from India and Indo-China, is very closely related 
to precox Hagen, from India, and mordax De Selys, from India, the 
latter two being regarded by De Selys as varieties of rapax. I. mor- 
dax may be recognized from the fact that it has the black stripes on 
the lateral sutures joined at the middle, reducing the yellow stripe 
between them to a superior and an inferior spot; as in pertinaz, 
abdominal segment 10 is black. In rapax the abdomen is 47-52 mm., 
hind wing 40-44 mm.; in precox the abdomen is 50-53 mm., hind 
wing 39-40 mm.; in precoxr the basal black of the frons connects 
at the middle with the black of the frons in front; in rapax yellow 
occupies the basal half of abdominal segment 3 and basal two-fifths 
of 4-6; in precoxr the yellow is reduced. Closely related as these 
species are, Hagen’s figures in Monographie des Gomphines indicate 
differences which should permit of more decisive definitions if material 
were at hand. 

Second group.—F ace largely yellow; posterior edge of side of 
thorax without black; femora largely yellow. In angulosus De Selys, 
from India, and atrox De Selys, from India, the leaf-like expansions of 
segment 8 are of medium size, largely or entirely black; in clavatus 
Fabricius, from Japan, China, and Tonkin, and phaleratus De Selys, 
from China and Tonkin, the expansion is larger, yellow, broadly 
bordered with black. In atrox the upper lip is not bordered with 
black, the rear of the head is black, the expansion of abdominal seg- 
ment 8 is yellow at the base, and there are 5-6 enlarged spines on the 
posterior femora; in angulosus the upper lip is bordered with black, 
the rear of the head is black and yellow, the expansion of 8 is entirely 
black, and there are 7-8 enlarged spines on the posterior femora. 
I. phaleratus was regarded as a variety of clavatus by De Selys, dis- 
tinguished by a smaller expansion of segment 8, by having segment 10 
without a dorsal yellow spot, as in clavatus, and by having the triangle 
of the front wing followed by 3 cells instead of 4 as in clavatus. Three 


280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XXXII. 


males from Tonkin in my collection have segment 10 and appendages 
as described for phaleratus, but are otherwise like clavatus excepting 
that the venational character mentioned is intermediate; in one 
specimen the triangle in both front wings is followed by 3 rows of 
cells, in another specimen by 4 rows, and in the third specimen one 
wing has 3, the other 4 rows. Either such a species as phaleratus 
does not exist or it has been imperfectly described. 


2. ICTINUS MELZENOPS De Selys. 


Trong, W. L. Abbott, collection U.S.N.M., 4 males, 12 females. 


Fic. 7.—WINGS OF MALE ICTINUS MELZNOPS FROM SIAM. 


Wings more or less fumose in one male and nine females. Sub- 
triangle in front wing 2-celled in all but the right wing of one 


Fig. 8.—WINGS OF FEMALE ICTINUS MELZNOPS FROM SIAM. 


male, where it is open, and one wing of a female where it is 3-celled; 
subtriangle in hind wing open in all. Triangle in front wing 2 
cells long, the first cell divided, making the triangle 3-celled—in 


— 


ea 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND STAM—WILLIAMSON. 281 


4 male wings and 10 female wings (in three cases slightly abnormal, 
the divisions obscured or disguised); triangle in front wing 3 cells 
long, the first cell divided, making the triangle 4-celled—in 3 male 
wings and 15 female wings (disguised in one case); triangle in hind 
wing 2 cells long and 2-celled—in one male wing; triangle in hind 
wing 3 cells long and 3-celled—in 5 male wings and 19 female 
wings; triangle in hind wing 3 cells long, the first cell divided, making 
the triangle 4-celled—in 2 male wings and 5 female wings. Upper 
lip entirely black in one male and one female; upper lip with 2 basal 
yellow spots, more or less distinct, in all the others. Nasus with a 
more or less distinct yellow spot at either end in all. Pale area of 
frons above of about uniform width in three males and five females; 
narrowed or divided in the middle in one male and seven females. 
Ictinus melenops, race sumatranus Kriiger from Sumatra does not 
seem sufficiently different. (See figs. 7 and 8.) 


3. ICTINUS PERTINAX Hagen. 


One male from Burma collected by Earnshaw. 

This has the upper lip black, with two small squarish basal spots, 
separated by black, about equal to their width; the antehumeral 
stripe widely divided. I have two adult males and a teneral male 
from Tonkin. This teneral specimen, which I refer to pertinax, has 
the spots on the upper lip larger and connected; and the antehumeral 
stripes are narrowed but not divided above. 


Genus GOMPHIDIA De Selys. 


The seven described species all occur in the Oriental region. G. 
kruger. Martin is rivalled in size only by perakensis Laidlaw. It 
is known from Tonkin; abdomen 63 mm., hind wing 50 mm.; front 
wing, antenodals 24, postnodals 13-14; distinct from all the others 
by having the dorsal thoracic stripes on either side of the middorsal 
carina joined at their upper end with a spot which represents the 
upper end of the antehumeral stripe. G. conjluens De Selys occurs 
in Central China, Tonkin, and Anam; abdomen 53 mm., hind wing 
48 mm.; front wing, antenodals 19-20, postnodals 11; distinguished 
from all others by having the dorsal thoracic stripes joined below with 
the mesothoracic half collar. G. javanica Foerster, from Java, has 
the abdomen about 53 mm., hind wing 40-43 mm.; front wing, 
antenodals 16-18, postnodals 12; it is peculiar in having the sub- 
triangle of the front wing free, not divided (the subtriangle of the front 
wing is sometimes free in maclachlani, but in javanica the rhinarium 
is yellow, while it is black in maclachlani). G. kirschit De Selys 
and perakensis Laidlaw are peculiar in having a relatively large 
number of postnodals. G. kirschii occurs in the Philippines, Borneo, 
and Tonkin; abdomen 45-48 mm., hind wing 38-42 mm.; front 


282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


wing, antenodals 18-19, postnodals 15-17; on the sides of the 
thorax in the black area between the two lateral sutures is a 
row of yellow spots. G. perakensis Laidlaw was described from 
the Malay Peninsula; abdomen 59 mm., hind wing 54 mm.; front 
wing, antenodals 22-23, postnodals 17-18; the abdomen is largely 
black, with the dorsal basal one-third of 7 yellow; Doctor Laidlaw 
compared his specimen in coloration with a Macrogomphus in the 
British Museum erroneously determined as quadratus; there is no 
similarity between perakensis and quadratus. The two remaining 
species of Gomphidia are separated at once by the color of the head. 
G. maclachlani De Selys occurs in Borneo, Sumatra, Tonkin, and 
Anam; abdomen, male 51-55 mm., female 52 mm.; hind wing, male 
38-43 mm., female 46 mm.; front wing, antenodals 19-21, postnodals 
10-14; face entirely black excepting part of the frons. G. tnigrum 
De Selys is known only from North India; abdomen 52 mm., hind 
wing 39.5 mm.; front wing, antenodals 15-16, postnodals 9-10; face, 
vertex, and occiput largely yellow. An eighth species is described 
below as new, from a specimen from Siam. 


4. GOMPHIDIA ABBOTTI, new species. 


Abdomen, male without appendages 50 mm., superior appendages 
3.5 mm.; hind wing, male 41 mm. 

Wings hyaline, without trace of basal spot; membranule white; 
stigma very dark brown, covering 4 or 5 cells, brace vein present; 


Fic. 9.—WINGS OF MALE GOMPHIDIA ABBOTTI FROM SIAM. 


antenodals, front wing 18-19, hind wing 12-13; postnodals, front 
wing 11, hind wing 10-11; triangle in front wing 3 cells long, the first 
cell divided, making 4 cells in the triangle, followed by 3 cells, then 2; 
triangle in hind wing 2 or 3 cells long, followed by 3 or 4 cells, then 2; 
subtriangle in front wing once divided, in hind wing free; cubital 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM— WILLIAMSON. So 


space in front wing with 3, in hind wing with 2 additional cross veins; 
1 or 2 supertriangular cross veins in front wing, 1 in hind wing; 6-8 
cross veins between M,_, and M, in front wing, 4-5 in hind wing; anal 
triangle 5-celled. (See fig. 9.) 

Lower lip dull brownish, the adjacent portion of the rear of the 
eyes dull yellow; remainder of the head black, marked with yellow 
as follows: Upper lip with a superior spot on either side, separated 
by more than their own length; .base of mandibles, margined with 
black; rhinarium; a very small inferior lateral spot on nasus; a 
narrow superior line on the frons in front; the anterior half of the 
frons above, this pale area nearly or quite divided by a broad low 
triangle of black continuous with the basal black of the frons. Occi- 
put high, rounded, with short cilia. 

Prothorax rich dark brown. Thorax of the same color, paler 
below, marked with light yellow as follows: A wide mesothoracic 
half collar, divided at the median line; short, widely divaricate, 
cuneiform stripes on either side above, beginning just in front of the 
antealar sinus and reaching about half way to the mesothoracic half 
collar; antehumeral stripe entirely wanting, not represented by a 
spot or line; mesepimeron with a stripe a little more than 1 mm. wide, 
of nearly uniform width for its entire length; just behind the extreme 
upper end of this stripe a minute inconspicuous spot (probably this 
is variable and specimens with a row of spots in the black area would 
not be surprising); metepimeron with a stripe not quite 2 mm. wide 
at its widest part; a spot between the front wings, and a transverse 
row of 3 spots in juxtaposition between the bases of the front and 
hind wings. Legs dark. brown, apices of femora and the tibiz black. 

Abdomen brown anteriorly, black posteriorly, marked with yellow 
as follows: 1 and 2 obscurely marked, 1 with a dorsal basal spot, 2 
with a dorsal median spot, the auricles dull yellowish tipped with 
black; basal dorsal rings on 3-7, occupying two-fifths of 3, one-third of 
4-6, and nearly one-half of 7; these yellow areas minutely punctate 
with black and on 3-6 divided posteriorly in the median line by the 
encroaching black; on 7 the yellow is produced slightly posteriorly in 
the median line; 8 with a small obscure basal lateral spot, a hint of 
which is found on 9; 10 with an obscure dorsal median greenish spot, 
the spot itself with a median black spot; appendages black; abdomen 
beneath dark, base of 8, vesicle, and portion of apices of genital 
hamules pale. (See fig. 10.) 

Genital lobe represented on the margin of the seement by a low 
ridge with 4-6 short black teeth; anterior lamina prominent, the 
median third produced posteriorly as a smoothly rounded tubercle; 
hamules thin, plate-like, extending well beyond the vesicle of the 


284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


penis, the anterior not reaching the apex of the posterior, its apical 
third a long slender hook; posterior hamule elongated triangular in 
general shape, the sides somewhat rounded. 

Described from a single male, collection U.S.N.M., collected at 
Trong, Lower Siam, Jan.—Feb., 1899, by Dr. W. L. Abbott, for whom 
this fine species is named. 

Type.—Cat. No. 10449, U.S.N.M. 

Contrasted with other species of the genus certain differences may 
be noted. From¢-nigrum it differs in having the triangle of the front 
wing followed by 3, not 4, cells; the face largely black; anterior fem- 
ora without pale stripe; abdominal segment 8 black, with a lateral 
basal pale spot, not yellow with apical one-third black; 7 with scarcely 
basal half yellow, not basal three-fourths; 9 almost entirely black, and 


eee 


Fic. 10.—GOMPHIDIA ABBOTTI FROM SIAM. A, DORSAL, AND B, LATERAL VIEWS OF MALE ABDOM- 
INAL APPENDAGES. 9 AND 10, ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. 


appendages differently shaped. From maclachlanz it differs by having 
the upper lip spotted with yellow and the rhmarium yellow; the abdo- 
men with less black, and the appendages differently shaped. From 
kirschit it differs in having a darker nasus; the antehumeral spots or 
stripes absent; abdominal spots not lateral but dorsal, reduced on 
8 instead of more prolonged; appendages differently shaped, and a 
smaller number of postnodals. From perakensis it differs by the more 
extensive yellow on abdominal segments 3-6 and the smaller number 
of postnodals. From confluens it differs by having the subtriangle of 
front wing 2-celled, not 3-celled; by the differently colored face; by 
the isolated dorsal thoracic stripes; by the black legs, and by the much 
darker abdominal segments 7-10. From krugeri it differs by the 
2-celled, not 3-celled, subtriangle of the front wing, by the dorsal 


no. 1571: DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 28 5 


thoracic pattern, by the more extensive yellow on abdominal segments 
3-6, and by the very different appendages. From javanica by having 
the subtriangle of front wing divided, not free; by the more extensive 
yellow on abdominal segments 3-6, and by the form of the appendages. 


Genus SIEBOLDIUS De Selys. 


Three species have been described in this genus. All are large 
insects, abdomen 55-61 mm., hind wing 47-55 mm: S. albardx 
De Selys occurs at Pekin; japponicus De Selys is known from Borneo 
and the Malay Peninsula; and grandis Kriiger has been described 
from two females from Sumatra. S. grandis is based largely on 
characters of the occiput and it remains to be seen if the species is 
separable from japponicus. Laidlaw’s record of grandis from the 
Malay Peninsula should really be japponicus, I believe. 


5. SIEBOLDIUS JAPPONICUS De Selys. 
Four males, Khow Sai Dow Mountain, 1,000 feet, Trong, Lower - 


Siam, Jan.—Feb., 1899, Dr. W. L. Abbott, collector, collection 
U.S.N.M. One of these isteneral. All agree with De Selys’s descrip- 


Fic. 11.—WINGS OF MALE SIEBOLDIUS JAPPONICUS FROM SIAM. 


tion in Odonates du Japon and with Laidlaw’s description of a male 
“caught at the foot of Gunong Inas (about 1,000 feet above sea level) 
near a small jungle pool, in January, 1900.’’ (See fig. 11.) 


286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Genus HAGENIUS De Selys. 


In addition to the American brevistylus De Selys, Martin has 
described a second species, gigas, from Tonkin. Martin’s species is 
much the larger of the two, having the abdomen 71 mm. and the 


= 
Ag Ly Te — 
eae evan tacen arceacreseene 


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Stier tt joc frey 

as Atay 
ery 2 


oe 
one 
¥ 


<_< a OE Ss 
Ae Ss 


Fic. 12.—WINGS OF MALE HAGENIUS BREVISTYLUS FROM NORTH AMERICA. 


hind wing 54 mm., and the dorsal thoracic stripes are joined with 
the mesothoracic half collar and not isolated as in brevistylus. (See 
fig. 12.) : 

Genus DAVIDIUS De Selys. 


The species of this genus are all small or of moderate size, ranging 


from abdomen 29 mm. and hind wing 27 mm. to abdomen 44 mm.. 
and hind wing 40 mm. There is great indefiniteness throughout the’ 


genus in the development of cross veins in the triangles. In nanus 
De Selys, from Japan, the triangles of all 4 wings were crossed in the 
first female studied by De Selys; later material had the triangle of 
front wing free and triangle of hind wing crossed and the supertri- 
angle, normally free, accidentally crossed. Of bicornutus De Selys, 
from Japan, only one female has been described, and this has the 
triangle of front wing free and triangle of hind wing crossed. D. 
davidii De Selys, known from two females from Thibet, has the tri- 
angle of front wing free, of hind wing crossed. JD. ater Hagen, from 
Japan, has the triangle free in all 4 wings, excepting that it is crossed 
in one hind wing of a female. D. fruhstorferi Martin, from Tonkin, 
in 6 specimens has the triangle of front wing free, of hind wing crossed ; 
in a seventh specimen, female, all the triangles are crossed. D. aber- 
rans De Selys, known from a single female from the north of India, has 
the triangle of one front wing free, the other triangles crossed. D. 
zallorensis Hagen, Himalaya, known from a single male, has the tri- 


— 


—— 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 987 


angle of front wing free, of hind wing crossed. None of the species 
has been taken in Burma or Siam. The two Indian species are very 
similar and were regarded by De Selys as probably the sexes of a 
single species. They are separated from fruhstorferi by having two 
pale areas on either side of the thorax above, instead of one; by the 
presence of a black stripe on second lateral suture, wanting in 
fruhstorferi; in aberrans and zallorensis there are 10-12 antenodals 
in the front wing (7 or 8 in hind wing of aberrans), and 7-10 post- 


Fic. 13.—WINGS OF FEMALE DAVIDIUS FRUHSTORFERI FROM TONKIN. 


nodals; in fruhstorferi there are 14-16 antenodals in front wing, 10 
in hind wing, and 11 or 12 postnodals in front wing and 10 in hind 
wing. Characters for separating the two Indian species are not 
evident in the descriptions. In both the abdomen is largely black, 
1 and 2 largely yellow, and the following segments to 8 each with a 
lateral basal and apical spot. The type of aberrans has the last 6 
segments wanting. (See fig. 13.) 


Genus MACROGOMPHUS De Selys. 


The nine species belonging to this genus are confined to the Orient. 
In addition to the two distinct patterns of thoracic colors, separating 
these species into two groups, venational differences exist, but 
whether these venational differences are constant for the two groups 
I do not know. I have seen only one species of each of the two 
groups. In the case of the species of the guadratus group, in addition 
to several minor differences, the greater complexity and remarkable 
curving of the sectors, as compared with the species belonging to the 
parallelogramma group, may be noticed. 

Quadratus growp.—Dorsum of thorax black, with a large squarish 
yellow spot on either side below. In quadratus De Selys, from 


988 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Borneo, and possibly Sumatra, the yellow dorsal thoracic spots do 
not extend laterally beyond the humeral suture, and the auricles of 
the male are entirely black. In thoracicus McLachlan, from the 
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, the thoracic spots extend laterally 


Poel eens 
~ 1 SU sa BRESSSeneaers ABS ace ET eer ee 
boot 2 


aan es a see 


orate ¢ <7 Ss 

f y ¢ 2 
; By 

T ee ae f Cl OS BI ae gs 


Lge ged pe btn df me 4 
Ss Fae 


Fic. 14.—WINGS OF MALE MACROGOMPHUS QUADRATUS FROM BIG TAMBELAN ISLAND, CHINA SEA. 


onto the mesepimeron, and the auricles are largely yellowish. In 
abnormis De Selys, probably from Borneo, the thoracic spots extend 
entirely across the sides of the thorax. 

Parallelogramma group.—Dorsum of thorax black, with yellow 
dorsal stripes. The following notes are from De Selys’ synopsis of 
the species in Quatriéme Addition au Synopsis des Gomphines. In 


Fic. 15.—WINGS OF FEMALE SPECIES OF MACROGOMPHUS FROM SIAM. 


annulatus De Selys, from India, Tonkin, and Anam, the outer and 
inner branches of the superior appendage of male are about equal 
in length, with a short inferior tooth; inferior appendage seen in pro- 
file with a double curve; rear of occiput of female with a median 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 289 


bifid tubercle. «In robustus De Selys, from Thibet, the male had the 
appendages destroyed, while the female is not known. In albardx 
De Selys, from Sumatra, the outer branch of the superior appendage 
of the male is slightly shorter than the inner; branches of inferior 
appendage straight; a small tubercle at either end of the occiput in 
the female. In parallelogramma Burmeister, from Java and Sumatra, 
the outer branch of the superior appendage of the male is shghtly 
shorter than the inner; branches of inferior appendage straight; rear 
of occiput of female slightly elevated. In montanus De Selys, from 
Assam, the outer branch of the superior appendage of the male is 
much shorter than inner branch; branches of inferior appendage 
straight; rear of occiput of female elevated and conical. In decem- 
lineatus De Selys, from Sumatra and Borneo, the outer branch of 


Fic. 16.—MACROGOMPHUS QUADRATUS FROM BIG TAMBELAN ISLAND, CHINA SEA. A, LATERAL, AND 
B, DORSAL VIEWS OF MALE ABDOMINAL APPENDAGES. 9g AND 10, ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS 9 AND 10. 
THE SHORT HAIRS PRESENT ON THE APPENDAGES ARE NOT SHOWN IN THE FIGURES. 


the superior appendage of the male is much shorter than the inner; 
branches of inferior appendage straight; female not known. 
The color differences may be tabulated as follows: 


Il, Ibijoys} eroveltexee: lnlevelle 222 So ansecesosesee fs Nee Ri ea Ae yh ten pe a robustus 
Lipsand face black, varied with yellow. .annulatus, parallelogramma, decemlineatus 
Upper lip and face brown, varied with yellowish.............--.--------- albardx 
Lips-and: face-yellow; varied with. black 222 22.26. 223.525. 2-. 3e J ones montanus 


2. Sides of thorax black, with 2 isolated oval yellow bands. 
robustus, annulatus, albardx 


Sides of thorax black, with 3 equal isolated yellow stripes.........-- decemlineatus 
Sides of thorax yellow, with approximated stripes on the lateral sutures and a third 
Sunipeaib, Che pOstenlor COVE’ 42 .0n. cme tse cee See ea Snes parallelogramma 
Sides of thorax yellow, with black stripes on the lateral sutures. .....-.-- montanus 
SemIDC PSH aCe sence aoe Ser ee ee at yee es ee ee et ek, ee oles 28 3 robustus 
Legs black, first femora pale spotted beneath. -annulatus, montanus, decemlineatus 
ikerst black; dtemorashadime, mitoired dishes) <..¢22-c2.24020 ac a = 2 0 kee albardex. 
Werseblackstemora yellow: Sansa teeter Meatcuis oa eveincciec ese sos parallelogramma 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——19 


290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


I have seen only three specimens of Macrogomphus. One of these 
is a male of quadratus collected by Doctor Abbott on Big Tambelan 
Island, China Sea, August, 1899. The other two are females of a 
form which I am unfortunately unable to refer to any described 
species and which I hesitate to name from the single sex, though 
the specimens show many characters which might justify this. (See 
figs. 14, 15, 16.) 


6. MACROGOMPHUS SPECIES (parallelogramma group). 


Abdomen without appendages 45 mm.; hind wing 37-388 nim. 
Antenodals, front wing 17-18; hind wing 12-14; postnodals, front 
wing 12; hind wing 10-12. Cubital space in front wing with 2 
additional cross veins. Five cross veins between M,-, and M, in 
front wing and 3 in hind wing; basal antenodal second series present. 
Abdominal segments 7-10 measuring: 7,5 mm.; 8, 3.5 mm.; 9, 6 to 
6.5, mame: = 0) mam: 

Rear of head and lower lip pale dull yellow, darker above behind 
the eyes; face in front obscure brown without markings, shading 
continuously from the frons into paler below, so that the upper lip 
at its lower edge passes into the color of the lower lip; frons above 
entirely greenish yellow; vertex black, dull yellow at the base of the 
occipital plate; occipital plate dark brown, produced in the middle 
in a two-pointed tubercle. 

Thorax black, the yellow dorsal stripes almost parallel, beginning 
just before the antealar sinus and widened below to form a meso- 
thoracic half collar, interrupted at the middle. A long yellow stripe, 
eradually widening below, on the mesepimeron; a similar but wider 
stripe on the metepimeron; the black area between the stripes with 
a superior yellow spot, which may be greatly reduced or may extend 
downward half the length of the spot on the metepimeron. Legs 
brown, without distinct markings; tibiz and apices of femora black. 

First 3 abdominal segments obscurely colored, dorsum of 2 and 3 
with a median dorsal stripe, wide on the basal half of 3, reduced to a 
line on the apical half; 4-7 basally annulate with yellow, scarcely 
one-third of each segment on 4-6, fully one-half on 7; 8 black; 9 
with a small obscure basal lateral spot; 10 pale obscure yellow. 

Described from two females, Trong, Lower Siam, Dr. W. L. Abbott, 
collection U.S. National Museum. The head of one specimen is lost. 

This species is separated at once from robustus by the color of the 
head. From annulatus it is separated by several characters: Color 
of head, legs, and abdomen. From albardx by color of head and 
abdomen, and form of occiput. From parallelogramma by color of 
head and abdomen and form of occiput. From montanus by color 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. pS It 


of head, thorax, and legs, and form of occiput. From decemlineatus 
by color of head, thorax, legs, and abdomen. 


Genus LB PTOGOMPHUS De Selys. 


The ten species referred to this genus, some with considerable 
question, are all members of the oriental fauna; four have been 
recorded for Burma. The following notes gathered from the litera- 
ture of the subject may be of value in separating the species: 

L. assimilis Kriiger. Tentatively proposed by Kriiger for Su- 
matran specimens very close to lansberger. The size is somewhat 
smaller, the stigma somewhat shorter than the figures given by De 
Selys for lansbergei; there are 2 additional postoccipital spines; the 
upper lip has 2 large instead of 2 small yellow spots; the prothorax is 
more yellow, and the anterior femora are yellow beneath. 

L. gestroi De Selys. Burma and Tonkin. Abdomen, male 40-42 
mm., female 39 mm. hind wing, male 34-35 mm., female 35 mm.; 
antenodals, front wing 15-16; postnodals, front wing 11; basal ante- 
nodal of second series present in 4 wings. 

L. gracilis Kriger. Sumatra. Abdomen without appendages, 
male 27-28 mm., female 30 mm.; hind wing, male 23-25 mm., 
female 25 mm.; antenodals 12-13; postnodals 10-12; basal ante- 
nodal of second series not present; between M,-, and M, 4 or 5 cross 
veins in front wing, 3 or 4 in hind wing. Kriiger regards nietneri 
and gracilis as not congeneric with semper. 

L. inclitus De Selys. Burma and Moolai. Abdomen, female 36 
mm.; hind wing, female 32-33 mm.; antenodals, front wing 14-19; 
postnodals, front wing 9-11. 

L. kelantanensis Laidlaw. Malay Peninsula. Abdomen, 31 mm.; 
hind wing 26 mm.; antenodals, front wing 11, hind wing 10; post- 
nodals, front wing 10, hind wing 10; basal antenodal of second 
series wanting. Laidlaw’s description and figure of venation and 
his description of male appendages clearly indicate the genus Lepto- 
gomphus rather than Gomphus, to which he assigned the species. 
His figure represents 3 cross veins between M,_, and M, in front 
wing and 3 or 4 in hind wing. 

L. lansberger De Selys. Java and Sumatra (see L. assimilis above) 
Abdomen, female 39 mm.; hind wing 35 mm.; antenodals, front 
wing 17-18; postnodals, front wing 13 (De Selys). Abdomen with- 
out appendages, male 36-37 mm., female 36 mm.; hind wing, male 
29 mm., female 33 mm.; antenodals, front wing 14-16; postnodals, 
front wing 11-12; basal antenodal of second series present; between 
M,_, and M, 4 or 5 cross veins in front wing, 2 or 3 in hind wing 
(Krier). 


292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


L. ? maculwertexr De Selys. Burma. Abdomen, female 33 mm.; 


hind wing, female 31 mm.; antenodals, front wing 15; postnodals,, 


front wing 12; basal antenodal second series wanting. 

L.? metnerr Hagen. Ceylon, Burma, Tonkin. Abdomen, male 
35 mm.; hind wing, male 30 mm.; antenodals, front wing 16-17; 
postnodals, front wing 11-14; basal antenodal second series want- 
ing; cubital space of front wing with 2 cross veins. 

L. parvus Kriiger. Sumatra. Abdomen without appendages, 
male 27 mm., female 29.5 mm.; hind wing 21 mm.; antenodals, 
front wing 14-15; postnodals, front wing 10-11; basal antenodal 
second series wanting; between M,-, and M, 3 cross veins in front 
wing, | in hind wing. Kriger’s description of venation and legs 
indicates that this is not a congener of semperv. 

L. semperi De Selys. Philippines, Borneo, Tonkin. Abdomen, 
male 39 mm.; hind wing, female 33 mm.; antenodals, front wing 
15-17; hind wing 12; postnodals, front wing 12.. (See figs. 17 and 18.) 


eaenan es 
a eee 
BME Ct mitamcsss==3mis 2S 

EU Sb ere ea 


(oe ee 


LS | 


Fig. 17.—WINGS OF MALE LEPTOGOMPHUS SEMPERI FROM BORNEO. 


The species may be grouped, according to the different characters, 
as follows: 


1. Dorsal thoracic stripes isolated ...........-.-- gestroi, inclitus, lansberget, nietnert 
Dorsal thoracic stripes joined below with the mesothoracie half collar. 
gracilis inclitus, kelantanensis, maculivertex, parvus 
Wicertalim 2.85020 SoS cle a ers ee ee ee semopert 
2. Antehumeral yellow stripe present, complete.........-- gestrot, inclitus, lansberget 
Antehumeral stripe interrupted, represented by one or more spots. 
gracilis, maculivertex, nietnert, parvus 
Umeertain...2.26 2222 522 cee oe ae ee es SEI DEI CLOML UMTS ES 
3. Abdominal segments 3-7 with dorsal stripe only or all black. 
gestroi, kelantanensis, maculivertex 
At least segments 3-5 with lateral spots or rings. 
gracilis, inclitus, lansbergei, nietneri, parvus, semperv 


4’ 
a EE EEE EE EEE 


293 


xo. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 


4. Abdominal segments 8-10 black. 
gestroi, gracilis, inclitus, kelantanensis, lansberget, maculivertex 


Some yellow on at least one of segments 8-l0........-.-- nietneri, parvus, semperr 


5. Legs largely black or dark; yellow, if any, confined to first femora. 
gestrov, gracilis, lansbergei, nietnert, parvus 
Leas Avila Temoelet WOU Aawssaidb oe Abaeeduces conocee inclitus, maculivertex, sempert 
HL eric ewes maar Gears Rip Aelar oes Tene 8) Sey EU Br SAG A ee cha he cores kelantanensis 


L— i 
; y 7 f < \ 
ieee Se ciara TT ee 

SA Hoge Gare i SN 


EE SET spies 


Fig. 18.— WINGS OF MALE SPECIES OF LEPTOGOMPHUS FROM TONKIN. MARTIN’S COLLECTION. 


7. LEPTOGOMPHUS INCLITUS De Selys. 


Described from two females from the east of Burma and a single 
female from Moolai, but not mentioned in Odonates de Birmanie. 


Fic. 19.—WINGS OF MALE LEPTOGOMPHUS INCLITUS. D&E SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


I have not seen specimens. The following brief description is con- 
densed from De Selys: Lips yellowish, the upper bordered with black 


994 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxxnt, 


in front; rhinarium, nasus, and frons blackish, center of nasus yel- 
lowish, and frons above with yellow anteriorly. Thorax black; a 
dorsal stripe, confluent below with the mesothoracic half collar to 
form a 7,@ and an antehumeral of the same width, yellow; sides and 
below pale yellow, with a blackish stripe on the second suture, con- 
fluent above with a black area which occupies the upper ends of the 
2 sutures and extends to the posterior edge of the thorax. Legs 
dusky blackish, the lower surface of the first 4 femora and a larger 
part of the last femora yellowish. Abdomen with 1-7 each with a 
dorsal yellow longitudinal stripe; 1 and 2 with lateral yellow band; 
3-7 each with a similar but reduced and interrupted basal yellow 
band. (See figs. 19 and 20.) 


Sees Co a py 
Ssaseaeosees Sie 
Y T [ee] as oe 


pf — 


Fig. 20.—WINGS OF FEMALE LEPTOGOMPHUS INCLITUS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


8. LEPTOGOMPHUS GESTROI De Selys. 


‘“‘Leitd, & la fin de mai (Fea).”” Not represented in the collections 
before me. The following brief description is condensed from De 
Selys: Head pale yellow, black as follows: Occipital plate, vertex 
on either side, sutures of the face, rhinarium, and anterior border of 
upper lip which is obscurely and incompletely traversed. Thorax 
black above; a short mesothoracic half collar, isolated dorsal stripe, 
.and an antehumeral stripe, yellow; sides and pectus yellow, first 
lateral suture with a black stripe, second with an irregular spot. 
Feet black, three-fourths of all femora and inner side of first femora 
livid. Abdomen black, yellow as follows: A basal spot and sides of 
1, a trilobed dorsal spot and auricles of 2, a dorsal stripe, not reaching 
base or apex of each segment, on 3-7. 


a Not confluent in female from Moolai. 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AMD SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 295 


9. LEPTOGOMPHUS? MACULIVERTEX De Selys. 


“Meteled, un exemplaire unique (female), le 10 septembre, 1SS8 
(Fea).”’ Notseen by me. The following brief description is condensed 
from De Selys: Head black, yellow as follows: A transverse band above 
on frons, a rounded spot on each side of nasus, a band on upper lip, 
cheeks, a round point at center of vesicle, and the occipital plate. 
Thorax black, yellow as follows: A mesothoracic half collar, nar- 
rowly interrupted in the median line, joined at either side with the 
dorsal stripes to form a 7; a narrow antehumeral stripe terminating 
above in a rounded isolated spot; a trace of pale on the mid-dorsal 
carina; sides and below clear yellow, a black line on the upper half 
of the first suture and a complete line on the second suture. Legs 
black, femora yellow, with an external black stripe. Abdomen black, 
marked with yellow; 3-7 with dorsal yellow spots not reaching the 
extremities of the segments, on 7 occupying only the basal two-thirds 
of the segment; S—10 black. 


10. LEPTOGOMPHUS ? NIETNERI Hagen. 


“TLeito, un male, unique pris le 27 octobre (Fea). Not seen by 
me. The following brief description is condensed from Hagen and 
De Selys: Lower lip pale yellowish, middle lobe apically brown- 
ish; upper lip black, with 2 large yellow basal spots; rhinarium 
and nasus black; frons black, with a transverse yellow band in front 
above. Thorax black above, yellow as follows: An interrupted 
mesothoracic half collar, isolated oblique dorsal stripes, and a superior 
antehumeral spot; sides yellow, with a black stripe on each lateral 
suture. Legs black, femora with brown markings. Abdomen black 
marked with yellow; 1-7 (1-6 De Selys) with a dorsal stripe, nar- 
rowed on 3-7; on 6 and 7 a larger dorsal basal spot (not mentioned 
by De Selys); yellow markings on the sides of 1-3; 4-8 each with a 
short linear lateral basal spot (not mentioned by De Selys); a lateral 
apical yellow spot on 8 and 9 (not mentioned by De Selys). A com- 
parison of Hagen’s description based on a male from Ceylon with 
De Selys’s description based on a male from Burma creates some 
doubt as to whether the 2 specimens really represent the same species. 


Genus MICROGOMPHUS De Selys. 


Only one species of this genus is known. It has been taken in 
the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. MM. chelifer.De Selys is a small 
species, abdomen 25 mm., hind wing 18.5-22 mm. The face is black, 
marked with yellow. Thorax above black, with a pale dorsal stripe 
on either side jomed with the interrupted mesothoracic half collar; 


\ 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


sides yellow, with a single black stripe. Abdomen black, with nar- 
row indistinct basal rings and narrow mid-dorsal stripes as far as 7. 


(See figs. 21 and 22.) 


Fig. 21.—WINGS OF MALE MICROGOMPHUS CHELIFER. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


Genus CYCLOGOMPHUS De Selys. 
Six species, all described by De Selys, are known from India. 
C. minusculus, the smallest species, may be known at once by its size, 
abdomen 22 mm., hind wing 21 mm.; only the female is known.  C. 


FIG. 22.—WINGS OF FEMALE. MICROGOMPHUS CHELIFER. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


verticalis, of which only the female is known, has the abdomen 27 
mm., hind wing 25 mm.; it is separated from all the other species by 


heterostylus the black on the sides of the thorax forms a distinet Y.  C. 
heterostylus, of which the male has been described, has the stigma yellow, 
with a central brown spot; torquatus is known only from the female. 


Fig. 23.—WINGS OF FEMALE CYCLOGOMPHUS HETEROSTYLUS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


In vesiculosus and ypsilon the black on the sides of the thorax does 


not form a distinet Y. (. vesiculosus has the abdomen 25 mm., hind 


wing 23 mm., the female is not known; ypsilon has the abdomen 32 


5 = 


mm., hind wing 29 mm. Only in the case of ypsilon are both sexes 


Fig. 24.—WINGS OF ANISOGOMPHUS OCCIPITALIS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


known; heterostylus and vesiculosus are known only from males, and 
the single male of vesiculosus has the last 5 abdominal segments 
wanting; minusculus, verticalis, and torguatus are known from 


females only. The abdominal appendages of the males in the two 


298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


species known are remarkable by the small size of the superiors and 
the large widely divaricate inferior, which is one and one-half to 
twice as long as the superiors. (See fig. 23.) . 
Genus ANISOGOMPHUS De Selys. 
Five or six species have been referred at different times to this 
ry c : : 

genus. The type of the genus and another species are oriental, the 
two occurring in India. A. occipitalis De Selys and biwittatus De 
Selys are about of the same size; occipitalis has the abdomen, male 


Fig. 25.— WINGS OF FEMALE ANISOGOMPHUS OCCIPITALIS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


33-35 mm., female 35-37 mm.; hind wing, male 29-31 mm., female 
32-35 mm.; bivittatus has the abdomen, female 38 mm.; hind wing, 
male 29 mm.,female36mm. (DeSelys was not certain that the male 
on which the description of that sex of bivattatus was based, really 
was bivittatus, and he tentatively proposed the name Ddifrenatus for 
this specimen. Syn. Gomph. and Mon. Gomph.). In occipitalis the 
nasus is black, with median and lateral yellow spots; in bzvittatus 
it is largely yellow. (See figs. 24 and 25.) 


Genus ANORMOGOMPHUS De Selys. 


The single species referred to this genus is known only from India. 
A. heteropterus De Selys is a small species, abdomen 25 mm., hind 
wing 22 mm., with largely yellow coloration. (See fig. 26.) 


Genus BURMAGOMPHUS, new genus. 


Type of the genus.—Gomphus vermiculatus Martin.‘ 
For details of venation see key to genera on pages 272-275. In the 
front wing 2 cross veins between M,_, and M, and in the hind wing 1, 


a] have studied specimens from Burma only. These have been identified as 
Gomphus vermiculatus and from them the characters of the genus have been drawn. 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 999 


the position of these cross veins definite and subject to but slight 


) 


variation, the first near the distal! end of the supertriangle; 3 rows 


Fic. 26.—WINGS OF MALE ANORMOGOMPHUS HETEROPTERUS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


of postanal cells, the first 2 undivided, similar in size and shape, the 
third wider and once divided; A, in hind wing arising near the middle 
of the lower side of the triangle; area included between Cu, and A, 


Fic. 27.—WINGS OF MALE BURMAGOMPHUS VERMICULATUS FROM BURMA. 


in hind wing of moderate length, at the margin not twice as long as 
wide. At first glance the venation of the hind wing suggests Gomphus 
with the anal area reduced. In Lanthus, an American genus very 


300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


closely related to Gomphus, we have 2 small species about equal 
in size to Burmagomphus vermiculatus, described below, but in Lan- 
thus no such reduction, of the anal area takes place. In Gomphine 
generally, however, small size is associated with reduced anal area 
(there are notable exceptions), so the value of this character for 
generic distinctions is open to question. In the minute Microgomphus 
reduction of anal area reaches its maximum in the subfamily and 
there are only 2 rows of postanal cells. In the venation of the front 
wing Burmagomphus is at once separated from Gomphus by the paral- 
lelism of M, and Cu,, a character it shares in common with several 
other genera, notably Onychogom- 
phus. By its well-braced stigma, 
strongly and symmetrically forked 
M,-, and M,, reduced and defi- 
nitely placed cross veins between 
M,-,and M,, distinctly and strongly 
shaped postanal cells in the hind 


ee wing, paralleling of M, and Cu, in 
front wing, undivided triangles, 
ys B \ c supertriangles and _ subtriangles, 


and absence of basal ante nodals 
Fia. 28.—BURMAGOMPHUS VERMICULATUS FROM {tl = d ies. Bur mol; 

BURMA. A, LATERAL, AND B, DORSAL VIEWS 0) = 1e Secon oon) UTA OUD. ws 

OF MALE ABDOMINAL APPENDAGES. C, PROFILE allies itself with the venationally 

OF ACCESSORY GENITALIA OF ABDOMINAL SEG- | io} ] a daliz d cenera of Go aie 

MENT2. 9 AND 10, ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. me uy spec ed ge nL 

phine. (See fig. 27.) 

The relatively greatly developed and widely divaricate inferior 
abdominal appendage of the male suggests to a certain extent some 
species of Gomphus and the following genera: Notogomphus, Aniso- 

omphus, Neogomphus, and Cyclogomphus. Of these genera I know 

) e ) to) 

the venation of all but Notogomphus, in which there is not the great 
difference in the length of abdominal segments 9 and 10, as in Burma- 
gomphus, and the superior appendages are about twice as long as the 
inferior, and not about equal as in Burmagomphus. Moreover, the 
color patterns of both thorax and abdomen are very different in the 
two genera. In the thoracic pattern Burmagomphus is unique among 
Gomphine, so far as known to me, in having the dorsal stripes united 
below on either side with the antehumeral stripes, the upper end of 
the reduced antehumerals represented by a rounded spot. 

Abdominal segments 8 and 9 about equal, about two and two- 
thirds times as long as 10. 

Legs short, hind femora slender, 5 mm., reaching to base of second 
abdominal segment, armed with short spines. 


No. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM— WILLIAMSON. 301 


A male from Burma was sent to M. Martin, who writes as follows: 
“It is a species very near to vermiculatus but slenderer, the stripes 
of the thorax different, the inferior appendage slenderer and more 
divaricate.”’ Specimens from Anam and Tonkin are slightly larger, 
abdomen 30-32 mm., and the antenodals and postnodals are more 
numerous; as described the nasus is not spotted and the pale dorsal 
stripe on the frons is divided; the black stripe on the first lateral 
suture is forked above, not reduced as in the specimens from Burma; 
and the color pattern of the abdomen is slightly different, with 9 
bearing a small posterior spine, which is not represented in my 
material. : 


11. BURMAGOMPHUS VERMICULATUS Martin. 


> 


Abdomen, male 28 mm.; hind wing, male 23 mm. Antenodals, 
front wing 10, hind wing 8; postnodals, front wing 8—9, hind wing 
8-10. Second thickened antenodal normally the fourth; oblique 
vein the second or third beyond the subnodus; stigma covering 3-4 
cells, followed in the front wing by about the same number; triangle 
in front wing followed by 2 rows of cells, in hind wing by 3 rows, 
then 2 increasing; anal triangle 3-celled. 

Head 6 mm. wide, distance between eyes above at closest point 1 
mim.; black throughout except as follows: Lower lip white or pale 
plumbeous, paler at the margins; a large transverse rectangular green 
spot on either side of the upper lip at its base; the base of the man- 
dibles green; a short, narrow, transverse, median, inferior streak, and 
a large rounded spot on either side of the nasus; frons low, yellowish 
green above in front, black at the base, the black extending anteriorly 
at the middle in a broad low triangle, but not dividing the pale area, 
and widening on either side, giving the pale area a rounded posterior 
border on either side of the median line; eyes in dried specimens 
chestnut brown, probably in life blue, shading below into pale. | 

Prothorax black, the dorsal anterior border narrowly yellow; a 
ereenish-yellow triangular spot on either side of the posterior border, 
and a smaller spot below this on the inferior margin; these spots 
represented below by a short pale streak at the bases of the first 
legs. Thorax black, marked with greenish yellow as follows: A 
mesothoracic half collar, interrupted by the merest line, wide on 
either side of the median line and tapering to an acute apex at either 
extremity; widely divergent dorsal stripes, the lower portion of 
which really consists of a portion of the antehumeral stripes (see 
diagram of thoracic pattern, fig. 29), continued below as a pale 
stripe extending on to the bases of the middle legs; a dorsal ante- 
humeral spot; a wide stripe on the mesepimeron, joined above for 
about one-third its length with a wider stripe on the metepisternum, 
the later stripe éxtending below on to the metinfrepisternum and 
with its upper posterior corner more or less isolated by a narrow black 


S OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxutt. 


302 PROCEEDING 


Fis. 29.—DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE THORACIC COLOR PATTERN OF SOME ORIENTAL GOMPHIN®. 


1. IcTINUS CLAVATUS, TONKIN. 2. ICTINUS PERTINAX, TONKIN. 3. ICTINUS MELAENOPS, SIAM. 4. GOMPHIDIA KRUGREI, 
TONKIN. 5. GOMPHIDIA ABBOTTI, SIAM. 6. DAVIDIUS FRUHSTORFERI, TONKIN. 7. SIEBOLDIUS JAPPONICUS, SIAM. 8. 
MACROGOMPHUS QUADRATUS, BIG TAMBELAN ISLAND, CHINA SEA. 9. MACROGOMPHUS SPECIES, SIAM. 10. BURMAGOM- 
PHUS VERMICULATUS, BURMA. 11. GOMPHUS XANTHENATUS, BURMA. 12. ONYCHOGOMPHUS ANNULARIS, BURMA. 13. 
ONYCHOGOMPHUS SAUNDERSII, BURMA. 14. ONYCHOGOMPHUS SPECIES, BURMA. 

A. MESOTHORACIC HALF COLLAR. B. DORSAL THORACIC STRIPE. C. ANTEHUMERAL STRIPE (IN LITERATURE SOMETIMES 
HUMERAL STRIPE OR JUXTAHUMERAL STRIPE). BAND C ON THE MESEPISTERNUM. D. PALE STRIPE ON THE MESEPIMERON. 
E, PALE STRIPE ON THE METEPISTERNUM. F. PALE AREA OR STRIPE ON THE METEPIMERON. G. MESINFRZEPISTERNUM. 
H, METASTERNUM. J. MIDDORSAL CARINA. L. HUMERAL SUTURE. MM. FIRST LATERAL SUTURE. N, SECOND LATERAL 
SUTURE. DOTTED PORTION OF NO, 10 REPRESENTS THE PALE AREA CONNECTING THE DORSAL AND ANTEHUMERALSTRIPES. 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM— WILLIAMSON. 803 


stripe; metepimeron largely pale, narrowly edged in front with black, 
and a small black spot on its posterior border; pectus shaded with 
brown and black. Legs slender, black, the first femora and cox 
with an inner gray stripe; wings hyaline; stigma brown. 

Abdomen slender, largest basally, shghtly dilated apically; segments 
measuring in length about as follows: 1,1 mm.; 2,2mm.; 3,4 + mm.; 
4,4+mm.; 5,4.5 mm.; 6,4 mm.; 7,3+mm.; 8,2+mm.; 9,2+mm.; 
10, 0.75 mm.; appendages, 0.75 mm. Color black, marked with 
ereenish yellow as follows: A dorsal spot and a large inferior lateral 
spot, not reaching the anterior border, on 1; a narrow dorsal longi- 
tudinal trilobed spot, a lateral spot covering the auricles, and a large 
subapical lateral spot, the 2 lateral spots joined along the inferior 
border, on 2; a narrow longitudinal dorsal stripe on 3, widening basally 
and not reaching the apex; a similar stripe on 4 and 5, the dorsal 
stripe shortened apically and widened basally into an almost complete 
ring; on 6 the basal ring is practically complete, about one-eighth the 
length of the segment, and with the dorsal stripe reduced to a small 
acute triangle; on 7 the basal ring is complete (that is, extending to 
the inferior margins of the segment), covering about one-sixth of the 
segment, and without a trace of the dorsal stripe; 8 with the merest 
trace of a basal ring; 9 with a little less than the apical dorsal half or 
third clear yellow, the pale area a low, rounded triangle in shape, with 
its apex dorsal and anterior, its base formed by the posterior edge 
of the segment and not reaching the inferior margin; this spot is the 
striking feature in the coloration of the abdomen, suggesting Gomphus 
melenops and its allies, all larger species. Appendages black. Con- 
siderable variation in the development of the longitudinal middorsal 
abdominal stripe must be expected. (See fig. 28.) 

Described from three males collected by Mr. R. A. Earnshaw. 


Genus PLATYGOMPHUS De Selys. 


Three species, one of them questionably, have been placed in this 
genus by De Selys. P. dolabratus De Selys occurs in India; P. fez 
De Selys in Burma; and P.? occultus in China. In dolabratus the 
basal yellow rings on segments 3-7 are confluent with the dorsal 
lanceolate spot on each segment; in occulius the dorsal spots are 
narrower and are isolated; and in fez the dorsal spots on 5-7 are 
wanting. (See figs. 30 and 31.) 


12, PLATYGOMPHUS FE De Selys. - 


“Bhamo en juillet et aodit (Fea).’ Not seen by me. Only the 
male is known. The following brief description is condensed from 


«These specimens were originally described in this paper as representing a new 
species. In the opinion of Prof. F. Foerster, with whom I have corresponded on the 
matter, and to whom I have sent a specimen from Burma, the species from Burma 
and Tonkin are identical. Moreover, M. René Martin seemed undecided as to the 
distinctness of the two, so my specimens are here referred to vermiculatus. 


304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


De Selys: Abdomen 35-37 mm.; hind wing 30-31 mm.; antenodals, 
front wing 12-13 mm.; hind wing 9-10 mm.; postnodals, front and 
hind wings 6-10 mm. Sutures of the face without black, vertex 
without a central yellow spot. Thorax above black, with small oval 
or triangular isolated dorsal stripes and an antehumeral stripe yellow; 


Fic. 30.—WINGS OF MALE PLATYGOMPHUS DOLABRATUS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


sides yellow, with a stripe on the second suture, this stripe forked 
above a branch going to the base of each wing. Abdominal segments 
3-6 with a basal yellow ring, prolonged on the sides; a small dorsal 
median spot on 3 and 4; basal half of 7 yellow; 8 and 9 dilated, the 
sides largely yellow; 10 light brown. 


Fic. 31.—WINGS OF FEMALE PLATYGOMPHUS DOLABRATUS. DE SELYS’ COLLECTION. 


Genus GOMPHUS Léach. 


As at present understood but two oriental species are certainly 
referable to this genus. For a discussion of G. vermiculatus Martin 
see Burmagomphus; for G. kelantanensis Laidlaw see Leptogom- 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 305 


phus; and for G. (Aeshna) thomassont Kirby see Onychogomphus. 
Gomphus ? promelas De Selys, from India, and Gomphus ? ceylon- 
cus Hagen, from Ceylon, are known each from a single female, in 
the case of promelas the type lacking the last 7 abdominal seg- 
ments. Inthe case of each the stigma is without brace vein; the 
yellow dorsal thoracic stripes are isolated, not joined below with the 
mesothoracic half collar. Each has the abdomen about 41 mm., 
hind wing 38-39 mm. The stigma is blackish in promelas, yellow 
in ceylonicus; the mesothoracic half collar is scarcely interrupted in 
promelas, widely interrupted in ceylonicus; and the dorsal stripes 
are more widely separated from the half collar in ceylonicus than in 
promelas. The two species above referred to which certainly belong 
in the genus Gomphus are personatus De Selys, known from Assam, 
Bengal, and Tonkin, and a new species described below from Burma. 


Fic. 32.—WINGS OF MALE GOMPHUS XANTHENATUS FROM PRURMA. 
° 


13. GOMPHUS XANTHENATUS,/# new species. 


Abdomen, male 45 mm.; hind wing, male 39 mm. Antenodals, 
front wing 16, hind wing 10-12; postnodals, front and hind wings 
11-12. Basal antenodal of second series present in the 4 wings of 
two specimens, present in front wings and wanting in hind wings of 
one specimen, and wanting in 4 wings of one specimen. (In a male 
of melenops it is present in the front wings, wanting in the hind 
wings; ina female of the same species it is present in one front wing, 
wanting in the other 3 wings.) (See fig. 32.) 


a The specific name refers to the conspicuous yellow area on the ninth abdominal 
segment. 
20 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 


306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Head black, elon o as yale Uae lobes of the Nee lie base 
of mandibles; a basal spot on either side of the upper lip; a spot at 
either end of the nasus; sometimes a trace at middle of rhinarium 
and middle of lower edge of nasus; the upper half of the frons in 
front and all the frons above, excepting the extreme base; the 
occipital plate at the middle, or entirely black. 

Prothorax black, yellow as follows: The anterior border, a geminate 
median spot on the middle lobe, a small spot just behind it, and a 
large spot on either side. Thorax above black, largely yellow 
between the wings; middorsal carina with its extreme edge yellow 
for a short distance; straight, shghtly divergent, yellow dorsal stripes 
of nearly uniform width throughout, almost reaching the antealar 
sinus above and connected below with the slightly narrower, broadly 
interrupted, mesothoracic half collar; just behind the upper end of 
the dorsal stripe is a round spot representing the antehumeral stripe ; 
in one specimen this spot is prolonged downward about two-thirds 
the length of the mesepisternum by the faintest, frequently imter- 
rupted line; in another case the spot is reduced to the merest pin point; 
mesepimeron with a broad yellow stripe, represented on the mesin- 
freepisternum by an isolated spot; metepisternum with a narrow 
irregular yellow stripe which is infringed on by the black stripes on 
the 2 lateral sutures and which may be thereby completely obliterated 
excepting. for a large inferior spot; metepimeron largely yellow, with 
the black of the second lateral suture on its upper edge, and a shght 
trace of black on its lower edge. Pectus dark, almost or quite black. 

Legs black, venation black, or dark brown; stigma reddish brown, 
surrounded by black veins; membranule almost wanting; anal 
triangle in male 3-celled. 

Abdomen slender, 7-9 moderately dilated for the genus; black, 
la as follows: A dorsal longitudinal stripe on 1 and 2, trilobed on 

, in one specimen continued as the merest line to the apex of 3; sides 
2 1 and 2 below largely yellow, auricles yellow, genitalia black; 3-7 
each with a basal yellow ring, not quite reaching the lower edge of 
each segment, narrowly interrupted in the middorsal line on 7, widest 
on 3, where it occupies about one-fourth of the segment, on 4-6 
occupying scarcely one-fifth, and on 7 about one-fifth of each seg- 
ment; 8 has a transverse basal linear spot on either side (wanting in 
one specimen), representing the basal ring of the preceding segments, 
and a small lateral apical spot, variable in size; in one specimen 8 has 
an inferior subbasal lateral spot equal in size to the more superior 
lateral apicalspot; 9 above with theapical half or three-fourths yellow, 
the yellow area widening rapidly posteriorly, but not quite reaching 
the extreme lower edge of the segment; in shape this yellow area is 
that of a truncated triangle; 10 and appendages black; in one speci- 
men 10 has a small round apical spot on either side of the dorsum 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM— WILLIAMSON. 307 


at the base of the superior appendages. Abdomen black beneath. 
(See fig. 33.) 

Described from four males from Burma sent me by Mr. R. A, 
Earnshaw. One of these was sent to M. René Martin and Professor 
Foerster, who regard it as an undescribed species. 

Paratype.—Cat. No. 10451, U.S.N.M. One specimen. The type 
is in the author’s collection. 

The small series shows an extent of variation in color remarkable in 
a species of Gomphus. This is most evident on the sides of the 


FIG. 33.—GOMPHUS XANTHENATUS FROM BURMA. A, LATERAL, AND B, DORSAL VIEWS OF MALE 
ABDOMINAL APPENDAGES, IN THIS SPECIMEN UNNATURALLY COMPRESSED BY THE ENVELOPE IN 
WHICH SPECIMEN WAS PRESERVED; IN C, VENTRAL VIEW OF INFERIOR APPENDAGE, ANOTHER 
SPECIMEN IS FIGURED, AND THE INFERIOR APPENDAGE IS NOT DISTORTED; IN THIS SPECIMEN THE 
APICES OF THE SUPERIOR APPENDAGES ARE SEPARATED BY 12 THE DISTANCE REPRESENTED IN IBS 
AND THE INFERIOR APPENDAGE IS EQUALLY DIVARICATE; D, PROFILE OF ACCESSORY GENITALIA OF 
ABDOMINAL SEGMENT 2. EH, LATERAL VIEW OF SUPERIOR ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE OF A SPECIMEN 
DIFFERING FROM A IN HAVING THE LOWER SUBAPICAL EDGE ROUNDED, NOT ANGULATE, AND MINUTELY 
TOOTHED. 9 AND 10, ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. 


thorax and on abdominal segments 8-10. Throughout the. descrip- 
tion the pale markings have been described as yellow. It is probable 
that in life these are not of the same color throughout, tending to 
greenish on the thorax and to orange on the abdomen, excepting that 
the pale area of 9 is probably clear yellow, paler than the markings of 
the segments anterior to it. Venationally, if the frequent presence 
of the basal antenodal of the second series is disregarded, this species 
and the Japanese meleznops De Selys are similar to North American 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


308 
species of Needham’s subgenus Stylurus and to related species of 
which fraternus and vastus may serve as examples. G. xanthenatus 
is separated at once from melznops by the spotted upper lip, by the 
narrower dorsal thoracic stripes, not widening below, by the absence 
of a distinct pale antehumeral stripe, by the wider black stripes on 
the lateral thoracic sutures, by the annulation of segments 3-7, and 
the greater extent of yellow on 9. G. personatus De Selys is known to 
me only from the description. It is separated from «xanthenatus by. 
the presence of a pale antehumeral stripe, sometimes interrupted, by 
having the stripes on the lateral thoracic sutures very narrow, the 
first interrupted, by the pectus largely yellow, and by the abdomen 
with a longitudinal middorsal stripe and not annulated. Gomphus 
pryeri: De Selys, from Japan, and Gomphus scissus McLachlan, from 
western China, are two related species known only from female 
specimens. Both are distinct from «xanthenatus by a number of 
characters. 


Fig. 34.— WINGS OF FEMALE ONYCHOGOMPHUS ANNULARIS FROM BURMA. 


Genus ON YCHOGOMPH US De Selys: 


Of the about forty described species in this genus, seventeen are 
oriental. These arranged alphabetically are: 

QO. annularis De Selys. Known from two incomplete males from 
North Burma. Abdomen 34-37 mm.; hind wing 29-32 mm.,; 
abdominal appendages not known. (See fig. 34.) 

O. biforceps De Selys. Described from a single male from India; 
recorded from Tonkin by Martin. Abdomen 41 mm.; hind wing 
32 mm. (if measurements are correct the abdomen is relatively long) ; 
male superior abdominal appendages longer than 9+10, turned 
abruptly downward near apex; inferior appendage equally long, near 
apex curved abruptly upward, the two branches separated for a 
distance near the base to inclose an oval space. 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND STAM— WILLIAMSON. 309 


O. bistrigatus Hagen. Described from India. (The male described 
by De Selys in his Second Addition to the Synopsis des Gomphines 
is not certainly bistrigitus, and the second female described in the 
Mon. des Gomphines as bistrigatus is m—flavum.”) Recorded from 
Anam by Martin. Abdomen 39 mm.; hind wing 33-34 mm.; male 
superior abdominal appendages twice as long as 10, turned down- 
ward at apex; inferior appendage slightly shorter, in profile with 
2 teeth, one at the first third, the other at the second third; female 
vulvar lamina half as long as 9, divided at apex into two points. 

‘O. camelus Martin. Tonkin and Anam. Abdomen 50 mm.; 
male abdominal appendages similar to biforceps, but larger, the 
branches of the inferior not separated at base; female described 
as similar to biforceps, but vulvar lamina and occipital plate not 
mentioned. : 

QO. cerastis De Selys. India and Nepal. Abdomen 40-43 mm.; 
hind wing 34-37 mm.; male appendages not known; female vulvar 
lamina small, short, one-fourth the length of 9, notched for one-half its 
length; female occipital plate with two median spines. 

QO. circularis De Selys. North Burma. Abdomen 41 mm.; hind 
wing, male 32 mm.; female 38 mm.; male superior abdominal 
appendages equal in length to 9+10, curved toward each other and 
shghtly downward, the apex beneath emarginate; inferior appendage 
destroyed; female vulvar lamina divided into two conical contiguous 
tubercles. 

O. frontalis De Selys. Described from a teneral female from India. 
Abdomen 29 mm.; hind wing 25 mm.; vulvar lamina half as long as 
9, lanceolate, the apex divided. 

O. geometricus De Haan. Java. Abdomen 36-37 mm.;_ hind 
wing 29-31 mm.; male superior abdominal appendages twice as long 
as 10, curved toward each other and apically downward; inferior 
appendage little shorter, curved strongly upward, and bearing a tooth 
near the base; female vulvar lamina very short, its apex broadly 
emarginate. 

O. grammicus Rambur. India. Abdomen 37-39 mm.;_ hind 
wing 30 mm.; male superior appendages as long as 9+ 10, in profile 
strongly curved, the apex flattened into a horizontal, almost bifid 
plate; inferior appendage a little shorter, enlarged and flattened 
basally, then curving abruptly upward in 2 slender contiguous 
branches. 

O. inscriptus Hagen. Known only from the female from Java. 
Abdomen 36 mm.; hind wing 32 mm.; vulvar lamina short and 
wide, the apex truncated and emarginate. 

O. lineatus De Selys. India and Nepal. Abdomen 33-35 mm.; 
hind wing 27 mm.; male superior appendages almost as long as 9 + 10, 


a ©auseries Odon, VIT, 1894, p. 170. 


310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


almost parallel, apically turned rather abruptly downward; inferior 
appendage not quite half as long, the branches inclosing an oval space, 
in’ profile forming a semicircle; female vulvar lamina short and 
rounded, divided to its middle by a narrow incision; occipital plate in 
both sexes bearing a number of small spines. 

O. maclachlani De Selys. Described from a single female from 
North Burma. Abdomen 43 mm.; hind wing 38 mm.; vulvar lamina 
destroyed. 

O. m-flavum De Selys. India. Abdomen 38-39 mm.; hind wing 
33-36 mm.; male superior appendages longer than 10, curved toward 
each other and downward; inferior appendage of equal length, almost 
entirely divided into 2 contiguous branches, seen in profile curved 
upward, bearing near the middle on the upper surface a lateral tooth; 
female vulvar lamina very long, broad at the base, divided into 2 con- 


4 , eK < oe a "s i 
SS ee 
A ee = WHE ES Sere. 


is ise a Ry 
) Jey / RAS cay 
nee SEs ~- pa of \ Ss 
i je a i > 
: peal ; vee 


Fic. 35.—WINGS OF MALE ONYCHOGOMPHUS SAUNDERSII FROM BURMA. 


tiguous lanceolate branches of which the acute apices reach the tenth 
segment. 

O. modestus De Selys. India. Abdomen 27-28 mm.; hind wing 
23-29 mm.; male superior appendages as long as 9+10, slightly 
curved toward each other and downward; inferior appendages as 
long, deeply divided into 2 contiguous branches. 

O. nigrescens Laidlaw. Described as a variety of geometricus, from 
a single female from the Malay Peninsula. Doctor Laidlaw agrees 
with my suggestion to him that this is really sawndersii. ‘The ve- 
national character pointed out by Doctor Laidlaw is not peculiar to 
the species, but is common to a large group of genera. 

O. reinwardtii De Selys. Java. Abdomen 33 mm.; hind wing 
26-29 mm.; male appendages not known; female vulvar lamina one- 
third as long as 9, triangular, the apex bifid; occipital plate in both 
sexes with 10-12 small black spines. 


. 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. elon 


O. saundersii De Selys. India and Indo-China. Abdomen 37-39 
mm.; hind wing 31-32 mm.; male superior appendages almost as 
long as 9+10, curved toward each other and downward; inferior 
appendage about as long, in profile the basal two-thirds nearly straight, 
the apical third turned upward, the branches slender and contigu- 
ous; female vulvar lamina short, apex deeply emarginate. (See figs. 
35 and 36.) 

O. thomassoni Kirby. Hainan and Tonkin. Alar expanse 74 mm. 
(hind wing 35 mm.); male superior , 
appendages longer than 10, strongly 
curved toward each other; inferior ap- 
pendage less than half as long as the 
superiors, the branches divaricate and 
recurved at the end. On the basis of A 
specimens of both sexes Martin takes 
this species from Gomphus and places it 
in Onychogomphus; his description of f'. 36._OnycHocomrnus sAUNDERSII 

. : FROM BURMA. A, LATERAL VIEW OF 
the inferior appendage does Not sugwest! + jiare aapomman APPENDAGES. THE 
Onychogomphus, however, and Kirby’s SHORT HAIRS ON THE APPENDAGES ARE 
figure, in the pattern of the thorax, ~" 
strongly suggests Gomphus pryert. The details of venation in Kirby’s 
figure are probably not accurate, but the anal triangle suggests 
Onychogomphus. 

The above notes have been compiled from the literature relating 
to these species. On the same basis the following provisional key 
has been prepared: 


a. Dorsal thoracic stripes on either side of the middorsal carina isolated, not joined 
below with the mesothoracic half collar. 
b. Above described stripes short, oval. 
ce. Abdominal segment 9 black; abdomen about 29 mm ...............- frontalis 
ce. Segment 9 with some yellow; size larger 
lineatus (India and Nepal) and reinwardtii (Java). 
bb. Stripes longer, not oval. 
c. Abdominal segments 3-6 black, with a short basal dorsal half ring of yellow; 
abdomen and ‘hind wine: less than 30am 22.22.29. -..5.2-/.2-22-2 modestus 
ccs Segments 3-6 with more yellow; size larger. 
d. Segments 3-6 basally about one-third yellow. 
e. Face without black markings; sides of thorax dark, with 2 oblique yellow 


Sen Siete a eos = reer ee eeepels eae ee re ee Ede I oD mnscriptus 

ee. Face with black markings; sides of thorax yellow, sutures with black 
SU Mayet Sieh as Rees hn Oa Lage PA ase or A ne eo cerastis 
dd-ssegments o_o largely vellowish==s5s-)- 02 seee ss =e lees eae grammicus 


aa. Dorsal thoracic stripes joined below with the mesothoracic half collar. 
b. Abdominal segment 6 one-half or more yellow. 
c. Segments 8-10 yellow, dorsally black; femora largely yellow... ..-.- hbistrigatus 
cc. Segments 8-10 black; femora largely black...................-.- geometricus 


Slee PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


bb. Segment 6 more than one-half black. 
c. Black stripes on the 2 lateral thoracic sutures confluent. 
d. Size, very large, abdomentahoup -bOmamie. 2.0 eae eee ee camelus 
dd. Size smaller. 
e. Abdominal segments 8 and 9 black; dorsal thoracic stripes very wide. 
thomassona 
ee. Segments 8 or 9 or both with lateral basal yellow spots. 
f. Segments 3-7 with basal one-fifth yellow.................-- maclachlant 
Jf. Segments 3-6 with basal one-fourth, 7 with basal one-half yellow. 


saundersit 
ce. Black stripes on the 2 lateral thoracic sutures not confluent for their entire 
lengths. 

d. Face largely yellow, nasus yellow marked with black............- circularis 
dd. Face largely black, nasus black or black marked with yellow. 

é. Abdominalsesments S—l0ralll (black =e. 5ce-, 2. eee eee annularis 

ee. Segments 8-10 black, 8 with lateral: basal yellow spots.......... biforceps 

eee. Segments 8-10 with yellow laterally................-_.....- m—flavum 


Four species of the genus are certainly known to occur in Burma; 
a fifth species probably is an Onychogomphus. 


14. ONYCHOGOMPHUS SAUNDERSII De Selys. 


‘“Bhamo. Un couple en juillet et aofit (Fea).’’ I have a single 
male from Earnshaw. This is the only Onychogomphus known from 
Sumatra. 

Head largely black; upper lip with a basal spot on each side, 
almost all rhinarium, a lateral spot on the nasus, and a band above 
on the frons anteriorly yellow; female with black more restricted, 
the yellow on the frons descending a little in front and upper lip 
yellow with a black border. Pale antehumeral stripe reduced to a 
line below and a spot above. Sides of thorax largely black, a yel- 
low stripe on the mesepimeron and a wider one on the metepimeron. 
Legs black, first femora with inner surface pale. 


15. ONYCHOGOMPHUS CIRCULARIS De Selys. 


‘“‘Patrie: Nord de la Birmanie. Un couple unique. (Coll. Me- 
Lachlan).’’ Recorded from Tonkin by Martin. 

Face yellow, black as follows: Upper lip bordered and traversed, 
rhinarium margined, nasus at the center, and the suture between 
nasus and frons. Antehumeral stripe reduced to a trace. Sides of 
thorax yellow, with black stripes on the two lateral sutures. Femora 
yellow, with brown and black markings. Abdomen black, varied 
with yellow; 3-7 with yellow basal rings, larger on 3 and 7; 3-5 
with dorsal lanceolate spots; 8 with dorsal and lateral spots; 9 and 
10 black. 

16. ONYCHOGOMPHUS ANNULARIS De Selys. 


‘““Patrie: Le Nord de la Birmanie. Deux males (& abdomen 
incomplet). Communique par M. McLachlan.’ A female in my 
collection from Earnshaw. 


a a eee 


Shcteinemetiien ten epee 


EE 


front wing 9-10; hind wing 10. Head black, yellow as follows: Two 
spots on upper lip, rhinarium, a small spot at the upper end of 
nasus, frons above with a spot on each side; lower hp pale. <A 
narrow pale antehumeral stripe, widened into a spot above. Sides 
of thorax yellow, the two lateral sutures with black stripes, wider 
on the first. Legs black. Abdomen with basal rings on 3-7 narrowly 
interrupted above, about one-third to one-fourth the length of each 
segment, largest on 7; median dorsal spot on 3 and 4 and a trace 
on 5; 8-10 black. Female vulvar lamina one-fourth length of 9, 
rounded triangular, apex notched; female occipital plate with hind 
margin almost straight, slightly lower at the middle; female abdomi- 
nal appendages a little longer than 10, yellow, a short black tubercle 
between them. The venation of the female figured in this paper 
is peculiar for the genus, so far as known to me, by the position of the 
arculus in the front wing, slightly beyond the second antenodal, and 
by having the second postanal cell in the hind wing divided. 


17,5 ONYCHOGOMPHUS MACLACHLANI De Selys. 


‘‘Patrie: Le Nord de la Birmanie. Une female unique (collect. 
McLachlan).”’ 

Head black, frons above with an anterior yellow stripe nar- 
rowed at the middle. Sides of thorax black, with a yellow stripe on 
the mesepimeron and metepimeron. Legs brownish black. Abdom- 
inal segments 3-7 with basal yellow rings occupying about one-fifth 
of each segment; 8 with a small basal spot on each side replacing 
the ring. - 

18. ONYCHOGOMPHUS? SPECIES. 


A single male in fragments from Earnshaw in my collection. 

Hind wing 33 mm. Antenodals, front wing 13, hind wing 10; 
postnodals, front wing 10, hind wing 9. 

Lower lip pale yellow; upper lip yellow, bordered basally and ante- 
riorly and traversed medianly with black; rhinarium yellow, below 
on either side black; nasus black, a narrow margin below at the 
middle and a large spot at either end yellow; frons yellow, in front 
the lower half and above a median basal triangular spot, not dividing 
the yellow, black; occiput nearly straight, yellow, black against 
the eyes; rear of head black. 

Prothorax black, mergined with yellow. Thorax above black, 
middorsal carina below narrowly yellow; yellow stripes joined below 
with the uninterrupted mesothoracic half collar to form a 7 on each 
side of the carina; the antehumeral yellow stripes represented by ¢ 
spot above and a smaller one below; first lateral thoracic suture with 
a black stripe interrupted to form 3 short stripes; second lateral suture 


314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


with a continuous but little wider black stripe; no trace of black 
posteriorly. Costa yellow, stigma black. Femora largely yellow, 
apically and externally with some brown; tibiz black. 

Abdominal segment 1 with a dorsal interrupted crescent of brown, 
the ends of the crescent reaching backward and downward; 2 yellow, 
with a superior lateral brown stripe which at the apex of the segment 
meets its fellow dorsally; 3 yellow, black as follows: A very narrow 
basal ring, an interrupted median ring and a lateral apical triangular 
spot which meets its fellow dorsally; 4 similar to 3; 5-7 similar, the 
apical black spots confluent dorsally to form apical rings covering 
about one-half the segment; 7 with the median transverse black 
line reduced to a trace; 8-10 black; 8 with a large lateral basal yel- 
low spot, the merest trace of which exists on 9; the suggestion of a 
dorsal basal spot on 8. 

Superior appendages twice as long as 10, simple, slender, tapering, 
curved toward each other and downward, the extreme apex with a_ 
shining black tooth, the lower external edge on the curve before the 
apex minutely denticulate; brown at base, shading at once into light 
yellow. Inferior appendage a little more than one-half as long, 
broadly bifid for more than one-half its length, the branches simple, 
rounded, tapering, widely and continuously divaricate, but little 
recurved dorsally, terminating apically in a minute tooth; color 
similar to the superiors. 

While the single male has served for a fairly complete description, 
its condition is such as to make figures of the appendages of ques- 
tionable accuracy, and future study by others of this specimen will 
be difficult. For this reason it is unnamed, though M. Martin, who 
has seen it, pronounces it as certainly new. 

As to its generic position some discussion is necessary. I should refer 
it to Onychogomphus without question were it not that Foerster has 
described as Heterogomphus naninus a male from Tonkin which is a 
darker colored but, I believe, closely allied species to the one described 
above. In actual usage describers of new species have defined Ony- 
chogomphus solely by one character, the form of the inferior appendage 
of the male; and De Selys in naming species based on female speci- 
mens alone has followed the generic name Onychogomphus with a 
question mark. In this Burman specimen the superior append- 
ages are similar to the form found in a number of species of Onycho- 
gomphus, and had the inferior been lost, few would hesitate to refer 
the specimen to Onychogomphus. Moreover, the form of the inferior 
appendage throughout the genus, as heretofore understood, can 
hardly be defined as of one type, if we may use Hagen’s figures in 
Monographie des Gomphines for comparison. The figure of O. flecu- 
osus certainly shows a decided step away from O. saundersi, for 


no. 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND SIAM—WILLIAMSON. 315 


example, toward the condition found in the species described above. 
Opposed to this weak negative evidence of the form of the inferior 
appendage against referring this specimen to Onychogomphus, is the 
very positive evidence for such a relationship shown by the venation 
which is figured in this paper. Compared with sawndersii, which is 
also figured, there are some very slight, and, I believe, unimportant 
differences. In Onychogomphus? species in front wing the first cells 
included between Cu, and Cu, are relatively short in the antero- 
posterior direction, and the number of cells between these 2 veins 
at the wing margin is larger in both front and hind wings. In the 
hind wing of Onychogomphus? species there is a single row of cells 
between M, and M,,, excepting that the marginal cell is divided. 
There are also slight differences in the shape of the triangles and 
subtriangles, and other equally slight differences might be pointed out. 
(See fig. 37.) 


Fic. 37.—WINGS OF MALE SPECIES OF ONYCHOGOMPHUS FROM BURMA 


Genus HETHEROGOMPHUS De Selys. 


Seven species have been named in this genus. Foerster regards 
cochinchinensis De Selys from French Indo-China, and also probably 
sommert De Selys from China, as probably races of smithi De Selys 
from Silhet. These three are large species, with the abdomen about 
55 mm. or more in length and the hind wing 47 to 55 mm. In 
smith abdominal segments 3-7 have the orange more extensive than 
the black; in cochinchinensis and sommeri black predominates on 
3-6 and 7 has about the basal half yellow. The character men- 
tioned by De Selys for separating sommeri and cochinchinensis is 
the coloration of the frons above; in cochinchinensis the yellow area 
on the frons above is not divided medianly by black as in sommeri. 
Foerster has described a male specimen from Tonkin as Hetero- 


316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


gomphus naninus, which is unique in the genus by its small size 
(abdomen 43 mm., hind wing 32 mm.) and by the simple structure 
of the inferior appendage, the apices of which are not bifid or toothed, 
as is the case in all the other known males. (See discussion under 
Onychogomphus? species, p. 313.) The remaining three species are 
intermediate in size. All are distinguished by pale indefinite colora- 
tion, and all may be in reality the same species. (See fig. 38.) 

H. ieterops Martin, from Java, is briefly described in ‘Mission 
Pavie” from a specimen in De Selys’s collection. Abdominal seg- 
ment 7 is largely yellow, and this character.may separate it from 
the other two. The first described species of this group of three is 
sumatranus Kriiger from Sumatra. The remaining species is wnicolor 
Martin, described from Siam. 


i To : ES 

Ee Peta ee ee 
l i Es Sees, ] fos} 

Ves SR eae pee i Slat 1 sy 


F1G. 38.—WINGS OF MALE HETEROGOMPHUS COCHINCHINENSIS FROM TONKIN. 


. 


19. HETEROGOMPHUS UNICOLOR Martin. 


“Un male unique de Siam, Museum de Paris.”’ Abdomen 52 
mm., hind wing 48 mm. Face and frons entirely yellow. Thorax 
brown, with a poorly defined darker brown humeral stripe. Abdo- 
men brown, tinged above, especially toward the end, with blackish; 
7 tinged with yellowish. 

H. sumatranus is somewhat smaller; abdomen about 50 mm., 
hind wing 42 mm. From the descriptions no definite distinguishing 
characters are recognizable, and it is probable that wnicolor is a 
synonym of swmatranus. 


Genus MEROGOMPHUS Martin. 


The single species, paviei Martin, is known only from Tonkin 
(presumably, since in the description of both genus and species no 
locality is given). This is a large, handsome species; abdomen 48 


no 1571. DRAGONFLIES OF BURMA AND STAM— WILLIAMSON. 317 


~mm., hind wing 40 mm. Iam indebted to Monsieur Martin for a 
beautiful male specimen in my collection. (See fig. 39.) 


SUMMARY. 


Eleven genera and 19 species of the subfamilies discussed in this 
paper are known from Burma and Lower Siam. In the preparation 
of this paper 34 specimens from these localities have been studied. 


Fig. 39.—WINGS OF MALE MEROGOMPHUS PAVIEI FROM TONKIN. 


Of the 19 species I have seen specimens of only 10. Of the 21 species 
of Calopterygine known from Burma and Lower Siam I had seen 
17 and studied 233 specimens. Many more specimens of Caloptery- 
gine have been received from Mr. Earnshaw during the preparation 
of this paper. Further comment on the relative numbers of speci- 
mens in the different subfamilies and on the unavoidable incom- 
pleteness of this paper is unnecessary. * 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF KILLIFISH, LUCANTA 
BROWNI, FROM A HOT SPRING IN LOWER CALI- 
FORNIA. 


By Davin Starr JorpAn and Ropertr Hart RIcHarpson, 


Of Stanford University, California. 


We have recently received from Mr. Herbert Brown, of Tucson, 
Arizona, 6 specimens of a small killifish of the genus Lucania, taken by 
Mr. Brown from a hot-water spring in northeastern Lower California. 
Being unable to identify these with any hitherto described species, 
we here describe them as new, and propose for them the name of 
Lucania brown. 


LUCANIA BROWNI, new species. 


Head 3.3 in length without caudal; depth 3.3 (3.5 in males); D. 10, 
A. 10, scales 28 (25); depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 in head; breadth 
of head 1.6; eye 3; interorbital space equal to eye; nose 4 in head; 
mouth very small and quite oblique; maxillary equals pupil, the tip 
of the upper lip sightly below upper rim of pupil; teeth sharp, pointed, 
equal, in a single row on each jaw; gill membranes connected for a 
short distance, the gill openings not restricted above; intestine not 
longer than body; dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, a little 
nearer base of caudal than end of snout; anal fin not modified into an 
intromittent organ in males, its length when depressed, in female 1.3 
in head, in male equal to head; pectoral 1.4 in head; ventrals very 
small, 2.75 in head. 

Color of fresh specimens in formalin: Females olivaceous, each 
side of body with about 8 large blotches of darker color, forming a 
broken lateral band in adults; the blotches continued downward on 
belly as cross bands in half-grown specimens; 3 diffuse clusters of 
punctulations on the belly just in front of and above anal fin; dorsal 
punctulated with dusky in both membranes and rays, with a con- 
spicuous dark blotch behind, between the sixth and tenth rays; 
caudal pale, with two crescentric cross bands across its base, the inter- 
space between them pale; ventrals and anal pale; pectorals obscurely 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1572. 
319 


320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


punctulate in the rays. Males darker in color, with the side blotches 
less distinct and with the fins more dusky, and with both the dorsal 
and the anal tipped heavily with dusky behind. 


LUCANIA BROWNI. 


Described from 6 
specimens, 0.50 to 0.84 
inch long, taken at a 
point 20 feet below 
the outbreak of a hot 
spring on the eastern 
margin of the salt lake 
that lies between the 
Coast and Cocopah 
ranges, in northeast- 
ern Lower California. 
The salt lake is said 
by Mr. Brown, who 
collected the — speci- 
mens, to lie about 40 
miles south of the in- 
ternational line, and 
is stated by him to be 
undoubtedly below 
sea level. The species 
isoviparous. The two 
largest specimens are 
gravid females, the 
largest eggs being 1 
mm. in diameter. 
Three examples are 
well developed — fe- 
males, 0.66 to 0.78 
inch in length, two of 
them apparently ap- 
proaching nuptial col- 
oration. Asixthspec- 
imen 1s half-grown. 

These specimens ap- 
pear to differ from 
other described  spe- 
cies of Lucania in their 
shorter ventral fins 
and in details of color- 
ation. The type is 


Cat. No. 57838, U.S.N.M. Cotypes are in the collection of Stanford 


University, No. 20171. 
Arizona. 


Named for Mr. Herbert Brown, of Tucson, 


No. 1572. A NEW KILLIFISH—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. ai Ih 


The water from which these specimens were taken is thus described 
by Mr. Brown: 


The surface of the water—or, rather, much of it—was covered with a tough thick 
growth of green and sulphur colored algee. The temperature was taken in water 
from which the algee had been removed. The register was 128°. 

The temperature was taken by Mr. Godfrey Sykes, an engineer well known through 
this section of country, in the presence of myself and Dr. D.T. MacDougal, director 
of the Carnegie Botanical Laboratory at this place. It was with a laboratory instru- 
ment that the temperature was taken. With the exception of an open strip of water 
about 2 or 3 feet wide, the surface of the flow from the spring was covered with a thick 
growth of algee. A portion of the algze was removed, and the temperature taken in the 
hole so made. The temperature was undoubtedly hotter there than it was on the 
open edge of the water, but the fish darted in and out under the alge and because of 
doing so were not easily caught. The water certainly was as hot under the unbroken 
algze as it was where the thermometer was placed. At this particluar place the flow 
was about 10 or 12 feet wide, and was about 20 feet from the point where the water 
broke out of the ground. Lower down the escaping water widened out and ran thinner 
over the surface. A bottle of the water was brought away and an analysis was made 
of it by Prof. R. E. Forbes, chemist at Territorial University. It contained 24 per 
cent of soluble salts, of which salts 2 per cent were common salt and } per cent calcium 
chloride. It also contained a trace of lithium. I would like to add here that the 
water teemed with insect life. A second spring, of about an equal volume of water 
and not more than 20 feet away and running parallel with the first, contained no fish. 
The fish were captured and placed in a can with a closed top about 10 a.m. We were 
then on the move and my formaldehyde was in a large tank, and as I did not care to 
put the little fellows in it I carried them for nearly two days in the can in which they 
were first placed. It was in February and the night was cold, but when I examined 
them the next morning they appeared to be as lively as ever. The following afternoon 
they were still living, but were not so lively asin the morning. I then placed them in 
formaldehyde. They had lived in about a quart of water from their native spring. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 21 


NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS BELONGING TO 
THE FAMILY CALIGIDE. 


PARTS 3 AND 4.—A REVISION OF THE PANDARIN2 AND THE 
CECROPIN &. 


By CHarLes Brancn WILSON. 


Department of Biology, State Normal School, Westfield, Massachusetts. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The present is the sixth paper in the series based upon the collec- 
tion of the U. S. National Museum and finishes the family Caligide. 
For many reasons a large amount of careful and painstaking collating 
has been rendered necessary before this paper could be published. 
And in consequence, as its title indicates, it has taken the nature of a 
thorough revision of the two subfamilies which it includes. Such a 
revision was found to be absolutely demanded for any intelligent 
discussion of the group, and especially for its accurate systematization. 

In the first place, up to the present time we have been acquainted 
with both sexes of but one or two species in the entire subfamily 
Pandarine. Of all the other forms either the male or the female 
have been described alone. 

This has been due not to any scarcity of the missing sex, as might be 
supposed, but to the fact that when found it was located elsewhere on 
account of the great morphological dissimilarity between the sexes. 
So that we find repeatedly the anomaly of a female classified under 
one genus and subfamily, while the male is located under an entirely 
different genus, and often in another subfamily. 

Furthermore, all previous attempts to bring together the sexually 
separated species have been confined to individual cases or to closely 
related forms. And there has been in these attempts such an utter 
disregard of morphological and developmental data that they have 
only served to render the confusion worse confounded. To the best 
of the author’s knowledge the present paper is the first to systematize 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1573. 
323 


324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


the group upon a morphological basis. As will be seen the structure 
in a few instances supports the suggestions that have been made 
regarding the identity of sexes, while in the great majority of cases it 
is directly opposed to them. It is obvious, however, that any sugges- 
tion of species identity which is not supported, or which may even be 
contradicted by the anatomy of the two sexes, is worthy of very little 
consideration. 

And it is really surprising how much similarity a careful examination 
reveals when we remember that the two sexes have been considered 
generically distinct. The differences are found to be much more 
apparent than real, and this is particularly true of the appendages 
which afford a ready clew for the determination of the genera,as can 
be seen from the key which follows (p. 345). 

There is of course no expectation of being able, in this initiatory 
effort, to reach a final conclusion respecting all the Nogaus species. 
Considerable additional information will be needed before that 
becomes even possible. But at least a good beginning can be made, 
and the treatment of the species can be placed upon a rational and 
scientific basis, which will yield good results in the future. 

Each male has been included in the genus to which it belongs, so far 
as this is positively known, and its characteristics have been given 
under the genus diagnosis. 

There are here described twenty species, of which one is new to 
science, namely, Mchthrogaleus torpedinis, while two others, [chthro- 
galeus denticulatus Smith and Nesippus alatus Wilson, are figured for 
the first time, the latter including both sexes. 

In addition the males of eight of the other species have been 
definitely located, described, and figured, four of them being new to 
science, while the other four have been boarding around among the 
various genera as was formerly the custom with the teachers in our 
old-fashioned country schools. 

The males of the three species belonging to the Cecropine, of 
Ganghiopus pyriformis, and of Pandarus bicolor were already known 
so that we now have the males of 14 of the 20 species, including at 
least one for every genus. 

And lastly, much the hardest task of all, in the discussion of the 
genus Nogaus, which is made up entirely of males, 34 species, 
described by half as many authors and in seven different languages, 
have been carefully contrasted with one another and with the types 
here established, so far as the data given made this possible. 

Tt has been found necessary to change the names of two genera on 
account of preoccupation. Thename Lepidopus, proposed by Dana in 
1852, had been used by Gouan for a fish genus in 1770. In its place is 
suggested the name Pholidopus which has the same meaning, namely, 
scale-footed, 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 325 


The name Stasiotes, proposed by Wright in 1877, had been used by 
Jan for a snake genus in 1862. In its place is suggested the name 
Prosaetes, from mapooaitns, a beggar, who torments one by his 
persistence. 

A complete life history is also presented by using different stages 
of development from different genera, but asnone of the developmental 
stages have ever been described even this is a considerable advance. 


Part 3._THE PANDARIN£. 


ECOLOGY. 


The Pandarine are peculiarly shark parasites, the genera and 
even the species, almost without exception, infesting some one of 
the numerous selachians along our coasts. In general the females 
remain throughout life fixed in the same position on their host, and 
even the males are rarely found swimming about freely. And yet 
upon occasion, as will be seen later, these males can swim as well 
as any of the Caligine. Hence it is not a case of necessity but one 
of choice that keeps them in close proximity to the fixed females. 

In this connection Hesse writes:4 

Les poissons sur lesquels on les trouve n’étant pas, comme ceux des autres espéces, 
enduits d’une sécrétion mucilagineuse qui, en lubrifiant la peau, la rend plus souple 
et plus pénétrable et facilite ainsi les fonctions des organes destinés a la perforer. 
Privés de ces avantages et insuffisamment fixés sur une enveloppe épaisse et coriace, 
ils ne tardent pas, lorsqu’ils sont sortis de l’eau, & s’en détacher et & tomber a terre, 
ou dans le fond des bateaux, et alors, & raison de leur extréme petitesse, il est. bien 
difficile de les retrouver. 

This statement might give the impression that the Pandarine 
are outcasts among the parasites, unable to find anything better 
in the way of hosts, and so compelled to put up with these thick- 
skinned sharks. But such does not seem to be the case; the shark’s 
skin is tough, but is not particularly thick for so large a fish, and 
it is certainly covered with mucus the same as that of other fishes. 
It is therefore as easy to penetrate as the skin of a fish covered with 
heavy scales. 

Furthermore, as Hesse himself says, immediately after the passage 
quoted, these Pandarinz seek out those places on the shark’s body 
where the skin is the thinnest, such as the fins, the inside of the 
operculum, the border of the anal and genital orifices, and even 
the eyes. In fact this same preference is shown by all the Caligide, 
and is just as pronounced on a scaly fish as on these selachians, 
for the skin in the localities mentioned is always soft and tender 
enough, even on a shark, to be easily penetrated, especially by such 
large parasites as the Pandarine. Hence the reason implied by 


a Annales des Sciences Naturelles (6), XV, Article 3, p. 39. 


326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Hesse, and stated clearly in a footnote at the bottom of the page 


just referred to, can not be the only one. He says in the footnote: 

C’est sans doute 4 raison de la plus grande épaisseur de leur peau que je n’ai jamais 
rencontré ces parasites sur les Scyllium canicula, catulus et annulatus, qui cependant 
sont des Squales que l’on trouve plus fréquemment que les autres dans notre 
localité. 

It is very doubtful if the skin of these sharks he mentions is any 
thicker than that of the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obseurus, and 
other large sharks of our own coasts which are commonly infested 
with these parasites. And even if 
it were thick and tough enough else- 
where, it would still be thin and 
soft at the localities mentioned, and 
easily penetrated by the sharp pro- 
bosces of these large Pandarids. 
Some other reason must be found 
to account for the lack of parasites 
on the sharks mentioned. 

Again Hesse writes: 4 

J’ai, en effet, visité, avec le plus grand 
soin et depuis un assez grand nombre 
d’années, les poissons de toutes les espéces 
qui fréquentent nos cdtes et je suis parvenu 
& trouver vingt Caliges différentes, ainsi 
que dix Trébies; et toutes, sans aucune 
exception, ont été recueillies sur le corps 
ou sur les branchies de poissons & peau 


molle, conséquemment autres que les 


Fig. 1.—PHOTOGRAPH OF DORSAL FIN OF SAND Squales. 
SHARK, SHOWING BOTH SEXES OF PANDARUS £ 
SINUATUS. IN THE LOWER BUNCH THE PARA- The sharks along our Atlantic 


SITES ARE ENTIRELY COVERED WITH ALG. coast must be very different from 
those on the coast of France, since the author has found two of the 
Argulide, Argulus laticauda and A. megalops, two of the Caligine, 
Caligus rapax and Lepeophtheirus edwardsi, and two of the Eury- 
phorine, Alebion gracilis and A. glaber, very commonly upon them. 
The two last mentioned species are practically confined to the Dog- 
fish and Sand Shark, and are found all over the outside surface of 
these fishes, apparently never hunting for any thin places in the skin. 

Furthermore the Caligine are common also upon Skates and 
Rays, whose skin is as tough and leathery as that of the sharks, at 
least six species being found on these fish. 

We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the sharks are 
selected by these parasites as their chosen hosts. And there is no 
reason for believing that they do not prove as satisfactory as any 


bony fish (fig. 1). 


@ Same article, p. 30. 


ar a a 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. SOA 


We have already stated that the females remain throughout life 
fixed in one position upon their host. This is true of all the genera 
belonging to the subfamily avd constitutes a fourth step in degener- 
ation as well marked as the three which have preceded it.4 

The last three of these steps, however, and a part of the first one, 
have been confined to the female, while the male has escaped their 
influence. 

As a result we find in the present subfamily the greatest sexual 
dissimilarity in the entire family of the Caligide. 

Indeed, the two sexes of every genus in the Pandarine are so unlike 
that the males have been considered a separate genus from the 
females. And not only so, but the males of all the genera have been 
made congeneric, and grouped together under the single genus ‘‘ No- 
gagus.”’ Furthermore, this male ‘‘genus” has been placed by the 
great majority of writers in the subfamily Caligine rather than in 
the Pandarine, where the females all belong. This will be more fully 
discussed under the genus name Nogaus (see p. 439). It serves here 
simply to emphasize the sexual differences, and to make it evident 
that in considering their ecology as well as their morphology most 
if not all of the statements must be understood as confined to a single 
sex. The first step in degeneration, as already noted under the Cali- 
gine, was the mechanical hindrance afforded by the egg strings, and 
the strong incentives for remaining on the body of the host. Of 
course the latter was the only one operating upon the male, and it 
did not exert much influence so long as the female retained the power 
of free swimming. 

As, however, this power gradually weakened in the Caligine and 
still more in the EKuryphorine, the incentive for the male to remain 
upon the host with the female became stronger. 

And here in the Pandarinxw, where the female has become a fixed 
form and correspondingly degenerate, the incentive operates with 
its full power on the male, and we find him in the same condition as 
were the females of Lepeophtheirus and other Caligids, that is, capable 
of swimming freely but under ordinary conditions remaining upon 
the same fish, along with the female, during his entire life. While 
the male has thus resisted the degenerative influences so much 
longer than the female, yet when he once yields the transition is 
more rapid, and in the very next subfamily, the Cecropine (see p 465), 
we find the male degenerated into a fixed form exactly like that 
of the female. 


«The three previous steps are: (1) The mechanical hindrance afforded by the egg 
strings and the lack of incentive to free swimming; (2) the loss of the lunules on 
the frontal plates, and the consequent restriction of the free scuttling motion; (3) the 
development of dorsal plates on the thorax segments, thereby diminishing the freedom 
of bodily movement. 


398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxut. 


LOCOMOTION. 


The female has entirely lost the power of free swimming, and 
almost entirely that of moving about on her host. She can and does 
change her position, but only for the most strenuous reasons and 
during the earlier stages of development. Such motion is of neces- 
sity very slow, since it involves the loosening and refastening of the 
hold maintained by the different prehensile organs. Some of them 
must remain fastened all the time, and the only progress made is the 
distance that can be covered by the stretching of the body between 
the alternate fastenings. When removed from the fish and placed 
in an aquarium these females simply lie upon their backs, moving 
the swimming legs spasmodically, but producing no change of position 
at all. The males, on the contrary, can swim as freely as Caligus, 
and when placed in an aquarium with the latter they resemble them 
so closely in form and movements as to be distinguished only by 
careful scrutiny. Accordingly we should expect to find some of the 
males swimming about freely at the breeding season, like those of 
Caligus, and there are in the U. S National Museum collection 
several specimens so recorded. 

None of either sex, so far as known, have lunules on the frontal 
plates, and hence they do not exhibit the scuttling movements 
characteristic of Argulus and Caligus. And yet they can move about 
easily and rapidly over the outside of the shark’s body and are by 
no means confined to the immediate vicinity of the females. This 
motion is accomplished by means of the adhesion pads, maxillipeds, 
and swimming legs. The former hold the copepod to the skin of its 
host, while the latter push the body forward. Instead of a scuttling 
movement, therefore, each side of the body being advanced alter- 
nately, there is a forward gliding motion of the entire body, similar 
to that shown in swimming. All four pairs of swimming legs in 
these males are biramose, and the rami are wide flattened lamine 
which propel the animal swiftly through the water. 

There is no broad basal apron connecting the third legs across the 
mid line, which was characteristic of the Caliginz, but this is largely 
compensated by the fact that the fourth legs are as broad and pow- 
erful as the third pair, while in the Caligine they were of no actual 
service for swimming. 


PREHENSION. 


The organs of prehension include adhesion pads, claws, and mod- 
ified chele. The adhesion pads are common to all the genera and 
to both sexes; they arise as accessory organs in connection with the 
various appendages, and are usually of different shapes in the different 
genera and even in the different species, thereby affording good 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 329 


supplementary means of differentiation. In the genus Pandarus, 
which may be taken as the type of the subfamily, there are four pairs 
of these pads (fig. 2). 

The first pair are connected with the bases of the first antenne, 
are elliptical or oval in outline, and stand close to the lateral margins 
of the carapace, sometimes even projecting beyond the margin. 
The second pair are connected similarly with the bases of the second 
antennex, are usually circular or oval in outline, and stand inside of 
and posterior to the first pair. The long diameters of both pairs 
are parallel with the body axis, as a rule. The third pair are con- 
nected with the bases of the second maxillipeds, are sometimes cir- 
cular and sometimes elliptical in outline, 
and stand on either side of and close to the 
mid line about in the center of the ventral 
surface of the carapace. The fourth pair 
arise as prominences on the bases of the 
first pair of dorsal plates in the female, or 
the lateral processes of the first free seg- 
ment in the male. The exterior margin of 
each of these plates reaches forward under 
the carapace to a point opposite the bases 
-of the first legs, and here at its antero-lateral 
corner the pad is developed. These pads 
are elongate-elliptical in outline, their long 
diameters parallel with or slightly inclined 
to the body axis. There are also in some 
genera pads on the basal joints of the 
swimming legs; these are usually elliptical, 
with their long diameters at right angles 
to the body axis (fig. 3). 

The first two pairs of pads are the most 5,, 5 vaenrpat SURFACE OF 
important, and the necks or stems by which — remare Panparus  stuatus, 
they are united to the ventral surface of the *"OWNS ADHESION Pans. 
carapace are so arranged that the pads can be lowered and pressed 
against the skin of the host’s body. The adhesive surface of the 
pad is formed of a thick cushion of skin whose outer layer is raised 
into ridges similar to those in the epidermis on the palms of our 
hands. These ridges are usually transverse, but are sometimes 
arranged concentrically, as on the tips of our fingers. They seem to 
serve the same purpose on these pads that they do on our hands—the 
development of friction and the prevention of slipping. 

The claws or chelz are found on the tips of the second maxillipeds, 
which are the chief organs of prehension. In the males of all the 
genera and in the females of some of them the second mavxillipeds 
end in curved claws similar to those found in the Caligine and 
Kuryphorine. 


330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XX XIII. 


But in the females of Pandarus, Nessipus, and allied genera the 
claw disappears in the fully developed adult and in its place appears 
a pair of knob-like protuberances, armed with minute papille or 
scales which operate like a chela and obtain a hold by pinching a 
fold of skin between their inner surfaces. 

Sometimes the males are also found with knobs instead of claws; 
the two occurring interchangeably, even in the same species. 

Either of them give the copepod a firm grasp upon its host and, 
assisted by the adhesion pads, fasten it securely in place. 

Indeed, it has been the author’s experience that living specimens 
have to be removed with great care in order to avoid breaking their 
prehensile appendages. On the other hand, Hesse speaks of them 
in the quotation just given as ‘‘insecurely fastened to a skin which is 
tough and leathery.’’ And he then adds: ‘‘They are not slow, 
when taken from the water, to 
detach themselves and fall to 
the ground or the bottom of the 
boat.” 

Tn the experience of the pres- 
ent author no Pandarid has 
ever voluntarily detached itself; 
some have fallen or been rubbed 
off their host, but only when 
dead. Many scores of times, 
after pulling the pound-net at 

Fic. 3.—VENTRAL SURFACE OF FIRST THREE PAIRS the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries or 
OF SWIMMING LEGS OF ECHTHROGALEUS DENTICULA- the Marine Biological Labora- 
TUS, SHOWING ACCESSORY ADHESION PADS. 2 

tory at Woods Hole, Massa- 
chusetts, the sharks obtained, which varied from two or three to 
twenty-five or more in number, have been thrown on the bottom of 
the boat and towed from 1 to 3 miles behind a small steamer before 
being examined. But on reaching the wharf the Pandarid parasites 
were found still clinging to them, and after careful trial it was decided 
that so far as sharks are concerned, the chief thing to be gained by 
going out to the net and removing the parasites on the spot was the 
chance of keeping them alive a little longer. And here again the 
experience of the author is different from that of Hesse, who says: 
“T have been able occasionally to secure them alive, but have not 
been able to keep them in that condition for any length of time. ~In 
this they are very different from Caligus and Trebius, and even from 
Cecrops and Lemargus, which I have kept alive for some time.” 

If he is speaking of the females this is partially true, and yet the 
author has repeatedly kept Pandarid females alive for several days. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 331 


But the males are always as hardy as any of the genera he mentions, 
and usually when placed with Caligus or Lepeophthervrus they outlive 
the latter. 

Hesse’s mistakes have probably originated from another fact which 
has an important bearing on the length of life in these parasites. In 
the Caligine the arched carapace acts as a large sucking disk, its 
margin being pressed close to the surface, made continuous posteriorly 
by the broad lamina connecting the third legs, and the contact sealed 
with water and slime. 

The space beneath the carapace is filled with water, and this is 
often retained for a long time after the surface of the fish has become 
dried. Living and active specimens have often been obtained from 
fish whose outer surface and fins had been dried for two or three hours. 
On the inside of the operculum and in the gill cavity they sometimes 
remain alive out of water for twenty-four hours after the death of the 
fish. | 

In the Pandarine the carapace is not thus arched and there is 
nothing to continue its margin posteriorly; consequently it does not 
retain the water, but the latter escapes as soon as the skin of the fish 
dries, just as it does from beneath the cover glass on a microscope 
slide. As soon as the fish dries, therefore, all the Pandarids on its 
outer surface also quickly die, and they do then drop off, or can be 
brushed off very easily. For the same reason, while the sharks are 
being brought ashore these parasites usually become exhausted for 
want of moisture. And although they may still be alive when 
removed from the fish they do not live very long afterwards. But 
given a fair chance, the females are as long lived as any of the fixed 
parasites, while the males who do retain moisture under their cara- 
paces in the same manner as Caligus and T'rebius are fully as long 
lived as the latter. ° 

This subfamily of Pandarine are thus clearly differentiated from 
the Caligine, Trebine, and Euryphorine on the one side and from 
the Cecropine on the other by many distinct peculiarities of morph- 
ology and habits. The most striking differences are to be found 
perhaps in the males, although the other sex is by no means deficient 
in them. 

In the Caligine we find the sexes similar, the male usually smaller, 
but sometimes larger than the female. The young females, and even 
the adults when without egg-strings, are as active as the males, and 
both sexes have retained fully their power of locomotion in spite of 
their parasitic habits. This equality of the sexes is partially explained 
by the fact that neither of them carry any dorsal plates on the thorax 
or genital segment. The family includes one genus, Echetus, in 
which the adult female has become fixed in position, but this is due to 
the burying of the head and thorax in the flesh of the host. 


332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII, 


The mouth-tube is short and broad, with a bluntly rounded tip. 

First maxille are present in the form of short claws near the margin 
of the carapace; the second maxille are in the form of simple, slender, 
and acuminate spines; the furca is biramose; the first and fourth 
legs are uniramose, while the rami of the second and third pairs have 
peculiar patterns of the joints, easily recognized after a little experi- 
ence. 

In the Euryphorine the sexes are also similar, the male always 
smaller, more slender, and more active than the adult female. The 
young females, however, are still as active as the males, since they are 
unhindered by either egg strings or dorsal thorax plates. The pres- 
ence of the latter in the adults helps to render them sluggish, and yet 
there is no genus which actually becomes fixed like Hchetus among the 
Caligine. 

For the other characters, the mouth tube is like that of the Calig- 
ine, but there are no first maxille nor any furca. The second max- 
illze show a transition from simple pointed spines in Caligeria, through 
a blunted biramose shape in Gloiopotes, into a flattened lamina in 
Alebion. All the legs are usually biramose, the pattern of the rami 
of the second and third pairs similar to that in the Caligine. 

In the Pandarine, on the contrary, the sexes are very dissimilar; 
the females, even when young, carry so many dorsal plates on the 
thorax and genital segment as to render them practically helpless. 
They can swim but little and quickly become stationary upon their 
host. But the males retain the powers of locomotion and can swim 
or scuttle about over their host’s body with as much freedom as those 
of either of the preceding subfamilies. They have no trace of dorsal 
plates, either on the thorax or genital segment; the sex differences in 
this subfamily, therefore, are the greatest anywhere shown in the 
Caligide. The mouth tube is long and pointed, and the mouth 
parts are transformed into blade-like, smooth lamine, without spines 
or sete, or they remain rudimentary. The swimming legs are also 
characterized by the equality of the rami on the first pair and by a 
general tendency toward degeneration in the females. This usually 
affects only the last pair (Dinematura females), or the last two pairs 
(Pandarus females), but sometimes affects them all (Demoleus females). 
But whether degenerate or not their pattern is always totally dif- 
ferent from that in the two preceding subfamilies. 

Finally in the Cecropinz we find the sexes again similar, but this 
time they both carry dorsal plates on the thorax and genital seg- 
ments which effectually prevent free swimming. And both sexes 
become permanently fixed as soon as they have found lodgment 
on their host’s body. The mouth tube is not as long as in the 
Pandarine, but is fully as pointed, while the maxillee remain lami- 
nate and are much larger proportionally than in any preceding sub- 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. soo 


family. There is a tendency to degeneration in the swimming legs 
similar to that shown in the Pandarine, but while it was there con- 
fined to the female sex only it here extends to both sexes, and may 
even include both the third and fourth pairs of legs in the male 
(Orthagoriscicola males). 


ONTOGENY. ~ 


The life histories in this subfamily are almost the same as in the 
Caligine and Euryphorine. The differentiation between the two 
must be sought chiefly in the habits and sexual characters, as already 
stated. The number and size of the eggs and the changes during 
their development are similar to those given in the preceding sub- 
families. From eight to ten weeks are required for development, and 


= 


LE 
: ee < Sc SoS 


0.125 MM. »\ 


Fig. 4.—A NEWLY HATCHED NAUPLIUS OF PANDARUS SINUATUS. 


all the eggs in the strings of any given female hatch at practically the 
same time. The issuing nauplius is almost an exact counterpart of 
that seen in the Euryphorinx; its body has the outline of an elon- 
gated ellipse, is well rounded anteriorly, but is somewhat contracted 
posteriorly through the bases of the balancers (fig. 4). The eye spot 
is far forward and not prominent. The three pairs of appendages are 
of the usual pattern and arrangement. The anterior part of the 
body is transparent, and inside of it can be plainly seen the muscles 
which move the appendages. The balancers are very long, cylindrical, 
and narrow acuminate; they stand out nearly at right angles to the 
body axis and are curved slightly forward. The central portion of 
the posterior half of the body is filled with opaque yolk granules, 
leaving a narrow transparent margin around the edge. These granules 
are colored a uniform and very pale brownish-yellow, and there are no 


334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


pigment spots nor any color patterns in the nauphi thus far observed, 
a condition very different from that found in the nauplii of the Calig- 
ine and Euryphorine. 

The difficulty of hatching these nauplii and rearing them through 
successive molts is fully as great as in the case of the Kuryphorine, 
but for a very different reason. In the Euryphorine the unripe 
female moved restlessly about the aquarium all the time, and finally 
crawled up out of the water and remained there until dead and dried; 
consequently the eggs were dried and killed before they had time to 
hatch. Here in the Pandarine, on the other-hand, the female is inca- 
pable of motion, and when placed in an aquarium simply falls to the 
bottom and lies there inert, usually upon her back. In this way the 
eggs fail of proper aeration and die almost as surely as when taken 
out of the water and dried. Fortunately here also, as in the Eury- 
phorine, the hosts are common species of sharks, and a careful exami- 
nation of the gills and body of these sharks during the parasites’ 
breeding season is practically sure to yield development stages. The 
egos for most of the genera hatch about the first of July, so that the 
best time to look for development stages is during the middle and 
latter part of the month. 

Those of Perissopus and Pandarus are found upon the external 
surface, the former on the head and especially around the mouth, 
the latter in the vicinity of the fins. Those of Nesippus are found 
attached to the gills, usually near the ends of the gill arches. When 
the nauplius molts into a metanauplius the second pair of antenne 
are turned forward side by side, enlarged, and developed into long 
prehensile hooks, whereby the larva fastens itself to its host. At the 
same time the second maxillipeds become organs of attachment and 
materially assist the second antenne. Both organs retain their 
function throughout life, the second maxillipeds usually increasing 
in size and efficiency until they become the chief organs of prehen- 
sion in the mature adult, while the second antennz diminish some- 
‘what, but never lose their function entirely. 

The development, therefore, is very similar to, and in fact almost 
identical with, that of the Caligine. And when the metanauplius 
molts into a chalimus the similarity is further increased by the fact 
that a frontal filament is formed, very different in length and struc- 
ture from that found in the Caligine, but entirely similar in function. 

Hesse claims (1883. p. 4) to have found a larva belonging to the 
“Pandaridsx,” which he calls ‘‘ Vogagus spinacii-achantias” and which 
he says was attached by a long and slender frontal filament to its 
“mother’s” carapace. But when his account is examined it is found 
that very little can be accepted as authentic until further evidence ts 
given, 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. BaD 


In the first place the only reason which he can give for regarding 
the adult as the mother and the larva as her offspring is the fact 
that the latter was attached to the carapace of the former. The 
absurdity of drawing such a conclusion from this single premise has 
been already shown” and may be briefly restated as follows: When 
first hatched the nauplii swim freely at the surface; after two or 
three molts they seek out a suitable host and attach themselves to 
it. There is not one chance in a million that they will find the 
same host again, to which their mother is attached, and still less 
chance of finding the mother herself among other parasites of the 
same and different kinds. In fact, to find the mother at all neces- 
sitates the assumption of the ability on the part of the larva or the 
mother, or both, to recognize the other, which one hardly cares to 
concede. 

Again, the individual to which this larva was attached, and which 
Hesse calls the ‘‘mother,’ is unfortunately of the male sex, as is 
clearly shown by his figures and description. It has the typical 
Nogaus form; there are no signs of dorsal plates on thorax or genital 
segment, and none of the swimming legs show any signs of degenera- 
tion. This fact renders any close relationship between the two 
practically impossible. 

Finally, Hesse writes that this larva was 3 millimeters long and 1 
millimeter wide, with a fully developed frontal filament. But he 
describes and figures only a single pair of swimming legs, and they 
are on the second thorax segment. Every metanauplius which has 
thus far been observed possesses at least two pairs of these swim- 
ming legs, and a chalimus 3 millimeters in length belonging to any 
of the subfamilies of the Caligide must possess at least three pairs, 
and ought to possess four pairs, of such legs, the first of which would 
be attached to the ventral surface of the carapace and not to the 
second thorax segment. Again, the first antenne are represented as 
attached to either side of the ‘‘umbilical button” at the base of the 
frontal filament. They are half the length of the carapace, two- 
jointed, and free to their very base; in other words, the chalimus 
has no frontal plates. The posterior half of the body is cylindrical 
and five-jointed, the joints diminishing in size backward. The first 
of these joints carries the single pair of legs and, in addition, on its 
ventral surface: 

On remarque, 4 -l’extrémité. d’un article fémoral, assez long, des lames plates, 
denticulées sur les bords et garnies de soies, qui sont destinées a favoriser les 
mouvements de propulsion et de natation, et, de chaque cdte de l’anneau suivant, 
deux lames plates, denticulées, qui sont consacrées.aux mémes fonctions (p. 6). 


a Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 548. 


336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


What these ‘‘lames plates” could be would furnish something of a 
puzzle to the comparative anatomist. 

Hesse then adds, under what he is pleased to call ‘‘Physiologie”’: 

J'ai Vabord exprimé Vopinion que cet embryon pourrait bien étre un male qui, 
joint 4 une femelle adulte, douée conséquemment de moyens de locomotion plus 
puissants que les siens, pouvait l’entrainer sur un autre poisson et aller ainsi, avec 
lui, fonder une autre colonie et contribuer par 1a 4 favoriser la reproduction et la 
dissémination de l’espéce (p. 31). 

That is to say, a male, which is free swimming in all the Nogaus 
species, attaches itself to a female, which in every species of the 
Pandarine is fixed and helpless, in order to facilitate its locomotion 
from one fish to another. 

Since in a description of this sort there is no hint of the family, 
to say nothing of the generic position of the larva, we are compelled 
to set it aside entirely and to get our knowledge of the development 
of the Pandarine from original sources. 


THE NAUPLIUS as seen in the genera Nesippus and Pandarus. 


Body an elongate ellipsoid, evenly rounded in front, but some- 
what contracted posteriorly through the bases of the balancers. 
The three pairs of ap- 
0.125 MM pendages are bunched 
rather closely at the 
anterior end and are of 
the usual pattern. The 
balancers are fully one- 
third the entire length 
of the body, differing 
markedly in this re- 
spect from those found 
in the preceding sub- 
families. In the Nesip- 
pus nauplius they take 
the form of simple, 
slightly curved, and 


Fic. 5.—A NEWLY HATCHED NAUPLIUS OF NESIPPUS ALATUS. acuminate spines ; im 
the Pandarus nauplus 
they are slightly S-shaped, with a double curve and contracted at 
a point one-fourth of their length from the base, as though jointed. 
In Nesippus the color is a uniform grayish brown, with a broad, 
transparent, and colorless margin, and without pigment spots or 
other markings. (See fig. 5.) In Pandarus the center of the body is 
olive green by transmitted light, appearing cinnamon-brown by 
reflected light in the egg strings, or even almost black. 


foto) 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 337 


The transparent margin is ; also very irregular | in pattern and width, 
especially opposite the Thneae of the ingoan aan appendages. 

The central mass of pigment reaches forward anteriorly in a long 
median, two-pronged projection and sends out branches also on 
either side opposite the second pair of appendages and the balancers. 
The anterior half of the body is more or 
less transparent and shows the muscles 
plainly, while the posterior part is 
opaque from the presence of yolk gran- 
ules (see fig. 4). 

Length, 0.25 mm.; width, 0.12 mm. 


THE METANAUPLIUS as seen in the 


genus Nesippus. 


On molting from the nauplius into 
the metanauplius the body becomes 
divided into regions consisting of a cara- 
pace, two free thorax segments, and a 
fusion of the genital segment and the 
abdomen (fig. 6). The carapace has an 
elongated acorn shape, the length twice 
the width, and squarely truncated pos- 
teriorly, with the corners produced into 
narrow lobes reaching to the center of 
the first free segment. The frontal plates 
are large sng! prominent, but folded 
under the anterior margin, so that very 
little of them can be seen in dorsal view. 
They are folded more evenly than in the 
Alebion larva and do not leave conical 
projections at the anterior corners. 
The eyes are situated even farther back 
than in Alebion, nearly half the distance 
from the anterior margin. They are 
quite large and not fused, although in contact on the mid-line. 

The first free segment is evidently a fusion of the second and third 
thorax segments, as is indicated by the attachment of the legs. As 
these two segments are more or less fused in all the adults belonging 
to this supromily, their fusion here in the mataneuphus is what 
would naturally be expected. 

The fused segment is nearly as wide as the carapace, and is fur- 
nished with broad lateral lobes at the sides over the bases of the legs. 
Such lateral lobes or plates are also characteristic of all the adults of 
both sexes, but in later development they become longer and nar- 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——22 


Fig. 6.—THE METANAUPLIUS OF NE- 
SIPPUS ALATUS. 


338 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL. X XXIII. 


rower. The second free, which is really the fourth thoracic, segment 
is just half as wide as the first, with strongly convex sides. 


Ne M7 ~) 


Fic. 7—THE MOUTH TUBE, MAXILLZ, AND MANDIBLES OF 


THE METANAUPLIUS OF NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


The last segment, which 
is a fusion of the genital 
segment and abdomen, has 
the same width as the 
fourth thorax segment, but 
is three times as long and 
somewhat narrowed pos- 
teriorly. 

The anal lamine are 
relatively larger than in 
Alebion, but are tipped 
with much shorter set, 
five on each lamina. 

The first antenne are 
two-jointed, the terminal 
joint short and armed with 
small spines only, with- 


out the plumose sete found in both the Caligine and the Eurypho- 


rine. 


The second antenne are similar to those of Alebion, but with 


two stout accessory spines on the inner margin near the base. 


Paes ce Seer 


Fia. 8.—A MANDIBLE OF THE METANAUPLIUS OF 
NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


The proboscis is also similar to that 
of Alebion, but is longer and of a more 
uniform width throughout (fig. 7). At 
its tip can be seen the mandibles, which 
are slender, somewhat enlarged, curved 
toward the free ends, and coarsely 
toothed along the inner concave mar- 


gins. At this stage only the tips of the 
mandibles touch each other. Later, 


when the end of the mouth tube is com- 
pressed laterally, the entire toothed 
portion is interlocked (fig. 8). 

The second maxille are close to the 
base of the mouth tube on either side, 
are simple, and consist of a stout conical 
base tipped with a short and stragiht 
spine. 


Fic. 9.—THE FIRST AND SECOND MAX-~- 


ILLIPEDS OF THE METANAUPLIUS OF 
NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


On the outer side of the base is another shorter spine, repre- 


senting the rudimentary exopod; this rudiment is seemingly lost in 


later development. 


The first maxillipeds are slender and two-jointed, 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 339 


the terminal joint narrower and longer than the basal, and tipped 
with two claws, the shorter ventral one with a few coarse teeth on 
the inner side at the base and a narrow-toothed flange along its outer 
margin (fig. 9). The dorsal claw is narrower and longer and has a 
narrow-toothed flange along either side. 

The second maxillipeds are two-jointed, as in the adult, but are 
slender, with the terminal claw two-thirds the length of the basal 
joint, strongly curved, and with a small accessory spine on the inner 
margin hear the tip. 


Fig. 10.—THE FIRST THREE PAIRS OF SWIMMING LEGS OF THE METANAUPLIUS OF NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


There are three pairs of swimming legs, all biramose; the rami of 
the first two pairs are indistinctly two-jointed, while those of the 
third pair are one-jointed (fig. 10). The basal joint of each ramus 
has a single spine at its distal corner, on the outside in the exopod, 
on the inside in the endopod, while the terminal joint is tipped with 
a row of large and nearly straight sete. 

This metanauplius is of a yellowish horn color, quite transparent 
except through the center of the body. The pigment is scattering 


840 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


and consists of a V-shaped string of small spots starting at the bases 
of the first antenne on either side and extending obliquely backward 
to meet behind the eyes. 

The two free segments have a few spots irregularly arranged, and 
there are a few more at the posterior end of the abdomen and in the 
anal lamin. These spots are all of a reddish purple color; the eyes 
are a deep purple with bright red lenses. Total length, including the 
second antenne, 2.1 mm. Length of carapace, 1 mm. Width of 
same, 0.5 mm. Length of fused genital segment and abdomen, 
0.51 mm. 

This metanauplius stage was obtained from the gill filaments of 
the sharp-nosed shark, Sco- 
liodon terre-nove, at Beau- 
fort, North Carolina, in 
company with two adult 
females and three males of 
the same species. The pe- 
culiar stag-horn antennz 
give these larve a more 
secure hold upon their host 
than in the Euryphorine. 
With such organs of pre- 
hension it would also be 
more difficult for the larva 
to loosen its hold and move 
about. There is thus per- 
haps in this larval stage an 
indication ‘of the greater 
subsequent fixity of the 
adult. 


THE CHALIMUS as seen in 
the genus Perissopus. 


Only fully developed 
male chalimi were found, 
and they are described 
under the species Perisso- 
pus communis on page 357. 

Single specimens of the 
female chalimus in three 
stages of development were obtained, measuring, respectively, 3, 4, 
and 4.5 mm. in length. 

(1) In the chalimus 3 mm. long the carapace, including the pos- 
terior lobes, is semielliptical, longer than wide, and has strongly 
convex sides (fig. 11). The posterior lobes are long and wide, 
reaching back to the fourth segment, and are bluntly rounded at the 
tip. The frontal plates are narrow at the center and widened at the 


Fig. 11.—A CHALIMUS OF PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 341 


distal ends. There are three large eyes in a transverse row just in 
front of the center of the carapace, the central one smaller than 
the other two and slightly posterior to them. The frontal gland and 
attachment filament secreted by it are very different from those found 
in the Caligine. 

The gland is a huge quadrangular affair, filling the entire center of 
the front of the carapace. In place of the two large gland cells seen 
in the Caligine, we find here four, arranged in two pairs, one on 
either side of the mid line. 

Each cell is ellipsoidal in form, the ones nearest the mid line being 
larger and farther back than the outer ones. 

In place of the single slen- 
der and cylindrical filament 
produced in the Caligine, we 
find here in Perissopus two 
broad and ribbon-like fila- 
ments placed side by side. 
Each is strongly compressed 
dorso- ventrally, and is 
barely long enough to reach 
the fish’s skin and obtain a 
firm hold. The chalimus is 
thus held with the frontal 
margin of the carapace 
almost in actual contact 
with the fish’s skin, and its 
condition is very different 
from that of the Caligus 
chalimus which floats out at 
the tip of a filament as long 
as its own body. 

When these double fila- 
ments disappear in the adult 
they leave a broad and well- 
defined sinus at the center of the frontal margin, between the frontal 
plates. In all the adult Nogaus males this central sinus and the 
remains of the frontal gland can be clearly seen, often with shreds 
of the frontal filaments still attached at the base of the sinus, but 
in the adult females the glands and sometimes the sinus disappear. 
In younger females, however, they can still be distinguished. 

In the size, arrangement, and general appearance of the free thorax 
segments of this chalimus there is a striking resemblance to the male 
form (see p. 357). The latter sex, therefore, must be taken as the 
typical form in this subfamily, and from this the female degenerates 
on becoming fixed. 


Fic. 12.—THE FOUR PAIRS OF SWIMMING LEGS OF THE 
CHALIMUS SHOWN IN THE PRECEDING FIGURE. 


842 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX XIII. 


On the posterior margin of the carapace just inside the posterior 
lobes is a small fold of skin on either side, similar to that found in 
the male. The second thorax segment does not fill the entire space 
between the posterior lobes of the carapace, but leaves an interval 
on either side as in the male. 

The first dorsal plates appear as lateral lobes on the sides of this 
segment. The third segment a little more than fills the space between 
these lateral lobes of the second segment and overlaps them on either 
side. At this stage there is no 
trace of dorsal plates on the 
third segment. 

The fourth thorax segment is 
wider than the third and slightly 
wider than the genital segment, 
\ and the dorsal plates on it ap- 
\ pear as large circular lobes at its 
posterior corners. 

The genital segment is sub- 
quadrangular, with slight round- 
ed projections at the posterior 
corners and no median posterior 
sinus. 

The abdomen is nearly half 
‘ the width of the genital segment 
ee and projects for its entire length 
behind the latter; the anal 

lamin are triangular and armed 
with short and weak nonplumose 
spines. The swimming legs are 
like those of the adult in every 

aS =X particular except size (fig. 12). 
: All the other appendages also 
are the same save the mouth 
tube; this is broader at the tip 
and closely resembles the form 


he { wt 


Fig. 13.—A CHALIMUS OF PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS, 
ONE-THIRD LARGER THAN THE ONE IN FIQ@. 11. 


seen in the metanauplius. 

The flexible lips have not yet rolled in around the mandibles and 
given the tube its final stiletto shape. 

Total length, 3 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 1.35 mm. ; 
width, 1.72 mm.; length of free segments, 0.72 mm.; length of genital 
segment, 0.77 mm.; width of same, 0.78 mm. 

(2) The second chalimus, 4 mm. in length, differs from the first 
chiefly in the shortening of the posterior lobes of the carapace; in the 
development of the dorsal plates on the free thorax segments and 
the relative shortening of the segments themselves; in the enlarging 
of the genital segment and the formation of a deep and wide sinus 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 343 


in the center of its posterior border, and in the partial migration of 
the abdomen to the ventral surface of the genital segment so that 
only a portion of it can be seen in dorsal view (fig. 13). This migra- 
tion is apparent and not real; what actually happens is that the 
dorsal surface of the genital segment grows back over the abdomen, 
so that the latter appears to have moved forward along the ventral 
surface of the former. 

Total length, 4 mm.; length of carapace on mid line, 1.66 mm.; 
width, 2.1 mm.; length of free 
segments, 0.75 mm.; length 
of genital segment, 1.40 mm.; 
width, 1.5 mm. 

(3) The third chalimus has 
practically the adult form; 
there has been a still further 
shortening of the posterior 
lobes of the carapace and a 
corresponding widening of the 
carapace itself (fig. 14). 

The dorsal plates now cover 
the entire surface of the free 
segments and overlap well 
onto the genital segment; the 
posterior portion of the first 
and third pairs is distinctly 
toothed. 

There has been a further 
shortening of the free seg- 
ments and a further enlarging 
of the genital segment, while 
the median posterior sinus of 


the latter has narrowed and ————Fhham. 
deepened. 


Fic. 14.—A CHALIMUS OF PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS, 


The abdomen has been en- PRR aren ee 
FULLY DEVELOPED. 


tirely covered by the back- 

ward growth of the genital segment, so that the only thing which 
can be now seen in dorsal view is the tips of the anal lamine, and 
they are seen through the posterior sinus of the genital segment. 

The reproductive organs are now well formed in the genital seg- 
ment, especially those which have to do with the receiving and 
storing of the sperm. It is probable, therefore, that the sexes come 
together immediately at the close of this chalimus period, before 
the female has become permanently fixed. 

Total length, 4.5 mm.; length of carapace on mid line, 2.05 mm. ; 
width, 2.95 mm.; length of free segments, 0.75 mm.; length of gen- 
ital segment, 1.8 mm.; width of same, 2.6 mm. 


344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


SUMMARY. 


The life history of the genera belonging to this subfamily is similar 
to that of the Caligine and Euryphorine except in the following 
particulars: 

(1) The pigment which develops in the nauphi takes the form of a 
large central mass rather than scattered spots, and is often so dense 
as to appear almost black. 

(2) The balancers are slender and cylindrical, as in the Eury- 
phorine, but they are attached nearer to the posterior end of the 
body of the nauplius, and point backward at an angle of about 45° 
to the central axis. 

(3) In the metanaupliys the first thorax segment is fused with the 
carapace as in the Euryphorine, but the first antenne are like those | 
of the adult and not dichotomously branched, nor even armed with 
long plumose setw. The rami of the second maxille are fused and 
each consists of a stout basal joint tipped with a single spine. The 
swimming legs are laminate, but the separate joints are long and 
narrow, and they reach far back on the ventral surface. 

(4) The chalimi are attached by frontal filaments, not single and 
cylindrical as in the Caliginze, but double, each strand broad and 
ribbon-like; the two strands standing side by side and only long, 
enough to reach the fish’s skin, and allow the frontal margin of the 
chalimus’s carapace to swing clear of it. These filaments have no 
enlargements at their bases like those seen in the Caliginz, but are 
of uniform width throughout. The frontal glands developing these 
filaments are quadruple instead of double. 

(5) The body form of the young female chalimus is almost exactly 
the same as that of the adult Nogaus male, the carapace having 
elongate posterior lobes, the free thorax segments being entirely dis- 
tinct and almost uncovered by the dorsal plates, and the abdomen 
projecting its entire length behind the genital segment. We thus 
have visible and convincing proof of the relationship of the two 
sexes, and also of the fact that the female degenerates after becom- 
ing fixed. ; 

(6) The appendages of the young chalimus are almost exactly like 
those of the adult; the second maxillipeds have not yet attained 
their proportionate size, but are small and the terminal joint is folded 
over against the basal joint. 

(7) In subsequent development the posterior lobes of the carapace 
are shortened, the free thorax segments are telescoped together, and 
the dorsal plates are developed to cover them; the genital segment 
is increased in size, often becoming larger than the carapace, and in 
this increase it grows gradually back over the abdomen, so that the 
latter comes to lie on the ventral surface of the former, and is com- 
pletely concealed in dorsal view. 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 345 


SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION. 
Subfamily PANDARIN 4. 


The first thorax segment only fused with the head, the others free; 
sexes quite dissimilar. 

Fremale.—Carapace short and well rounded; frontal plates distinct. 
Eyes three in number, fused on the median line, the lenses arranged 
in the form of a triangle. One or more of the free thorax segments 
furnished with paired dorsal plates; genital segment enlarged and 
often covered with similar dorsal plates. Body stiff in consequence 
of these plates and not capable of much motion. Abdomen elongate, 
often with lateral processes; anal lamine large and broad, with stout 
plumose sete. Eggs numerous, uniseriate, and borne in straight 
cases, visible for their entire length and usually much longer than 
the body. Mouth-tube elongate and tapering to a sharp point; first 
maxille lacking, second pair simple flattened laminw, tipped with 
short claws. Second maxillipeds massive and nodose. All four pairs 
of legs biramose; some or all of them lamellar and destitute of 
plumose setz. 

Male.—A typical Nogaus form. Carapace more elongate than 
that of the female and produced posteriorly into better defined lateral 
lobes. Free segments all well separated, of about the same length, 
but diminishing regularly in width, and none of them furnished with 
dorsal plates. Genital segment also without dorsal plates and en- 
larged but little. Abdomen two-jointed; anal laminz large and 
foliaceous, furnished with long and stout plumose sete. The adult 
males are as free swimmers as any of the Caligine and move about 
with as much ease over their host’s body, thus affording a marked 
contrast to the fixed females. The young are attached by two broad 
and ribbon-like filaments, placed side by side and very short. 


KEY TO THE GENERA. 


~ 
a 


. Females, first thorax legs uniramose, the other pairs biramose; only two pairs 
Ordo tsalplatesine necks Sims shee ais oe Pholidopus, new genus name, p. 347. 
a. Females, all four pairs of legs biramose; one, three, or four, but never two, pairs 
of dorsal plates; abdomen one-jointed and wholly concealed in dorsal view_ 0. 
a. Males, all four pairs of legs biramose and armed with long plumose set; no 
dorsal plates; abdomen one or two jointed, wholly visible..............-- g. 
b. Rami of all the legs with the same number of joints, and all armed with 
POMSR OU OSCVSE bee eae ee = aca, oven Re a ee aE en ae C 
b. Rami differing in the number of joints, and some or all of them destitute 
Of plumose-setee, Or EVEN SpINes. .... 2... n2cjc sce coca ose Sse seeee on d. 
c. Four pairs of dorsal plates; first and third pairs median, second and fourth 
pairs lateral; fourth pair on the genital segment, elongate, narrow, partly 
16 Fo) Deedee A Rl epee pea Oe tre el Lepimacrus Hesse, 1883, p. 348. 
c. A single pair of small dorsal plates on the fourth segment; genital segment 
elongate, with a deep posterior incision; abdomen unsegmented. 
Demoleus Heller, 1865, p. 349. 


346 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


d. Rami of second and third legs three-jointed, of first and fourth pairs two- 
jointed; no setze on the fourth pair, those on the other pairs rudimen- 


0 Omer hes AM Pr te BERR et tee ol. oe a tamed e. 
d. Rami of first three pairs of legs two-jointed, with plumose sete; of 
fourth pair one-jointed; setee nonplumose.-......:...........---------- fs 


d. Rami of second and third legs two-jointed; of fourth pair one-jointed; 
exopods of first pair one-jointed, endopods two-jointed. 

Gangliopus Gerstaecker, 1854, p. 350. 

d. Rami of first and second legs two-jointed; of third and fourth pairs one- 
jointed and very rudimentary; three pairs of dorsal plates. 

Perissopus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 352. 

d. Rami of third legs two-jointed, of all the other legs one-jointed, lamellar 

and without spines or setze.............--- Laminifera Poche, 1902, p. 361. 


e. Dorsal plates on fourth segment large, covering half the genital segment or 


a) 


e 


So 


more; sixth segment not separated; exopods of second and third legs three- 
jointed, all the other rami two-jointed. 
Echthrogaleus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 362. 


. Sixth segment distinctly separated as a median lobe or lamina, attached to 


the posterior sinus of the genital segment, and armed with a pair of dorsal 
plates and a rudimentary pair of swimming legs; both rami of the second and 
third! legsithree-joited 4. 22 sate. 4 25s Dinematura Latreille, 1829, p. 374. 
f. Sixth segment distinctly separated as a rudimentary plate or lamina, 
attached to the posterior sinus of the genital segment; anal lamin 
transformed into horny conical processes; four pairs of dorsal plates, the 
fourth on the genital segment........-..---- Pandarus Leach, 1816, p. 387. 

Jf. No sixth segment; anal laminze normal; second and third thorax segments 
fused inter se, and carrying a pair of good-sized lateral lobes; a single pair 

of dorsal plates, on the fourth segment, close together, and with their bases 
MISC Get epee ec ee ete ere< Corgeegee: han eae eee Nesippus Heller, 1865, p. 424. 

f. No sixth segment; anal laminze normal; second and third segments dis- 
tinct, with small lateral lobes; a single pair of dorsal plates, on the fourth 
segment, feebly developed, and widely separated, their margins fringed 


Wb GHATS os tc eee ee Prosxtes, new genus name, p. 439. 
- Ramiuot all the swimming lees: two-jotnted/.22-.-5- 2. oe ee eee h. 
. Rami of fourth legs one-jointed, of all the others two-jointed..............- a. 


. One or both rami of the second and third legs three-jointed, of all the others 


two-Jommted 22.4: clas. Soc es ee ee he ae eee es 

h. An accessory lobe on the posterior margin of the carapace Just inside each 

posterior lobe; both the fifth and sixth legs visible on the genital segment; 

abdomen two-jointed, the joints equal...... Pandarus Leach, 1816, p. 387. 

h. Second maxillipeds not swollen, with ordinary terminal claws; anal lamin 

very large; no legs visible dorsally on the genital segment. 

Demoleus Heller, 1865, p. 349. 

h. Second maxillipeds much swollen, with a long terminal claw; anal laminze 
medium size; no legs on the genital segment, or but one pair. 

Perissopus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 352. 


. Free thorax segments two or three times as wide as long; fourth segment the 


longest; no legs visible on the genital segment; abdomen one-jointed. 
Nesippus Heller, 1865, p. 424. 


i. Free thorax segments orbicular, all about the same width, second segment the 


longest, with large lateral wings; genital segment with one pair of legs at the 
posterior corners; abdomen two-jointed, basal joint the larger. 
Gangliopus Gerstaecker, 1854, p. 350. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 347 


i. Free thorax segments wider than long; second segment the longest, with 
small lateral wings; abdomen two-jointed, terminal joint the larger. 

Perissopus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 352. 

k. Exopods only three-jointed: fourth segment lunate, fitting down over 


the genital segment... .Echthrogaleus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 362. 
k. Both rami three-jointed; fourth segment orbicular, not overlapping the 
Ponital RegIBeN be 4.282 6s. oe ee ee Dinematura Latreille, 1829, p. 374. 


PHOLIDOPUS, new genus name. 
Lepidopus Dana, 1852, p. 1373, pl. xcv, figs. 5 a—k. 
Perissopus STEENSTRUP and LUrKeEN, 1861, p. 394 (part).—Bassett-SmirH, 1899, 
p. 468 (part). 

Female.—First thorax segment. joined with the head to form the 
carapace, which is subquadrangular and widest posteriorly. Second 
and third thorax segments fused, and furnished with a single pair of 
large, rounded dorsal plates. Fourth segment free and armed with 
a similar pair of dorsal plates. Genital segment wider and longer 
than the carapace, its posterior margin bilobed, the two halves evenly 
rounded like the two pairs of dorsal plates on the free segments. 
Abdomen minute, attached to the ventral surface of the genital seg- 
ment some little distance in front of the posterior margin, so as to 
be wholly concealed in dorsal view. Anal lamine short, tipped with 
small spines. Frontal plates well differentiated and larger than in 
the other Pandarine. Second antenne three-jointed and uncinate, 
the terminal hook considerably longer than the basal joints, sickle- 
shaped and armed with two rows of teeth along its inner margin. 
Mouth-tube long and slender, as in Pandarus; mandibles with a 
straight tip, and the inner margin serrulate. Second maxille close 
to the base of the mouth-tube, composed of two short, well-rounded 
joints terminated by a small and nearly straight spine. Terminal 
joint of second maxillipeds widened and flattened into a broad lamina, 
covered with scales on its ventral surface, each scale terminating in 
a minute spine. First swimming legs slender, uniramose, and three- 
jointed, the terminal joint armed with five short sete. Second, third, 
and fourth swimming legs biramose; second pair with slender basal 
segments and two-jointed rami; third and fourth pairs with the basal 
segments broadly lamellar, and the rami minute, rudimentary, one- 
jointed processes attached to the posterior edges of these lamellex; 
sete all very short. Nothing is known of the egg cases or eggs. 

Male.—Unknown. 

(Pholidopus, ¢odis, a scale, and zovs, foot.) 

The new name given above is suggested in place of Dana’s Lepidopus, 
which was preoccupied in 1770 by Gouan for a genus of fishes. That 
this is a valid genus and not a synonym for Perissopus, as suggested 
by Steenstrup and Liitken in 1861, by Brady in 1883, and again by 
Bassett-Smith in 1899, can be readily seen by the following com- 
parison: 


348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxu. 


In Perissopus there are three free thorax joints, each carrying a 
pair of dorsal plates, of which the first pair is lateral, the second 
median, while the third extends entirely across the body; the geni- 
tal segment is squarely truncated posteriorly, with sharp spines at 
the corners; the second antenne are short, with a small terminal 
claw; all four pairs of swimming legs are biramose, with enlarged and 
lamellar basal joints; rami of the third and fourth pairs minute and 
rudimentary, the exopod differmg from the endopod, and the third 
pair from the fourth pair. 

In Pholidopus, on the contrary, the second and third thorax seg- 
ments are fused together, and carry but a single pair of dorsal plates, 
which are like those on the fourth segment, extending entirely across 
the body; the genital segment is incised at the center posteriorly, 
each side being evenly rounded in a semicircle, without any spines; 
the second antennez have short basal joints, with a very long sickle- 
shaped terminal claw, set with two rows of teeth; the first pair of 
legs is uniramose and three-jointed, the other pairs are biramose; but 
the basal jomts of the first two pairs are narrow and slender, not 
lamellar; the last two pairs have lamellar basal joints, but all of their 
rami are just alike and armed with spines at their tips. 


Genus LEPIMACRUS Hesse. 


Lepimacrus jourdaini Hesse, 1883, p. 6, pl. tv, figs. 8-17. 


Hesse described, in the above reference, a new genus and species 
based upon a single female specimen obtained from Lamna cornubica. 
The species has never been seen by any other writer, so that Hesse’s 
description is all the knowledge we have of it. And although this 
description is faulty and the figures give us few reliable details, yet 
enough is shown to determine with reasonable certainty that the speci- 
men really represented a new genus. Consequently it is here included 
and is differentiated as well as possible from the other genera in 
the following diagnosis. 

Fremale.—Carapace elliptical, rather pointed anteriorly, the sides 
slightly emarginate; frontal plates prominent; eyes small and close 
together. Four pairs of dorsal plates on the thorax+segments, first 
and third pairs median, second and fourth pairs lateral. First two 
pairs subquadrangular; first pair fused at the base but separated for 
most of their length by a broad sinus; second pair widely separated, 
even at their bases. Last two pairs narrow and elongate; third pair 
separated at their bases but meeting at their tips on the midline; 
fourth pair on the genital segment, each plate semilunar, the convex 
sides toward each other and fused for some distance at the center. 
The tips of these plates are divergent; they project far behind the 
genital segment and are armed with stout spines; abdomen small, one- 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 349 


jointed, and concealed beneath the genital segment; mouth-tube, ap- 
pendages, and adhesion pads similar to those in other Pandarids. 
Male.—Unknown. 
(Lepimacrus, emis, a scale, and paxkpos, long, referring to the 
long and narrow dorsal plates on the genital segment.) 


Genus DEMOLEUS Heller. 


Caligus paradorus Orro, 1828, p. 352, pl. xx, figs. 5, 6. 
Nogagus grandis StEENSTRUP and LUrKEN, 1861, p. 386, pl. x, fig. 1f 
Demoleus paradoxus HELLER, 1865, p. 199, pl. xrx, fig. 3. 

In 1828 Otto described the male and female of a new species of 
copepod parasite which he named Caligus paradoxus. The male had 
the typical Nogaus form, but was much larger than other species, 
being 12.5 mm. in length. In 1865 Heller rediscovered the female 
of Otto’s species and made it the type of a new genus, which he called 
Demoleus, and for which he gave the following genus diagnosis: 
Cephalothorax emarginate posteriorly, two following segments free, fourth segment 
with dorsal plates (in the female); frontal plates prominent, first antenne partly con- 
cealed by them, two-jointed. All the legs biramose, rami two-jointed, armed with 
plumose setz, those of the first and fourth pairs minute, of the second and third pairs 
lamellar and enlarged. Genital segment elongate, abdomen very short, not jointed, 
covered with a foliaceous dorsal lamina, appendages large. Male of the typical Noga- 
gus form. 

With this description and the excellent figures published by Otto 
and Heller to guide us we can locate in this genus the form Nogagus 
grandis, described by Steenstrup and Litken in 1861 from two 
specimens obtained in the warmer portion of the Atlantic, the definite 
locality and host not given. At the conclusion of their description 
these authors suggest: “If Dinematura ferox and Nogagus grandis 
could be proved to come from the same locality they might well be 
the male and female of the same species”’ (p. 387). 

But in this they are mistaken, because neither the carapace, the 
fourth thorax segment, the swimming legs, nor the abdomen corre- 
spond with those found in Dinematura males, for the carapace in 
Dinematura is wider and its lateral margins are more strongly convex; 
the third segment is considerably larger, and the fourth segment car- 
ries a pair of rudimentary dorsal plates, which are entirely lacking in 
this Nogagus. The genital segment is relatively much wider in 
Dinematura, and has no posterior lobes; the abdomen is very much 
narrower and two-jointed, with the jomts equal. But the essential 
difference is found in the swimming legs; in Dinematura males the 
rami of the second and third pairs are three-jointed like those of the 
female, while here in Nogagus grandis all the rami are two-jointed. 

Furthermore, a careful comparison of this species with Otto’s type 
male of Caligus paradoxus show the two to be identical. 


350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


They differ from all the other Nogans types here given in their size, 
being from 13 to 16.5 mm. in length; in the role size of the third 
thorax segment, which is much the smallest of the three free segments ; 
in the semilunar shape of the fourth segment; in the segmentation 
of the abdomen, each joint of which is considerably wider than long, 
and in the huge size of the anal lamin, which, however, are armed 
with very small and rudimentary sete. These considerations render 
it fairly certain that Nogagus grandis is the male of Demoleus para- 
doxus, and we may revise the genus diagnosis as follows to include 
both sexes: 

Female.—Carapace orbicular, about one-third the entire length; 
frontal plates narrow and distinct; eyes close together. Second and 
third thorax segments of the same width and just filling the space 
between the posterior lobes of the carapace; second segment with 
small lateral lobes; fourth segment less than half the width of the 
other two, and carrying a pair of small dorsal plates. Genital segment 
elongate, more than twice as long as wide, deeply incised eee 
iy sao rounded lobes. Sixth segment separated in the form of 
a circular plate concealed between the genital segment and the abdo- 
men. Abdomen minute, triangular, and entirely concealed in dorsal 
view; anal lamine very large, projecting beyond the posterior margin 
of the genital segment, but armed with small and rudimentary sete. 
Second antenne small, with a weak terminal claw; second maxillipeds 
with a medium-sized claw. All the swimming legs biramose, the rami 
two-jointed and armed with plumose sete; basal joints of the first 
and fourth pairs small, of the second and third pairs enlarged and 
lamellar. Egg-strings looped once so as to give three strands. 

Male.—-Carapace similar to that of the female, about half the entire 
length; a pair of minute accessory lobes on the posterior border, just 
inside the posterior lobes. Lateral lobes on second thorax segment 
like those in the female; fourth segment without dorsal plates. Gen- 
ital segment elongate, with short and well-rounded posterior lobes, 
but with no legs visible in dorsal view. Abdomen two-jointed, 
terminal joint the wider; anal lamine huge, but armed as in the 
female with small and rudimentary sete. Second maxillipeds not 
much swollen and armed with ordinary terminal claws. All the 
swimming legs biramose, the rami two-jointed and armed with large 
plumose sete. 

(Demoleus, a Greek slain by Auneas before Troy.) 


Genus GANGLIOPUS Gerstaecker. 
Gangliopus pyriformis GERSTAECKER, 1854, p. 192, pl. vu, figs. 9-16. 
Nogagus angustulus GERSTAECKER, 1854, p. 193, pl. vu, figs. 17, 18. 
Both sexes of this genus were obtained together from the gill 
arches of a shark captured on the west coast of Africa, and were 
described by Gerstaecker in 1854. He recognized the female as the 


NO. 1578. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. Dou 


type of a new genus which he named Gangliopus, but he classed the 
male with the genus ‘‘ Nogagus,” and gave it the name NV. angustulus. 
The fact that they were found together did not suggest to Gerstaecker 
that they might be male*and female of the same species, but such 
seems to be the case as evidenced by the following facts: 

(1) Negative evidence: Each of the two forms is different from the 
other types of its own sex which belong to this subfamily. This is a 
necessary preliminary for the formation of any new genus, and the 
male should differ as well as the female, as we find it actually does 
in the present instance. 

(2) Positive evidence: The frontal plates and first antenne are very 
similar in the two forms; the carapace is relatively longer in the male, 
but this is what would naturally be expected. In both sexes the 
carapace is narrowed posteriorly. 

Each sex shows three free thorax segments, diminishing in size 
backward; in the female they are armed with dorsal plates, but these 
are lacking in the male, which carries but a single pair of lateral lobes 
on the first segment. 

The genital segment in each is enlarged and quadrangular; it is 
emarginate in the female and carries a pair of posterior lobes in the 
male. The four anterior pairs of legs are biramose, the rami of the 
first three pairs two-jointed, the fourth pa‘r one-jointed. The relative 
sizes are what would be expected in the male and female of the same 
species, 9 mm. in the female and 7.5 mm. in the male. 

In view of these facts ‘‘ Nogagus angustulus” may be regarded 
with considerable certainty as the male of Gangliopus pyriformis and 
we shall have the following genus diagnosis for both sexes. 

Female.—Carapace obovate, strongly narrowed posteriorly; the 
lateral areas divided by transverse grooves as in Fchthrogaleus. 
Frontal plates prominent; posterior lobes short and triangular. A 
pair of small dorsal plates on each of the three free segments, all 
lateral, the first pair with a wide interval between their bases, the other 
two pairs meeting on the mid-line. Genital segment somewhat en- 
larged, quadrangular, with evenly rounded posterior corners. Sixth 
thorax segment well separated and carrying a pair of rudimentary legs 
as in Dinematura.. Abdomen small and square, attached by one 
corner to the sixth segment; anal laminz minute, attached to the 
lateral corners of the abdomen, and destitute of setz or spines. 
Swimming legs all biramose, rami small and laminate, those of the 
first three pairs two-jointed, of the fourth pair one-jointed. Rami 
of the first two pairs armed with adhesion pads; exopods all carrying 
short, nonplumose spines, endopods naked. Egg-tubes narrow and 
twice as long as the body. 

Male.—Carapace obovate-elliptical; frontal plates prominent; pos- 
terior lobes long, narrow, and pointed. Free segments transversely 


BD PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


elliptical and widely separated, the first one carrying a pair of good- 
sized lateral lobes. Genital segment subquadrangular, with short 
and acute posterior lobes. Abdomen two-jointed, the basal joint the 
larger; anal lamin large, each armed with four plumose sete. Ap- 
pendages as in the female: all the swimming legs biramose, the first 
three pairs of rami two-jointed, the fourth pair one-jointed. 

(Gangliopus, yeyyAwov, a tumor or swelling, and zovs, foot, 
swollen-footed.) 

Neither of these forms has been seen since Gerstaecker first de- 
scribed them, and there are several points with reference to their 
anatomy which need explanation. 

In the female the exopod of the first swimming legs is represented 
as one-jointed and the endopod as two-jomted. But the arrange- 
ment of the spines on the exopod shows clearly that it is at least a 
fusion of two joints. And a more careful examination of fresh mate- 
rial would probably show that it is imperfectly segmented; accord- 
ingly it has been given here as two-jointed. Again, Gerstaecker says 
that the abdomen of the female is two-jointed, and that the basal 
joint carries at its posterior corners two oval lamin. Such append- 
ages are not found on any Caligid, but their interpretation becomes 
easy if we regard them as rudimentary legs like those in Dinematura. 

What he calls the basal joint of the abdomen will thus become 
the sixth thorax joint, well separated from the genital segment as in 
several other species. He does not mention any dorsal plate for this 
sixth segment, but such a plate might be easily overlooked when it 
was concealed between the genital segment and abdomen. The simi- 
lar plate which exists in Echthrogaleus has escaped detection up to 
the present time. 

For the male nothing is said in the text about the swimming legs 
and all information has to be taken from the figure given, which, 
however, does not show either the first or second pairs. Accordingly 
we have to fall back upon the supposition that these are the same 
as in all the Nogaus species or Gerstaecker would have noted the 
difference. This method is not very scientific, but it is all we have at 
present. 


Genus PERISSOPUS Steenstrup and Lutken. 


Perissopus dentatus, SreENsTRuP and LirKeEN, 1861, p. 393, pl. x1, fig. 25. 


Female.—Carapace wider than long, narrowed anteriorly; poste- 
rior lobes short, sometimes almost lacking. Frontal plates narrow 
but distinct, with a broad and well defined median incision. Eyes 
three in number, placed nearly in a row, the middle one the smaller. 
Three free thorax segments, each with a pair of dorsal plates, the 
first pair lateral and oblique, the second median and nearly hori- 
zontal, the third the largest, extending entirely across the body. 


No. 1573. -ARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. ade 


Genital segment considerably larger than the carapace, evenly 
rounded anteriorly, but almost squarely truncated posteriorly, with 
short and acute spines at the corners and a wide median incision. 
Fifth legs some distance from the margin on the ventral surface. 
Abdomen small and entirely hidden in dorsal view; anal lamin 
also small, with very short and nonplumose spines. Terminal joints 
of the second maxillipeds enlarged and fleshy, reniform, with a rough 
scaly surface. Legs all biramose; rami of third and fourth pairs 
minute and rudimentary. Egg-strings narrow and much longer than 
the body. 

Male.—Carapace, including the posterior lobes, elliptical, slightly 
longer than wide, narrowed anteriorly; posterior lobes long and nar- 
row; posterior margin between the lobes nearly straight. yes three 
in a row, the median one much smaller than the others. Free thorax 
segments about the same length, diminishing regularly in width. 
Genital segment small, subquadrangular, with the fifth legs very 
prominent at the posterior corners. Abdomen large, one-jointed; 
anal lamine large and armed with long plumose sete. Second 
antenne larger than in the female, but with the adhesion pad much 
reduced in size. Second maxillipeds with a stout, curved, terminal 
claw shutting down against a pair of corrugated knobs asin Pandarus. 

Swimming legs all biramose, rami of fourth pair indistinctly seg- 
mented, of the other pairs two-jointed. 

(Perissopus, 7épiooos, more than the regular number or size, and 
xous, foot, alluding to the enlarged second maxillipeds.) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


a. First pair of dorsal thorax plates bilobed; second pair not meeting at the mid- 


hne; third pair tused..22.--<-..- (Chlamys) incisus Van Beneden, 1892, p. 354. 
a. None of the thorax plates bilobed; second and third pairs meeting at the mid- 
[iave Sab Ute UphLSe Cre eyae ements a een eS a OO eee ee ne eee b. 


b. Carapace about half the size of the genital segment; its posterior lobes 
narrow, long, and overlapping the first dorsal plates; rami of third legs 
fused into a semicircular plate. 

dentatus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 353. 

b. Carapace more than four-fifths as large as the genital segment, its posterior 
lobes very short and wide; rami of third legs distinct and similar to those 
OMthe thirdspait.ccs..aseeaeesie oes =e communis Rathbun, 1887, p. 354. 

This genus Perissopus was established by Steenstrup and Liitken 
in 1861 for a species which they named P. dentatus, and for which 
they gave the following genus diagnosis: 

Cephalothorax undivided; abdominal segments free, carrying four or six dorsal 
plates; genital segment enlarged and a little widened, covering the short tail and the 
caudal stylets; abdominal feet destitute of plumose setze, rami of first and second pairs 
(at least in P. dentatus) two-jointed, the other rami not jomted, very rudimentary. 
Male unknown. 


Proce. N. M. vol. xx xiii—07——23 


354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


They wished to include in the same genus Dana’s Lepidopus, and the 
above diagnosis was evidently made out with that in view. 

And they also gave two species diagnosis, one for their new species 
dentatus, and the other for Dana’s species armatus. 

But in this they were mistaken, for Dana’s genus Lepidopus can 
not be identified with Perissopus for reasons already mentioned (see 
p. 348). This leaves the genus with the original type species dentatus, 
the new species, communis, established by Rathbun in 1887, and a 
third species, incisus, described in 1892. 

In that year Van Beneden published an account of a copepod para- 
site belonging to the present subfamily, which he made the type of a 
new genus, called Chlamys. He recognized its resemblance to Dana’s 
Lepidopus, but was either unacquainted with, or had forgotten 
Steenstrup and Liitken’s genus Perissopus, which it resembles even 
more closely. In fact there is little doubt that it is a species of Peris- 
sopus, as Bassett-Smith has suggested (1899, p. 468), and as such it 
is here included in the key. The only doubt as to its identity is found 
in the utter confusion of details characteristic of Beneden’s figures and 
descriptions. In his ventral view of the female (Plate I, fig. 3) he 
pictures the first swimming legs as uniramose and two-jointed, while 
the other three pairs are biramose, with all the rami one-jointed. In 
the enlarged figure (fig. 9) of these same legs he shows them all bira- 
mose, each endopod one-jointed, and each exopod two-jointed.. His 
description in the text (pp. 230 and 231) agrees with this last figure, 
except for the fourth legs, of which he says: “‘La quatrieme paire de 
pattes n’est pas biramée.” In the face of such flat contradictions, 
one has to be guided chiefly by the general makeup of the body and 
the relation of its regions. These are so similar to those of Perissopus 
as to leave no doubt of generic identity. 


PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS Rathbun. 


Puates XVII and XVIII. 


Perissopus communis RATHBUN, 1887, p. 560, pls. XXIxX, XXX. 
Perissopus dentatus (part) BAsserr-SmitTH, 1899, p. 468. 

Female.—Carapace semielliptical, narrowed but little anteriorly, 
widest at or near the posterior angles; lateral margins slightly convex, 
sometimes nearly straight; posterior lobes short and angular; poste- 
rior margin straight or slightly concave, sometimes with a small spine 
on either side. Frontal plates narrow but distinct, frontal margin 
nearly straight, with a broad and shallow median incision. Eyes 
usually invisible in the adult, but distinct in the young, three in num- 
ber and arranged in a transverse row, the central one slightly behind 
and a little smaller than the other two. Visible portion of the dorsal 
plates of the second thorax segment standing out at an angle of 45° 
to the central axis, and elliptical in outline, the longer diameter nearly 


NO. 1573, PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. ops 


twice the length of the shorter one. The outer margin of these plates 
really extends forward to the reniform pads of the second maxillipeds, 
so that if removed from the body the plates are found to be spindle 
shaped, pointed at either end, about twice as long as wide and 
attached nearly at the center of the inner margin, leaving both ends 
free. A wide space between the bases of these plates and behind the 
posterior margin of the carapace is left uncovered or with a small cen 
tral plate, as in some Pandarus species. Dorsal plates of the third 
thorax segment smaller than the first pair, also elliptical, but nearly 
horizontal or only slightly oblique, with their tips meeting and often 
overlapping a little on the mid-line. Dorsal plates of the third pair 
considerably enlarged, circular and extending across the entire width 
of the body, their inner margins overlapping on the mid-line, their 
posterior margins reaching some distance over the genital segment. 
The posterior margins of the first and third pairs of plates are scal- 
loped, the points ending in short and sharp teeth; the margins of the 
second pair of plates are smooth. Genital segment about the same 
size as the carapace, evenly rounded anteriorly, its lateral margins 
convex, its posterior margin cut obliquely on either side, with small 
and sharp spines at the posterior corners and a wide and deep median 
sinus. The margin between the sinus and the corner spine on either 
side has a double or S-shaped curve, sweeping backward at the side 
of the sinus and forward close to the spine. 

Abdomen small and plump, a little longer than wide, barrel-shaped, 
one-jointed, and entirely concealed beneath the genital segment. 
Anal lamine short, triangular, and armed with minute and irregular 
spines. First antennee small and two-jointed, the basal joint heavily, 
the terminal joint lightly, armed with sete. The basal joint is much 
wider than the terminal and twice as long, and its tip reaches well 
beyond the margin of the frontal plate. Second antenn also small 
and weak, the terminal claw as long as the rest of the appendage, but 
slender and not very strongly curved. Adhesion pads much smaller 
than in Pandarus, the first pair ovate, their long diameter inclined 
outward and forward at an angle of 45° to the body axis, the second 
pair much smaller, circular, and at the very base of the second 
antenne, on the ventral surface of the carapace, so that they can not 
be lowered against the fish’s skin as in Pandarus. 

Mouth-tube and mandibles of the usual form for this subfamily; 
second maxille lamellar, each tipped with a long and narrow spine. 
In other genera these lamelle are attached along a line at right angles 
to the body axis, or one inclined outward and backward, so that the 
appendages when at rest against the surface of the carapace are 
parallel with the mouth-tube or turn inward and overlap it. But in 
the present genus the line of attachment is inclined backward and 
inward, parallel with the tapering margin of the mouth-tube, so that 


356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


directly away from the proboscis nearly at right angles. 

First maxillipeds of the usual pattern, the terminal claws rather 
stout, the external one considerably longer than the internal. Second 
maxillipeds swollen and fleshy, the terminal joint enlarged into a huge 
kidney-shaped adhesion pad, destitute of pinchers, knobs, or claws. 
This pad has exactly the same structure as those at the bases of the 
antennx; the adhesion surface is tough and leathery, is surrounded by 
a.raised margin, and is minutely corrugated and irregularly furrowed, 
but shows no traces of scales or anything of the sort even under a one- 
twelfth oil immersion lens. Opposite these large second maxillipeds 
the lateral margin of the carapace on either side is raised into a large 
spherical knob on the ventral surface, pointing downward and inward 
toward the base of the maxilliped, and even in contact with the latter 
in preserved specimens. 

Swimming legs all biramose, each ramus of the first two pairs 
distinctly two-jointed, of the third pair partially, and of the fourth 
pair almost wholly, fused into a single joint. Exopods each armed 
with stout spines, of the same number and similarly arranged, one at 
the outer distal corner of the proximal joint and four ina row across 
the end of the distal joint. Endopods with portions of the surface 
covered with minute papillz or spines. Outside of each exopod in 
the three posterior pairs is a small rounded knob, like a rudimentary 
third ramus, bearing on its summit a long and flexible spine. 

The basal joints of each pair of legs are subrectangular in outline 
and increase rapidly in size from in front backward, those of the 
fourth pair being fully eight times the size of the first. In the first 
two pairs these basal joints are attached by their anterior margins, in 
the third pair by the antero-interior corners, and in the fourth pair by 
the centers, of the interior margins, the rami in each case being borne 
on the posterior margins. In all the exopods the basal joint is con- 
siderably larger than the terminal; in the endopods of the first and 
second pairs the terminal joint is the larger, while in the third and 
fourth pairs it is reduced to a mere knob on the side of the basal joint. 
The fifth legs consist of a long papilla, broadly triangular at the base 
and strongly flattened, attached to the ventral surface of the genital 
segment halfway between the lateral margin and the mid-line, and 
armed with three slender spines. 

Of the reproductive organs each egg tube is coiled once in the 
genital segment, and each of the three strands of the coil runs the 
entire length of the segment and fills its side out to the lateral margin. 
The vulva or oviduct opening is at the tip of a raised rectangular 
papilla, situated close to the base of the abdomen on either side. 
The spermatophores are club-shaped, narrow and elongate, and 
apparently jointed at the center. They are attached just outside the 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 357 


vulva papilla, in the angle between it and the ventral surface of the 
genital segment on either side, and their duct empties on the same 
side without crossing the mid-line, as in Pandarus. 

Semen receptacle globular, a little wider than long and just in 
front of the base of the abdomen; its anterior margin is evenly 
rounded, its posterior one is split at the center, dividing the receptacle 
into two conical, widely divergent branches, which run out into the 
vulva papilla on either side and there open into the oviduct. Cement 
glands almost invisible in preserved material, the only thing that 
could be made out with reference to them being their position on 
either side of and close to the mid-line, and their general shape that of 
parentheses marks. 

External egg-sacs slender, one and a half to two times as long as 
the entire body; eggs small, strongly flattened and numerous, with 
very little pigment. 

Total length 4mm. Length of carapace 1.5 mm. Width 1.9 mm. 
Length of genital segment 1.6 mm. Width of same 1.8mm. Length 
of egg-strings 6 to 8 mm. 

Color a light yellowish white, without pigment, often turning 
brown in alcohol. 

(communis, common). 

Male.—No adult male has ever been obtained, not merely for this 
species, but for the whole genus. Two fully developed chalimus 
males, however, were obtained in company with chalimus females 
and young adults on a smooth dog-fish captured September 2, 1904, 
at Woods Hole. The following is a description of these males and 
would be correct for the adults except in size. 

Carapace, including the posterior lobes, forming an ellipse, strongly 
narrowed anteriorly, its lateral margins moderately convex. Pos- 
terior lobes long and narrow and bluntly rounded at the tip; pos- 
terior margin between the lobes nearly straight, with the rudiments 
of accessory lobes on either side. Eyes large and prominent, a little 
in front of the center and close together, but not in actual contact. 
Frontal lobes large and prominent, narrow at the center but broad 
at the outer ends, where they cover most of the basal joints of the first 
antenne. Free thorax segments diminishing regularly in width 
‘backward, the fourth one the same width as the genital segment, the 
first one considerably narrower than the distance between the pos- 
terior lobes of the carapace, leaving a wide open space on either side. 
Lateral processes of this first segment long, large, and curved outward 
at the tips. 

Genital segment oblong, the anterior margin neerly straight, the 
lateral margins evenly rounded, the posterior margin concave. 

The fifth legs appear as large and prominent papille at the postero- 
lateral corners, about one-fifth of the distance in front of the posterior 


358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


margin. It must be remembered that this is still a chalimus, and in 
the subsequent development of the genital segment these fifth legs 
may become partially or even wholly concealed on the ventral surface. 

The large spherical sperm receptacles can be seen in the posterior 
portion of the segment, just in front of the fifth legs. 

Abdomen half as wide as the genital segment, one-jointed; anal 
lamin small, triangular, each tipped with four large sete, three 
close together at the inner corner, and one removed a little distance at 
the outer corner. Outside of the latter there is also a minute spine. 
Appendages similar to those of the female, the second antennxz some- 
what larger, the terminal claw stouter and carrying an accessory 
claw on its ventral surface. 

The adhesion pads at the bases of these antenne are reduced still 
more in size, and might easily be overlooked unless sought for particu- 
larly. The second maxillipeds are radically changed from the pad- 
form of the female and are tipped with a stout claw, well curved, 
which shuts down against a pair of corrugated cushions as in Panda- 
rus. Swimming legs all biramose, the rami of the first three pairs 
two-jointed, of the fourth pair one-jointed. But from the arrange- 
ment of the spines and the indentation of the margins these fourth 
rami are each evidently a fusion of two joints, and possibly become as 
fully two-jointed in later development as in Pandarus. 

The number and arrangement of the spines and setz are as follows: 
First exopod 1,0; 4, III: endopod 0, 0; 0, III: second exopod 1,1; 4, V: 
endopod 0,1; 0, V: third exopod 1,1; 3, V: endopod 0,1; 0, V: fourth 
exopod 1,0; 3, V: endopod 0, I; 0, IV. 

Total length, 3 mm.; length of carapace, including lobes, 1.7 mm. ; 
width, 1.55 mm.; length of free thorax segments, 0.92 mm.; length 
of genital segment, 0.56 mm.; length of abdomen, 0.4mm. Color a 
light yellowish white without pigment. 

Chalimus.—Female chalimi were secured in three different stages of 
development, which have already been described under the ontogeny 
(see p. 340). It onlyremains here to emphasize their specific charac- 
ters. The smallest of the three is exactly the same length as the male 
just described, but is in an earlier stage of development. The simi- 
larity between the two is much closer than in the adults, and affords 
a striking proof that they are really the two sexes of the same species. 
The carapace of this female chalimus is almost exactly like that of the 
male, its posterior lobes being long and well rounded, very different 
from their shape in the adult. The frontal plates are also much more 
prominent than in the adult female, and are like those of the male. 
The eyes are visible in both sexes, are of the same size, and similarly 
placed. 

Again, the second, third, and fourth thorax segments are visibly 
free in this young female, and are remarkably like those in the male. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 359 


The lateral plates of the first segment are just starting and correspond 
closely to the lateral processes of the same segment in the male. The 
second pair of plates have not started, while the third pair appear as 
two broad and short lobes on the fourth segment. 

The genital seement is comparatively wider in the female, and the 
fifth legs are on the ventral surface instead of at the posterior corners. 
The abdomen is visible for its entire length behind the genital segment 
and is very similar to that of the male, having only a single joint. The 
anal laminz are also similar, and while the spines on them are non- 
plumose and very short, they are arranged similarly to those in the 
male. 

The appendages in this young female, however, are like those of the 
adult of the same sex. The terminal joints of the second maxillipeds 
are in the form of adhesion pads. They have not yet assumed the 
reniform shape characteristic of the adult, but are otherwise the same. 
The swimming legs are exactly like those in the adult female, as can be 
seen from fig. 12, p. 341. 

In the second chalimus, 4 mm. in length, we find the carapace 
approaching the adult form. The posterior lobes have shortened, and 
the carapace has widened. The free thorax segments have become 
more compactly joined, and the dorsal plates are all of good size. 
Those on the second segment, however, are now circular, and neither 
they nor the third pair meet at the center, but leave a wide median 
space between them (fig. 13, p. 342). 

The genital segment has widened and approached more nearly to the 
size of the carapace. It has also grown backward over the abdomen, 
so that the posterior margin of the latter is just even with that of the 
former. Much of the dorsal surface of the abdomen is still visible, 
however, through the median sinus of the genital segment. 

In the third chalimus, 4.5 mm. long, we find practically the same 
structure as in the adult. The carapace has widened and its posterior 
lobes have shortened. The eyes have moved nearer the anterior 
margin, and the frontal plates have become relatively much less 
prominent. On the thorax segments the dorsal plates have increased 
in size until they overlap on the mid-line, while the posterior margins 
of the first and third pairs are handsomely scalloped (fig. 14, p. 343). 

The genital segment has now become a little larger than the cara- 
pace, while the abdomen has entirely withdrawn beneath it so that 
only the tips of the anal lamin are visible at the base of the median 
sinus. 

Variety stumpsoni: Carapace wedge-shaped, one and a half times 
wider than long, strongly narrowed anteriorly as in dentatus, but 
with the sides nearly straight instead of strongly convex, and with 
very short posterior lobes. The under surface of the carapace shows 


360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the same large raised knobs opposite the second maxillipeds as in the 
type species (figs. 20 and 21). 

First pair of dorsal plates widely separated, their posterior margins 
reaching far behind those of the second pair, and far outside the lateral 
margins of the third pair. The posterior margins of the first and 
third pairs of plates are not toothed in any of the specimens at hand. 

Genital segment much larger than the carapace, a little wider than 
long, the width greatest near the center and a little more than that 
of the carapace. Posterior angles reaching farther back than in the 
typical form, making the posterior margin more squarely truncated ; 
median sinus narrow and shallower than in the type form. Appen- 
dages exactly like those of the type form except that they are larger. 
Ege-strings relatively narrower than in the type form and much 
longer. 2 pak 3s 

Ten females belonging to this variety were obtained from a dusky 
shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, at Woods Hole. They are excellently 
preserved, and are of the same color as the type form, a light yellowish 
white. They are all fully developed females with egg-strings, are 
all exactly alike, and differ from the type in the above particulars, 
the most noticeable difference being the increase in size and in the 
length of the egg-strings. 

Rathbun founded his variety on a single specimen which had been 
in alcohol many years and was of a dark brown color. 

On comparing these fresh specimens with his, they are found to 
agree in every particular of structure, but are somewhat larger, and 
are of the same color as the type instead of being brown. 

This species was established by Rathbun in 1887 upon six lots of 
specimens obtained from four different hosts. Two additional lots 
have since been obtained, one of which included the developmental 
stages and was obtained from a new host. 

The U. S. National Museum collection now includes the following: 
From the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, Cat. No. 12685 from 
Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts; Cat. No. 8181 from Noank, Con- 
necticut, and the variety stimpsoni, Cat. No. 4414 and Cat. No. 32775, 
both from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 

From the sharp-nosed shark, Scoliodon terre-nove, Cat. No. 6085, 
taken at Pensacola, Florida, and Cat. No. 32776 taken at Beaufort, 
North Carolina. From the blue shark, Carcharhinus milberti, Cat. 
No. 8180 taken at Woods Hole. From the shovel-head shark, 
Reniceps tiburo, Cat. No. 8182 taken at St. Marys River, Florida. 
From the smooth dog-fish, Mustelus canis, Cat. No. 32777 taken at 
Woods Hole; this lot included the chalimi already described. 

That this is a valid species and not a synonym of Perissopus 
dentatus, as Bassett-Smith would have us believe, may be seen in the 
following comparison: 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 361 


In Perissopus dentatus the carapace is wedge-shaped, the pos- 
terior margin twice the width of the anterior, the posterior lobes one- 
third as long as the carapace on the mid-line; there are no lobes or 
knobs on the ventral surface. The first pair of dorsal plates are 
elliptical, not reaching forward to the bases of the first legs. The 
basal joints of the first two pairs of legs are attached by their postero- 
interior corners, with the rami attached to their exterior margins. 
The rami of the third legs are fused into a single semicircular lamella 
tipped with two minute spines. Rami of the fourth legs one-jointed 
exactly alike, but the exopod tipped with a single spine while the 
endopod has none. 

In Perissopus communis the carapace is semielliptical, scarcely 
narrowed at all; the posterior lobes are less than one-seventh the 
length of the carapace on the mid-line, and are often virtually elim- 
inated; there is a large hemispherical knob on the ventral surface of 
the carapace near the lateral margin on either side, opposite the 
reniform pad of the second maxilliped. The first dorsal plates reach 
forward to the base of the second maxillipeds. The basal joints of 
the first two pairs of legs are attached by their anterior margins, with 
the rami on the posterior margins. The exopods have each the same 
number of spines similarly arranged, one on the exterior margin and 
four in a row at the end; the rami of the third legs are as distinct as 
those of the other pairs; the endopods of the third and fourth pairs 
of legs are very different from the exopods. 


Genus LAMINIFERA Poche. 


Phyllophora Mitnet Epwarps, 1840, p. 471. (Phyllophora cornuta Mine Ep- 
warps, 1840, p. 472, pl. xxxvuiu, figs. 13, 14.—Bassett-Smiru, 1899, p. 465. 
Laminifera cornuta Pocue, 1902, p. 8.) 

Female.—Carapace triangular, narrowed and rounded anteriorly, 
the lateral margins only moderately convex; posterior lobes widely 
divergent, as long as the entire carapace on the mid-line, broad and 
well rounded; posterior margin between the lobes very narrow. The 
three pairs of dorsal plates on the thorax developed into overlapping 
foliaceous wings, each pair considerably wider than the carapace. 
The first two pairs are widely divergent, like the posterior lobes of the 
carapace, and just meet on the mid-line; the third pair are horizon- 
tal, their inner margins overlapping considerably. Genital segment 
quadrangular with rounded corners and a squarely truncated poste- 
rior margin; sixth segment in the form of a dorsal rounded plate, as 
in Pandarus. Abdomen attached to the ventral surface of the geni- 
tal segment, one-jointed, with modified anal lamin attached to its 
sides at the base, and a ventral plate as in Pandarus. Appendages 
similar to those in the other Pandarine; first antenne three-jointed; 
second pair much enlarged, their terminal claws stout and not much 


362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


curved, reaching back to the thorax. Second maxillipeds swollen but 
little and ending in short claws. All the swimming legs biramose; 
basal joints of the first and fourth pairs not united across the mid-line; 
rami lamellar and destitute of setae or spines, those of the third pair 
two-jointed, of the other pairs one-jointed; fifth legs on the ventral 
surface close to the base of the abdomen. Egg-strings narrow, a lit- 
tle longer than the body. Length, 22.5 mm. 

(Laminifera, lamina and fero, to bear.) 

Male.—Unknown. 

This genus was founded by Milne Edwards in 1840 upon female 
specimens obtained near Tongatabu; the host is not given, but was 
probably a shark. Milne Edwards named the genus Phyllophora, but 
this name had been preoccupied three times previously, for a genus of 
birds in 1812, a genus of flies in 1838, and again for a genus of mam- 
mals in the same year; accordingly Poche suggested the name Lami- 
nifera in 1902. 

Milne Edwards gives no genus diagnosis, but only a short descrip- 
tion, from which and from the two excellent figures he published the 
above diagnosis has been deduced. There is some doubt on one point, 
and what are here given as the fifth legs may prove, on later invest- 
igation, to be the sixth pair, attached to a well differentiated sixth 
segment. 


Genus ECHTHROGALEUS Steenstrup and Lutken. 


Pandarus (part) Minne Epwarps, 1833.—JoHnsron, 1835. 

Dinematura (part) BURMEISTER, 1834.—GuErRIN, 1837. 

Dinemoura MinNr Epwarps, 1840.—Barrp, 1850. 

Echthrogaleus StreENstRuP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 380 (Echthrogaleus coleoptratus 

STEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 380, pl. vin, fig. 15). 
Female.—Carapace large and well rounded; frontal plates distinct 
but not prominent; posterior lobes long and blunt; dorsal surface 
with a longitudinal groove on either side, a transverse groove across 
the mid-line, and a short groove across the lateral area on either side; 
three small eyes, the lenses close together and arranged in the form of 
a triangle. ‘Three free segments, each bearing a pair of dorsal plates; 
first two pairs rudimentary, first pair lateral, second pair median, 
third pair well developed and extending the entire width of the body. 
Genital segments enlarged, sometimes wider than the carapace, 

with a deep posterior sinus and long rounded lobes. A small median 
lobe at the base of the sinus represents the sixth thorax segment, and 
corresponds to the similar lobes found in Pandarus, Dinematura, ete. 
It is on the ventral surface and entirely concealed between the geni- 
tal segment and abdomen (coleoptratus), or on a level with the dorsal 
surface and visible (denticulatus and torpedinis). Abdomen small, 
one-jointed, concealed beneath the genital segment or partially visi- 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 3638 


ble in the ace of the sinus; anal laminz large but armed with non- 
plumose sete. 

Second maxillipeds tipped with stout claws; all the swimming legs 
biramose; rami of first pair two-jointed; exopods of second and third 
pairs three-jointed, mee two-jointed, all with rudimentary plu- 
mose setz; fourth pair transformed into imperfectly jointed lamelle, 
destitute af sete. Kgg-tubes very slender and several times the 
length of the body. 

Male.—Carapace like that of the female but proportionally larger, 
frontal plates more prominent. Lateral lobes of the second thorax 
segment corresponding to the first pair of dorsal plates in the female; 
no lobes on the third segment; a rudimentary pair on the fourth seg- 
ment, which are closely appressed to the anterior margin of the genital 
segment. The latter smaller than in the female, with one pair of legs 
at or just in front of the posterior corners. Abdomen small and two- 
jointed; anal lamine large and armed with plumose sete. Append- 
ages as in the female. 

(Echthrogaleus, €y@pos, an enemy, and yadeos, a shark.) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


a. Females, third dorsal plates much enlarged, covering half the genital segment 
or more; genital segment also enlarged, sometimes to the size of the carapace; 


abdomen: small; one-jomted= hidden:..22450 42 ss0. 2-2 selec nose cb eeenscne = b. 
a. Males, no dorsal plates or only the rudiments of them; genital segment scarcely 
enlarged; abdomen entirely free and two-jointed.......................--- (he 
b. Body more than twice as long as wide; third dorsal plates with rounded 
ANLEHOLICOLMerS sy UNOUt SPINES assem se ane sya eee ae alee roe eae eve ee CG: 

b. Body short and wide, length to width as 5 to 3; third dorsal plates with 
sharp spinesiat thetantentorscormers:..(.2 2 -.5...h000 Sessa tee toe aoe if: 

c. Carapace definitely wider than long; posterior lobes of genital segment paral- 
lel and not touching along the mid- fue Eee a a esp aDN ee ea Ae eo eR LO ANID d. 
c. Carapace as long as, or longer than, wide; posterior lobes of genital segment 
conversent.and overlapping’on the mid-line:. 2:2. 2.222 s.22252522-5..--2-- e. 


d. Carapace larger than the genital segment; fourth segment plates without 
transparent dots and covering more than half the genital segment. 

braccatus Dana, 1852, p. 366. 

d. Carapace much smaller than the genital segment; fourth segment plates 

covered with transparent dots and overlapping less than half the genital 

BCOIMCT Maracas See Seana toes oie coleoptratus Guérin, 1837, p. 367. 

e. Carapace definitely longer than wide; abdomen small and entirely concealed, 

not even the anal laminze visible in dorsal view. 

affinis Milne Edwards, 1840, p. 364. 

e. Carapace the same length and width; abdomen half as large as the genital seg- 

ment and partly visible in dorsal view... -indistinctus Kroyer, 1863, p. 364. 

/. Posterior carapace lobes not touching the third dorsal plates; genital seg- 

ment decidedly smaller than the carapace........-.-......-.0-..-..-5- g. 

J. Posterior lobes of the carapace overlapping the third dorsal plates; genital 

segment as large as or larger than the carapace.................--.---- h. 

g. Third dorsal plates covering more than half the genital segment and toothed on 

their posterior and inner margins; fifth legs projecting beyond the lobes of the 

genital segment; abdomen invisible.......... denticulatus Smith, 1874, p. 369. 


364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


g. Third dorsal plates covering less than half the genital segment, their margins 
smooth; fifth legs invisible; abdomen partly visible. 
perspicax Olsson, 1869, p. 364. 
h. Third dorsal plates covering nearly the whole genital segment; no spines at 
their anterior corners; posterior lobes of the genital segment turned 
strongly inward and almost touching each other; fifth legs invisible. 
torpedinis, new species, p. 371. 
h. Third dorsal plates covering about two-thirds of the genital segment, spines 
at their anterior corners; posterior lobes of the genital segment parallel and 
separated by a wide sinus; fifth legs visible beyond the tips of the lobe. 
neozealanicus Thomson, 1889, p. 365. 
7. Carapace three times the width of the genital segment; frontal plates broad and 
prominent; third thorax segment as wide as the fourth. 
perspicax Olsson, 1869, p. 364. 
i. Carapace two and a half times the width of the genital segment; frontal plates 
very small and narrow; fourth thorax segment short, wider than the genital 
segment and semulumar.c2 os. 225. -e5-2 se oe neozealanicus Thomson, 1889, p. 365. 
i. Carapace twice the width of the genital segment; frontal plates wide and promi- 
nent; fourth thorax segment long and narrower than the genital segment. 
braccatus Dana, 1852, p. 366. 

This genus was established by Steenstrup and Litken in 1861 
to include, as they said, four species which had up to that time 
been classed with the genus Dinematura, namely D. alata Milne 
Edwards, D. affinis Milne Edwards, D. coleoptrata Guérin, and 
D. braccata Dana. These agree with each other and differ from 
the true Dinematura species in the following: (1) The first two free 
thorax segments are fused together; (2) the genital segment is 
broad and flat, not long and narrow; (3) the dorsal plates are larger 
and cover half the genital segment or more; (4) the abdomen is not 
jointed, it carries only a single dorsal plate, and it is often con- 
cealed beneath the genital segment; (5) the fourth swimming legs 
are small and their basal joints are not wing-like when developed; 
(6) the first three pairs of legs do not deserve the name of swimming 
legs, and their plumose sete are poorly developed. 

The authors might have added a seventh difference which would 
have been at least as valuable as any of the others. In Dinematura 
the sixth thoracic segment is well separated from the genital seg- 
ment, and it bears a pair of dorsal plates and also a rudimentary 
pair of swimming legs. In Echthrogaleus, on the other hand, this 
sixth segment is reduced to a mere lobe attached to the base of the 
posterior sinus of the genital segment, and there is not even a trace 
of any dorsal plates or swimming legs. To this genus Echthrogaleus 
belong also the following five species, which have appeared since 1861: 

‘ Dinematura” vndistincta, described by Kréyer in 1863 (p. 183), 
but of which no figures have ever been published; rightly referred 
to the present genus by Bassett-Smith in 1899. 

Echthrogaleus perspicax, described by Olsson in 1869; includes 
both sexes and is well illustrated. 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 365 


Echthrogaleus denticulatus, described by S. I. Smith in 1874, but 
of which no figures have hitherto been published. 

“ Dinematura”’ neozealanica, described and figured by Thomson in 
1889, and rightly referred to the present genus by Bassett-Smith in 
1 


Echthrogaleus tor pedinis, new species (p. 371). 

Dana’s Dinematura braccata is possibly a young female of ch- 
throgaleus coleoptratus rather than of F. affinis, as Bassett-Smith 
would have us believe; eight valid species appear in the above key. 

In 1833 Milne Edwards described a new species of parasitic cope- 
pod, to which he gave the name Pandarus alatus. Two years later 
Johnston published a description of what he claimed to be the same 
species, giving it Milne Edwards’s name. On founding the present 
genus Steenstrup and Liitken decided that Johnston’s species was the 
same as Guérin’s ‘‘ Dinematura coleoptrata,’ and that it was not 
identical with Milne Edwards’s species. This latter decision is con- 
firmed by the following differences: Milne Edwards’s species shows: 
1. No division of the lateral areas of the carapace. 2. No trans- 
parent spots on the dorsal plates of the fourth thorax segment. 
3. Second maxillipeds armed with slender terminal claws and without 
accessory claws or spines. 4. Marked differences in the shape of the 
second antenne, first maxillipeds, and maxille. 5. Both rami of 
the second and third pairs of legs three-jointed. 6. Rudimentary 
legs just in front of the abdomen. 

Johnston’s species, on the contrary, shows: 1. Distinct divisions of 
the lateralareas. 2..Transparent spots on the fourth segment plates. 
3. Thick and stout terminal claws on the second maxillipeds, fur- 
nished with large accessory claws. 4. The rami of all the legs two- 
jointed. 5. No rudimentary legs in front of the abdomen. Such 
differences are rather too numerous and important to allow any 
assumption of the identity of the two species. Johnston’s descrip- 
tion does agree with that of Guérin and Steenstrup and Liitken in 
every particular, and his species may therefore be taken as a synonym 
of Guérin’s FL. coleoptratus. 

As to the location of Milne Edwards’s original ‘‘ Pandarus alatus,”’ 
it is difficult to decide. In the structure of the mouth-tube, maxille, 
and second maxillipeds, in the three-jointed endopods of the second 
and third legs and in the presence of rudimentary legs just in front 
of the abdomen it conforms to the genus Dinematura rather than 
Echthrogaleus. But in the fusion of the second and third thorax 
segments, in the broad shape of the genital- segment, in the absence 
of any dorsal plates for the sixth segment, and in the small size of 
the fourth legs it conforms to Echthrogaleus and is unlike Dinematura. 

Hence it can not be located with certainty according to available 
data; Milne Edwards's statements seem to favor its inclusion under 


366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XXXII. 


the present g genus. "But if SO, it is a distinct species and is not a 
synonym of any of the lanonin species. 

Milne Edwards claimed to have both sexes, but the specimen he 
has figured as a male (PI. VIII, figs. 2 and 3) was certainly a 
female without egg-strings. He says nothing about its size. If it 
were not fully developed some of the discrepancies, and possibly all, 
might be explained, for no development stage of any species of this 
genus has ever been seen. 

In view of these facts, we are warranted in omitting the species for 
the present and awaiting further evidence. 


ECHTHROGALEUS BRACCATUS Dana. 


Dinematura braccata DANA, 1852, p. 1370, pl. xcv, fig. 4 

Echthrogaleus (Nogagus) braccatus HELLER, 1865, p. 197, pl. xx, fig. 3. 

Nogagus braccatus BAssErr-SmitH, 1899, pp. 460, 464. 

Dana, who first described this species in 1852, referred it to the 
genus Dinematura, but Steenstrup and Liitken in 1861 created a new 
genus LHchthrogaleus out of several of the Dinematura species, 
including this one of Dana. Heller in 1865 described a Nogaus 
form as the male of this species, and Thomson recorded in 1889 the 
capture of the species at Auckland, New Zealand. Finally Bassett- 
Smith in 1899 made the species a synonym of Hchthrogaleus affinis. 
After a careful examination of the evidence the present author can 
not agree with Bassett-Smith. Dana plainly states as his reasons 
for distinguishing the species from affinis the difference in the shape 
of the lateral plates on the second thorax segment, the size and posi- 
tion of the anal lamine, the relative size of the carapace and genital 
segment, and the size and shape of the third thorax segment. In 
Dana’s species also the posterior sinus of the genital segment is 
very deep and the rudimentary sixth segment plate is not visible, 
while in affinis the sinus is much shallower and the sixth segment 
plate is visible at its enlarged base. 

These reasons are sufficient to separate the two species when sup- 
ported by such authorities as Steenstrup and Litken and Heller. 

When we come to compare Dana’s species with coleoptratus, how- 
ever, the evidence is not as conclusive; still there are enough differ- 
ences to prevent us from declaring the two species synonymous on 
present evidence. These differences are found in the shape of each 
of the three pairs of dorsal plates on the thorax segments, in the 
fact that the third pair of plates have no transparent dots in Dana’s 
species, while these are very prominent in coleoptratus, and in the 
relative size of the carapace and genital segment. Dana's species 
was without egg-strings; and if it was a young female, not fully 
matured, some, if not all, of these differences could be readily 
explained. But Dana gives the length as half an inch, which is 
larger than an adult coleoptratus. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 367 


In 1865 Heller described a male which he referred to this species, 
giving the following diagnosis: 


Cephalothorax half the length of the animal, of about the same length and width, 
posterior lobes elongate, with a border around the inner margin. 

Frontal plates wide, with a sinus at the center of the frontal margin. Second 
abdominal segment winged on either side, wings truncated posteriorly, with a thin 
border on the inner side. 

All the abdominal feet biramose, rami of the first and fourth pairs two-jointed, 
exopod of the second and third pairs three-jointed, endopod two-jointed. Genital 
segment almost quadrate, with rounded angles. Tail one-half shorter than the 
genital segment, two-jointed, second joint the longer, appendages elongate. Length 


fod 


of body 7 mm. 


This shows plainly that the copepod is a male of the genus 
Echthrogaleus, and as it was found, according to Heller, in company 
with females of Dana’s species, and as its anatomy agrees with that 
species, there is no reason to doubt its identity. 

We are thus warranted in leaving the species as Dana and Heller 
published it, awaiting further evidence. 


ECHTHROGALEUS COLEOPTRATUS Guerin. 


PLATE XIX. 


Dinematura coleoptrata GUERIN, 1837, pl. xxxv, fig. 6. 

Dinematura alata GUERIN, 1837, pl. xxxv, fig. 7. 

Pandarus alatus (MILNE Epwarps) JOHNSTON, 1835, p. 202, two text figures. 
Echthrogaleus coleoptratus SrEENsTRUP and LirKeEN, 1861, p. 380, pl. vit, fig. 15. 


Female.—Body elongate, length more than twice the width; cara- 
pace orbicular, as wide as long, including the posterior lobes; lateral 
and frontal margins strongly convex, posterior margin slightly con- 
vex; posterior lobes long and narrow and curved inward at the tips, 
not reaching the anterior margin of the dorsal plates on the fourth 
segment by quite a distance. Lateral areas very narrow, the trans- 
verse suture at about their center; the transverse suture of the median 
area far forward and not straight, but zigzag. 

Second thorax segment distinctly separated from the third with 
lateral plates like the lateral lobes in the male extending outward and 
backward, but not concealed by the carapace. 

Second dorsal plates median and rudimentary, relatively wider 
than in denticulatus; the broad apron of the third legs visible at the 
sides of these plates in the space between the posterior lobes of the 
carapace and the fourth segment. Third dorsal plates much enlarged, 
trapezoidal in shape and covering a little less than half the genital 
segment. They fit very snugly to the genital segment and project 
only their own thickness beyond the lateral margins of the latter. 
They just meet on the mid line without overlapping, and their entire 
margin is free from teeth or spines. Their chief characteristic, and 
one which will distinguish the present species from all others, is the 


x 


368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


tracery of transparent dots or points which are scattered over their 
dorsal surface. These dots are circular in outline, sharply defined, of a 
light yellowish color, and transparent, thus showing prominently 
against the dark-brown background of the general surface. They 
are not arranged in any definite pattern, differing in different indi- 
viduals, but they are approximately symmetrical in the two plates 
of any specimen. 

Genital segment much larger than the carapace, elliptical or 
spindle shaped, tapering considerably toward either end; posterior 
sinus two-fifths of the entire length, narrow and slit-like, and enlarged 
but little at the base; posterior lobes closely appressed but not over- 
lapping; sixth segment lobe small and entirely concealed between the 
genital segment and abdomen, but plainly visible on the ventral sur- 
face after removing the abdomen. 

Abdomen transversely elliptical, one-half wider than long, with 
evenly curved margins. On either side of the anterior margin is a 
small rounded knob which projects forward beneath the genital 
segment. Anal laminz large, each one as long as the abdomen and 
half as wide, tipped with three rudimentary setz at the center of the 
terminal margin, two small spines near the outer corner and one near 
the inner one. ; 

First antennx slender and not prominent; second pair stout with a 
long terminal claw which is strongly curved. First pair of adhesion 
pads ovate and small; second pair angular and still smaller; on each 
half of the apron of the third legs two of the pads are in close contact 
near the lateral margin, while the third one is removed some little 
distance from them toward the median line. Mouth tube relatively 
short and slender; second maxille boot-shaped and relatively large, 
their bases far forward in front of the base of the mouth tube. First 
maxillipeds slender, terminal joint longer than the basal, both claws 
with a fringe of sete. Second maxillipeds with a strongly swollen 
basal joint and a stout terminal claw, which shuts down against two 
large corrugated knobs. 

The spines on the rami of the swimming legs are short and stout 
with toothed margins, while the sete are all rudimentary, except 
those at the tip of the endopod of the second legs. The arrangement 
is as follows: First exopod 0, I; 4, III: endopod 0, 0; 5, III: second 
exopod 0, 0; 1, 1; 7, ILD: endopod 0) 1; 5, IML: *third-éxopod ayal; 
1, 1; 5, II: endopod 1, 0; 3; IL: fourth exopod 3;: VIL: endopod 
(Ome 

In the fourth leg joints the rami are fused indistinguishably, but 
the spines are scattered along the margin in such a way as to indicate 
that the ramus is a fusion and not a single joint, a fact still further 
attested in the endopod by indentations on the margin. Of the 
genital organs the oviducts are coiled once in each half of the genital 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 369 


segment, passing back to the end of the posterior lobe, then forward 
to the anterior margin, and then back to the vulva, which opens 
between the abdomen and the genital segment. The vaginal open- 
ings are on the ventral surface, close together, one on either side of 
‘the mid line just in front of the base of the abdomen. From these 
may often be seen protruding the ends of the ducts of discharged 
spermatophores. The cement glands are very large, as would be 
expected when we remember that the egg strings are several times 
the length of the body. They occupy a large share of the ventral 
surface of the genital segment in front of the abdomen; each is in 
the shape of a figure 7 inverted. 

Total length, 13 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 4 mm.; 
length of fourth segment plates, 4 mm.; length of abdomen, 6.5 mm. ; 
width of carapace, 5 mm.; width of fourth segment plates, 6 mm. 

Color, a dull grayish yellow, uniform and lighter on the ventral 
surface, darker on the dorsal surface, with the center of the carapace 
between the lateral grooves and the entire surface of the fourth seg- 
ment plates a dark chestnut brown. The internal coils of the oviduct 
also show through the dorsal surface of the abdomen as light brown 
in color. 

(coleoptratus, Koheos, sheath and zrepor, wing, the dorsal plates of 
the fourth thorax segment resembling the elytra of beetles.) 

This is the type species upon which Steenstrup and Liitken founded 
the present genus and was identified by them from Guérin’s figures 
and description. They gave as one of its synonyms ‘“ Pandarus 
alatus,” described by Johnston in 1835; the latter believed his species 
to be identical with the ‘‘Pandarus alatus”’ published two years 
earlier by Milne Edwards. 

Steenstrup and Liitken doubted this identity of the two species, 
and careful examination confirms their doubt. (See p. 365.) Hence the 
specific name used by Johnston can not stand, although it was pub- 
lished two years prior to that of Guérin. 

There are three lots of specimens belonging to this species in the 
U.S. National Museum collection, Cat. No. 6185, from the back fin of 
Tsurus dekayi at Woods Hole, ot No. 8179, from Cornwall, Eng- 
land, in exchange with A. M. Norman, no host given, and Cat. No. 
12056, from a shark captured near Unalaska, Alaska. 


ECHTHROGALEUS DENTICULATUS Smith. 
Puate XX. 
Echthrogaleus denticulatus Smiru, 1874, p. 576.—RatTuBun, 1884, p. 488. 
Female.—Carapace orbicular, a little wider than long; lateral and 
anterior margins strongly convex, posterior margin nearly straight. 
Dorsal surface divided by two longitudinal grooves into a very wide 
median and narrow lateral areas similar to those in Pandarus males. 
Proc, N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——24 


370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Median area with a transverse groove a little in front of its center; the 
three eyes close together and arranged in the form of a triangle, two 
in front of this groove and one behind it. Transverse grooves divid- 
ing the lateral areas placed far back, only a little in front of the poste- 
rior margin of the carapace and curved forward. Frontal plates: 
narrow and showing but little in dorsal view. ; 

Free segments short and telescoped together so that the posterior 
lobes of the carapace touch or overlap the third pair of dorsal plates. 
First dorsal plates lateral and nearly concealed beneath the carapace 
and its posterior lobes; but they extend forward under the carapace 
and each bears an adhesion pad on its anterior margin as in Pandarus. 
Second dorsal plates median and rudimentary, like those just starting 
in young females of Pandarus and Perissopus. Third dorsal plates 
enormous, as wide as the carapace, and covering two-thirds of the 
genital segment. Each is armed at its anterior corner with a short 
but stout spine; the plates do not quite meet at the mid-line and are 
armed along their entire median and posterior borders with sharp 
spines, thickly set. Genital segment elliptical, one-third narrower 
than the carapace, with wide and conical posterior lobes. From the 
tips of these lobes extend the modified fifth legs in the form of narrow 
pointed processes whose bases reach forward on the ventral surface to 
the base of the abdomen. Although every species thus far examined 
shows these fifth legs on the ventral surface, the present species and 
neozealanicus are the only ones in which they extend beyond the tips 
of the posterior lobes so as to become visible in dorsal view. The 
rudimentary sixth segment lobe is about half the width and length of 
the posterior lobes of the genital segment, and is evenly rounded. 
It is on a level with the dorsal surface of the carapace and is entirely 
visible from above. 

Abdomen wedge-shaped, relatively large, but placed so far forward 
on the ventral surface of the genital segment that only the anal lamine 
are visible from above. These lamine are twice as long as wide and 
are each tipped with two or three rudimentary sete, short and non- 
plumose. 

First antenne of the usual pattern, terminal joint slender and club- 
shaped. Second antennz stout and placed far back of the anterior 
margin, opposite the base of the mouth-tube; terminal claw short, 
strong, and well curved. First adhesion pads obovate, of medium 
size, and close to the lateral margin; second pair very small and nearly 
circular; third pair elliptical and larger than the second; fourth pair 
on the outer margins of the first dorsal plates as in Pandarus, elliptical 
and the same size as the third pair. In addition to these four pairs 
there are also adhesion pads on the basal joints of the first and third 
pairs of swimming legs, One pair on the first legs close together on 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 371 


— 


either side of the median line, three pairs on the third legs circular in 
form and arranged in a triangle at some distance from the median line 
on either side. There is also a median unpaired pad on the anterior 
margin of these legs, transversely elliptical in form. 

Mouth-tube long and slender; second maxille laminate, rather 
narrow, and tapering toarounded point. First maxillipeds stout, the 
anterior terminal claw more than twice the length of the posterior, 
both claws fringed with hairs. Second maxillipeds not much swollen, 
the terminal claw semicylindrical, the flat side shutting down against 
a pair of spherical knobs on the basal joint. All the swimming legs 
biramose; rami of the first pair two-jointed; basal joint of the exopod 
as long as both joints of the endopod; terminal joint circular in out- 
line, half as long as the basal; endopod joints the same length. 

Exopods of second, third, and fourth legs three-jointed, endopods 
two-jointed, the joints thoroughly fused in the fourth pair. 

Endopod joints subequal in the three pairs; basal exopod joint of 
the second pair longer than the two (equal) terminal joints; basal 
joint in the third pair a little longer than either of the others; the 
three joints in the fourth pair subequal. 

Setz and spines arranged as follows: First exopod, 0, 1; 4, III: 
endopod, 0, 0; 4, 0: second exopod, 1, I; 1, I; 4, II: endopod, 
OF O13 0c tod exopod. tad 1. 1:6, Ik: endopod,.0,.0; 3, IV: 
fourth exopod, 0, I; 0, I; 0, I: endopod, 0, 0; 0, 0.: 

Total length, 9 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3.25 mm.; 
width, 4.57 mm.; length of free segments, 1.5 mm.; length of third 
dorsal plates, 2.85 mm.; length of genital segment, 4.3 mm.; width 
of third plates, 4.5 mm. 

Color of preserved specimens a yellowish brown, probably discolored 
by the alcohol. 

(denticulatus, armed with minute teeth, referring to the margins of 
the third dorsal plates.) 

The U.S. National Museum collection contains a single specimen, 
the original type described by Smith in 1874. It was taken from 
Atwood’s shark, Carcharodon carcharias captured in Vineyard Sound, 
Woods Hole and is numbered 6169. Smith gave a brief description 
of the species without any figures, and it has remained unrecognized. 

The full description and figures here given should establish its 
validity. It can be readily recognized by the spines or teeth on the 
third dorsal plates and by the projecting fifth legs. 


ECHTHROGALEUS TORPEDINIS, new species. 
Puate XXI. 
Type.—Cat. No. 11350, U.S.N.M. 


Female.—Body short and wide; length to width as 5 to 3. Cara- 
pace orbicular, considerably wider than long, even including the pos- 


ote PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


terior lobes; lateral areas of medium width, the transverse grooves 
crossing them nearly at the center; posterior lobes long and narrow, 
their tips extending under the third dorsal plates for some distance; 
posterior margin concave. Frontal plates not well defined nor promi- 
nent; eyes small and situated about two-fifths of the distance from 
the frontal margin. 

The fused second and third thorax segments rather short; first 
dorsal plates large and extending out beneath the posterior lobes 
nearly to the lateral margins of the carapace. These plates are semi- 
circular and end in blunt spines at their anterior corners. Second 
dorsal plates rudimentary and narrow, leaving a space on either side 
between their lateral margin and the posterior lobe of the carapace. 
Third dorsal plates enormous, covering the entire genital segment 
except the very tips of the posterior lobes; each plate is one-half 
longer than the carapace on the mid-line, and together they are con- 
siderably wider than either the carapace or the genital segment, pro- 
jecting far beyond the lateral margins of the latter. Their outer 
margins are strongly curved, their posterior margins nearly squarely 
truncated, and there is a wider space between their inner margins 
than in most species. They are smooth and without any trace of 
spines. Genital segment broadly elliptical, a little wider than the 
carapace, but longer than wide, its posterior lobes wide and bluntly 
rounded, and turned in toward each other but not overlapping. Pos- 
terior sinus one-third the entire length, much enlarged at the base, 
and showing plainly there the dorsal surface of the sixth segment 
lobe. This latter is much longer than in coleoptratus or denticulatus, 
with parallel sides and an evenly rounded posterior margin, and it 
extends backward about half the length of the sinus. 

Abdomen relatively as large as in denticulatus, but much wider pos- 
teriorly, being subquadrangular; anal lamine large and broad, each 
tipped with a few coarse spines. The base of the abdomen reaches 
forward to the center of the genital segment and is about one-third 
the width of the latter, while the ends of the anal laminz just reach 
the tips of the posterior lobes. 

First antenne slender and small; second pair large and stout, with 
a long and strongly curved terminal claw; the basal joint carries a 
stout spine behind the adhesion pad. 

First two pairs of adhesion pads small, those on the base of the 
second antennze reduced to mere points. Two small circular pads 
on the basal joint of the first legs; the three pairs on the apron of the 
third legs arranged as in coleoptratus, two side by side on each half of 
the leg and one at a little distance, nearer the mid-line. Mouth tube 
exceptionally long and slender; second maxille also long and rela- 
tively larger and wider than in the other species here described. The 
terminal joints of these maxille are boot-shaped, and are folded over 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 31d 


inward toward each other, so that they le across the mouth tube 
like a pair of folded hands. Further back on either side, opposite the 
base of the first maxillipeds, is a flattened spine, larger than the max- 
illa and pointing backward. 

~ Second maxillipeds with a stout but rather short terminal claw, 
and two large corrugated knobs on the basal joint against which the 
claw shuts. Swimming legs biramose and of the usual pattern, but 
with the plumose sete on the terminal joints better developed than 
in coleoptratus. The arrangement of the spines and sete is as fol- 
lows: First exopod, 0, 1; 6, 0: endopod, 0, 0; 3, 0: second exopod, 
etd 1) 5, Il endopod, 0) 0; 4 Ill:third exopod, 0,1; 1, 1; 6; 1M: 
endopod, 0, 0; 4, 0: fourth exopod, 0, I; 0, I; 0, VII: endopod, 0, 0; 
Or 0: 

Outside of the base of the exopod of the fourth legs and inside of 
the base of the endopod of the third legs is a small papilla armed with 
a long and flexible spine, similar to those found in Perissopus. The 
fifth legs are larger than in coleoptratus, but not as large as in denti- 
culatus, and their tips just reach the margins of the posterior lobes. 

The oviduct is coiled once in the usual fashion, the vulvee opening 
just beneath the base of the abdomen. _ The cement glands are large 
and are arranged like parentheses marks on either side of the mid-line; 
their posterior ends are enlarged and bent inward nearly at right 
angles. The semen receptacle is just in front of the base of the 
abdomen, with the vagine opening side by side at the mid-line. The 
spermatophores are fastened on either side of the genital segment, 
outside and in front of the vulva, and the duct from each crosses the 
mid-line and empties into the vagina on the opposite side of the body. 

Total length, 13 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 4 mm.; 
width of same, 6.5 mm.; length of free segments, 2 mm.; length of 
third dorsal plates, 5.65 mm.; width of same, 8 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 7.38 mm.; width of same, 7 mm.; length of abdo- 
men, without anal lamine, 2.5 mm.; length of egg-strings, 40 mm. 
Color a dark cinnamon brown, uniform over the entire body. 

(torpedinis, the name of the host.) 

The U. S. National Museum collection includes two lots, both ob- 
tained from the Torpedo, common along our Atlantic coast, Torpedo 
occidentalis. The first is Cat. No. 6187, U.S.N.M., and includes two 
females taken from one of the pectoral fins of a Torpedo captured at 
Woods Hole in 1875. The other lot is Cat. No. 11350, U.S.N.M., and 
includes seven females taken from the ventral fins of a Torpedo cap- 
tured at Provincetown, Massachusetts, October 20, 1885. 


374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxmt. 


Genus DINEMATURA Latreille. 


Caligus (C. productus) Miner, 1785, p. 132. 
Dinemoura (D. producta) LATREILLE, 1829, p. 197. 
Pandarus (P. lamnx) JoHNsTON, 1835, p. 203. 
Dinematura (D. producta) BURMEISTER, 1833, p. 284. 

Fremale.—General body form elongate, the length more than twice 
the width. Carapace transversely elliptical, its lateral margins 
strongly arched, with narrow frontal plates and long well rounded 
posterior lobes; grooving similar to that in the Caliginze; eyes invisi- 
ble in the adult. Second thorax segment with large lateral wings; 
third segment narrow, with rudimentary dorsal plates, or entirely 
without them; fourth segment with plates of medium size, separated 
by a deep median fissure, and covering the anterior portion of the 
genital segment; fifth or genital segment oblong, with broad and well-_ 
rounded posterior lobes; sixth segment distinct, separated from the 
genital segment, furnished with a pair of dorsal plates, and carrying 
ventrally -a pair of rudimentary swimming legs. Abdomen small, 
one-jointed, projecting but little behind the genital segment, with 
large anal lamine, carrying non-plumose sete. 

Two adhesion pads instead of one behind each first antenna, the 
posterior one the larger. Mouth-tube long and very slender; second 
maxille slender, three-jointed; first maxillipeds with a tuft of sete, or 
a small setiferous third claw, between the usual two at its tip; second 
maxillipeds with a stout terminal claw which shuts down between two 
knobs on the basal joint. 

All the swimming legs biramose; rami of first pair two-jointed, of 
second and third pairs three-jointed, of fourth pair enlarged, laminate, 
and one-jointed. First three pairs with plumose sete, fourth pair 
without sete or even spines. Ege-strings straight and several times 
the length of the body. 

Male.—Carapace like that of the female but considerably wider than 
long; eyes visible and situated far forward. Lateral wings on second 
thorax segment small; third segment without any traces of dorsal 
plates; fourth segment with a rudimentary pair overlapping the 
genital segment a little. Genital segment oblong wedge shaped, 
widest posteriorly; sixth segment not distinctly separated as in the 
female, but indicated by an abrupt narrowing of the genital segment, 
and by notches in its lateral margins. Abdomen very narrow, two- 
jointed, the joints equal; anal lamine large and armed with long and 
stout plumose sete. Appendages like those of the female; first max- 
illipeds with a tuft of hairs between the two terminal claws, corre- 
sponding to the middle claw in the female. All the swimming legs 
biramose; rami of first and fourth pairs two-jointed, of second and 
third pairs three-jointed; first three pairs with long plumose sete, 
fourth pair with spines only. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 345 


. : , ae nae . . ® 
(Dinematura, Sis, two, via, thread, and ovpa, tail, that is a tail 
made up of two threads, the egg-strings.) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


a. Females, carapace only one-third the entire length and not much wider than the 
genital segment; rami of the fourth legsand anal lamin long and prominent; 
ege-strings four or five times the length of the body. .............----.....- b. 

a. Females, carapace half the entire length or more and much wider than the 
genital segment; rami of fourth legs and anal laminze short and partly con- 
cealed; egg-strings only twice the length of the body or less ............-.-- es 

a. Males, carapace several times the size of the genital segment; dorsal plates 
reduced to mere stumps or entirely lacking; rami of fourth legs two-jointed 
amdewe le annre dw Des PINGS; pst et ere ee Vice tems eee e es eine wile uetrieete d. 

b. Lobe of sixth segment not projecting beyond the posterior lobes of the geni- 
tal segment; sixth legs reduced to mere papillee; length 30 mm. or more. - . 
ferox Kréyer, 1863, p. 377. 

b. Lobe of sixth segment projecting half its length behind the posterior 
lobes of the genital segment; sixth legs as well developed as the fourth; 
Lenophpls tor 20 mua Ars eee oor eaterete act producta Miller, 1785, p. 380. 

c. Carapace half the entire length or less, not quite twice the width of the genital 
sepment: anal laminge broadly foliaceous: ..¢.2.-52.-2---+----ssse5-secececee 

latifolia Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 383. 
c. Carapace two-thirds the entire length and four times as wide as the genital seg- 


ment; anal lamine narrow oblong .........-.---.----hamiltont Thomson, 1889. 
d. Fourth thorax segment three times as long as wide; abdomen nearly square, 
one-jointed; anal lamine narrow-oblong ......-- hamultoni Thomson, 1889. 


d. Fourth thorax segment considerably wider than long; abdomen oblong and 
Lwo-jointed #anaklamines as broadias long 22 222.02 bc 2 ects os eens cre 
latifolia Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 383. 

This genus was established by Latreille in 1829 for the species 
which Miiller had described as Caligus productus in 1785.  Latreille 
called his new genus Dinemoura, and fortunately gave the etymology 
of the new word, as so many of his associates have failed to do (see 
above). Acting upon this, Burmeister in 1833 changed the spelling 
of the name to Dinematura which certainly corresponds more correctly 
to the etymology and was at once adopted universally. 

There was a great amount of confusion in the early descriptions, 
both in regard to the species and to their hosts, even among such care- 
ful investigators as Gerstaecker and Steenstrup and Liitken. As late 
as 1889 Thomson described four species which he referred to this 
genus; three of them really belong here, but the fourth is as unmistak- 
ably an Echthrogaleus species. 

The simplest way to rectify this and other similar mistakes is to pre- 
sent a list of the 18 species which have been ascribed to this genus 
by the various investigators, with a proper identification for each, so 
far as this has been rendered possible: 

Dinemoura afjinis Milne Edwards, 1840, shown by Steenstrup and Liitken to belong to 
their new genus Echthrogaleus, and accordingly becomes Echthrogaleus affinis. 


Dinemoura alata Milne Edwards, 1840, also shown by Steenstrup and Liitken to be a 
probable species of the genus Echthrogaleus. 


376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


Done Pinanie Dee “1852 , Shown on page 366 a the present paper to be still 
another species of Ee fecaiae 

Dinematura carcharodonti Thomson, 1889, one of the four species to which reference 
is made above, a genuine Dinematura, but apparently a synonym of D. ferox as 
suggested by Bassett-Smith. 

Dinemoura coleoptrata Guérin, 1837, taken by Steenstrup and Litken in 1861 asthe 
type species of their new genus Echthrogaleus. 

Dinemoura elongata Van Beneden, 1857, shown by Steenstrup and Liitken to be a 
synonym of D. producta (see also p. 382). 

Dinemoura ferox Kroyer, 1838, valid (see p. 377). 

Dinematura hamiltoni Thomson, 1889, valid (see p. 375). 

Dinematura gracilis Burmeister, 1833, shown on page 452 of the present paper to be 
probably a young male of Dinematura producta. 

Dinematura indistincta Kréyer, 1863, probably belongs to the genus Echthrogaleus, as 
suggested by Bassett-Smith, but only a brief description without figures has ever 
been published. 

Dinematura lamnx Kroyer, 1863, first described by Johnston in 1835 as Panadarus 
lamnx, but really a synonym tor Dinematura producta, as shown by Steenstrup 
and Liitken in 1861. 

Dinematura latifolia Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, valid (see p. 383). 

Dinemura musteli-levis Hesse, 1880, shown on page 386 of the present paper to be 
probably a Demoleus species. 

Dinematura neozealanica Thomson, 1889, another of the four species to which reference 
is made above, and one which certainly belongs to the genus Echthrogaleus, as 
suggested by Bassett-Smith. 

Dinemoura producta Latreille, 1829, the species first described by Miller as Caligus 


productus in 1785, and taken by Latreille as the type species of his new genus . 


Dinemoura (see p. 381). 

Dinematura serrata Kroyer, 1863, shown by Horst in 1897 to be a new genus and named 
by him Philorthragoriscus (see p. 479). 

Dinematura sexsetacea Burmeister, 1833, established to include the two species de- 
scribed by Otto, Caligus heptapus in 1821 and Caligus paradoxus in 1828. But 
the latter was used by Heller as the type of his new genus Demoleus in 1865, and 
hence Burmeister’s species becomes a synonym of that genus. 

Dinematura thynni Kollar, a name given by Kollar on the labels of certain specimens 
in the Vienna Museum. These specimens were made the types of a new genus, 
called Arneus thynni by Kréyer in 1863. They have since been identified with 
Gerstaecker’s Elytrophora brachyptera, which was described in 1853. 

We thus see that out of the eighteen species which have been 
ascribed to this genus only four prove valid, and they have been 
included in the key given above. Of the other fourteen, seven belong 
to the two new genera established by Steenstrup and Litken and 
Horst, while the remaining seven are synonyms of other species. 

The confusion in this genus has apparently arisen from a singular 
inability on the part of the different investigators to appreciate the 
significance of the structures found just behind the genital segment. 
It is easy to understand how Miller, Latreille, and Burmeister failed 
in this regard; they were pioneers in the work and accomplished 
wonders in the face of the greatest difficulties. Moreover, we must 
never forget that they dealt almost wholly with isolated material, 
and were thus deprived of those suggestions and explanations which 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. St 


come from a broad survey and comparison of all the known genera 
and species. - 

But even with these advantages the recent writers have still 
failed to recognize the structures behind the genital segment as a 
sixth thorax segment with its dorsal plates and rudimentary swim- 
ming legs. These structures are plainly marked here in Dinematura, 
but are rudimentary or even lacking in the other genera. They are, 
of course, morphologically the same in all the genera, however 
rudimentary they may be, but have been very differently regarded 
by different investigators. 

For instance, the dorsal process has been considered a process of 
the genital segment in the present genus, as the first segment of the 
abdomen in Pandarus and Gangliopus, as a foliaceous dorsal lamina 
of the abdomen in Demoleus, while it has been wholly overlooked in 
Laminifera and Echthrogaleus, in both of which, however, it exists 
and can be easily found. 

One of the most recent investigators, Bassett-Smith, in his Enu- 
meration of the Known Species of Parasitic Copepods (1899), describes 
this sixth segment as ‘‘a small median process (of the genital segment) 
partially covered by two narrow plates” (p. 463), while he regards 
the rudimentary swimming legs upon its ventral surface as lateral 
processes of the abdomen. But as soon as we realize that this is really 
a sixth segment we have recognized the most important characteristic 
of the genus Dinematura and one which will certainly distinguish it 
from all its relatives. This has been indicated in the diagnosis given 
above by the use of italics. 


DINEMATURA FEROX Kroyer. 
PEATE X XID. 


Dinematura feroc KrOYER, 1838, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 5—MimNrE Epwarps, 1840, 
p. 465.—SrEENstrRvuP and LUrKeEn, 1861, pp. 376, 379, pl. vir, fig. 14. 
Dinematura carcharodonti THomson, 1889, p. 360, pl. xxv1, fig. 2. 


Female.—Body three times as long as wide, both the carapace and 
genital segment thick and strongly arched. Carapace, including the 
posterior lobes, nearly orbicular; lateral areas narrow, their trans- 
verse suture just in front of the posterior margin of the carapace, and 
forming a well-defined notch on each lateral margin; posterior lobes 
long, conical, and curved inward at their tips. Frontal plates very 
narrow and insignificant; median incision scarcely visible; eyes 
small and about one-third the distance from the anterior margin. 
The three free thorax segments about the same length, but dimin- 
ishing regularly in width backward. Lateral plates on the second 
segment reaching back to and overlapping the plates on the fourth 
segment. No dorsal plates on the third segment; those on the fourth 
segment short and narrow, the same width as the genital segment and 


878 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


fo. fifths as ‘long, the median sinus he thirds the ae length, 
narrow and palenecd a little at the base. . 

Each plate is rounded in the form of a semicircle at its posterior 
end and at the anterior corner, the latter projecting prominently. 
Genital segment five-sevenths the width of the carapace, a little less 
than twice as long as wide, with parallel sides and wide, evenly 
rounded, but very short posterior lobes. The dorsal plates on this 
segment are a little narrower and shorter than the segment itself, 
their posterior ends cut off obliquely and separated by a short sinus. 

Dorsal process of the sixth segment filling little more than half the 
entire space between the posterior lobes of the genital segment, but 
not reaching quite to their tips.- Dorsal plates of this segment shorter 
and wider than the process, the median sinus less than one-third their 
length and enlarged a little at its base. Abdomen one-jointed, sub- 
triangular, the anterior corners rounded, the posterior margin pro- 
jecting slightly beyond the genital segment. Anal lamine huge, as 
long and two-thirds as wide as the dorsal plates on the fourth seg- 
ment, and armed with short, nonplumose spines. Egg strings 
narrow and about four times the length of the body; eggs small and 
very numerous. 

First antenne small, two-jointed, armed with but few setz, both 
joints visible in dorsal view. Mouth tube very long and narrow; 
maxillz curved in toward the base of the mouth tube and then out 
again, so as to assume the shape of a half moon. Each maxilla three- 
jointed, the two basal joints subequal, the terminal joint much 
shorter. First maxillipeds rather large, the two joints approxi- 
mately the same length; the accessory claw on the posterior margin 
of the distal joint is removed some distance from the terminal claw. 
Both claws are flat and laminate and fringed along both margins with 
cilia; between them and nearer to the base of the terminal one is a 
rounded knob carrying a heavy tuft of sete. 

Second maxillipeds not swollen as much as in some of the other 
species, and armed with an ordinary terminal claw which shuts down 
against two corrugated knobs on the basal joint. 

All the swimming legs biramose and of the usual pattern; the 
proximal joint of the exopod of the first pair is enlarged-more than 
in any other species, being more than five times the size of the distal 
joint. The arrangement of the spines and setz on the different legs 
is as follows: First ones 1,0; 3, III: endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second 
exopod, 1,1; 1,1; 3, IV: endopod, 1, 1; 0, II; 0, VII: third exopod, 
iE es ee aes IV: : adorn 0, I; 0, II; 0, IV: fourth rami without 
spines or sete. . 

The legs on the sixth segment are reduced to mere stumps, attached 
to either side of the segment and projecting outward at right angles 
to the body axis. They are bluntly rounded at the tips which just 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 379 


reach a level with the lateral margins of the abdomen. Of the repro- 
ductive organs, the cement glands are large and of the usual shape; 
they reach from the base of the sixth segment nearly to the anterior 
margin of the genital segment; the anterior ends are bluntly rounded, 
while the posterior ones are enlarged and somewhat angular. The 
semen receptacle is in the form of a semicircle, its ends enlarged and 
resting against the base of the sixth segment, while the curve is 
directed forward. The oviducts are each coiled once in the genital 
segment, the coil passing backward into the posterior lobe, then 
forward to the anterior margin, and then backward to the vulva 
which opens just in front of the base of the sixth segment on either 
side. 

Total length, 32 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 7 mm.; 
width of same, 10 mm.; length of third dorsal plates, 6 mm.; length 
of genital segment, 13 mm.; width of same, 7 mm.; length of anal 
lamine, 5 mm.; length of egg strings, 120 mm. 

Color (preserved material) a dark yellow tinged with brown, but 
without pigment markings. 

(ferox, ferocious. ) 

Steenstrup and Litken state that if it can be fairly proved that the 
present species and Nogagus grandis live in the same region, then it 
will be reasonably certain that they are the male and female of the 
same species (1861, p. 387). 

After careful examination this does not seem probable for the 
following reasons: First, Nogagus grandis is not like the Dinematura 
males already determined in that its second and third legs are two- 
jointed instead of three-jointed, and its second maxillipeds are of the 
ordinary form instead of swollen. 

In the second place, it is like the male form named Caligus para- 
doxrus by Otto in 1828, and corresponds, in the structure of its append- 
ages, with the female form presented at the same time and afterwards 
(1865) used by Heller as the type of his new genus Demoleus. For 
these reasons Nogagus grandis has been placed with the genus Demo- 
leus (see p. 349). 

The collection of the U. S. National Museum includes two lots of 
this species; one numbered 12036 and containing more than thirty 
females excellently preserved was obtained from the shark fishermen 
of Iceland; the other, Cat. No. 32783, contains six well-preserved 
females whose origin and host are unknown. 


380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


DINEMATURA PRODUCTA Miller. 
IerAyNi DOU 


Caligus productus MULLER, 1785, p. 132, pl. xx, figs. 3 and 4. 

Dinemoura producta LATREILLE, 1829, p. 197. 

Pandarus lamnxe JOHNSTON, 1835, p. 203, fig. 22 (text). 

Dinemoura lame Bairp, 1850, p. 286, pl. xx xin, fig. 8. 

Nogagus productus, GERSTAECKER, 1853, p. 63, pl. rv, figs. 1 to 10. 

Dinematura elongata VAN BENEDEN, 1857, p. 226; 1860, p. 149, pl. xxrv. 
Dinematura producta StEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, 1861, pp. 371, 374, pl. vn, fig. 13. 


Female.—Carapace orbicular, a little wider than long; frontal 
plates wider and more prominent than in ferox, their anterior margin 
nearly straight, with a deep and well-defined central sinus. 

Lateral areas wide, their transverse grooves far in front of the pos- 
terior margin of the carapace and making only small indentations 
on the lateral margins; posterior lobes short and wide, and curved 
inward strongly at the tips. Eyes not visible in any of the specimens 
examined. Free thorax segments very short but wide, filling the 
entire space between the posterior lobes of the carapace. Lateral 
plates on the second segment short and oblique; no plates on the 
third segment; those on the fourth segment narrow and nearly as 
long as the carapace on the mid-line, being more than twice as long 
as wide. Together, these plates are no wider than the genital seg- 
ment, and are evenly rounded at their anterior corners, not projecting 
as in ferox; the posterior ends are also evenly rounded, while the 
median sinus extends about three-fourths the entire length and is 
somewhat enlarged at its base. 

Genital segment oblong, a little more than half the width of the 
carapace, with short and rather narrow posterior lobes; dorsal plates 
covering this segment a little narrower and shorter than the segment 
itself, as in feror. Their posterior ends are cut off obliquely but in 
a direction opposite to that of feror, leaving a sharp corner at the 
inner, instead of the outer, angle; median sinus wide, fairly deep, 
and wedge-shaped, with a squarely cut base. Dorsal process of the 
sixth segment narrow and elongate, reaching far behind the genital 
segment and abdomen; dorsal plates covering the process also narrow 
and elongate, not quite as long as the process itself, divergent, and 
separated by a triangular sinus two-thirds of their entire length. 

The base of this sinus is opposite the tips of the dorsal plates on 
the genital segment. Body of the sixth segment short and about 
the same width as the abdomen; sixth legs large and somewhat boot- 
shaped, with the heels turned outward. They reach back to the 
tip of the dorsal process, are armed with rudimentary spines like the 
fourth legs, and are plainly visible in dorsal view. Abdomen small 
and subquadrangular, projecting behind the genital segment, but 
entirely concealed in dorsal view by the process, legs, and dorsal 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 381 


plates of the sixth segment. Anal lamine large and elliptical, 
articulated by their outer corners only to the outer corners of the 
abdomen; each armed with three terminal spines, and one on the 
outer margin. KEgg-strings narrow and about twice the length of 
the body. 

First antenne of medium size, their basal joints entirely concealed 
beneath the frontal plates; second pair enlarged with a short, sickle- 
shaped terminal claw. Mouth-tube as long as in feror and a little 
wider; maxille large and three-jointed, the basal joint much the 
largest and carrying on its outer margin two small processes, in con- 
tact with each other, and each tipped with a small spine. These 
are evidently the rudiments of the exopod; the endopod is made up 
of two cylindrical joints, the terminal one considerably the smaller. 

First maxillipeds similar to those in ferox; second pair with the 
basal joint more swollen and armed with larger corrugated knobs; 
the terminal claw rather slender but of the usual pattern. Swimming 
legs similar to those in ferox, the basal joint of the first exopod not 
enlarged as much and more pointed. 

The spines and setz are arranged as follows: First exopod, 1, 0; 
3, II: endopod, 0,0; 0, III: second exopod, 1,0; 1,0; 2, V: endopod, 
(els0 a0 evis third exopod, Ios 1 h:'3; Vi; endopod, 0,0; 0; IT; 
0,VI. Fourth rami each with four rudimentary spines near their tips. 

Total length, 17 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 5 mm.; 
width of same, 7 mm.; length of second and third thorax segments, 
1 mm.; of genital segment, 8 mm.; of dorsal process of sixth segment, 
3.5 mm.; of egg-strings, 40 mm.; width of genital segment, 4 mm. 
Color of preserved material a light brown without pigment spots. 

(producta, elongated, drawn out.) 

The present is the species described by Miller in 1785 as Caligus 
productus, and afterwards taken by Latreille as the type of the new 
genus Dinemoura which he established in 1829. 

Neither Miiller’s nor Latreille’s description was very satisfactory, 
but fortunately the specimens upon which these descriptions were 
founded were preserved in the museum in Copenhagen, and Steen- 
strup and Liitken were enabled to recognize Miller’s species and to 
correct some of the errors in regard to it and to its hosts. Accord- 
ingly they have given us a history of this species up to 1861, which 
clears up many of the difficult puzzles and mistakes in identity and 
nomenclature. They declare in substance that the present species 
was described and figured first by Herbst in an article entitled 
‘Beschreibung einer sehr sonderbaren Seelaus vom Hemorfische,”’ 
published in Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschenden 
Freunde for 1780, pp. 56 to 67. Herbst obtained his specimens from 
Pastor Chemnitz, of Copenhagen, who in turn had them from the 
Faroe Islands with the information that they had been fastened to 


382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the tail of a ‘‘Hemorfische,’’ which was in all probability Lamna 
cornubica. 

The Zoological Museum of the university at Copenhagen possesses 
several specimens of this species from the Faroe Islands which were taken 
from Lamnacornubica. The Physiological Museum of the same univer- 
sity possesses another particularly fine lot of females of D. producta 
fastened tightly to a piece of shark’s skin. This piece of skin looks 
as if it came from Scymnus glacialis, and it has been so recorded by 
one or two investigators, but the scales on it show that it really 
belonged to a Lamna cornubica. Such a shark was captured and 
kept on exhibition for some time, and then purchased by the Univer- 
sity Museum. It bore numerous marks of fish lice and the specimens 
fastened to it while on exhibition were all D. producta. 

Miiller was the next to describe the species in 1785; he does not 
state whence he obtained his specimens, but Steenstrup and Litken 
think it probable that they came from the same Faroe Island col- 
lection. Miiller’s figures and description are less satisfactory than 
Herbst’s, and he makes the serious blunder of including Fabricius’s 
Binoculus salmoneus, which belongs to the genus Lepeophtheirus, 
with his ‘‘ Caligus productus.”’ 

In 1829 Latreille, recognizmg that this was not a Caligus, made 
of it a new genus which he called Dinemoura. He was content, 
however, to accept the descriptions already given and added almost 
nothing in the way of further information. Consequently his contri- 
bution consisted of little more than a change of name. 

In 1835 Johnston described a British species which he called Pan- 
darus lamnz, and which was taken from a Beaumaris shark, Lamna 
monensis. Baird incorporated this in his Natural History of the 
British Entomostraca in 1850 under the name of Dinemoura lamne. 
He recognized that it was the same that Herbst had described, but 
singularly enough did not identify it with Miiller’s Caligus productus; 
the name he gave it therefore becomes another synonym of that 
given by Latreille. 

P. J. Van Beneden in 1857 described and figured this species under 
the name Dinemoura elongata, still another synonym. 

It might have been difficult to decide whether Beneden really had 
anew species or not, but Steenstrup and Liitken found that his speci- 
mens came from Copenhagen and that they were taken from the 
same piece of shark’s skin already mentioned. 

Their host, therefore, was Lamna cornubica and not Scymnus gla- 
cialis, as Beneden states, and the species is identical with those 
described before. Thirty-five years later, in 1892, Beneden pre- 
sented what he claimed was the male of his D. elongata, still retain- 
ing his former name for it, although he acknowledges in so many 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 383 


words that both Steenstrup and Liitken and Olsson had shown that 
it was a synonym of D. producta. 

This male is figured very poorly; no frontal plates are shown; 
there are no dorsal grooves or markings of any kind upon the car- 
apace, and the second and third thorax segments are hopelessly con- 
fused. But the general outline, the relative proportion of the vari- 
ous parts, and such of the details as can be made out correspond 
closely with those of the male of latifolia here for the first time shown 
(see p. 386). The rami of the second legs are three-jointed, as they 
should be, but he describes the basal joints of the third legs as fused 
across the mid-line into a broad apron wholly covering the fourth 
pair. The rami of these third legs are attached to the sides of the 
apron and appear to have only two joints in the figure given; noth- 
ing is said of the number of joints in the text. 

In the latifolia male the basal joints of these legs are greatly 
enlarged and nearly meet on the mid-line, but the rami are attached 
to the posterior margins and are distinctly three-jointed. The first 
maxillipeds also in Beneden’s specimen show no tuft of sete between 
the two terminal claws, while the first swimming legs as he has repre- 
sented them are unlike anything known amongst the parasitic cope- 
pods. They are cylindrical, uniramose, and one-jointed, with three 
plumose setz attached to the anterior margin near the end and 
curved over the ventral surface; the end of one is split and armed 
with small spines; the other is entire and bluntly rounded. In the 
text these appendages are said to be the same as those of the female. 

In the presence of such inconsistencies it is of course impossible 
to locate the species with accuracy, but the resemblance between 
this male and the one of latifolia about to be described seem to over- 
balance the differences, and the form Beneden has presented may be 
a Dinematura male as he claims. 

The Museum collection contains three lots of this species; one, 
Cat. No. 12678 U.S.N.M., contains two females obtained from a large 
shark in Casco Bay, Maine. The second is Cat. No. 12679 U.S.N.M. 
and contains six females taken from a large shark captured at the 
surface in latitude 38° 07’ N. and longitude 74° 21’ W. on May 10, 
1887, by the Bureau of Fisheries schooner Grampus. The third is 
Cat. No. 8106 U.S.N.M. and consists of a single female taken from 
a shark near Shetland; it was obtained by exchange. 


DINEMATURA LATIFOLIA Steenstrup and Liitken. 
PiatEs XXIV anp XXYV. 


Dinematura latifolia Stpenstrup and LirKen, 1861, p. 378, pl. vm, fig. 16.— 
Brian, 1898, p. 14, pl. 11, fig. 10. —Basserr-Smiru, 1899, p. 463. 

Female.—Carapace transversely elliptical, the width twice the 

length on the median line: frontal plates narrow but distinct, their 


384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


combined length not more than one-third the width of the carapace. 
Posterior margin almost straight and with a triangular flap on either 
side projecting backward over the lateral plates of the second thorax 
joint. Lateral areas wider than in ferox and producta and without 
any visible transverse grooves; posterior lobes wide, broadly rounded, 
and extending backward toward and somewhat overlapping the dor- 
sal plates of the fourth segment. Thoracic area almost rectangular, 
more than half the entire width of the carapace and about half the 
length on the mid-line; cephalic area small and elliptical. 

Second thorax joint much shorter than the third, but wider, and 
furnished with a pair of good-sized lateral plates, which fill the entire 
space between the posterior lobes of the carapace. Third joint wedge- 
shaped and without dorsal plates; fourth joint with a pair of large 
ones which extend out laterally nearly to the margin of the carapace 
and posteriorly over the basal third of the genital segment. These 
two plates are fused anteriorly, the narrow median sinus not reaching 
quite to their base; each is somewhat triangular in shape, the anterior, 
lateral, and inner margins being convex, while the posterior margin 
is slightly concave. Each plate has the same width and length, thus 
differing radically from those of the other two species already described. 
The fourth segment is much narrower than the third, and the base of 
the dorsal plates is contracted to about half the width of the third 
segment. 

Genital segment elongate, nearly twice the length of the carapace 
on the midline, with wide and evenly rounded lobes at its posterior 
corners. Its dorsal plates are considerably narrower and shorter than 
the segment itself; their posterior ends are broadly rounded and sepa- 
rated by a triangular sinus whose sides are much more divergent 
than in ferox or producta. 

Dorsal process of the sixth segment club-shaped or spatulate, and 
prolonged backward over the abdomen and the base of the anal lami- 
ne. Its two small dorsal plates are separated by a narrow median 
sinus; they do not reach the tip of the process and do not extend 
beyond its lateral margins, except at the base. Abdomen broad, 
heart or kidney shaped, about twice as wide as long, and entirely 
concealed in dorsal view. Its lateral margins are somewhat flattened, 
while to its postero-lateral margins are attached the huge anal lami- 
ne, each fully as large as the whole abdomen and tipped with four 
long plumose set. Egg strings slender and about twice as long as the 
body of the copepod. 

On the ventral surface of the carapace there are four adhesion pads 
on either side of the body and a single median one just behind the 
bases of the first swimming legs. These are similar to the pads found 
in Pandarus, and characterize the present genus as one of the Panda- 
rine, The first two pairs of these pads lie posterior to the bases of 


NO. 1578. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. } 385 


the first antenne and outside the second antenne. They are arranged 
on either side one behind the other, the posterior one being three or 
four times as large as the anterior and both being elliptical in shape. 
The third pair are nearly circular and lie on either side of the mouth 
tube at about its center; the fourth or posterior pair are formed on 
the edges of the lateral plates of the second thorax segment. They 
are elongated, irregular in outline, and inclined toward the central 
AXIS. 

Of the appendages the first antenne are very small and two-jointed, 
the joints not very well supplied with sete; the second antennz are 
large, three-jointed, and terminate in the usual claw, which has a 
double curve like the letter 5. The mouth tube is very slender and 
pointed, and is fully twice the length of the second maxille. The 
latter consist of a thick conical basal joint terminating in a spherical 
knob, from which extend the two slender, cylindrical terminal joints, 
which are inclined outward at an angle of about 45°. The mandibles 
are slender, the two joints about the same length, and they end in a 
terminal claw strongly curved toward its tip and fully as long as the 
joints. On the outer margin of the terminal joint, near the base of 
this claw, is a shorter accessory claw, and between the two claws the 
usual tuft of long cilia; both these claws are also densely covered with 
short hairs. . 

The second maxillipeds are massive and nodose, exactly like those 
in Pandarus, and different from what we have seen in ferox and pro- 
ducta. The swimming legs are all biramose, the rami of the first pair 
two-jointed, of the second and third pairs three-jointed, of the fourth 
pair two-lobed and foliaceous. 

There is a row of three large adhesion pads along the inner margin 
of each of the first legs, two of the pads being on the basal joint and 
the other on the first jot of the endopod. 

The arrangement of the spines and setz on the swimming legs is as 
follows: First exopod,1, 0; 2, III: endopod, 0,0; 0, III: second exo- 
pod. tt 1, 193, Veendopod, 0; I; 0; Li; 0, Vi> third exopod,1, I; 
1, I; 4, III: endopod, 0, 0; 1, Il; 0, IV. Both rami of the fourth 
legs have smooth edges without spines or sete. 

The sixth legs are well developed and are situated close to the mid- 
line just in front of the base of the abdomen, on the ventral surface of 
the genital seement. Each consists of a two-lobed foliaceous lamina, 
similar to those of the fourth legs, but considerably smaller. 

Total length, 15 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 4 mm.; 
width of same, 7.9 mm.; length of genital segment, 7 mm.; width of 
same, 4.65 mm.; length of egg-strings, 30 mm. 

Color a yellowish green, considerably darker in the thicker parts of 
the body, the dorsal plates and thin margins a clear yellow. 

(latifolia, latus, wide, and folia, plates or wings.) 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 25 


386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


Male.—Carapace proportionally much enlarged and very evenly 
rounded, the width one and three-quarters times the length on the 
mid-line. All the thorax joints except the first free as in the female, 
and diminishing in size backward. 

Dorsal plates on the fourth joint much smaller than in the female, 
scarcely overlapping the base of the genital segment, and bordered 
with fine hairs. Genital segment oblong, suddenly and considerably 
enlarged just back of the center, and then contracted abruptly to the 
base of the abdomen, with a deeply concave posterior margin. At 
its widest point it is only one-third the width of the carapace, and is 
about one-fourth longer than wide. Abdomen two-jointed, the ter- 
minal joint a little larger than the basal and wedge-shaped, the large, 
anal lamine being attached to the inclined posterior margins. Hach 
of them is fully as large as the joint itself, and carries three large 
and one small plumose sete. 

The appendages are exactly like those in the female, with the excep- 
tion of the fourth legs; here the rami have not been transformed into 
lamin, but are each two-jointed and armed with short plumose sete 
and spines, like the other legs. 

Total length, 8.3 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 5.2 mm.; length of gential segment, 2 mm.; width of 
same, 1.65 mm.; length of abdomen, 1.7 mm. 

Color as in the female. 

This species appears fairly common upon the large sharks along 
our Atlantic coast, and the U.S. National Museum collection includes 
five lots, all from the mackerel shark, Lamna cornubica. Cat. No. 
32782 U.S.N.M., six females from a station 120 miles off Woods 
Hole; Cat. No. 32784, U.S.N.M., three males taken with the females 
of the preceding lot; Cat. No. 12676, U.S.N.M., six females, locality 
unknown; Cat. No. 12677, U.S. N. M., six females from Cox’s Ledge, 
Massachusetts; Cat. No. 8107, U. S. N. M., a single female taken on 
the coast of England. 


DINEMATURA MUSTELI-LA4VIS Hesse. 


Dinemoura musteli-levis Hesse, 1880, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 1 to 16. 


The description of both sexes as given by Hesse, and the figures, 
make this an anomalous and entirely original form, unlike anything 
found in the entire group of parasitic copepods. 

It is stated in the text that the female is 15 mm. long and 8 wide; 
both full-length figures of the female are a little more than three times 
as long as wide. The text further states that this sex has three free 
thorax segments in front of the genital segment, the third one bearing 
a pair of dorsal plates. The first antenne are four-jointed, the second 
pair six-jointed; the maxille are also six-jointed and -end in a long 
curved claw. The swimming legs are all biramose, but each ramus 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 387 


contains only a single joint; the abdomen is entirely concealed beneath 
the genital segment, and there is not even a trace of any sixth seg- 
ment. The egg-tubes come out of the posterior lobes of the genital 
segment, behind the tips of the anal lamine. 

The male is even more wonderfully made; he possesses five free 
thorax segments in front of the genital segment, but there are only 
two pairs of swimming legs for the entire five segments. 

The first antenne are three-jointed, the second pair four-jointed; 
the maxille are five-jointed and terminate in a stout claw. The 

‘mouth-tube is jointed twice, and the three 

parts are of different diameters; the eyes 
are triangular. The swimming legs are all 
biramose and the rami are one-jointed, as 
in the female, while each anal lamina is 
furnished with a large sucker on its base, 
close to the anus. 

Of course such a description takes away 
all possibility of locating the species accu- 
rately; the only thing we can affirm with 
certainty is that the species does not be- 
long to the genus Dinematura, where Hesse 
has placed it. The size and shape of the 
female’s body, especially when seen in dor- 
sal view, suggests strongly the genus Demo- 
leus. But the male is a perfect enigma, in 
view of which we are obliged to leave the 
species unlocated and await further infor- 
mation. 


Genus PANDARUS Leaeh. 
Pandarus (P. bicolor) Leacn, 1816, p. 405. 


Female.—Body an elongated oval or 
ellipse; cephalothorax semielliptical, usu- Fic. 15.—DorsaL view or 4 FE- 
ally narrowed anteriorly, and covered with AME EANDARUS SINUATUS, SHOW 
a smooth carapace destitute of grooves; 
posterior lobes short, the margin between them armed with teeth or 
spines, or sometimes sinuate (fig. 15.) Eyes usually invisible in the 
adult, but visible in the young. Free thorax segments each furnished 
with a pair of dorsal plates, which are stiff and rigid, elytra-form; those 
on the second segment are lateral, the others median, the third pair 
overlapping to a greater or less extent the genital segment. This lat- 
ter is considerably enlarged, elliptical, or sometimes narrowed posteri- 
orly and prolonged backward into lobes at the posterior corners. The 
dorsal surface of this segment is hardened like the carapace, and in 
most species gives evidence of being a fucion of two plates, like those 


388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


on the other thorax segments. Sixthsegment represented by a median 
lobe or process attached to the base of the posterior sinus of the geni- 
tal segment, and without dorsal plates or rudimentary legs. Abdomen 
short and broad, two-jointed, usually narrowed anteriorly and at- 
tached to the ventral surface of the genital segment. Abdomen 
covered dorsally by the rudimentary sixth segment lobe, ventrally 
by a plate, short and wide, and not reaching the posterior margin of 
the dorsal lobe. 

Attached to either side of the ventral plate at its base, and to the 
side of the abdomen, is a peculiarly modified anal lamina; the two 
are usually divergent, with a thickened conical outer margin and two 
membranous wings, dorsal and ventral, on the inner margin. Four 
pairs of adhesion pads on the ventral sur- 
face of the carapace, one pair at the base of 
the first antennxe, one at the base of the 
second antenne, a third between the bases 
of the first maxillipeds, and the fourth on 
the lateral margins of the first pair of thorax 
plates, opposite the first legs. 

Second maxillipeds much swollen and 
enlarged, armed with a pair of roughened, 
forceps-like knobs instead of a terminal claw. 
Four pairs of biramose swimming legs, the 
rami all laminate, indistinctly jointed, and 
usually armed with spines only. Egg tubes 
straight, uniseriate, close together, and usu- 
ally much longer than the body. 

Male.—The original type of the genus 
Nogaus (fig. 16). Carapace broad and well 
Fig. 16.—Dorsat view or amate rounded; posterior lobes prominent, triangu- 

oe an tothe nen lar, and usually turned ~mward; posterior 

UPON wHicH Lracn Founpep margin straight and armed with a pair of 

BTS GENUS Nocaus. DRAWN secondary lobes, one on either side, close to 

the base of the posterior lobe; lateral grooves 
distinct, turned sharply outward near the anterior end and extending 
to the margin of the carapace just behind the first antenne. Frontal 
plates wide and prominent, anterior margin fairly straight and not 
deeply cut at the center; eyes often visible in the adults. Free thorax 
segments without dorsal plates, diminishing in width from in front 
backward, the first one (really the second segment) with a pair of 
lateral lobes extending diagonally backward and outward, the others 
without lobes. 

Genital and sixth segments fused, considerably enlarged, and fur- 
nished with two pairs of rudimentary legs, one, the sixth, at the pos- 
terior corners, and the other, the fifth, on the lateral margins; both 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 8389 


pairs prominent. Abdomen two-jointed, joints the same size; anal 
lamine large, well flattened, and armed with four large sete, of which 
the inner one is separated from the other three. 

Ventral surface of the carapace with the same adhesion pads as in 
the female. Second maxillipeds enlarged, sometimes with a terminal 
claw and sometimes with pincher knobs, both varieties occurring in 
the same species. The four pairs of swimming legs biramose, all the 
rami two-jointed and armed with large plumose sete. 

(Pandarus, the leader of the Lycians in the Trojan war.) 

The distinguishing characters of a female Pandarus are the paired 
dorsal plates on the free thorax segments, the rudimentary sixth seg- 
ment, and the peculiarly modified anal lamine (fig. 15). Of the dor- 
sal thorax plates, the first pair extend diagonally backward over the 
lateral margins of the third pair and may even reach beyond the lat- 
ter (satyrus). 

In some species (stnuatus) they are short and plump, with well- 
rounded outlines; in others (satyrus) they are long and narrow, with 
their lateral margins comparatively 
straight. 

Between their bases lies an unpaired 
median plate, which covers the remain- 
der of this second segment and projects 
but a comparatively short distance 
behind the posterior margin of the 
carapace. either (terminating IN) & wie, 17—Secrion or mae GENITAL SEG- 
straight line (sinuatus, satyrus, cran- ENT OF PANDARUS SINUATUS, WITH THE 

on . SIXTH SEGMENT AND ABDOMEN STILL AT- 
chit), broadly concave (bicolor) Or vacHED. END VIEW, SHOWING THE DIS- 
convex (smith), both the latter over- TANCE BETWEEN THE DORSAL PLATE AND 
lapping the third segment. The bases ih ake ie 
of this first. pair of plates are furthermore separated by so wide an 
interval as to leave nearly the whole of the small second pair uncov- 
ered between them. These latter are much the smallest pair in every 
species, and are more or less fused at the median line, the sinus 
separating them being sometimes a mere notch at the center of the 
posterior edge of the fused plates (cranchii), or even entirely lacking, 
so that the plates seem like one (brevicaudis). 

Anteriorly their articulation is usually concealed beneath the pos- 
terior border of the central plate of the second segment. 

The third pair of plates are the largest of the three and they overlap 
the genital segment for a greater or less distance, sometimes nearly 
covering it (armatus, smithii, satyrus). 

The rounded posterior extremity of the body is a second charac- 
teristic of the genus; this extremity is formed dorsally by a rudimen- 
tary lobe or process representing the sixth thorax segment, which is 
elliptical or oval in young females and does not completely fill the 
sinus of the genital segment, but in mature females it fits this sinus 


390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


exactly, leaving no space around its margin. That this is really the 
rudiment of a sixth thoracic lobe and not a part of the abdomen, as it 
has been hitherto regarded, is proven in several ways. First, by anal- 
_ogy, it corresponds exactly to the similar lobe found in Dinematura (see 
p. 374) and Echthrogaleus (see p. 362). Again, it is not connected with 
the abdomen, but is raised some distance above the dorsal surface of 
the latter (fig. 17). Furthermore, it is not a fusion of two plates, but 
is unpaired and median from the very beginning (see fig. 182). In the 
matured female it is always above the egg strings, while the abdomen 
is below them. If it is to be regarded as a dorsal abdominal plate, 
therefore, we have the anomaly of the egg strings passing through the 
abdomen, or at least beneath its dorsal plate. Some writers have 
claimed this very thing, but it is entirely without precedent, and 
would constitute an anatomical freak of the most capricious sort. 

On the other hand, if this be the rudimentary sixth segment, every- 
thing is exactly as in the other genera; the egg strings come out from 
the ventral surface of the genital segment, beneath the sixth segment 
and above the abdomen exactly as they do in Dinematura and 
Echthrogaleus. 

Finally, we have the testimony of-the male, in every species of 
which, so far as known, a sixth pair of legs is prominent on the genital 
segment as well as a fifth pair. 

Such cumulative evidence is convincing and fairly proves that 
the dorsal plate can not belong to the abdomen, but must represent 
the sixth segment. 

The ventral plate, on the other hand, does remain in contact with 
the ventral surface of the abdomen to the very tip of the latter. As 
a consequence the terminal half of the abdomen is drawn down to 
the plate tightly and lies along its dorsal surface. As the two lobes 
at the tip of the abdomen on either side of the anus fuse with the 
ventral plate, the tips of the lobes themselves also fuse with each 
other and the anus ceases to be any longer terminal, but cpens up. 
dorsally from the surface of the ventral plate. When the genital seg- 
ment is thickened by the maturing of the eggs and the coiling of the 
distended oviduct, the dorsal plate of the sixth segment and the ven- 
tral plate of the abdomen are separated some distance from each 
other, while the body of the abdomen lies between them (fig. 17). 

When the eggs finally emerge into the egg strings, the latter are 
pushed through the spaces between the posterior lobes of the genital 
segment and the body of the abdomen, above the ventral plate of 
the latter. They do not, therefore, pass through the abdomen at all, 
but are entirely outside of it. In this way, although the openings 
of the oviduct are some distance apart, the egg strings are brought 
together on the mid line and carried backward side by side so close 
together as to be often in actual contact. 


wo. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 391 


The anal lamine next demand attention. They are modified so 
peculiarly as to have deceived many of the investigators who have 
examined only adult specimens. Leach, who founded the genus in 
1816 upon two species, Pandarus bicolor and P. boscivi (really two 
variations of the same species), described them as the notched apex 
of the ‘“‘abdomen.”’ But this term ‘‘abdomen” as he used it included 
the genital segment and the sixth segment, as well as the true abdo- 
men, which latter he seems to have entirely overlooked, since no 
mention is made of it. 

Many of the long list of observers since his day have likewise over- 
looked the anal laminz altogether or have designated them as a part 
of the genital segment. Desmarest (1825), in his brief diagnosis of 
this genus, twice mentions the ‘‘deux soies” at the posterior end of 
the body. But sinceunder the species diagnoses he states that these 
‘“‘soies” are from one and a half to two times as long as the body, he 
is evidently speaking of the egg strings, and no mention is made of 
the anal lamine. 

Milne Edwards (1840) says: 

L’abdomen est court, et présente une structure trés singuliére’ il se compose de 
deux segmens, dont le premier porte de chaque c6té un appendice, et se trouve recou- 
vert au dessus par le second qui nait prés de son bord antérieur, et a la forme d’une 
lame caudale (p. 466). 

He is thus the first to definitely recognize any appendages in this 
part of the body, but he evidently found considerable difficulty in 
the arrangement of the ‘‘two segments” of the abdomen, since what 
he calls the ‘‘second” arises from the anterior border of the ‘‘first”’ 
and lies directly over the latter. This would be a mistake, however 
we may regard the “appendages,” since it would assign them to the 
‘first’ or basal segment, when they are plainly borne on the terminal 
segment in the young female (Plate XXXII, fig. 182). 

Dana (1852) seems to be the first to recognize these appendages as 
actually anal lamine. In his diagnosis of this genus he says: 

Abdomen two to three jointed, second segment posteriorly rounded, and having 
on the sides the caudal stylets, last segment concealed below the second. soe 
Caudal stylets styliform, acute, nearly naked (p. 1364). 

In all his descriptions Dana regards the genital segment as the 
first segment of the abdomen, hence his ‘“‘second segment’? would be 
this dorsal plate or lobe, while his ‘‘last segment”? would be the true 
abdomen. 

He thus reverses the arrangement given by Milne Edwards and 
presents the segments in their true sequence, but the ‘‘caudal sty- 
lets” are not attached to the sides of the dorsal lobe, nor are they 
connected with it in any way; they arise from the sides of the true 
abdomen, his “‘last segment.” 

Heller (1865) gives as the conclusion of his genus diagnosis: 


Annulus genitalis subquadratus, postice angustior, angulis posterioribus acutis 
cauda ovalis, stylis duplo longioribus. 


399 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


In the text he speaks of these appendages as ‘‘die seitlichen 
Anhange” (p. 204) and ‘‘die seitlichen Schwanzanhange”’ (p. 206), 
but makes no attempt to explain them or their position. This, taken 
in connection with the fact that he is so particular to designate them 
as ‘‘seitlichen,’ would indicate that he did not recognize them as 
anal lamine. 

Brady (1883), in his genus diagnosis, says clearly: 

Abdomen two or three jointed, rounded behind; caudal stylets borne on the side 
of the abdomen, acute, styliform, nonsetiferous (p. 133). 

This, together with Dana’s clear statement, ought to have estab- 
lished the nature of these appendages, and yet we find Bassett- 
Smith as late as 1899 giving a genus diagnosis in which he says: 
‘Genital segment terminating in two minute points, and at the base of 
the abdomen are two lateral, sharp, 
dentate appendages”’ (p. 466). 

Nothing further is said in ref- 
erence to them, and we are left to 
interpret them as we please. 

That they are really anal lam- 
ine is abundantly proven by an 
examination of the young of any 
species. In some of these the 
lamine are similar to those in 
other genera belonging to this sub- 
family, with the’ single exception 
that they are armed with nonplu- 
mose spines instead of plumose 
setve (see sinuatus, Plate XXXII, 
OTS 2). 

As development proceeds the 
lamine change their position: from 
Fig. 18.—THE GENITAL SEGMENT AND aBpoMEN the posterior margin to the base 

ees Cones VORSay, ax vEntwar, of the abdomen, at the same time 
becoming modified in form until 
they finally reach the adult condition. In other species (bicolor, 
cranchiu, etc.) the laminz are changed considerably, even in very 
young specimens, by a thickening of the outer margin and the addi- 
tion of two wings, a dorsal and a ventral, on the inner margin 
(fig. 18). 

As to the function of these specially modified anal lamine they 
may perhaps serve as a guide to the egg-strings while the latter are 
issuing from the genital segment. The openings of the oviducts are 
widely separated and relatively close to the lateral margins of the 
genital segment. Instead of passing directly back from their respec- 
tive openings, and thus remaining some distance apart, the egg- 


No. 1573. : PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 393 


strings are bent inward as soon as they emerge from the genital seg- 
ment and are brought together on the mid-line. They then turn 
backward side by side and so close together that they are usually in 
contact. 

In those species whose anal lamine have well-developed wings on 
the inner margin the egg-strings pass backward between the two 
wings. This brings the thickened conical outer margin of the lam- 
in outside the egg-strings and thus holds them in together. 

The distinguishing characters of a male Pandarus are the large 
secondary lobes arising from the posterior border of the carapace 
inside the regular posterior lobes, the two pairs of rudimentary swim- 
ming legs on the genital segment, the two-jointed abdomen with the 
joints of equal length, and the fact that all the rami of the swimming 
legs are two-jointed. 

Secondary lobes are found on the posterior margin of the carapace 
in some of the other genera also (Perissopus, Nesippus, etc.), but 
they are much smaller than in Pandarus, and are easily overlooked, 
while here they are prominent in all the species examined and one 
of the first characters that would be noticed. 

In most of the other Nogaus males there are no rudimentary legs 
visible on the genital segment; here in each of the known species 
there are two pairs, well defined and prominent. 

Their presence is indicative that the so-called genital segment is 
really a fusion of two segments, the fifth and sixth thoracic seg- 
ments, each with its pair of legs. This idea has been already advanced 
by the author,* and it receives particular confirmation here, where 
evidences of fusion are shown also in the genital segment of the 
female. Scattered testimony was furnished by the two pairs of legs 
on the genital segment of some Caligus species (for instance, sony, 
pelamydis, stromatei, etc.) and of many Lepeophtheirus species (for 
instance, nordmannti, hippoglossi, edwardsi, dissumulatus, etc.) and 
in the structure of the genital segment in the male of the genus 
Homoiotes. Here among the Pandarine the segment itself is plainly 
differentiated in Dinematura, and is indicated by the rudimentary 
plate in Pandarus and Echthrogaleus. 

With this accumulation of evidence we can no longer doubt that 
there are really six segments in the thorax of all the Caligidz, two of 
which, the fifth and the sixth, are ordinarily so thoroughly fused as 
to be indistinguishable. When only one pair of legs is visible on the 
genital segment it is usually the sixth pair at the posterior corners, 
instead of the fifth pair, as we have been calling them. 

In 1861 Steenstrup and Liitken suggested that the genus Pandarus 
ought to be separated into two subdivisions—one to include the true 
genus Pandarus, made up of Pandarus cranchw as a type, together 


a@Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 662. 


394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


rath Dana’s brevicaudi: is, concinnus, and satyrus, and Milne Edwards’s 
dentatus, pallidus, and vulgaris. 

The other subdivision which was to constitute a new genus, differ- 
ing from Pandarus as Echthrogaleus differs from Dinematura, was to 
have Pandarus bicolor for its type, and to differ from the true Pan- 
darus, first, in the fact that the two anterior thorax segments are so 
far fused as to have a common four-parted dorsal plate; secondly, in 
the somewhat different, more elongated form of the thorax segments, 
and, lastly, in the fact that the anal lamine are not spine-like, but 
laminate. 

Under any conditions the authors would have to change their 
recommendation and leave P. bicolor the type of the true genus, 
because this is the species upon which Leach originally founded the 
genus Pandarus. But differences of the sort they mention would 
have to be far more pronounced than we actually find them in order 
to become of generic value, and also more constant. 

Different specimens of bicolor show very different degrees of fusion 
in the first two thoracic plates, and different degrees of elongation in 
the thoracic segments; and in every species so far as known the 
anal lamine are flattened and plate-like in the young, and tend to 
become spine-like on further development. 

It is much preferable, therefore, with our present knowledge of the 
species, to keep them all in one genus. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


a. Females, free thorax and genital segments covered by paired dorsal plates; 
sixth segment as a rudimentary plate attached to the posterior sinus of genital 
segment; abdomen wide and very short, one-jointed; anal laminze modified 
into dentate appendages on the sides of the abdomen near the base ...----- b. 

a. Males, carapace with accessory lobes on the posterior margin inside the poste- 
rior lobes; no dorsal plates; genital segment with two pairs of rudimentary 


legs; abdomen elongate, two-jointed, joints about the same length ......--- h. 
oS 

b. Lateral plates of second segment more or less fused with median ones of 

third segment, which lie between them and reach beyond their tips. - - . G: 


b. Lateral plates of second segment reaching far behind the tips of the median 
plates of third segment, which lie between them, but are entirely dis- 


b. Plates of second segment fused across the mid-line in front of those on third 
segment; the latter fused inter se, but distinct from the former.......-.-..- 
brevicaudis Dana, 1852, p- 397. 

c. Fused plates of second and third segments about the same size as those on the 
fourth and genital segments; sixth segment plate circular in outline ..----- d. 
c. Fused. plates of second and third segments much shorter than those on the 
fourth and genital segments; the latter apparently fused; sixth segment 
plate elliptical in outline and nearly as large as the genital segment.....------ 
affinis Beneden, 1892, p. 431. 

c. Fused plates of second and third segments the same size as those on the fourth 
segment, but much smaller. than those on the genital segment; sixth segment 
plate wide, but nearly concealed. ...... spinacti-achantias Hesse, 1883, p. 458. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 395 


d. Frontal plates projecting as a semicircular rostrum between the antenne; 
sinuses between the dorsal plates very deep and slit-like; sixth segment 

plate half the width of the genital segment... .wnicolor Hesse, 1883, p. 396. 

d. Frontal plates projecting as a semicircular rostrum between the antenne; 
lateral plates of second segment linear; sixth segment plate only one-fourth 

the width of the genital segment.....------- carcharti-glaucus Hesse, 1885. 

d. Frontal plates scarcely projecting; frontal margin straight; plates on sec- 
ond segment as wide as those on third; sixth segment plate three-fifths the 
width of the genital segment. -.---.....------.-- bicolor Leach, 1816, p. 400. 

. Dorsal plates on the free and genital segments approximately the same size; 
carapace wedge-shaped, not much narrowed anteriorly. .....-.------------ di 
e. Dorsal plates quite unequal, at least one pair much enlarged or diminished; 
carapace much narrowed anteriorly, with strongly convex BIC@Samccaee secs g. 

f. Frontal plates very narrow, especially on the mid line; dorsal plates on 
third and fourth segments more than twice as wide as long...-..-------- 
cranchii Leach, 1819, p. 403. 

f. Frontal plates wide, and widest at the center; dorsal plates on third and 
fourth segments about the same width and length, each armed with a 

stout spine on the dorsal surface. -...-.------------ armaius Heller, 1865. 

g. Plates of third segment much diminished and completely separated on the 
mid line; the other median sinuses deep and acute; plates on fourth and 
genital segments equal.......--..--+---------=-------- lugubris Heiler, 1865. 
g. Plates of fourth segment much enlarged, nearly covering the genital segment; 
sinus between plates of third segment deep, often separating them entirely; 
other sinuses shallow; sixth segment plate strongly narrowed at its base... .-. 
smithii Rathbun, 1886, p. 410. 

g. Plates of genital segment enlarged, the others nearly equal; all the median 
sinuses very shallow; sixth segment plate as long as genital segment, nar- 
rowed Dub slishthy ab lve base: =. 22-2222 22--26- satyrus Dana, 1852, p. 415. 
g. Plates of fourth and genital segments enlarged, with broad and shallow sinuses; 
sinus between plates of third segment narrow and much deeper; sixth segment 


plate strongly narrowed at its base.....--.-------- sinuatus Say, 1817, p. 417. 
h. Carapace longer than wide; free segments all as wide or wider than the 
genital segment; abdomen wider than long..........----------------- Ge 


h. Carapace wider than long, the lateral margins strongly curved; fourth 
segment narrower than genital segment; abdomen decidedly longer than 


i. Carapace elliptical, strongly narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly; eyes dis- 
tinctly visible; exopod of first legs twice the size of the endopod.....-..---- 
brevicaudis Dana, 1852, p. 397. 

i. Carapace orbicular, not visibly narrowed; eyes invisible; rami of first legs 
about equal; only one pair of adhesion pads, at base of first antennee....-.--- 
smith. Rathbun, 1886, p. 410. 

k. Length of carapace on mid line only one-third the entire length; both 
fifth and sixth legs large and prominent, triangular, and acuminate. ...-.- 
cranchi Leach, 1819, p. 403. 

4 k. Length of carapace on mid line two-fifths the entire length; fifth and 
sixth legs both small, inconspicuous, and bluntly rounded........------ 
sinuatus Say, 1817, p. 417 

k. Length of carapace on mid line three-eighths the entire length; sixth 
legs much smaller than the fifth and hardly visible.........-.---------- 
bicolor Leach, 1819, p. 400. 


396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


All the species considered valid have been included in this key; 
the following have been omitted for the reasons stated: P. alatus 
described by Johnston in 1836 has been proved a synonym for Lch- 
throgaleus coleoptratus. P. boscwi Leach, 1816, becomes a synonym 
of P. bicolor of the same author and date. Dana’s P. concinnus 
can not be distinguished, in the description he has given of it, from 
P. cranchii, and may therefore be left as a synonym of the latter until 
further described. The same may also be said of Milne Edwards’ 
P. dentatus, which becomes another synonym of P. cranchu. The 
P. fissifrons of this latter author is probably a synonym of P. bicolor. 
P. lamnex, Johnston, 1835, is a synonym of Dinematura producta. 

No figures of P. liwidus Frey and Leuckart, 1847, have ever been 
published, and it is impossible to distinguish it from P. bicolor by the 
author's description. Of Hesse’s P. musteli-levis, 1883, neither the 
description nor the figures given will warrant its inclusion in the 
genus Pandarus. The description says nothing whatever about the 
thoracic legs except that they are made up of a large femur, termi- 
nated by flat lamin, armed with rigid plumose sete. In the three 
figures given, two of which are the dorsal and ventral surface of the 
same specimen, there are so many discrepancies in essential details, 
even between the right and left sides of the same figure, that no 
definite information can be obtained. As figured and described, not 
one of the specimens can belong to the genus Pandarus. 

P. pallidus Milne Edwards, 1840, is a synonym of P. cranchu, and 
P. vulgaris of the same author is probably a synonym of this species 
also. Hesse’s wnicolor has been left in the key, but it may be noted 
that he has made many wretched errors in describing it. He had 
what he called an adult female, a young female, and a young male; 
Plate VI on which the figures of this species are given evidently suf- 
fered a bad mixup in the arrangement of the numbers assigned to 
the several figures. The present author secured a reprint of the 
original paper, bearing Hesse’s autograph, in which there has been 
a thorough correction (in ink) of the references and a rearrangement 
of the numbers. It is impossible to tell whether this was done by 
Hesse himself or by another, but the new numbers fit the description 
much better than those originally published. 

And yet there are still so many discrepancies between text and 
figures that the species must be left on the doubtful list until further 
substantiated. And finally Brady presented in 1883 what he claimed 
as a new species, calling it P. zygene since it was found on Zygxena 
malleus near the Cape Verde Islands. After careful examination 
this proves to be a synonym of P. satyrus Dana (see p. 416). 


No. 1578. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. ao 


PANDARUS BREVICAUDIS Dana. 
PuaTeE XXXVI. 


Pandarus brevicaudis DANA, 1852, p. 1368, pl. xcv, figs. 3 a-h. 
Pandarus brevicaudatus BAssretr-Smiru, 1899, p. 467. 
Nogagus validus DANA, 1852, p. 1363, pl. xcrv, figs. 9 a-h. 

This species includes the two sexes obtained from a shark taken 
in the Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Zealand, in the year 1840. 
The female Dana described under the name Pandarus brevicaudis, 
and the male under the name Nogagus validus. : 

No subsequent mention is made of the species until 1889, when 
Thomson includes it in his list of the parasitic copepods of New 
Zealand, on Dana’s authority. He did not see any specimens him- 
self, and he adds that Dana’s description “‘is brief and unsatisfactory.” 
In his Entomostraca from the Gulf of Guinea, published in 1894, 
Scott mentions a single specimen of Nogagus validus which was taken 
in a tow net gathering from a depth of 30 fathoms. And finally 
Bassett-Smith in his Enumeration of Known Species in 1899 men- 
tions both Nogagus validus and Dana’s three species of Pandarus. 
He calls the latter, however, ‘“ Pandarus brevicaudatus, satyrus, and 
cocunnatus,’ and says of them ... ‘‘From Sharks in the Pacific 
Ocean: imperfectly described’’ (p. 467). His criticism would have 
had more weight if he had shown enough familiarity with Dana’s 
descriptions to spell correctly the specific names which the latter 
used. 

The descriptions Dana has given are brief, but they are also very 
accurate, and, taken with the excellent figures he published, they 
do not seem to deserve being called either unsatisfactory or imper- 
fect. The following includes practically all that was given by Dana, 
with the addition of many new facts, especially with reference to 
the male. 

Female.—Carapace, including the posterior lobes, slightly longer 
than wide, suboval, narrowed anteriorly. Frontal plates narrow and 
appressed closely to the carapace; scarcely enlarged at their outer 
ends, where they overlap two-thirds of the basal joints of the first 
antenne. Posterior lobes remarkably long, half the length of the 
carapace on the mid-line and reaching back to the posterior margin 
of the third segment; triangular in shape with obtuse ends. Poste- 
rior margin of the carapace between the lobes smooth, with no trace 
of teeth or spines, and slightly concave. Eyes close together and 
about two-fifths of the length of the carapace from its anterior 
margin. 

Dorsal plates on the second thorax segment fused across the mid-line 
by a band which is longer than the second or third pair of plates, and 
which causes the segment to resemble very closely the corresponding one 
in the male, the slightly oblique wings on the lateral margins answer- 

a 


398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vou. XXXIII. 


ing to the lateral processes in the male. The second pair of dorsal 
plates are much shorter and fit inside the wings of the first pair; 
there is only a shallow emargination (no sinus at all) on their poste- 
rior border to indicate their dual origin.. The third pair are more 
deeply incised, a trifle wider, and considerably longer; the sinus 
between them is broad and evenly rounded. 

Genital segment subquadrate, narrowed a little posteriorly and 
armed with a minute spine on either side just in front of the poste- 
rior corners, which are obliquely truncated. The posterior margin 
of this segment, instead of having a single deeply rounded sinus at 
the center, as in most species, has two shallow sinuses, one on either 
side, meeting at the center in a point which projects backward over 
the abdomen. The anal lamine project from beneath the center of 
these sinuses and are about three times the length of the dorsal plate 
of the sixth segment. 

They are anit slightly divergent, with the outer margins straight, 
while the inner ones are armed with the usual wings, dentate near 
their posterior ends. Sixth segment plate wider than long, with an 
evenly rounded margin; abdomen very small, its ventral plate 
scarcely projecting behind its posterior border. 

The two joints of the first antennz about equal; no setz on the 
basal joint and only a few on the terminal; second antenne stout, 
the terminal claw with a swollen base and a sharp curve close to the 
tip; no accessory spines. The adhesion pads relatively small, the 
first two pairs about the same size and shape, circular, the fourth 
pair narrow elliptical, twice as long as wide. Second maxille trian- 
gular, short and very blunt; first maxillipeds stout and fleshy, the 
two joints of nearly the same length, as are also the two claws at the 
tip of the terminal joint. Second pair large and much swollen, with 
the distal knob of the pincher jaws several times the size of the 
proximal one. Basal joint of the first swimming legs subquadrate, 
exopod nearly twice the length of the endopod; basal joint of the 
exopod longer than the terminal; the two joints of the endopod the 
same length. Second and third legs with two-jointed rami, which 
are smaller than usual; spines confined to the tips of the terminal 
joints; rami of the fourth legs apparently one-jointed, exopod only 
with spines, endopod naked. 

Total length, 6.2 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 3.7 mm.; combined length of dorsal plates on the 
three thorax segments, 2 mm.; length of genital segment, 1.6 mm. 

Male—Carapace a little longer than wide, including the posterior 
lobes, ovate, the anterior portion considerably narrowed. 

Frontal plates narrow, closely compressed to the carapace, not 
enlarged at the outer ends, but overlapping nearly the whole of the 
basal joints of the first antenne as in the female. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. SI) 


Posterior lobes broad, bluntly rounded, and exceptionally long, 
reaching back nearly to the fourth thorax segment; posterior margin 
between the lobes nearly straight; accessory lobes small, semi- 
elliptical, wider than long. Eyes close together and in approximately 
the same position as in the female. Three free thorax segments of 
about the same length, but the first one-half as wide again as the 
other two, which are nearly equal. 

Lateral appendages of the second segment wide, divergent, bluntly 
rounded at the tip and reaching beyond the posterior margin of the 
third segment. Hach is reenforced on its inner margin with a wide, 
transparent, membranous flap. Third and fourth segments the same 
width as the genital segment, with evenly rounded sides, and without 
lateral appendages. 

Genital segment subquadrate, the sides slightly convex, the poste- 
rior angles prolonged a little into small rounded lobes, with a second 
pair ot small lobes just in front of them on the lateral margins; both 
pairs of lobes are armed on their ventral surface with small spines. 

Abdomen two-jointed, joints the same width, but the basal one 
not more than half the length of the terminal; the latter has its 
posterior angles obliquely truncated and the anal incision is deep 
and triangular. Anal lamine large, a trifle longer than wide, the 
posterior margins nearly straight and armed with four large plumose 
sete, evenly graded in length, the outer ones the longest. Joints of 
the first antenne the same length, sets longer than in the female; 
terminal claw of the second antenne also much longer and more 
slender, but the claw is bent similarly at a sharp angle near the tip. 

First maxillipeds the counterpart of those of the female, except 
that the outer terminal claw is one-third shorter than the inner; 
second pair very large and swollen, the movable finger of the forceps 
jaws developed into a long curved claw, the stationary one a rounded 
knob. All the swimming legs biramose, the rami two-jointed, with 
the spines and setz arranged as follows: First exopod, 1, 0; 4, IT: 
endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second exopod, 1, I; 3, VI: endopod, 0, I; 
0,. VI: third exopod, 0, I; 3, VI: endopod, 0, I; 0, VI: fourth exo- 
pod wt) i; 0, Vi: endopod; 1, I; 0; 1V. 

Total length, 7.5 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 3.85 mm.; length of three free segments, 2.13 mm.; 
length of genital segment, 1.66 mm. 

Color of both sexes (preserved material) a yellowish brown, darker 
along the mid-line, without pigment markings. 

(brevicaudis, brevis, short, and cauda, tail.) 

The U. S. National Museum Collection contains a male of this 
species with the following label: ‘‘ Nogagus validus (Dana), No. 6822, 
on Carcharias between Papua and Japan, G. S. Brady, England, 
Acc. No. 14181, Exchange.’ This therefore is not one of Dana’s 
original specimens, but was taken on the Challenger expedition and 


400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII, 


identified by Brady with Dana’s species, which came from exactly 
the same locality. It is now made the type male of Pandarus brevi- 
caudis, the perfect agreement in anatomy being sufficient to identify 
the two specimens as male and female of the same species. Further- 
more, Dana’s original specimens of Nogagus validus and Pandarus 
brevicaudis were found together on the same fish. 


PANDARUS BICOLOR Leach. 
Puate XXVIII. 


Pandarus bicolor LEacu, 1816, p. 405, pl. xx, 2 figs. 
P. boscti Leacu, 1816, p. 406, pl. xx, 10 figs. 
Caligus bicolor LAMARCK, 1818, p. 142. 

Pandarus fissifrons MILNE Enwarps, 1840, p. 470. 


Female.—Body elongate, length more than twice the width; 
carapace semielliptical, one-third the entire length, widest across the 
posterior margin. Frontal plates wide and prominent, the groove 
between each frontal plate and the margin of the carapace S-shaped, 
the center of the carapace projecting as a knob on either side of the 
central incision between the frontal plates. 

Posterior lobes short and broad; posterior margin a nearly uniform 
curve, the center of which is sinuate, but not toothed. 

Dorsal plates of second thorax segment short and narrow, not 
reaching the tips of the plates on the third segment and fused across 


the mid-line, their posterior margins forming an evenly rounded’ 


semicircle, without any break that can be detected. 

Second pair of plates nearly circular, with a deep and broad 
median incision, which is somewhat enlarged at its base. These 
plates reach back a little beyond the first pair. Third pair much 
enlarged, elliptical, as wide as the carapace, and overlapping the 
genital segment for about half its length. The central sinus is deep, 
broadly triangular, and rounded at its base. 

Genital segment elliptical, one-fifth narrower than the carapace, 
with broadly rounded posterior lobes and a shallow sinus. 

Sixth segment plate half the width of the genital segment, its 
posterior two-thirds the evenly rounded arc of a circle, its anterior 
third fitting into the sinus in the genital segment. 

Abdomen medium size, its ventral plate quadrangular, with the 


free portion broadly rounded and the posterior margin slightly 


concave. Anal lamine triangular, as wide at the base as they are 
long, extending out at right angles to the median axis and so short 
that they scarcely reach the lateral margin of the genital segment: 
They are not toothed, but have smooth edges. 

First antenne small, the whole basal and part of the terminal 
joint concealed beneath the frontal plates, neither joint heavily 
armed with setz, Second pair small, the basal joimts not much 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 401 


swollen, the terminal claw slender, with an accessory spine on the 
inner margin. The four pairs of adhesion pads all have their long 
diameters parallel with the body axis. The first two pairs are close 
together, those at the base of the first antenne being elliptical and 
half as long again as the second pair, which are broadly obovate, the 
width and length being the same. The fourth pair are also elliptical, 
twice as long as wide, and considerably larger than the first pair. 

Mandibles and mouth tube of the form usual in this genus; max- 
illx: biramose, the endopod more than twice the length of the exopod, 
each ramus armed with a short terminal spine. 

First maxillipeds slender, the two joints about the same length, the 
longer terminal claw strongly curved, the shorter one nearly straight. 
Second pair much swollen, armed with a corrugated ridge having a 
spherical knob at either end, the knobs roughened on their inner 
surfaces and shutting together like forceps. The rami of all the 
swimming legs are indistinctly jointed; first pair small and weak, the 
exopod considerably longer than the endopod and bearing five spines, 
four on the outer end and one on the inner margin; no spines on the 
endopod. In the exopod the basal joint is much larger than the 
terminal, in the endopod it is much smaller; both rami are enlarged 
at their tips. The second, third, and fourth legs increase regularly 
in size, and particularly in the length of the rami. 

In the second pair the two joints of the exopod are equal, the basal 
joint with a single spine at its outer distal corner, the terminal with 
a row of ten curved spines around its terminal and inner margins. 
The terminal joint of the endopod is four times the size of the basal 
and is armed with three spines, two in the position of a toe nail on 
the inner margin and one on the outer. In the third legs the terminal 
joints of both rami are much longer than the basal. The terminal 
joint of the endopod has two claw spines at the inner distal corner, 
while the entire tip of the exopod is covered with a row of spines. 

In the fourth legs the endopod is apparently one-jointed, with a 
single spine at its inner distal corner, but in all probability it is really 
a fusion of two joints in conformity with the other species of the 
genus. The exopod carries a spine at the outer distal corner of the 
basal joint and two at the inner distal corner of the terminal joint. 

Of the reproductive organs, the semen receptacle is V-shaped, the 
point of the V being anterior, with the two sides almost entirely 
separated from each other. Each side is short, straight, and slightly 
enlarged at the end. The oviduct is so densely coiled in the genital 
segment, especially in its posterior portion, as to effectually conceal 
the cement glands. These oviduct coils are wider than those in 
cranchii and more tightly packed. 

Total length, 9 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 3.65 mm.; length of first plates, 1 mm.; of second 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——26 


402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


plates, 1.875 mm.; of third plates, 1.65 mm.; width of third plates, 
3.4 mm.; length of sixth segment plate, 1.65 mm.; length of egg- 
strings, 13 mm. 

Color a rich creamy yellow, the dorsal surface of the carapace and 
of the second and third pairs of thoracic plates a deep chocolate 
brown, a light and transparent spot being left around the eyes, much 
the same as in cranchi. 

(bicolor, bi, or bis, two, and color, colored.) 

Male.—Carapace orbicular, a little more than one-third the entire 
length on the mid-line, wider than long. Frontal plates wide and 
prominent, with a broad and shallow central sinus; posterior lobes 
wide and bluntly rounded. Second thorax segment about filling the 
space between the posterior lobes; third and fourth segments nar- 
rowing regularly, the fourth segment of peculiar form, like an inverted 
flask, the anterior half twice the width of the posterior. Genital 
segment elliptical with two pairs of rudimentary legs, one at the 
posterior corners and the other some little distance in front of them 
on the lateral margins; the two pairs about the same size and simi- 
larly armed. Abdomen two-jointed, joints equal; anal lamine large 
and broad, armed with four sete, all about the same length. Ter- 
minal claws on the second antenne longer and more powerful than 
in the female, with two accessory spines. Second maxillipeds with a 
distinct claw in place of the knob-like forceps. All the legs biramose, 
the rami two-jointed and armed with stout plumose sete. 

Total length, 6mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 2.1mm.; width 
of same, 2.6 mm.; length of free thorax, 1.65 mm.; length of genital 
segment, 1.2 mm. 

Color, yellow shghtly tinged with brown. 

This species possesses pecuhar interest, because it is the one on 
which Leach founded the genus Pandarus in 1816. But he gave 
practically no distinctive characters for the two species which he 
presented, the only differences cited being a black pigment in the 
‘‘shell and the middle of the abdominal lamelle”’ of bicolor, the first 
and therefore the type species, while bosciz, the second species, had 
a pale body devoid of pigment. There was also a trifling difference 
in the length of the egg-tubes. From the figures given by Leach of 
these two species on Plate XX of his 1816 article it is evident that 
they are identical and that the species named boscii is simply a young 
female bicolor in which the pigment has not yet been formed. 

This is shown by an identity of structure so great that Leach pre- 
sents but a single set of figures to illustrate the appendages of the 
two species, and by a little difference in size, bicolor being larger and 
having longer egg-strings, as would naturally be expected. This 
same condition is often noticed in sinuatus, and, in fact, in all the 
pigmented species; the younger and immature forms usually have no 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 403 


pigment, while the mature adults may be densely colored with it. 
Every lot of specimens containing more than a few individuals shows 
these variations. The U.S. National Museum Collection contains but 
a single lot of this species, Cat. No. 8120, U.S.N.M., obtained from 
a dogfish off the coast of Shetland. 

Evidently this is a European species, since nearly every European 
author mentions it, while it has not yet been found on this side of 
the Atlantic. 


PANDARUS CRANCHII Leach. 


PuateE XXVIII. 
Pandarus cranchii Leacn, 1819, p. 535. 
Pandarus carcharix (?) Leacn, 1819, p. 535. 
Pandarus pallidus MILNE “pwarps, 1840, p. 468. 
Pandarus vulgaris Minne Epwarps, 1840, p. 468. 
Pandarus dentatus MILNE Epwarps, 1840, p. 469, pl. xxxvim, fig. 19. 
Nogaus latreillii Leacn, 1819, p. 536 (male). 
Pandarus cranchiti Minne Epwarps, Atlas du Regne animal, pl. Lxxvin, figs. 2 @ 
to d. 

Female.—Body obovate, strongly narrowed posteriorly; carapace 
somewhat wedge-shaped, widest posteriorly, with the lateral mar- 
gins only slightly rounded. Frontal plates wide and prominent at 
their outer ends, thin and linear toward the mid-line. Eyes situated 
far forward, visible in those specimens which have no pigment or in 
which there are large clear spaces at the center of the carapace; 
concealed in the heavily pigmented specimens. 

Posterior margin of carapace a shallow reentrant curve, armed with 
seven to ten large spines or teeth along the center. 

The posterior corners are short and wide and stand out prominently 
beyond the first pair of dorsal thoracic plates. 

The teeth are separated a greater distance from one another than 
their own length and reach backward nearly to the posterior margin 
of the central plate of the second thorax segment. 

Dorsal plates of second segment much enlarged, more than twice 
the length of those on the third segment, and reaching beyond the 
center of those on the fourth segment. They are slightly enlarged at 
the base, but the tip is also broad and evenly rounded. 

Plates on the third segment nearly as long as the free portion of 
the following pair, with a broad and deep central sinus. ‘ 

Plates on the fourth segment overlapping almost the whole of the 
genital segment, broad and evenly rounded with a shallow central 
sinus. In young females these plates do not reach much beyond the 
center of the genital segment; in mature adults they often reach its 
posterior margin. 

Genital segment obovate, strongly narrowed posteriorly and pro- 
duced into a long triangular point on either side of the sixth segment 


404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


plate. The latter is “ovate, one- e-third longer than wide, and ‘the 
posterior lobes of the Honill segment reach “ayant to its center. Its 
broad posterior end is evenly rounded with a smooth margin, while 
the_ narrowed anterior end is slightly reentrant on either side. The 

ventral plate of the abdomen is short and broad, its posterior margin 
straight or a little concave, and reaching aarake to the tip of aye 
sixth segment plate (fig. 131). 

The anal lamine point diagonally outward and backward at an 
angle of 45° with the central axis; their thickened outer margin is 
nearly straight and slightly enlarged where it joins the abdomen. In 
young females it is furnished with two wings, the ventral one tri- 
angular in shape and extending from the pe to about the center 
of the lamina, the dorsal one of uniform width and extending the 
whole length a the appendage. This dorsal wing is cut diagonally 
at the distal end and furnished with one or two small teeth. In 
mature females the wings are more or less absorbed and the thick- 
ened margin becomes cylindrical, with two prominent teeth on its 
inner side, 

The basal joint of the first antenne is large, heavily armed on its 
ventral surface with sete, and nearly covered by the frontal plate. 
The terminal joint is peculiar in that it is strongly flattened dorso- 
ventrally, and each edge is rolled over ventrally toward the center; 
this joint is also destitute of sete. The second antenne are com- 
paratively very large; the basal joint is considerably larger than the 
pad connected with it; the terminal claw is also stout and armed 
with two accessory spines. The adhesion pads of the first pair are 
obovate, nearly twice as long as wide, with the outer margins straight. 
Those of the second pair are circular, their diameter the same as the 
width of the first pair; they are separated by a greater distance than 
is common in this genus. The third pair are club-shaped, three 
times as long as wide, and narrowed anteriorly to a long blunt point. 
The fourth pair are elliptical, twice as long as wide, and inclined at 
an angle of 30° to the body axis. The mouth-tube and mandibles 
show nothing peculiar; the second maxillze have a short and circular 
exopod and a long, tapering endopod, which reaches beyond the 
center of the tube; each ramus is tipped with a spine. 

First maxillipeds of the usual pattern; second pair enlarged, but 
relatively smaller than in bicolor, the forceps knobs close together 
and standing prominently above the surface. 

First swimming legs very small and rudimentary, the exopod boot 
or foot shaped, the leg and heel being thick and swollen, while the 
toe is long and slender. There is one spine at the heel, another on 
the bottom of the foot in the instep, and two on the joint of the great 
toe. The endopod is two-thirds as long as the exopod, with a well- 
defined incision on the inner margin, representing the groove between 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. ~ 405 


the joints, and a single spine at the outer distal corner. The ter- 
minal joint of the endopod of the second legs is three times as long 
as the basal joint and shghtly enlarged at the end; both joints without 
spines. 

The exopod joints on these legs are the same length, but the ter- 
minal one is much the wider and is armed with a row of eight or 
nine large curved spines around its margin. The terminal endopod 
joint of the third legs is two and a half times the length of the basal 
joint and somewhat barrel-shaped, neither joint with spines. The 
exopod joints are the same size, the terminal one with a cluster of 
four or five spines at its tip. 

The rami of the fourth legs are broad and laminate, the exopod 
twice the size of the endopod; the jointing is indistinct and the only 
spines are on the exopod, one on the outer margin and a cluster of 
three at the tip. 

Of the reproductive organs the semen receptacle is horseshoe- 
shaped, the opening being posterior, and the two ends of the: shoe 
being enlarged into spheres; in preserved specimens it is usually 
white and opaque. The cement glands can be seen on either side of 
the intestine near the ventral surface of the genital segment. They 
are shaped like parentheses marks, and in alcoholic material are dark 
brown and opaque, with no traces of cells or divisions. The sperma- 
tophores are large and are attached one on either side of the abdomen 
at its base; the long thread-like ducts cross each other on the mid- 
line and each empties the contents of its spermatophore into the veni- 
tal opening on the opposite side of the body. The oviduct is usually 
coiled once in each half of the genital segment, the last section pass- 
ing down alongside of, and close to, the intestine and then turning 
abruptly outward to the external opening (vulva) which is in the 
posterior lobe and just in front of the base of the anal laminz. 

Total length, 7.8 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3.4 mm.; 
width of same, 4.5 mm.; length of first thorax plates, 2 mm.: of 
second pair, 1 mm.; of third pair, 1.2 mm.; of sixth segment plate, 
1.6 mm.; of anal lamine, 1.8 mm.; of egg strings, 8.5 mm. 

Color, a light brownish yellow, more or less covered with dark 
brown-black pigment; the amount of this pigment is very various, 
but in the mature adult it usually covers the whole dorsal surface of 
the thoracic plates except a narrow border around their margins, 
and the whole center of the carapace, leaving a single large or two 
separate small spots near the eyes, and the whole of the posterior 
lobes free. 

Male.—General shape broad and flat, not strongly arched, with a 
weak keel on the dorsal surface of the free and genital segments. 

Carapace a little wider than long, even including the posterior 
lobes, one-half wider than long measured on the mid-line, trans- 


406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIIl. 


versely elliptical, the sides and frontal margin forming a very even 
curve. Frontal plates considerably enlarged at the outer ends and 
nearly covering the basal joints of the first antennex. Posterior 
lobes wide, triangular, quite sharply pointed, and curved strongly 
inward toward the free throax; their tips.reach a little beyond the 
center of the third thorax segment, and if straight would probably 
reach its posterior margin. 

Grooves separating the cephalic and lateral areas extending for- 
ward visibly to the anterior margin just behind the base of the first 
antenne. Posterior margin between the lobes nearly straight, with 
no traces of spines or teeth; secondary lobes elliptical, considerably 
longer than wide. Eyes visible in the younger specimens close to 
the mid-line, one-third the distance from the anterior margin of the 
carapace; invisible in mature adults. The three free segments 
together one-fourth shorter than the carapace, the second segment 
one-third wider than the other two, which are about equal. The 
lateral appendages of this segment are very oblique and are partially 
covered by the accessory posterior lobes of the carapace. 

The sides of the third and fourth thorax segments project a dis- 
tance equal to half their length and are evenly rounded, giving the 
segments an elliptical form, transversely elongated. 

Genital segment flat and somewhat elongate, narrowed into a neck 
anteriorly where it joins the fourth segment, and carrying two pairs 
of lobes posteriorly. The larger pair are triangular and situated at 
the posterior corners; the salle pair are just in front of them, on 
the sides of the aeent 

The latter are ‘armed on their ventral and inner margins with 
small spines and setz and are evidently the rudimentary fifth legs. 
The sixth legs, however, are not on the posterior lobes, but inside 
of them on the posterior margin of the segment, between the lobes 
and the abdomen. They are well shown in this position by both 
Steenstrup and Liitken and Kroyer. 

Abdomen two-jointed, joints the same length, but the basal one is 
somewhat the wider, with strongly convex sides and a slight notch 
at the center of the posterior margin. Terminal joint with an anal 
incision which reaches nearly to its base, and with its posterior margin 
straight or only slightly oblique. 

Anal lamine large, four-fifths as long as the entire abdomen and 
three-fifths as wide, each armed with four setz, of which the inner one 
is considerably the smaller, is removed a little from the other three, 
and is abruptly curved inward near its base. 

First antenne minute and not heavily armed with set; the 
terminal claw of the second pair abruptly bent near its tip and 
armed with two accessory claws on its inner surface. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 407 


Adhesion pads similar to those in the female, but smaller, the pair 
on the margins of the lateral lobes of the second thorax segment 
especially well developed. 
~ Second maxille peculiar in being bent outward away from the 
base of the mouth tube nearly in a half circle. Kréyer, in speaking 
of these appendages, says that they are small and indistinct, so that 
he could not make them out with certainty. He therefore refrains 
from describing them, but Steenstrup and Liitken show them in 
their figure of the ventral surface of this species. This figure, how- 
ever, is Very small and can not show details, and all they say of these 
appendages in the text is simply that they are of the usual form. 
Fig. 133 gives the details of their structure, and it can be seen that 
they consist of an enlarged basal joint, and a slender terminal spine 
pointed away from the mouth tube. First mawxillipeds rather small 
and slender; terminal claw on the second pair also slender but long, 
the interval between the base of the claw and the immovable knobs 
being very wide. 

The spines and setz on the swimming legs are arranged as follows: 
First exopod, 1, 0; 4, III: endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second endopod, 
fk 4 Vik -endoped, 0.12.0. VLEs, third -exopod,. 1.15.3. EV: 
endopod, 0, I; 0, VI: fourth exopod, 3, I; 4, V: endopod, 0,1; 0, V. 

Total length, 9.6 mm. Length of carapace on mid-line, 3.2 mm. 
Width of same, 4.8mm. Length of three free segments, 2.4 mm.; of 
genital segment, 2.2 mm.; of abdomen, 1.6 mm. 

Steenstrup and Liitken give their largest specimen as 11 mm, long; 
Kroyer states that of the four specimens examined by him the largest 
was over four lines (9 mm.), the two next in size a little over three 
lines (6.75 mm.), while the fourth was smaller. Color a uniform yel- 
lowish horn color, transparent in living specimens, and often nearly 
so in preserved material. 

(cranchi, a proper name, see below.) 

In 1892 Van Beneden published a description with figures of a 
Nogaus which he claimed to be the male of the present species. For a 
discussion of this form, see page 450. 

Again, in 1899 Bassett-Smith suggested that Heller's Nogagus 
elongatus was the male of Pandarus dentatus, the latter being one of 
the synonyms of the present species. This Nogaus will be found 
discussed on page 451. 

The true male described above was the type on which Leach 
founded in 1819 his new genus Nogaus. The genus itself is discussed 
elsewhere (p. 439). We wish to note here only the description which 
he gave of this type species: 

Nogaus latreillii. Couleur pale, sans tache. Découverte par Cranch, latitude sud, 1; 


longitude, est, 4; méridien de Londres (p. 535). 


408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


This Cranch is ev idently the same person 1 who found the females 
of the present species, and for whom it was named; in all probability 
the two were discovered together on the same fish although there is 
no definite testimony to that effect. Of course such a description 
as this of Leach’s is absolutely worthless for purposes of identifica- 
tion, but fortunately Milne Edwards had an opportunity to examine 
Leach’s original specimen in the British Museum, and he published 
a much better account of it in his History of the Crustacea in 1840 
(p. 459). The description is not very long, but it contains two details 
which practically identify the species. The first is as follows: 

Carapace trés large et offrant de chaque cété sur le bord postérieur, tout prés de 
son angle latéro-postérieur, un lobule arrondi qui semble appartenir au premier an- 
neau thoracique. 

This secondary lobe is one of the principal characters of Pandarus 
males, and would suggest that the species belongs to that genus. 

The second detail is italicized by Milne Edwards as constituting 
the principal character for identification. He says: 

Le dernier anneau du thorax (the genital segment) grand est armé de chaque cété 
de deux grands prolongements coniques dirigés obliquement en arriére. 

This, with the added information “abdomen trés-court, composé 
de deux articles, et terminé par des lames natatoires assez grandes,”’ 
is sufficient to identify the species beyond question. But the figure 
which Milne-Edwards published® was lacking in many particulars. 
It was therefore fitting for Steenstrup and Liitken in 1861, and for 
Kroyer in 1863, to supply the missing details and supplement the 
description. 

Their combined account is the same as that here given, and has 
been freely used for suggestions and comparisons. The only thing 
they lacked was the definite location of the species as the male of 
Pandarus cranchw. Steenstup and Liitken record their specimens as 
taken on the African coast along with females of the present species. 
Kréyer obtained his specimens from a large Carcharias taken in 
the open Atlantic, and found what he took to be females along with 
the males. 

It isshown elsewhere (p. 441) that these females were really the young 
of the genus Nesippus, and not related in any way to the males. 
The true females of the present species have a complex history. 
Leach described in 1819 (p. 535) two new species of the genus Pan- 
darus which he had founded three years before. 

And he repeated the same mistake then made, for just as his two 
original species, bicolor and bosciw, prove to be identical: so are these 
other two, carcharie and cranchi, in all probability one and the same, 
as was recognized by Steenstrup and Liitken in 1861 and by all sub- 


a Atlas du Régne animal de Cuvier, Crustacés, pl. Lxxvut, fig. 1. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 409 


sequent authors. In Leach’s paper the species carcharix is given 
first and by the law of priority ought to be taken for the name of the 
species, while cranchii became a synonym. But unfortunately the 
type of carcharix# has never been seen by any other investigator, and 
hence the species can not be identified with certainty. On the other 
hand, the original type of cranchii has been examined and figured? by 
Milne Edwards and others and can be identified accurately. There- 
fore preference in the present instance is given to that name which 
is open to the least doubt. 

In 1840 Milne Edwards published three species, pallidus, vulgaris, 
and dentatus, which so far as can be made out from the descriptions 
he gave, and also from his figures of the last-named species, are iden- 
tical with cranchii. At all events they do not deserve to be made 
anything more than varieties. 

In 1852 Dana published the species concinnus, which like Milne 
Edwards’s pallidus appears to be the young of the present species 
before they have acquired the dark pigment which colors the cara- 
pace and dorsal plates so conspicuously in more mature specimens. 

Dana says nothing of the color of his species, but he does say 
“body translucent’ or subtransparent,’” which certainly could not 
be the case if the pigment were present. Neither author gives the 
details of the appendages, and judgment must be based upon the 
general make-up of the body and the relative shape and proportion 
of its various parts. As these are practically identical, concinnus 
must be placed as a synonym of the present species until proven to 
be distinct. 

The U. S. National Museum Collection has a fine set of specimens 
illustrating this species. We may refer again to the fact that Cranch, 
for whom the species is named, found both males and females prob- 
ably on the same fish. Steenstrup and Liitken record two similar 
instances in which Captain Hygom obtained the sexes together. 

And here in the National Museum Collection there are three addi- 
tional lots in which both sexes came from the same fish. 

Of the female specimens we find Cat. Nos. 6019 and 6020, U.S.N.M., 
from Carcharhinus obscurus, taken at Station 1142 off Marthas Vine- 
yard, and containing one and two females respectively. A single 
male was obtained at the same time and is Cat. No. 6031, U.S.N.M. 

A second lot, consisting of six males, Cat. No. 8640, U.S.N.M., and 
five females, Cat. No. 8641, U.S.N.M., was obtained from a large 
shark at the surface at Station 2237 by the Albatross in 1884. 

The third lot contains ten females, Cat. No. 10746, U.S.N.M., two 
young females, Cat. No. 32741, U.S.N.M., and a single male, Cat. No. 
32752, U.S.N.M., obtained from a 10-foot shark at Station 2422 
by the Albatross in 1884. 


@Atlas du Régne animal de Cuvier, Crustacés, pl. Lx xvi, figs. 2, 2 a. 


410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


There is also a single female, Cat. No. 8118, U.S.N.M., collected 
by Francis Day from Lamna cornubica, and another female, Cat. No. 
6831, U.S.N.M., from a species of Carcharhinus between Papua and 
Japan, obtained by exchange from G. S. Brady, and collected during 
the Challenger Expedition. 


PANDARUS SMITHII Rathbun. 


Puates XXIX and XXX. 
Pandarus smithii RatuBun, 1886, p. 315, pl. v, fig. 3; pl. vm, fig. 9. 


Female.—Carapace ovate, a little wider than long, the anterior mar- 
gin evenly rounded, the lateral margins convex; posterior lobes short, 
wide, and bluntly rounded; posterior margin between the lobes sin- 
uate and wrinkled, each wrinkle ending in a sharp, spine-like tooth. 
Frontal plates broad and prominent, much wider at the outer ends 
than near the median line, and covering nearly the whole of the basal 
joints of the first antenne. Eyes nearly always concealed by the dark 
pigment of the carapace, but sometimes visible two-fifths of the length 
of the carapace from the frontal margin. 

Three distinct dorsal plates on the second thorax segment, the lat- 
eral pair elongate, elliptical, or ovate, about twice as long as wide, and 
strongly divergent. The odd plate median semielliptical or subtri- 
angular, and about half the length of the lateral plates. Dorsal plates 
of the third segment almost circular in outline, less than half the length 
of the first pair, and completely separated to their base, often leaving 
a wide, open space between their inner margins. Dorsal plates of the 
fourth segment much enlarged, broadly rounded, and separated by a 
triangular posterior sinus of medium depth. These plates overlap 
the genital segment at least beyond its center, and often nearly to its 
posterior margin. 

Genital segment obovate to elliptical, narrower than the plate on 
the fourth segment, and ending posteriorly in a short, rounded knob at 
either corner. Sixth segment plate ovate, strongly narrowed ante- 
riorly, projecting for two-thirds of its length back of the genital seg- 
ment, with an evenly rounded margin. 

Abdomen small, its ventral plate of the usual shape, but not reach- 
ing beyond the center of the sixth segment plate; anal laminz the 
same length as the sixth segment plate, diverging at an angle of 45° 
to the body axis, so that almost the entire lamina is visible from 
above. Of the two wings on the inner margin, the dorsal runs the 
entire length of the lamina and is of the same width throughout; it is 
cut off obliquely at the tip, and the cut edge is more or less lacerated 
and armed with two or three small spines. The ventral wing is semi- 
circular in shape and occupies only the basal half of the lamina; its 
margin is smooth and without spines. The combined width of the 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. Anal 


two egg-strings is three-fifths that of the sixth segment plate, while 
they are two-thirds as long again as the body. 

First antenne short, the basal joint as wide as long, and heavily 
armed with setz, the terminal joint club-shaped, with a cluster of 
sete at the tip. Second antenn small and rather weak, the terminal 
claw of medium size and bent abruptly near the center. Its basal 
half is flattened and laminate, while the terminal portion beyond the 
angle is slender and cylindrical. The second joint has a wide laminate 
ear or flap projecting from its ventral surface toward the fleshy adhe- 
sion pad. 

The first pair of these adhesion pads are large and broadly elliptical, 
one-fifth longer than the second pair; the latter are obovate, their 
widest (anterior) diameter equaling their length. 

The fourth pair are especially long and narrow, their length fully 
two and a half times their width, and half-as long again as the first 
pair. Mouth-tube of the usual pattern, inclosing the mandibles, 
which are very slender and armed with eight teeth at their tips on the 
inner margin. Second maxillz with a thick and swollen base, a fleshy 
second joint, and a short terminal spine, which is stout and curved 
like a claw. 

First maxillipeds slender and weak, the two joints about the same 
length, the dorsal terminal claw twice as long as the ventral, the latter 
with a short accessory spine at its base. Second maxillipeds much 
swollen, the terminal joint fully as wide and thick as it is long, and 
furnished with a movable claw, which shuts down against a raised, 
tabular knob. The claw is wide and thick, especially at the base, 
where it is armed with a large spherical knob at the posterior corner 
and a long slender accessory spine on the ventral surface. The raised 
knob, against which the claw shuts, has a flat, semicircular top, which 
is roughly corrugated, to afford a better hold against the skin of the 
host. 

First swimming legs small and weak, the basal joint scarcely as 
wide as the exopod; both rami two-jointed, the joints in the exopod 
not as distinct as in the endopod. Second legs stouter, especially 
the basal joint, but still rather weak; third and fourth pairs with 
basal joints increasing regularly in size, their rami flat, laminate, 
and boot-shaped; those of the second and third legs distinctly two- 
jointed, those of the fourth legs with the jointing indicated only by 
marginal notches. The rami of these fourth legs are, as Rathbun 
writes, considerably longer than those of cranchii, and are also some- 
what longer than even the longest of those found in sinuatus. There 
are no sete, and the spines are arranged as follows: First exopod, 1,5; 
endopod, 0,3; second exopod, 0,10; endopod, 0,3; third exopod, 1,4; 
endopod, 0,2; fourth exopod, 1,5; endopod, 0,0. 


strands of the coil running the entire length of the segment. The 
semen receptacles are very sumilar to those of bicolor, horseshoe-shaped, 
with the ends somewhat enlarged. 

The cement glands can not be seen in mature females on account of 
the pigment on the dorsal surface of the segment and in the eggs that 
fill the coiled oviduct, but they can be distinguished in young females. 
They are narrow and rod-like, close to the intestine on either side, 
and more or less sinuate; the component cells are very short and 
flattened like the eggs in the egg-strings. 

Total length, 9 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3.5 mm.; width 
across posterior margin, 4.5 mm.; length of first dorsal plates, 2. mm.; 
of second plates, 0.85 mm.; of third plates, 2 mm.; of sixth segment 
plate, 1.5 mm.; of egg-strings, 15 mm. 

Color a rich brownish black, the margins of the carapace and of the 
dorsal plates, and a semicircular spot through the eyes much lighter 
and yellowish or reddish. The anal lamin are also without pigment. 

(smithu. Named for Prof. 8. I. Smith, of Yale University.) 

Young females.—In a young female only 3 mm. long the carapace is 
strongly wedge-shaped, the posterior margin twice the width at the 
frontal plates, the teeth along its central portion comparatively larger 
and blunter than in the adult. The lateral margins are nearly straight 
and show a well-defined notch, armed with two minute teeth, about 
three-fifths of the distance from the frontal plates. This notch evi- 
dently indicates the point of junction of the cephalic and thoracic 
portions of the carapace. The eyes are also plainly visible close to the 
mid-line, in the anterior third of the carapace. 

The dorsal plates of the thorax are in a rudimentary condition; the 
first two pairs are about the same size and the third pair a trifle larger; 
the first pair does not quite touch the anterior margin of the third 
pair, and only the extreme tips of the second pair overlap the third. 

The genital segment is thus left almost entirely free dorsally; on 
its ventral surface just in front of the openings of the oviducts may 
be seen the rudiments of a pair of swimming legs, in the form of two 
spines on either side, close together, the inner one broadly triangular, 
the outer one minute and very slender. 

These afterwards disappear, or at least they can not be distinguished 
in the adult. 

The sixth segment plate is circular and one-third the width of the 
genital segment; the anal lamine are much longer than this plate, 
comparatively slender, and the wings are not yet fully formed along 
their inner margins, which are armed at this stage with three small 
spines. The ventral plate of the abdomen reaches nearly to the pos- 
terior margin of the sixth segment plate and is much broader than the 
latter, more than half the width of the genital segment. The append- 


NO, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. At3 


ages and the legs are very similar to those in the adult, the segmen- 
tation and the spines being much cleaner and more distinct; they 
verify in every particular what has already been given for the adult. 

In another developmental stage, 4.5 millimeters long, we find the 
same general shape and proportion of the various body regions as 
in the adult. The dorsal plates are now well formed and overlap, so 
that there are no spaces between them; the third pair are much 
enlarged and reach to the center of the genital segment; the sixth 
segment plate has increased to its normal proportions. But as no 
pigment has yet appeared the internal anatomy can be seen quite 
distinctly; in particular the ovaries and oviducts are manifest, and 
the beginning of the coils in the latter may be distinguished at the 
posterior end of the genital segment. This absence of pigment, 
together with the differences in the details of the appendages and 
dorsal plates make these young females appear like distinct species. 
And it is probably similar differences which led to the differentiation 
of boscia from bicolor by Leach in his original description of the genus, 
and also to the separation of pallidus from cranchi by Milne-Edwards 
in 1840. 

Male.—Carapace elliptical, a little longer than wide, with the lat- 
eral margins only slightly curved; posterior lobes wide and bluntly 
rounded at the tips, extending straight backward; accessory lobes 
small, much wider than long and attached close to the base of the 
posterior lobes. Lateral grooves somewhat S-shaped, the curve at 
the anterior end being much more pronounced than at the posterior 
end. Eyes prominent and situated far forward. Carapace nar- 
rowed but little anteriorly; frontal plates wide and prominent, coy- 
ering nearly the whole of the basal joints of the first antenne. Free 
segments diminishing a little in width, but increasing in length from 
in front backward, their sides plumply rounded ; the second seg- 
ment filling the entire space between the carapace lobes, the fourth 
segment wider than the genital segment. Lateral lobes on the sec- 
ond segment broad and bluntly rounded, reaching back to the poste- 
rior margin of the third segment. Genital segment subquadrangular, 
a little wider than long, its sides only slightly rounded; the papille 
of the fifth legs small, blunt, and situated far back close to the pos- 
terior corners, those of the sixth pair larger and more pointed. Abdo- 
men half as wide as the genital segment, much wider than long, some- 
what the shape of an hourglass, the sides being reentrant at the 
groove between the two joints. The terminal joint twice the length 
of the basal and protruding somewhat at the anus between the bases 
of the anal lamelle; the latter of about the same length and width, 
tipped with four large setz, the inner one of which is separated a 
short distance from the others. The first antennz have a long basal 
joint which is almost entirely concealed beneath the distal end of the 


414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


frontal plates. In the second pair the middle joint is considerably 
swollen, while the terminal claw is rather slender and weak. There 
is only one pair of adhesion pads, situated just behind the bases of 
the first antenne and close to the edge of the carapace. The pair 
that usually accompanies the second antenne have degenerated into 
minute disks, too small to be of any service for prehension. 

The mouth-tube and second maxille are similar to those in the 
male of sinuatus; the first maxillipeds are stout, both joints consid- 
erably swollen, the terminal claw straight and more than twice the 
length of the secondary one. The second pair are also much swollen, 
and are armed with a strong forceps made of two stout knobs whose 
inner surfaces are flattened where they come together. The arrange- 
ment of the spines and sets on the swimming legs is as follows: First 
exopod, 1, 0; 4, III: endopod, 0,0; 0, III: second exopod, 1, I; 4, IV: 
endopod, 0, I; 0, VIII: third exopod, 1, I; 4, V: endopod, 0, I; 0, V: 
fourth exopod, 1, 0; 4, V: endopod, 0, I; 0, IV. 

Total length, 7.57 mm.; length of carapace to tips of lateral lobes, 
4.43 mm.; width of same, 4.23 mm.; length of free segment, 2 mm.; 
length of genital segment, 1.4 mm. 

Color (preserved material) a uniform yellowish brown without pig- 
ment markings. 

This species was established by Rathbun in 1886 upon two speci- 
mens taken from a dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, Cat. No. 
6198, U.S.N.M. Another specimen, Cat. No. 8119, U.S.N.M., was 
found upon an undetermined shark, taken in Vineyard Sound, and 
four specimens, Cat. No. 6022, U.S.N.M., upon a sand shark, Car- 
charias littoralis, from the same locality. Since the publication of 
the species five other lots have been secured; two of these, were 
obtained from sand sharks at Woods Hole; one, Cat. No. 32734, 
U.S.N.M., includes five young females in different stages of devel- 
opment; the other, Cat. No. 32732, U.S.N.M., includes a single 
male which is made the type of the species. Another lot, Cat. 
No. 6195, U.S.N.M., containing two females was found on Atwood’s 
shark, Carcharodon carcharias; a second lot of three females, Cat. 
No. 11614, U.S.N.M., was found on a “Gray” shark in Vineyard 
Sound; a third lot of four females, Cat. No. 32754, U.S.N.M., from 
the back of a small shark (species not given) taken in the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

The chief variation in these specimens is in the amount of pigment 
on the carapace and dorsal plates and in the relative size of the third 
pair of plates; similar variations are found in all pigmented species. 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. a 5) 


PANDARUS SATYRUS Dana. 
Puate XXXII. 


Pandarus satyrus DANA, 1852, p. 1868, pl. xcv, figs. 2 a-c. 
Pandarus zygen® Brapy, 1883, p. 184, pl. Ly, fig. 3. 


Female.—General body outline short and wide; carapace widening 
posteriorly until it becomes broader than long, the posterior lobes 
short and blunt; posterior margin nearly straight and armed with 
eight or ten small spines or teeth. Frontal plates narrow at the cen- 
ter, wider at the ends, covering most of the basal joints of the first 
antenne. Eyes concealed in mature specimens by the dark pigment 
of the carapace. 

Thorax plates of the second segment elliptical, strongly divergent, 
wide and long, reaching beyond the center of those on the fourth 
segment; central plate between their bases narrow. Plates of the 
third segment small, nearly circular in outline, with a shallow median 
sinus; those of the fourth segment also circular, with a wide but not 
very deep median sinus; they overlap the genital segment beyond 
its center. 

Genital segment ovate, two-thirds as wide as the carapace, and 
produced posteriorly into a slender conical process on either side of 
the sixth segment plate and directly over the bases of the anal lamine. 
Abdomen short and wide, the dorsal or body portion the same length 
as the ventral plate and reaching about to the center of the sixth 
segment plate. Anal lamine wide and longer than the sixth seg- 
ment plate, their outer margins considerably thickened, the inner 
wings strongly divergent and irregularly toothed. Sixth segment 
plate ovate or elliptical, from one-half to two-thirds as long as the 
genital segment. 

First antenne long and slender, the terminal joint club-shaped, as 
long as the basal joint, and bluntly rounded, both joints well armed 
with short sete. Second pair small with a weak terminal claw and 
one accessory spine. First adhesion pads semielliptical, their outer 
margins nearly straight, their anterior ends projecting beyond the 
margin of the carapace; second pair nearly circular, their diameter 
one-third less than the length of the first pair; third pair small and 
elliptical; fourth pair also elliptical and a little longer than wide. 

First maxillipeds of the usual pattern but stout, the two joints of 
the same length, the terminal claws corrugated; second pair swollen 
and armed with a single pair of forceps knobs, close together at the 
center of the ventral surface. 

First swimming legs small and weak, very similar to those of 
cranchu, the base of the terminal joint in the exopod and its tip in 
the endopod being covered with a large spiny pad or cushion. Second 
legs also weak, the rami the same size and their joints the same 


416 OC Let OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


lenethy the forminal joint of the exopod tipped with five, that of the 
endopod with three, curved spines or claws. 

Third pair with a large basal joint, carrying at its outer distal 
corner a spiny pad and two boot-shaped rami, indistinctly two- 
jointed, the sap armed with a single spine on the basal joint and a 
group of five or six large curved spines or claws at the tip of the 
terminal joint. Fourth legs also with a swollen basal joint and two 
boot-shaped rami, the endopod without spines, the exopod with one 
spine on the basal joint, and a group of four on the tip of the terminal 
joint larger than those on the third legs and curved. No legs visible 
on the genital segment. 

Total length, 8.5 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 4.2 mm.; length of dorsal plates of second segment, 
2.1 mm.; of third segment, 0.8 mm.; of fourth segment, 1.2 mm.; of 
sixth segment plate, 1.4 to 1.8 mm.; egg-strings unknown. 

Color a dark reddish yellow marked with a chocolate-brown blotch 
covering the center of the carapace, having a light spot on either side 
of the mid-line in the region of the eyes. There are similar chocolate- 
brown blotches on each of the dorsal plates, including the sixth seg- 
ment plate, leaving the margins and angles reddish yellow. In some 
specimens the pigment is so dense and covers so much of the body 
that the copepod seems nearly black. The ‘‘opaque, dirty white or 
yellowish white” specimens spoken of by Dana were evidently 
immature, and their pigment had not yet been formed. 

(satyrus, a satyr.) 

The U.S. National Museum collection includes a single lot of fifteen 
females of this species, Cat. No. 32753, U.S.N.M., taken from the 
sides and pectoral fins of a blue shark, Prionace glauca, by the Fish- 
eries steamer Albatross during the Hawaiian explorations in 1902. 

These agree in every particular with the figures and description 
given by Dana, except that the third pair of dorsal thorax plates in 
his specimens were relatively shorter. But this is a difference that is 
likely to occur in any species, and is not therefore of any value. 
Pandarus zygene has been given above as a synonym of the present 
species after a careful examination and comparison of the two. 
There are two females of P. zygenx in the National Museum collection 
which were obtained by exchange from G. S. Brady, the author of 
the species. They are Cat. No. 6857, U.S.N.M., and were taken on 
Sphyrna zygena at St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Brady’s descrip- 
tion of this species in the Challenger Expedition Report? is very 
short and says nothing whatever of the appendages. Nor is any 
hint of the latter given in the single figure he published, which he 
labeled ‘‘An adult male, seen from above.’ He certainly mistook 
the sex, fo his figure ond description are those of a female without 


‘aVol. VII, p. 134, = LY, fig. 3. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. Ale 


ege-strings and not of a male. Furthermore, the deep cracks in the 
posterior portion of the genital segment on either side in his figure 
are more likely to be cracks due to the brittleness of preservation 
than they are to indicate a normal structure. The species has not 
been noted by other investigators, the only mention of it being in 
the list ptrblished by Bassett-Smith in 1899. The two specimens 
mentioned above were evidently covered with fish slime when pre- 
served, and this has become so incrusted around the appendages 
as to conceal many of the details. Enough can be made out, how- 
ever, to show the identity of Brady’s species with that of Dana, 
which had been described thirty years before, and hence it must 
stand as a synonym of the latter. Brady’s specimens were a little 
shorter than Dana’s, and were lighter in color, the plates on the third 
segment and the genital segment being without pigment. This would 
indicate that they were not fully mature, which is further evidenced 
by the fact that they had no egg-strings. 


PANDARUS SINUATUS Say. 


Puares XXXII and XXXIII. 


Pandarus sinuatus Say, 1817, p. 436.—Mrtne Epwarps, 1840, p. 471.—SmirTH, 
1874, p. 576, pl. vu, fig. 31.—RatTuBun, 1886, p. 310, pls. v-vil. 

Female.—Carapace semielliptical to ovate, broader behind than in 
front, and a little more than one-third the entire length; width to 
length as 6 to 5; posterior lobes short, more or less acute, and turned 
inward at the tips; posterior margin when perfect with a rounded 
median projection bordered on either side by three or four short and 
sharp teeth. Usually, however, all the projections are bluntly 
rounded and irregular, making the margin jagged and sinuate, as in 
figure 172. Frontal plates narrow and but little prominent, not 
covering more than half the basal joints of the first antennz. Kyes 
invisible in the adults, visible in the young, one-third the distance 
from the anterior margin, and close together on either side of the mid- 
line. 

Paired dorsal plates of second segment broadly elliptical to oval, 
one-half longer than wide, diverging at an angle of about S08 
from the central axis; their inner margins are sometimes nearly 
straight or may even be concave; they are widely separated and 
scarcely touch the second pair, but reach back to the center of the 
lateral margins of the third pair. The unpaired median plate of this 
second segment is very wide, comparatively short, with a straight 
posterior margin without teeth or spines. 

Dorsal plates of the third segment small, nearly circular and sepa- 
rated by a deep sinus, which is slightly enlarged at its base ; owing to 
the wide separation of the first plates this second pair are entirely 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——27 


418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


visible in dorsal view. Dorsal plates of the fourth segment consider- 
ably enlarged, wider than the genital segment and covering its anterior 
third or two-fifths, thoroughly fused with only a broad and very 
shallow posterior sinus. 

Genital segment elliptical, one-fifth longer than wide; posterior 
lobes broad and evenly rounded, with a shallow median siaus. 

Sixth segment plate small, its margin forming four-fifths of a per- 
fect circle, the remaining fifth narrowed into an anterior stem or neck 
where it joins the genital segment. It projects behind the lobes of 
the genital segment for a half or two-thirds of its length. Anal 
lamine rather narrow and slender, as long as the sixth segment plate, 
acute at the tips and armed with two or three small spines irregu- 
larly placed on the inner margin; wings entirely lacking in the adult. 
Ventral plate of the abdomen much wider than the sixth segment 
plate, its posterior margin usually evenly rounded. 

First antenne slender, the basal joint three times the length of the 
terminal, its distal end enlarged, the anterior margin and corner 
evenly rounded and well armed with sete; terminal joint club- 
shaped, with a tuft of setz at the tip. 

Second antenne slender, the second joint with a small fleshy lamina 
on its ventral surface, the terminal claw short and weak. 

First adhesion pads elliptical, three-fourths longer than wide; 
second pair obovate, one-half longer than wide, but much shorter 
than the first pair; fourth pair elliptical, a little more than twice as 
long as wide, and longer than the first pair. 

Mouth-tube of the usual shape, narrower and longer than in 
bicolor; mandibles like those of smithii; second maxille short and 
broad, the basal joint twice as wide as long, the second joint as wide 
as long and ending in a slender and sharp spine which is nearly 
straight. First maxillipeds slender, the basal joint half as long again 
as the terminal; the latter armed with a terminal curved claw, nearly 
as long as the joint itself, a shorter and straighter accessory claw, 
toothed along both margins, on its ventral surface, and a short and 
straight. spine on the inner margin, both the latter being inserted at 
the base of the terminal claw. 

Second maxillipeds much swollen, armed with a pair of knohs 
acting like forceps; knobs oblong, the ends where they come together 
being flattened and corrugated. 

Basal joints of the swimming legs increasing in size from in front 
backwards, all biramose and the rami two-jointed, but the joints on 
the fourth pair are thoroughly fused, and the jomting is only indi- 
cated by marginal notches. The arrangement of the spines (there 
are no true setz) on the different legs is as follows: First exopod, 1, 5; 
endopod, 0, 3; second exopod, 1, 9; endopod, 0, 5; third exopod, 1, 4 
to 8; endopod, 0, 3; fourth exopod, 1, 3 to 5; endopod, 0, 0. The 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 419 


relative size and shape of the four pairs of legs and their joints are 
shown in Plate XXXII, figs. 177 to 180, the magnification being the 
same for each. 

Of the reproductive organs the oviducts are usually coiled once in 
the genital segment, each strand of the coil reaching the entire length 
of the segment. But sometimes there is a short extra coil in the 
extreme anterior portion of the segment. The cement glands are 
exceptionally large and broad and arranged like parenthesis marks 
on either side of the intestine; the basal third of each is enlarged to 
twice the width of the oviduct, is more or less rounded, and extends 
outward and forward at an angle of 45° to the central axis. The re- 
maining portion, or body of the gland, is once and a half the width of 
the oviduct, curves around inward toward the intestine, and extends 
almost to the anterior border of the segment; the compound cells 
are short and flattened like the eggs. The semen receptacle has the 
shape of a spear or lance head, with a narrow tapering central sinus. 
The two halves are joined anteriorly at the point of the spear, and 
each has on its outer margin a rounded point or knob, corresponding 
to the barb. 

Total length, 7 to 8 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 2.75 mm.; 
width at posterior margin, 3.3 mm.; length of first dorsal plates, 1.5 
mm.; of second pair, 0.75 mm.; of third pair, 1.25 mm.-; of sixth 
segment plate, 1 mm.; of abdomen, 2.25 mm. 

Color dull yellow or yellowish white, with a spot on either side 
near the frontal margin of the carapace, or with the spots fused 
across the mid-line into a horseshoe-shaped blotch opening poste- 
riorly. There is also a central irregular blotch on the third pair of 
dorsal plates. In mature females the pigment of the eggs in the 
coiled oviducts give the genital segment a grayish or brownish tinge. 
From this mean the color varies in both directions. In specimens 
from the Smooth Dogfish the brown or black markings often cover 
most of the carapace, all of the fourth segment plates, and a part of 
those on the second and third segments. On the other hand, speci- 
mens taken from Atwood’s Shark and immature specimens from 
whatever source show no pigment at all, or only the faintest traces 
of it. 

(sinuatus, smuate, alluding to the posterior margin of the carapace.) 

Male.—Carapace orbicular, wider than long, with the lateral mar- 
gin evenly rounded; posterior lobes broadly triangular and curved 
a little inward toward the mid-line; supplementary lobes very short, 
at least three times as wide as long and close to the bases of the 
posterior lobes. “In preserved material these secondary lobes often 
turn white or whitish and become opaque. Lateral grooves bent 
sharply outward at the anterior ends, nearly at right angles to the 
longitudinal axis, and terminating just behind the sucking disks, 


420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxut. 
: 

Frontal plates nearly as wide as the carapace, projecting over the 

bases of the first antennz and thus very prominent. 

Free thorax segments about the same length but diminishing 
rapidly in width from in front backwards. The second segment does 
not entirely fill the space between the posterior lobes of the carapace 
and only slightly overlaps the inner margins of the secondary lobes; 
its lateral plates are broad and enlarged at the tip into a spathulate 
form, the posterior margin being nearly straight. Fourth segment 
one-fifth narrower than the genital segment, its lateral margins with 
a narrow, Sharp curve at the center. Genital segment elliptical, much 
longer than wide, with evenly rounded corners. Fifth legs small and 
blunt, slightly enlarged at the tips and carried forward some distance 
in front of the sixth pair; the latter are a little longer, are situated 
at the posterior corners, and nearly always curve inward toward the 
mid-line. Inside of each and close to its base, on the posterior margin 
of the genital segment, is a single large spme. Abdomen elongate, 
longer than wide, the two joints of the same length; the basal one 
spindle-shaped, the terminal one wedge-shaped, with no protuber- 
ance between the bases of the anal laminw; the latter are nearly 
twice as long as wide, with the ends rounded diagonally, the outer 
margin being the longer. Each is armed with four sete, the inner of 
which is removed some distance from the others. 

The first antenne are the normal size and shape, the basal joints 
being almost wholly covered by the projecting ends of the frontal 
plates. The first adhesion pads are ovate, with their longitudinal 
diameters inclined at an angle of 45° to the body axis. They are 
placed so near the edge of the carapace behind the first antennx that 
nearly half the pad projects beyond the carapace and is visible in 
dorsal view, affording a good secondary means of identification of the 
species. The second pair is just outside the bases of the second 
antenne, elliptical in form, with their long diameters parallel to the 
body axis. 

The third pair are egg-shaped and in the usual position between 
the first maxillipeds; the fourth pair are elongate-elliptical, on the 
lateral margins of the second segment lobes, and parallel with the 
body axis. The first and second pairs are much smaller in the male 
than in the female, which would show that they do not function as 
clasping organs. 

The second antenne are larger than in the female; the two basal 
joints are considerably swollen besides sharing in the formation of the 
adhesion pad. The terminal claw is large and stout and is armed on 
its outer margin with two large accessory spines, one near the base 
and the other at the center. 

The first maxillipeds have a stout basal joint and a short and 
slender terminal joint, with two accessory claws on its inner margin 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. Bi. 


close to the base of the terminal claw. The ventral of these two 
claws is more than twice the size of the dorsal. The second maxilli- 
peds are much enlarged, relatively more so than in the female, and 
evidently they, with the second antenne, form the chief clasping 
organs. They are armed with a stout and well-developed terminal 
claw, which shuts down against a group of three tuberculated knobs 
placed side by side on the basal joint. This combination of claw and 
forceps pinchers gives these copepods a very firm hold upon their host. 

The arrangement of the spines and sete on the swimming legs is 
as follows: First exopod, 1, 0; 4, III: endopod, 0, 0; 0, IIT: second exo- 
pod, 1,1; 4, VI: endopod, 0, I; 0,VIII: third exopod, 1,1; 4, V: endopod 
0,1; 0, V: fourth exopod, 1,1; 4, V: endopod,1,1;0,V. The sperm duct 
is coiled into a large bunch near the center of the genital segment on 
either side, and its posterior end then opens into a boot-shaped 
spermatophore receptacle which lies between the bunch and the 
posterior end of the genital segment, and whose long diameter is 
inclined at an angle of 45° to the central axis. The anterior end of 
this receptacle is narrowed into a sort of pointed appendix which 
curves around forward and inward. The posterior end is bluntly 
rounded and from it a short tube leads to the genital opening, which 
is near the posterior corner of the genital segment. 

Total length, 7.23 mm.; length of carapace on the mid line, 3 mm.; 
width of same, 4 mm.; length of free segments, 1.63 mm.; of genital 
segment, 1.72 mm.; of abdomen, | mm. 

Color the same as that of the female except that there are no pig- 
ment spots or blotches and the body is quite transparent. 

Young females.—The smallest female thus far obtained is a little 
less than 5 mm. in length (fig. 182). In this the carapace is nearly 
half the entire length, as long on the mid-line as it Is wide, with nar- 
row lateral areas and short triangular posterior lobes. The posterior 
margin between these lobes is very wide and irregularly sinuate, the 
general direction being nearly straight. Eyes plainly visible one- 
third the distance behind the frontal margin, three in number, 
arranged in a triangle, the middle one posterior. Frontal plates wide 
and prominent and covering the whole of the basal joints of the first 
antenne. Lateral areas divided considerably behind their center 
by a transverse groove representing the boundary line between the 
head and the first thorax segment. Second segment filling the entire 
space between the posterior lobes of the carapace, its lateral plates 
short, broad, and well rounded at their tips. The median plate of 
this segment has not yet been differentiated, but the two lateral plates 
are fused in a wide band across the mid-line. The dorsal plates of 
the third and fourth segments have just started and overlap the seg- 
ments following them scarcely at all. The genital segment is elliptical, 
much smaller than in the adult female (less than half the width and 


1G) PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


length of the carapace); its posterior sinus is very broad, with a 
squarely truncated base, while the posterior lobes are narrow and 
short. The abdomen projects nearly its whole length behind the 
sinus of the genital segment, and is plainly visible in dorsal view. 
The sixth segment plate has only just started, and covers less than 
half the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Anal laminz of the same 
pattern as in other genera of this subfamily, narrow and long, each 
tipped with four plumose sete. Appendages like those of the adult 
with the exception of the fourth swimming legs, in which the rami are 
much smaller, less laminate, and the exopod is armed with claws 
similar to those on the third legs, and is indistinctly jointed. The 
fourth endopod, however, even at this early stage is wholly devoid 
of spines or setxe, and shows no signs of segmentation. 

The Nauplius has already been described on page 336; owing to the 
inability of the female to move about when placed in an aquarium, 
the eggs always die unless they were just on the verge of hatching when 
obtained. This makes it difficult to secure the nauplii, and explains 
how it happens in a genus as common as Pandarus that they have not 
been seen and described oftener. 

This species was first described by Say in 1817, from specimens 
taken from the dog-fish, Squalus canis Mitchill, and preserved in 
the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. 
The original description was brief and lacked many details, but 
enough was presented to identify the species, and the missing details 
were supplied in an excellent description given by Rathbun in 1884. 
But neither author found the male, and that sex is here presented for 
the first time, together with additional information upon the anatomy 
of the female. The abundance of the species upon the sharks common 
along our Atlantic coast is proven by the following list of the specimens 
in the U. S. National Museum. Most of these were found upon the 
fins of the sharks, attached in such a way that the ege-cases would 
float free from the margin of the fin in the clear water (fig. 1). 
Hence the Pandarus always has its head toward the head of the 
shark; when more than one are found on the same fin they are attached 
side by side and strictly parallel, often as many as eight being found 
on one side of a single fin, and as many on the other side. Usually 
these females have alge and protozoa of various kinds growing upon 
their carapace and dorsal plates; these are fastened to the margins 
and angles of the plates and float back in the water around the egg- 
strings. 

Often the female will be so completely covered that none of the 
dorsal surface can be seen (fig. 1). The fins most commonly chosen 
are the dorsal, the anal, and the ventral. Specimens are less often 
found on the pectorals or the tail. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 423 


All the following specimens were taken at Woods Hole or in the 
immediate vicinity, unless otherwise stated: 

From Atwood’s shark, Carcharodon carcharias, Cat. No. 6172 
U.S.N.M. (20 females); Cat. No. 6195, U.S.N.M. (2 males); Cat. No. 
32756, U.S.N.M. (1 adult and 5 young females). 

From sand shark, Carcharias littoralis, Cat. No. 6021, U.S.N.M. (25 
females); Cat. No. 6023, U.S.N.M. (1 male); Cat. No. 6028, U.S.N.M. 
(8 females) ; Cat. No. 6029, U.S.N.M. (5 males) ; Cat. No. 6030, U.S.N.M. 
(3 young females); Cat. No. 6034, U.S.N.M. (15 females); Cat. No. 
6041, U.S.N.M. (1 female); Cat. No. 6042, U.S.N.M. (2 males taken 
with Cat. No. 6041, U.S.N.M.); Cat. No. 6075, U.S.N.M. (2 males and 
2 females, 1 pair in coition); Cat. No. 6202, U.S.N.M. (3 females) ; 
Cat. No. 6206, U.S.N.M. (2 males); Cat. No. 6208, U.S.N.M. (1 
female); Cat. No. 8121 U.S.N.M. (6 females); Cat. No.8128, U.S.N.M. 
(2 males); Cat. No. 10744, U.S.N.M. (20 females); Cat. No. 12227, 
U.S.N.M. (2 females); Cat. No. 12674, U.S.N.M. (5 females); Cat. 
No. 12675, U.S.N.M. (10 females); Cat. No. 32730, U.S.N.M. (5 young 
females) ; Cat. No. 32745, U.S.N.M. (2 males) ; Cat. No. 32746,U.S.N.M. 
(a young female); Cat. No. 32748, U.S.N.M. (20 females very pale in 
color without pigment); Cat. No. 32749, U.S.N.M. (a male and female 
in coition); Cat. No. 32750, U.S.N.M. (a male); Cat. No. 32751, 
U.S.N.M. (4 young females and 2 males); Cat. No. 32755, U.S.N.M. (5 
females); Cat. No. 32759, U.S.N.M. (10 females and 2 males, 1 pair in 
coition); Cat. No. 32762, U.S.N.M. (5 females); Cat. No. 32763, 
U.S.N.M. (10 females and 5 males); Cat. No. 32764, U.S.N.M. (5 
females); Cat. No. 32766, U.S.N.M. (25 females); Cat. No. 32767, 
U.S.N.M. (25 females); Cat. No. 32768, U.S.N.M. (5 females); Cat. No. 
~ 32769, U.S.N.M. (5 females); Cat. No. 32770, U.S.N.M. (20 females) ; 
Cat. No. 32774, U.S.N.M. (30 females and 3 males); Cat. No. 32755, 
U.S.N.M. (5 females). 

From smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, Cat. No. 6046, U.S.N.M. (5 
females) ; Cat. No. 6199, U.S.N.M. (5 females) ; Cat. No. 6203,U.S.N.M. 
(3 females) ; Cat. No. 6207, U.S.N.M. (1 female) ; Cat. No.8124,U.S.N.M. 
(1 female); Cat. No.8125, U.S.N.M. (1 male taken with Cat. No. 8124, 
U.S.N.M.); Cat. 8126, U.S.N.M. (2 young females); Cat. No. 10745, 
U.S.N.M. (3 females); Cat. No. 16090, U.S.N.M. (3 females and 1 
male, taken off Avon, N. J.); Cat. No. 32733, U.S.N.M. (2 young 
females and 1 male); Cat. No. 32758, U.S.N.M. (2 females); Cat. 
No/32760, U.S.N.M. (8 females); Cat. No.32761, U.S.N.M. (3 females). 

From dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, Cat. No. 6031, U.S.N.M. 
(1 male); Cat. No. 6032, U.S.N.M. (1 male); Cat. No. 32747, U.S.N.M. 
(3 females and 1 male); Cat. No. 32773, U.S.N. M. (3 females). 

From mackerel shark, Lamna cornubica, Cat. No. 32765, U.S.N.M. 
(75 females). 


494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ vou. xxxm. 


From sharp-nosed shark, Scoliodon terre nove, Cat. No. 32771 
U.S.N.M. (2 females, taken at Beaufort, North Carolina). 

From the outside of a menhaden, Cat. No. 32734, U.S.N.M. (1 male). 

From ‘‘Shark,’’ no species given, Cat. No. 8640, U.S.N.M. (6 males 
taken at station 2237,steamer Albatross,1884) ; Cat.No. 12670,U.S.N.M. 
(85 females); Cat. No. 32757, U.S.N.M. (1 male). 

No locality or host given, Cat. No. 6028, U.S.N.M. (1 female). 


Genus NESIPPUS Heller. 


Nesippus (N. orientalis) HELLER, 1865, p. 193. 
Nogagus (N. augustatus) VAN BENEDEN, 1892, p. 246. 


Female.—Carapace transversely elliptical, much wider than long, 
with broad lateral areas and posterior lobes. Frontal plates distinct, 
prominent, covering the basal joints of the first antenne. Eyes 
small, three in number, in a triangle near the anterior margin. Sec- 
ond and third thorax segments fused together, and carrying a single 
pair of more or less rectangular plates or lobes on their sides. Fourth 
seoment free, with no dorsal plates, or with a very small pair scarcely 
overlapping the genital segment. The latter elliptical, much longer 
than wide, with an evenly rounded outlme; no posterior lobes. 
Abdomen small, attached to the ventral surface of the genital seg- 
ment, and nearly hidden in dorsal view; anal laminz of medium size, 
wholly visible, each armed with four large sete. 

First antenne like those of Pandarus; second pair uncinate; first 
adhesion pads much larger than the second, the two quite a distance 
apart. Mouth tube similar to that of Pandarus; second maxille three- 
jointed, with swollen bases and small terminal claws. 

Second maxillipeds much swollen, with a flattened terminal claw. 
All the swimming legs biramose; rami of the first three pairs two- 
jointed, of the fourth pair one-jointed, all armed with plumose sete. 
Eee tubes slender, straight, much longer than the body. 

Male.—Body a typical Nogaus form; carapace elongate with nar- 
row lateral areas and posterior lobes; no accessory lobes, as in the 
Pandarus males, but sometimes a large spine on the posterior margin, 
at the base of the posterior lobe on either side. Frontal plates narrow 
and not very prominent; eyes three in number, in about the same 
position as in the female; in front of the eyes there is often a pair of 
rounded knobs (Dana’s conspicilla) rising above the surface of the 
carapace. Free thorax segments the same length but diminishing 
rapidly in width from in front backward, the fourth as wide as 
the genital segment; the second segment only with lateral lobes. 
Genital segment elongate, more or less angular, without lobes or 
rudimentary swimming legs, or with the latter reduced to small 
spines. Abdomen smal], one-jointed, wider than long, more or less 
triangular, anal lamine small, but armed with large plumose sete. 


No. 1573. . PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 425 


Appendages like those e the female: “second “manillipeds much swollen, 
with forceps knobs or a flattened wanted claw. All the legs nee 
mose, rami like those of the female. 

(Nesippus, etymology unknown.) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES. 


a. Females, carapace much wider than long; second and third thorax segments 
fused inter se; fourth segment with small dorsal plates; genital segment longer 
fim nhercarapace: abdomen bidden.-2_= = lcs 32 eee ee a b. 

a. Males, carapace as long as wide; second and third thorax segments distinct; 
fourth segment without dorsal plates; genital segment much smaller than cara- 


pace papdomenwihollye wisibl ese. -\.5 2acc2: f2t sc ais S612 Sh = ago hm d. 
b. Fourth segment plates not reaching the genital segment; lateral lobes of 
the fused second and third segments narrow and well rounded... ....- @. 


b. Fourth segment plates overlapping the genital segment a little; lateral 
lobes on the fused second and third segments large, wide, and angular. 
alatus Wilson, 1905, p. 426. 
ce. Genital segment medium size, quadrangular, with rounded corners and no 
posterior lobes; abdomen largely visible from above. 
angustalus Beneden, 1892, p. 431. 
c. Genital segment somewhat enlarged, elliptical, with long and broad posterior 
lobes, separated by a narrow median sinus; abdomen wholly concealed. 
crypturus Heller, 1865. 
c. Genital segment much enlarged, ovate, with an evenly curved margin; no 
posterior lobes; abdomen entirely concealed.......---- orientalis Heller, 1865. 
d. Carapace wider than long; genital segment also wider than long, barrel- 
roe) aero Me Sets ry ae pode We iS aie oe eC ee apm ree a e. 
d. Carapace and genital segment decidedly longer than wide; genital seg- 
reqcendun so) ol Koxayeq ara tns ou) Of) e241 Ye Rrss6 [sys Ue pes ee aoe SU ee Ae ae ie er reer ee ie 
e. Carapace without conspicilla, posterior lobes short; fourth segment with 
strongly protruding sides; genital segment without rudimentary legs. 
alatus Wilson, 1905, p. 426. 
e. Conspicilla present; posterior carapace lobes narrow and elongate; sides of 
fourth segment protruding but little; fifth legs showing on sides of genital 
SEER S EO eee ea cre er curticaudis Dana, 1852, p. 434. 
f. Less than 6 mm. in length; genital segment nearly as wide as long; fourth 
segment biscuit-shaped, twice as wide as long. 
angustatus Beneden, 1892, p. 431. 
f. From 8 to 11 mm. in length; fourth segment spindle-shaped, as long as 
wide; genital segment one-third or one-half longer than wide. 
borealis Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861, p. 437 


This genus was founded by Heller in 1865 upon two species obtained 
on the Novara expedition at the island of Jave 

They were both obtained from the gills of sharks, and although 
Heller does not make the statement, it is probable that they were 
found in the shark’s throat rather than in the gill cavity. 

Of one species which he called orientalis Heller claimed to have 
both sexes, but a careful study of the figures and description of his 
“male” show it to be really a young female before the egg strings 
have developed. It is not a Nogaus form at all, but exactly like the 
adult except that the genital segment is smaller and the abdomen not 


426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


concealed. If it be compared with the figure here given (Plate 
XXXIV, fig. 205) of a young female alatus, its identity is manifest 
at once. 

Beneden made the same mistake in 1892 with his Nogagus angus- 
tatus, which is shown on page 431 to be a Nesippus. He described 
a young female as a male of the species. Kréyer in 1863 erred in 
another direction. He found a young female Nesippus and a Nogagus 
latreillit upon the same fish and described the two as the male and 
female of Nogagus latreillii (see p. 441). 

The true male of the genus has never before been described. This 
is probably due to the fact that the male stays on the outside sur- 
face of the shark’s body, in company, usually, with one or both sexes 
of some of the other genera. The young female stays in the same 
place, or in the gill cavity close to the surface, until after union with 
the male, which takes place very early in development, as in all 
the parasitic copepods, and then she crawls down into the shark’s 
throat out of sight and remains there fastened to the inside of the 
gill arches. In the examination of several scores of sharks by the 
present author, a male has never yet been found in company with 
one of these mature females in the shark’s throat, but many have been 
taken on the fins and in the gill cavity, some of which were in union 
with young females. 

It was difficult, therefore, to locate the two sexes at first and re- 
quired long continued search before they were definitely determined. 
This leaves Heller’s two species, orientalis and crypturus, composed 
of females alone with the male inknown, while Dana’s curticaudis and 
Steenstrup and Lititken’s borealis are known only in the male sex. 
Dana’s species was taken “from the body of a shark, northeast of 
New Zealand,” while both of Heller’s species came from Java. These 
localities are near enough together, especially when we remember that 
the hosts are large sharks, for it to be at least possible that future 
investigation will find two of the species more closely related. 


NESIPPUS ALATUS Wilson. 
PLaTtes. XX XIV and XXXV. 


Nesippus alatus W1Lson, 1905, p. 130. 
Nogagus tenax (?) SteENstTRuP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 388, pl. x, fig. 20. 


Female.—Carapace transversely elliptical, the width once and three- 
quarters the length; frontal plates distinct, and, together with a por- 
tion of the cephalic area, projecting in a half circle from the anterior 
margin; deeply incised at the center. Posterior lobes short, scarcely 
overlapping the lateral lobes of the second and third segments; 
thoracic area quadrilateral, arched a little above the surrounding sur- 
face; lateral areas very wide; cephalic area small. Eye distinctly 
tripartite, appearing as three separate circular lenses arranged in a tri- 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 497 


angle at the center of the carapace, about one-third the distance from 
the anterior margin. Second and third thorax segments fused to- 
gether and carrying a single rectangular lobe or plate on either side, 
which extends obliquely backward nearly to the tips of the posterior 
lobes of the carapace. Fourth segment free, considerably narrower 
than the second and third segments and covered with a pair of fused 
dorsal plates. Each of these is nearly a perfect circle in outline, in 
strong contrast to the angular pair on the second and third segments. 
They do not extend out as far as the latter, but are about the same 
width as the genital segment, over whose anterior margin they extend 
for a little distance. Genital segment elliptical, or slightly ovate, 
with an evenly rounded margin, the length to the breadth in the pro- 
portion of 8 to 5. Abdomen invisible in dorsal view, but the two 
large anal laminz project nearly their entire length behind the pos- 
terior margin of the genital segment. Each of them is as wide as 
long, and as large as the entire abdomen, and is armed with four slen- 
der plumose sete. Seen ventrally, the abdomen is small, triangular 
in shape, and attached about its own length in front of the pos- 
terior margin of the genital segment. The apex of the triangle is 
represented by the narrow neck where the abdomen joins the genital 
segment while the broad base is at the posterior margin where the 
anal lamine are attached. 

The first antenne are short and stout, the basal joint nearly twice 
the diameter of the terminal and thickly studded with sete, the ter- 
minal joint furnished with sete along its posterior marign as well as 
at the tip; second antenne large, with a long and stout terminal 
claw. First adhesion pads elliptical, close to the margin of the cara- 
pace, and more than twice the size of the second pair; the latter 
nearly circular and removed some distance from the first ones. In 
the young female these pads appear as short and slightly curved 
claws, and are then like the corresponding first maxille in the Caligine. 
In the adults they are transformed into large pads, fastened for 
their entire length to the ventral surface of the carapace. Similarly 
the pads at the bases of the first maxillipeds are straight spines in the 
young. ; 

The second maxillze are close beside the base of the mouth-tube 
and are apparently two-jointed; the basal joint is large and swollen, 
twice as long as wide; the terminal joint is a short curved claw. 

The mouth-tube is long and pointed; the framework consists of a 
slender rib along either side extending from the base to the tip and 
almost perfectly straight, with the ends somewhat enlarged; the ends 
at the tip are joined by their inner margins, while those at the base 
are jomed by a chain of three circular plates, the central one being 
considerably larger than the other two. 


498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXMI. 


From the two side plates a pair of secondary ribs extend forward 
and inward, each pointing toward the tip of the maxilla on the oppo- 
site side. The mouth opening is terminal and heavily fringed with 
hairs. First maxillipeds of the usual form, the secondary terminal 
claw very short and conical; second pair large and swollen, the basal 
joint almost twice as wide as long and considerably flattened dorso- 
ventrally. The terminal joint is shaped like a flexible finger or thumb, 
and is attached transversely along the outer end of the basal joint. 

The four pairs of swimming legs are all biramose, rami of the first 
three pairs two-jointed, of the fourth pair one-jointed. . 

The exopods of the first and fourth pairs are longer than the endo- 
pods; in the second and third pairs the rami are about equal; the 
basal joints of the first and fourth pairs are widened, but not more 
than half as much as those of the second and third pairs. None 
of these basal joints carry spines or setz except the third pair, 
in which a very large seta projects diagonally backward from 
the inner corner. The fifth legs are entirely lacking; the arrange- 
ment of the spines and setz on the other four pairs is as follows: 
First exopod, 1, 0; 4, III: endopod, 0, 0; 0, IV: second exopod, 2, I; 
4, V: endopod, 0, I; 0, VI: third exopod, 1, I; 4, [V: endopod, 0, I; 
0, IV: fourth exopod, 5, IV: endopod, 0, IV. 

The ovaries are large and elliptical in form; they can be seen just 
above the digestive tract near the anterior margin of the thoracic 
area of the carapace. The oviduct leads back in the usual way to 
the genital segment, where it is coiled in three parallel strands run- 
ning lengthwise along either side of the segment. It finally opens 
to the exterior on the ventral surface just in front of the abdomen. 
The cement glands are long and narrow, the cells in each being nearly 
as long as wide; they lie just beneath the inner coils of the oviduct 
and are slightly curved, the concave sides toward each other. The 
semen receptacle is large and crescent shaped; it consists essentially 
of three spherical pockets or sacs, one on either side below the opening 
of the oviduct, and the third at the center connecting the two. The 
duct leading from these lateral sacs is carried past the point where it 
opens into the oviduct, and is coiled into a blind pointed sac, which 
turns forward alongside the outer margin of the sperm receptacle 
(fig. 204). 

Total length, 7 mm.; length of carapace, 2.8 mm.; width of same, 
3.8mm.; length of genital segment, 2.7 mm.; width of same, 1.7 mm.; 
length of egg strings, 13.5 mm. 

Color a light yellowish white, fairly transparent and not showing 
very distinctly against the white background of the shark’s throat. 

The coils of the oviduct in the genital segment are a darker yellow 
and opaque; the ege-strings are almost pure white. 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 4929 


Male.—Carapace semielliptical, a trifle wider than long, squarely 
truncated posteriorly, with a long and narrow lobe at each of the 
posterior corners. Second and third thorax segments not fused, but 
distinct, of the same length as the fourth segment, the three dimin- 
ishing regularly in width, and none of them bearing dorsal plates. 
Genital segment small, a little narrower than the fourth segment, of 
about the same length and width, with reentrant corners. Abdomen 
very short, the basal joint hardly visible beneath the posterior border 
of the genital segment. The anal lamin are no larger than in the 
female, but the plumose setz are considerably longer. 

The appendages are like those of the female, with the usual sexual 
modifications in the second antenne and the second maxillipeds. 
There is a greater difference in size between the adhesion pads of the 
first two pairs than in the female, the first pair being enlarged. The 
mouth tube is the same, but the second maxille are three-jointed, 
counting the terminal claw; this makes it practically certain that 
these appendages in the female are also three-jointed, although the 
two basal joints are usually fused, and they are so designated in the 
genus diagnosis. 

The arrangement of the spines and setz on the swimming legs is as 
follows: First exopod, 1, 0; 4, II: endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second 
exopod, I, I; 4, V:endopod, 0, 1;°0; VIII: third exopod, 1, I;.3; 
IV: endopod, 0, I; 0, IV: fourth exopod, 4, III: endopod, 0, IV. 
The basal joints of the second and third pairs carry a medium spine 
on their outer corner. 

Total length, 4.55 mm.; length of carapace, 2 mm.; width of 
same, 2.3 mm.; length of genital segment, 0.88 mm. 

The male is darker in color than the female and usually becomes a 
deep brown in alcohol; this color is uniformly distributed without 
pigment spots. 

(alatus, furnished with wings. None of the other species have 
dorsal plates of any size.) 

Young female.—General body form similar to that of the adult; 
the carapace is proportionally as wide, with broad and well-rounded 
posterior lobes and prominent frontal plates. The second and third 
thorax segments fused, with their single pair of lateral plates even 
more angular than in the adult, for the external margin of these 
plates is concave, thereby making the corners acute. No plates on 
the fourth segment as yet; the genital segment very small and ellip- 
tical, the same width as the fourth segment, and one-half longer than 
wide. Abdomen entirely visible, one-jointed, with reentrant sides 
and a convex posterior margin; anal Jamine larger and the plumose 
setee longer than in the adult. 

The only differences in the appendages are such as are common to 
young forms; the joints are relatively smaller, while the spines and 


430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


setw are longer; this causes these young females to look much like 
males, and it deceived even so good an observer as Kroyer. But a 
careful examination of the genital segment reveals the presence of 
cement glands and sperm receptacles, and thus precludes any idea 
that these are males. . 

This species is found upon the gill arches of the common sand 
shark, Carcharvas littoralis, rarely upon the floor or roof of the mouth. 
In nearly every instance it 1s solitary, a single female being fastened 
to either the fifth or the fourth arch on the posterior side, so that all 
one can see of it on looking down the shark’s throat is the white or 
brownish egg-strings. 

They are fastened rather more securely than Pandarus, by means of 
their second maxillipeds, and it requires considerable effort to dislodge 
them. On being removed to an aquarium it is found that the females 
can not swim, but are fully as helpless as the other genera in this sub- 
family, lying upon their backs and keeping their swimming legs in 
constant motion. They can be kept alive for a longer period than 
Pandarus, however, and seem much more hardy. The anterior por- 
tion of the body, including the carapace and free thorax segments, is 
very transparent and colorless. Hence it would be difficult to distin- 
guish the animal against the white background of the shark’s throat 
were it not for the fact that the digestive tube is dark colored, the 
coiled oviduct in the genital segment is brown, and the egg-tubes are also 
brown. The latter are long and slender and appear fragile, looking as 
if they would pull apart on slight provocation; but the very reverse 
is found to be true. Indeed they are so tough that the body of the 
female will pull apart at the fourth segment before the egg-strings will 
break. 

In the living copepod these egg-strings are always encased in a 
heavy layer of mucus obtained from the shark’s gills, and they often 
have in addition a growth of alge or other foreign matter mixed with 
the mucus. When these substances extend up onto the genital seg- 
ment of course they help to hold the egg-strings in place. But it not 
unfrequently happens that they fail to reach the genital segment, and 
in that case the egg-strings have to hold the entire mass in place. As 
the copepod is almost always found on the inside of the gill arches, 
or at least with the posterior part of the body and egg-strings on the 
inside, it must be subjected to more or less friction from the convul- 
sive movements of the living fish upon which the shark feeds. 

The utility, therefore, both of the heavy coating of mucus over the 
ego-strings, and of their secure attachment to the genital segment, 
becomes very apparent. The males are good swimmers and very 
active, like other Nogaus species, and in the aquarium they move 
about restlessly. 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 431 


This can not be regarded as an abundant species, since in only one 
or two instances has more than a single adult female been found on 
the same fish. But it may be said to be common, since nearly every 
shark so far examined has yielded its specimen. 

The U. S. National Museum collection includes the following, all 
from Woods Hole and vicinity unless otherwise stated: 


From the sand shark, Carcharias littoralis, Cat. No. 6029, U.S.N.M. 
(5 males) ; Cat. No. 8127, U.S.N.M. (5 males) ; Cae No. 32744, U.S.N.M. 
(1 male) ; Cat.No.382788,U.S.N.M.(2 females) ; Cat. No. 32793 C. Sevier 


(2 females); Cat. No. 32795, U.S.N.M. (young female) ; Cat. No. 32834, 
U.S.N.M. (5 males). 

From gray shark, Cat. No. 8183, U.S.N.M. (@ females). 

From dusky ceils C eons obscurus, Cat. No. 6033, U.S.N.M. 
(7 males). 

From flounder, Cat. No. 32740, U.S.N.M. (1 male). 

From caudal setae of Fundulus majalis, Cat. No. 32743, U.S.N.M. 
(1. male). 

From man-eater shark, Cat. No. 32786, U. S.N.M. (2 females). 

From smooth dogfish, Cat. No. 32787, (ak S.N.M. (1 male). 

From cigmpaineed ens Scoliodon terre-nove, Cat. No. 32790, 
U.S.N.M. (1 female;) Cat. No. 32792, U.S.N.M. (7 females). 

From Sphyrna tiburo, at Beaufort, North Carolina, Cat. No. 32791, 
U.S.N.M. (1 female). 

From Sphyrna zygena, also at Beaufort, North Carolina, Cat. No. 
32794, U.S.N.M. (10 females). 


NESIPPUS ANGUSTATUS Van Beneden. 


Nogagus angustatus VAN BeNEDEN, 1892, (b), p. 245. pl. 1, figs. 5-10. 

Pandarus affinis VAN BENEDEN, 1892, (a) p. 226, pl.1, figs. 5 and 7-11 (the male 
form only). 

In 1892 Van Beneden described The Male of Certain Caligids and a 
new Genus of the Family.¢ The second male described was given 
the name Pandarus affinis. Beneden says that this new species was 
obtained ‘‘sur des Squales non determinés de la baie de Dakar: 
nous en possédons les deux sexes; une femelle et deux males. Le 
corps de la femelle a une longeur de 6 millimétres; les ovisacs, 10 
millimetres; les appendices, en général, sont complétement les mémes 
dans les deux sexes, aussi bien ceux de la téte que ceux du thorax.” 

Then follows a description of the two sexes which is sadly lacking 
in just those particulars most essential for the determination of the 
species, namely in the details of the appendages. 

The only appendages described for the female are the first antenne ; 
of the male, nearly all the appendages are mentioned, but no definite 
data are given for any of them. In the figure showing a dorsal view 


a 


2Bulletins de l’Academie royale de Belgique (3), XXII, No. 3, pp, 220-235. 


432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


of the male the rami of the third legs are two-jointed on one side and 
one-jointed ‘on the other, while those of the fourth legs are both 
one-jointed. In the ventral view both rami of the fourth legs, and 
the endopods of the third legs are one-jointed; all the other rami are 
two-jointed. 

Such data are hardly sufficient to decide whether the two specimens 
are the male and female of the same species or not, nor even that they 
certainly belong to the genus Pandarus. 

None of the genera here considered have one-jointed endopods in 
the third pair of swimming legs. But this is manifestly an error on 
Beneden’s part, and the ramus should have two joints like the exopod. 
With this one correction, assuming that all the details are accurately 
stated, the appendages, the general body form, the relative size, and 
shape of the different segments, and particularly the narrow and 
elongated posterior lobes of the carapace, correspond exactly with 
those found in Nesippus males. 

And at the same time they are radically different from thosee of 
Pandarus males; in particular the present species lacks the accessory 
lobes on the posterior margin of the carapace, there are no legs visible. 
on the genital segment, and the abdomen has but a single joint. 
Furthermore Nesippus males are usually found in company with both 
sexes of other genera on the outside of the host, while the adult 
females are confined to the gill arches in the throat. We may reason- 
ably conclude, therefore, that while the female undoubtedly belongs 
to the genus Pandarus, the male is not a Pandarus at all, but a 
Nesippus. 

Later in the same year Beneden published another paper, entitled 
Some new Caligids from the Coast of Africa and the Azores Archi- 
pelago, in the same periodical.? 

The second of the new forms described he calls Nogagus angustatus, 
of which he claims to have found both sexes. 

But his mistakes here are even worse than those of the former 
paper; in the first place his species is not identical with Gerstaecker’s 
Nogagus angustulus, as he claims. The difference in spelling is 
accounted for by the fact that in Gerstaecker’s paper (1854) the 
specific name is spelled ‘“‘angustulus” in the text, and ‘‘angustatus”’ 
in the explanation of the plates. The former was evidently the one 
intended by Gerstaecker, and it is quoted by Steenstrup and Liitken, 
and by Bassett-Smith. If any reliance can be placed upon Beneden’s 
figures, there are enough differences, even in a dorsal view, to distin- 
guish the two species at a glance. (See N. angustulus, p. 351.) 

Again, supposing the male had been the same as Gerstaecker’s 
species, it was long ago proved that the entire genus Nogaus is made 


@ Pages 241 to 262. 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 433 


up of the males of other genera, and must wholly disappear as our 
knowledge of these parasites becomes more complete. 

The thing to do, therefore, is not to refer the female to the genus 
of the male, for the male has no genus, but to do exactly the reverse, 
take the male out of this heterogeneous collection known as ‘‘ Noga- 
gus”? and place him in a valid genus to which the female belongs. 
Hence, the question to determine is, to what genus does the female 
described by Beneden belong ? 

Bassett-Smith suggests (1899, p. 459) that it is a species of Dysga- 
mus, but unfortunately no female of this genus has ever been described, 
so that we have no type with which to compare it. 

The Dysgamus male, as described by Steenstrup and Liitken, the 
founders of the genus, is not a Nogaus form at all, but one in which 
the first three segments of the thorax are all united with the head to 
form the carapace, the fourth segment only being free. | 

A furea is present, and the details of the appendages, especially 
the swimming legs, are very different from what we find here. 

The female, when found, must belong to the EKuryphorine, while 
this female described by Beneden is evidently one of the Pandarine. 
Moreover it presents exactly the characters here given to the genus 
Nesippus; the carapace is wider than long; the second and third 
thorax segments are fused together and furnished with a single pair 
of lateral lobes; the frontal plates are conspicuous; the genital seg- 
ment is elongated; the abdomen is short and one-jointed; the anal 
lamine are relatively small, but armed with large setw; the swim- 
ming legs are all biramose, the first three pairs are two-jointed, the 
fourth pair one-jointed. 

This ‘‘ Nogagus,”’ therefore, is really a female Nesippus, and the 
species must be called Nessipus angustatus Van Beneden, since it is 
different from those heretofore described. 

Beneden made his third mistake in supposing that he had two 
sexes; what he describes as a male is really not a Nogaus form, but a 
young female, with the egg-strings as yet undeveloped (see p. 444). 
The true male of this species is probably the form mentioned above, 
which Beneden described as the male of Pandarus affinis. We have 
already shown that this was not a Pandarus but a Nesippus male; it 
came from exactly the same locality, the Bay of Dakar, was collected 
by the same man, M. Chevreux, and was sent to Beneden in the same 
lot with the female specimens. 

Moreover it corresponds exactly in body form and in so much of 
the anatomy as can be made out from Beneden’s data. We may 
-conclude, therefore, 1, that the female of Beneden’s Pandarus 
afinis was a true Pandarus, and as such it has been included in the 
key on page 394; 2, that what he described as the male of the same 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxili—07——28 


434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


species was really the male of Nesippus angustatus; 3, that his Noga- 
gus angustatus was not the same as Gerstaecker’s N. angustulus; 4, 
that it was not a Nogaus at all, nor did it even include the male sex, 
but was made up of two females, an adult with egg strings which he 
recognized as a female, and an immature female without egg strings, 
which he called a male. Both sexes of this new Nesippus species 
have been included in the key on page 425. 


NESIPPUS CURTICAUDIS Dana. 
PuaTteE XXXVI. 
Specilligus curticaudis DANA, 1852, p. 1375, pl. xcvy, figs. 6 a-h.—Cuaus, 1875, 
p. 352, pl. xxiv, fig. 32.—THomson, 1889, p. 365. 
Nogagus curticaudis StmENSTRUP and LUTKEN, 1861, pp. 383 and 390. 

Male.—Carapace elliptical, a trifle wider than long, excluding the 
posterior lobes, with an evenly rounded anterior margin and a slightly 
concave posterior margin between the lobes. 

Frontal plates narrow-linear and following closely the contour of 
the frontal margin of the carapace, not appreciably enlarged at the 
ends as in borealis. Posterior lobes very narrow, reaching nearly to 
the posterior margin of the third. thorax segment, and turned out- 
ward a little. Eyes visible with difficulty, on the median line in the 
usual position; just in front of them and separated a little are the 
large prominent conspicilla noted by Dana (see below), one on either 
side of the body axis. 

The three free thorax segments are about the same length, but 
decrease regularly in width, the fourth being five-eighths as wide as 
the second. The lateral lobes of the second segment are narrow and 
extend diagonally backward as far as the posterior border of the third 
segment. 

Genital segment the same width as the fourth segment, elliptical, 
a little wider than long, and squarely truncated both anteriorly and 
posteriorly. Its sides are evenly rounded and each shows just in 
front of the posterior corner a small papilla armed with a single 
spine. There is a well-defined furrow on either side of the dorsal 
surface, about one-fourth the width from the lateral margin. The 
surface between these grooves in the center of the segment is more 
strongly arched than that of the margins. The abdomen 1s trian- 
gular, considerably wider than long, with the apex projecting between 
the anal lamine and deeply incised. Anal lamine also triangular, 
reaching a little beyond the tip of the abdomen, and each armed 
with three large sete. First antenne rather slender, but both joints 
armed with long and bushy plumose sete; second pair stout, the 
basal joint armed with a large roughened knob on its posterior mar- 
gin, the terminal claw rather short, but stout and strongly curved. 
Mouth-tube long and slender, with the mandibles protruding at the 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 435 


tip; mandibles of the shape usual in the Pandarinz, the interlocking 
teeth along the inner margins being minute and triangular. Second 
maxille with the basal joint not enlarged as much as in alatus, the 
terminal spine long, pointed inward toward the mouth-tube, and 
somewhat enlarged at its base on the outer side. First maxillipeds 
with a terminal claw fully as long as the joint which bears it, and 
strongly curved. The accessory claw arises from the posterior border 
close to the base of the terminal claw, and is about half the size of the 
latter. Second maxillipeds much swollen, the very broad basal joint 
with a pair of knobs on its ventral margins, while the knoblike 
pinchers of the terminal joint cover the whole of that portion of the 
surface. 

The spines and setz on the swimming legs are arranged as follows: 
First exopod, 1, 0; 3, III: endopod, 0,0; 0, III: second exopod, 0, I; 
4, VI: endopod, 0, I; 0, VII: third exopod, 1, 0; 3, V: endopod, 0, 
I; 0, IV: fourth exopod, 4, IV: endopod, 0, IV. 

Total length, 6.53 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 2.56 mm-:; 
width of same, 2.7 mm.; length of free segments, 2.1 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 1.83 mm. 

Color (preserved material) a uniform brownish yellow without pig- 
ment spots; the pigment of the paired eyes a deep blue, of the un- 
paired eye a bright red. 

(curticaudis: curtus, short, and cauda, tail.) 

This species was originally described by Dana in 1852 and made 
the type of a new genus called ‘‘Specilligus” from the lenticular 
bodies or conspicilla situated in front of the eves. In his genus 
diagnosis Dana says: ‘‘The essential point of difference between this 
genus and Nogagus is the existence of two large transparent cornex 
(conspicilla) exactly like those of the Sapphirine. These conspicilla 
are attached to the exterior shell, but with some difficulty may be 
separated. On pressure they proved to be brittle, though rather 
nard?’ 

We now know that similar conspicilla are present in other Nesippus 
and Perissopus males, and occasionally in those belonging to some of 
the other genera. Being common to several genera, therefore, they 
would have no generic value; furthermore, they are not found at all 
in the females of any genus. 

These two facts entirely destroy Dana’s distinctions and leave us 
simply the problem of locating this male among the genera belonging 
to the Pandarine. 

Steenstrup and Litken in 1861 call attention to the fact that this 
species was taken in company with Dana’s Nogagus validus and Pan- 
darus brevicaudis, on the same day and spot, and presumably from 
the same fish. They also call the species Nogagus instead of Specil- 
ligus, but offer no explanation for the change. ' 


436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


We have already shown that Nogagus validus and Pandarus brevi- 
caudis are probably the male and female of the same species, and 
hence the fact that the present species was found with them would 
not be specially significant. 


Claus in 1875 mentions a similar form found in the Mediterranean, | 
and concludes that Dana’s Specilligus is really a Nogaus male of ° 


some genus belonging to the Pandarine. He only mentions the 
genera Dinematura, Echthrogaleus, and Pandarus, but if we interpret. 
his meaning aright these are given rather as samples than as com- 
prising the only genera to which Specilligus could belong. 

Gerstaecker in Brohn’s Thierreich considered that this genus of 
Dana’s was very closely related to if not indentical with Nogaus. 
Thomson mentions the species in his Parasitic Copepoda of New Zea- 
land (1889), but adds nothing new in the way of description or 
identification. 

Bassett-Smith in 1899 makes ‘‘ Nogagus curticaudatus” a synonym 
of Gangliopus pyriformis, referring to Steenstrup and Litken for his 
authority. But he made a bad mistake both in his spelling of the 
specific name and in his reading of the Danish paper referred to. 
Steenstrup and Liitken declare that Gerstaecker’s Nogagus angustulus, 
and not the present species, was taken on the same fish with Pandarus 
dentatus Edwards and Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker. The state- 
ment they make in reference to Dana’s species has already been given. 

It is therefore practically certain that the present species is a 
Nogaus form, that it does not belong to any of the genera just men- 
tioned, and that it does conform in all its details with the male of the 
genus Nesippus. Dana’s description, though brief, is very accurate 
and his figures are excellent, but as the Museum collection contains 
several fine specimens of the species a more complete description has 
been given to accompany this definite location in the genus Nesippus. 
There are two lots of specimens, one, Cat. No. 6917, U.S.N.M., taken 
from a Carcharias between Papua and Japan on the Challenger Expe- 
dition, and obtained through exchange with G. S. Brady, of England; 
the other, Cat. No. 32742, U.S.N.M., contains five males taken from a 
10-foot shark at Station 2422 by the Fisheries steamer Albatross in 
1885. With reference to the conspicilla they show plainly in some 
specimens, while in others from the same bottle they can be seen only 
under strong light, transmitted through the body of the specimen. 
They evidently belong to the internal anatomy and bid fair, on further 
examination, to be closely related to the frontal attachment gland. 


Ee 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 437 


NESIPPUS BOREALIS Steenstrup and Litken. 


Prats XXXVII. 


Nogagus borealis StEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 387, pl. x1, fig. 21.—Bas- 
sETT-SmitH, 1899, p. 460. 


Male.—Carapace strongly arched dorsally, about the same length 
and width, exclusive of the posterior lobes; narrowed anteriorly to a 
broad and rounded knob which projects over and some distance in 
front of the proximal ends of the frontal plates. Eyes large, placed 
far forward on either side of the median line, in contact with each 
other, but not fused. The frontal plates are enlarged at their distal 
ends and evenly rounded, and they cover the basal joints of the first 
antenne. Posterior lobes narrow and reaching a little beyond the 
center of the second thorax segment; posterior margin between the 
lobes slightly concave and perfectly smooth. The projection of the 
carapace forward and the comparative shortness of these lobes is 
probably due to shrinkage in the alcohol, and is not the normal con- 
dition. The entire body of the copepod is perceptibly curled over 
ventrally, bringing the large conspicilla in front of the eyes on the 
very margin in a dorsal view. 

Free thorax segments, chiefly noticeable for their great length and 
contracted width, the two combining to produce an exceptionally 
elongated appearance. Some of this is no doubt due to the same 
shrinkage just mentioned, for the segments are all strongly arched 
and the lateral processes on the first one are turned over toward the 
ventral surface so as to be nearly invisible dorsally. But the shrink- 
age can have practically nothing to do with the length of the sezments, 
so that the species is an elongate one under any conditions. In the 
figure given by Steenstrup and Liitken there has evidently not been 
as much shrinkage as in the present specimen. 

The first free segment is seen to be considerably wider than the 
two following ones, with nearly straight sides and very small, tri- 
angular lateral lobes. The free segments together are the same length 
as the carapace on the mid-line, and the fourth one is three-fifths the 
width of the second and the same width as the genital segment. 

The latter is longer than wide, with rather sharp corners and slightly 
convex sides. There are no traces of rudimentary legs either on the 
lateral margins or the posterior corners. 

Posteriorly where it joins the abdomen the segment is narrowed 
into a sort of neck, and is traversed, on both the dorsal and ventral 
surfaces, by a pair of longitudinal furrows, one on either side, a short 
distance from the lateral margin. The ventral surface is flat through- 
out, while the dorsal surface between the furrows is strongly arched. 

Abdomen one-jointed and triangular, with well-rounded angles, one 
of which, slightly incised, points backwerd between the anal lamin. 


438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


These latter are broad but Bhar: and - occupy y nearly the sonal of the” 
free sides of the abdomen; each is armed with four large sete, one 
near the anterior margin and the other three bunched together on 
the posterior margin. 

Both joints of the first antennz are well armed with setz, some of 
which are much longer than usual; neither joint has such bushy setze 
as portrayed by Steenstrup and Liitken, but they are much better 
supplied than usual. There is a circular adhesion pad behind each 
antenna close to the margin of the carapace. 

The second antennex arise near the base of the mouth-tube, are of 
the usual shape, and end in a powerful claw, strongly curved. The 
second maxille have a stout basal joint, while the terminal spine is 
long and slender; the same is also true of the first maxillipeds, whose 
slender claw is nearly as long as the terminal joint. Close to the base 
of the claw can be seen the spindle-shaped finger mentioned by Steen- 
strup and Liitken as going out at right angles to the posterior border 
of the terminal joint, and a group of spines between the finger and the 
terminal claw and around the base of the latter. The long terminal 
claw is also fringed with fine spines as in their specimens. 

The second mixillipeds have a single knob on the ventral surface 
of the swollen basal joint, and a pair of pincher-like knobs on the 
terminal joint. Steenstrup and Litken give this appendage armed 
with a long claw instead of the pincher-like jaws, but this is no more 
of a variation than is commonly found in other species of this genus. 
As noted on page 330 the second maxillipeds of the males of alatus are 
sometimes furnished with claws and sometimes with pincher-like 
knobs. 

The arrangement of the spines and setz on ee swimming legs is 
as es First basipod, 2 spines: exopod, 1, 0; 3, IV: endopod, 
0, , III: second basipod, 1 seta: exopod, 1, ~ 3, V: endopod, 
me , VII: third basipod, 1 seta: exopod, 1, 0;1, V:> endoped; 
0, a oe fourth SILO naked: exopod, 2, IV: endopod, 0, IV. 

Total length, 8.2 mm.; length of carapace, including posterior 
iobes, 3.8 mm.; width oe same, 3.2 mm.; length of free thorax, 
2.8 mm.; length of genital segment, 2.1 mm. 

Color (preserved material) a uniform yellowish brown, much 
darker on the genital segment and abdomen, but without pigment. 

(borealis, northern, all the specimens having come from the far 
north.) 

The U.S. National Museum Collection contains a single specimen 
of this ‘species Cat. No. 32789, U.S.N.M., which came from an 
Alaska collection made by Dr. W. H. Dall. The size of this male 
and of those recorded by Steenstrup and Liitken, which were 11 
mm. long, indicates that the female must also be larger than the 
ones already described. 


a 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 439 


Genus PROSA:TES, new genus name. 


Stasiotes rhinodontis Wriaut, 1874, p. 583, pl. xxxv, figs. 1 to 4. 

In the above year E. P. Wright published an account of a new 
genus belonging to the Pandarinze, which he named Stasiotes. 

As this name had been employed by Jan for a snake genus in 1862, 
the name Prosextes is suggested in its place. 

The parasites, to the number of 40 or 50, all females, were 
obtained from the gills of a huge shark, Rhinodon typicus Smith, at 
the Seychelles Islands. This is one of the largest and least known 
of the sharks, thus explaining the fact that this parasite has not been 
seen by any other investigator. 

Female.—Carapace as broad as long; frontal plates distinct, but 
not prominent; lateral areas wide and divided by transverse grooves 
as in [chthrogaleus; posterior lobes wide and evenly rounded. 

Second thorax segment short, withs broad lateral lobes; third 
segment longer, but without dorsal plates or lobes; fourth segment 
very small, with a rudimentary pair of dorsal plates fringed with 
bristles. Genital segment orbicular, wider than long, with a shallow 
posterior sinus; a pair of legs visible at the posterior corners. Abdo- 
men wedge-shaped, one-jointed, and wholly concealed beneath the 
genital segnient; anal lamine long, narrow, and projecting beyond 
the posterior margin of the genital segment. 

Appendages like those of Nesippus; second maxillipeds not 
swollen, armed with a long terminal claw, both the claw ‘and the joint 
which carries it furnished with a large spine. 

All the swimming legs biramose, rami of the first three pairs two- 
jointed, with plumose setx, of the fourth pair with fused joints and 
non plumose sete. Ege-strings unknown. 

(Prosetes, mpooaitns, a beggar who is very persistent.) 


Genus NOGAUS Leaeh. 


This genus furnishes one of the best examples of a potpourri that 
has ever appeared on the pages of science. 

Originally founded by Leach in 1819 upon a single male specimen 
which he called Nogaus latreillii, it quickly grew into a group of a 
dozen or more species. Nor did these additions cease when it became 
known that the genus as such could not stand, but new species have 
appeared at intervals up to the very beginning of the present century. 
In consequence there are now about twenty of these forms heterogene- 
ously grouped about an imaginary type known as ‘‘ Nogagus.”’“ 


« Milne Edwards substitutes this spelling for that originally given by Leach, Des- 
marest, and Burmeister without a word of explanation or justification. Subsequent 
writers have followed him rather than the founder of the genus. 


440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


The genus was very poorly described by its author and by the others 
who immediately followed him, and to this defect, no doubt, is partly 
due the confusion which has ensued ever since. 

Leach’s description is as follows: 

Deux courtes soies & le queue, portant plusieurs styles 4 leur extrémité: les trois 
premiéres piéces de abdomen ont les cétés arrondis, tandis que le quatriéme et le 
cinquiéme les ont terminés en pointe: tét en forme de fer 4 cheval (1819, p. 535). 

Desmarest in 1825 copied Leach’s description, but made a curious 
blunder in endeavoring to explain the ‘‘deux courtes soies.”’ 

For he wrote in his genus diagnosis of Nogaus: 

Deux courtes soies ou tubes oviféres 4 la queue, portant plusieurs styles 4 leur 
extrémité (p. 340). 

Ege-tubes carrying styles at their tip would be an anomaly indeed. 

Burmeister repeated this blunder in 1833 by declaring: 

Ausserdem gehéren noch die beiden von Desmarest erwaihnten Gattungen 
Nogaus Leach. und Risculus Leach. heigher (Caligina), welche sich durch Anhinge 
am Ende der Eierhalter von allen unterscheiden (p. 331). 

These mistakes become doubly ridiculous when we remember that 
Leach’s original specimen, which as yet remained the only one de- 
seribed, was a male. 

Only a few details were added by other writers and even so good a 
systematist as Milne Edwards was content to say when defining 
this genus in his great work on the Crustacea published in 1840: 

I] est carectérisé principalement par la structure des pates postérieures, lesquelles, 
au lieu d’étre simples et subambulatoires comme chez les Caliges, sont biramées et 
natatoires comme celles des paires précédentes (p. 459). 

As though this were not common, also, to every genus of the Pan- 
darine. Indeed Milne Edwards himself, in describing the genera 
of the Pandarine, states under nearly every one, “‘Les pates sont 
conformées comme chez les Nogagues.”’ 

He then adds under Nogagus: 

Le thorax se compose de quatre grands articles bien distincts; et le premier de 
ces articles (correspondant au second anneau thoracique, le premier anneau étant 
toujours confondu avec la téte) présente de chaque cété un petit prolongement lamel- 
leux. Enfin, les deux petites lames natatoires qui terminent abdomen sont un peu 
plus développées que chez la plupart des Caligiens (p. 459). 

In making this last statement he substituted one error for another; 
the anal lamine are most certainly not ‘‘tubes oviferes,’’ as he 
recognized, but neither can they be regarded as “‘lames natatoires.”’ 

With regard to their size he evidently failed to consider the fact 
that he was speaking exclusively of males. The anal lamine in this 
sex are always larger than in the females, and those possessed by 
Nogaus species are no larger than would naturally be expected. 


‘No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 441 


With reference to his first statement, in spite of the fact that the 
thorax segments are separate and free, only the first one being joined 
with the head, nevertheless he places the genus under the ‘‘Caligidz,”’ 
and not under the ‘‘Pandarid»,” where it would legitimately belong. 
To judge from his tabular key to the various genera this location of 
Nogaus was based upon the fact that none of the species (which he 
now increases to three) possesses any dorsal plates upon the free 
thorax. 

But again he forgets that these three species are made up exclu- 
sively of males, upon whose free thorax there would naturally be no 
dorsal plates, while the genera which he placed under the Pandaride 
are made up just as exclusively of females, who are the usual plate- 
bearers. A little reflection also would show that this absence of dorsal 
plates is more than overbalanced by the freedom of the thorax seg- 
ments, and particularly by the structure and position of the mouth- 
parts. 

These latter Milne Edwards entirely ignores, when even a cursory 
examination would have shown that they are like those found in 
Pandarus and allied genera, and considerably different from those of 
Caligus and its near relatives. 

The genus being thus founded exclusively upon the characters of 
the male sex, there has been a constant effort to discover, if possible, 
a female of some of the species, in order that the genus diagnosis might 
be completed. 

Gerstaecker published in 1853 the first account of a Nogaus female, 
which he called Nogagus productus. In discussing the synonymy he 
makes Miller's Caligus productus, Otto’s Caligus paradoxus, and 
Nordmann’s Binoculus sexsetaceus synonyms of his Nogagus, and claims 
that the latter name must stand by priority. 

Miller’s Caligus productus has been proved to be a Dinematura, the 
genus established for it in 1829 by Latreille, while Otto’s Caligus 
paradorus Was made the type of the genus Demoleus by Heller in 1865. 
Nordmann’s Binoculus becomes a synonym of this latter genus. 
Gerstaecker thus made two mistakes, first in supposing that Miiller’s 
‘female and Otto’s male were the two sexes of the same species, and, 
second, in assuming that Otto’s male belonged to the same genus as 
Nogaus latreillii, Leach’s original type. These mistakes render his 
paper of no value so far as the present genus is concerned, for the 
female which he presents is not a Nogaus at all, but a Dinematura. 

The second attempt at finding a Nogaus female was made by Kréyer 
in 1863. He described (p. 168) several specimens of two kinds of 
these parasites which had been secured from the outside surface of a 
large Carcharias taken in the open Atlantic. 


449 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ vou xxxtt. 


The larger of the two forms he found to be males, identical with 
Leach’s Nogaus latreillii; the smaller ones were females, and he con- 
sidered them as the females of the same species. 

The only reasons actually given for this opinion were that the two 
forms were found on the same fish and were of the same color. 

The statement was also made that a detailed examination con- 
firmed this view, but no details were given. 

This assumption of the identity of the two sexes led Kréyer to the 
further declaration (p. 173) that Dana’s Nogagus validus and Specil- 
liqgus curticaudis, which were taken together upon one fish, are prob- 
ably the two sexes of the same species. 

Nogagus tenax (Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861) and Nogagus gracilis 
(Burmeister, 1832) he also regarded as females of the same genus. 

In fact, Kréyer regarded the two groups into which Steenstrup and 
Liitken had divided their Nogagus species as made up, the one group 
of males and the other of females. 

A careful examination of Kréyer’s description, and especially of his 
excellent figures, makes it reasonably certain that the smaller forms 
which he called the females of Nogagus latreilliz, and which were stated 
to be immature, are really young females of the genus Nesippus. If 
his figures be compared with figure 205 of the present paper, which is 
certainly an immature Nesippus, it will be found that they are so 
similar as to leave little doubt that they belong to the same genus. 

Furthermore, there are in the collection of the U. S. National 
Museum several lots of specimens obtained by the steamer Albatross 
of the Bureau of Fisheries. Each lot includes the species obtained 
from a single fish, and in three instances these embrace specimens of 
Nogaus latreillii and Nesippus alatus. 

The two have been obtained together on the same fish by the 
author also on several occasions. 

As to Dana’s two species, Nogagus validus and Specilligus curti- 
caudis, which have been personally examined and are described on 
pages 397 and 434, they are both certainly males, and therefore could 
not very well be the two sexes*of the same species. This is also true 
of all the Nogaus species described by Steenstrup and Litken which 
have come under the author’s observation. They are all males and 
are clearly so described by those authors. 

As the search for a Nogaus female progressed it became more and 
more evident that the forms grouped under the genus name ‘‘ Nogagus”’ 
were in reality the males of several different genera. 

As early as 1861 Steenstrup and Lititken, in speaking of the Panda- 
rine, after deploring the fact that both sexes were known of but a 
single species in the entire subfamily, ask the question, ‘‘May not the 
forms included in the genus Vogagus be the true males of those females 
belonging to the genera Dinemura, Phyllophorus, Pandarus, Ganglio- 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 443 


pus, and Lepidopus?’ Not being able to answer the question defi- 
nitely, they concluded to classify all male forms as ‘‘ Nogagus”’ species, 
while the females were placed in the other genera. They then divided 
the ‘‘ Nogagus’’ forms into two groups and the same division was 
subsequently adopted by Gerstaecker in Broun’s Thierreich. In the 
latter publication Gerstaecker even names his second subfamily after 
this genus, calling it the Nogagina. The two groups as given by 
Steenstrup and Liitken are: A, those having the fourth legs biramose, 
the rami two-jointed, and the ‘‘tail”’ (abdomen) two-jointed; B, those 
having the fourth legs biramose, the rami one-jointed, and the ‘‘tail”’ 
also one-jointed. 

A comparison of the data given on the following pages will show 
that this was really the first step toward a separation of the different 
genera included in this imaginary genus. Under the first group (A) 
would come the males of Pandarus, Echthrogaleus, and Dinematura, 
while in the second group (B) would be included the males of Nesippus 
and Perissopus. But there are two genera which were not included 
in either group, Demoleus, which belongs in the first group and is the 
largest of all the Nogaus forms, and Gangliopus, in the males of which 
the abdomen is two-jointed, but the rami of the fourth legs have only 
a single joint. 

Gerstaecker reverses the order of the two groups and says nothing 
about the joints of the abdomen. 

Steenstrup and Litken and Heller place the ‘‘ Nogagus”’ species 
under the Pandarine; Gerstaecker makes of them a third subfamily, 
distinct from both the Caligine and Pandarine, calls it, as noted 
above, the Nogagina, and includes in it along with ‘‘ Nogagus’’ the 
genera Nesippus, Demoleus, Dysgamus, Euryphorus, Trebius, Elytro- 
phora, Alebion, Dinematura, and Echthrogaleus. 

Most other writers place the Nogaus forms under the Caliginew, even 
so recent a writer as Bassett-Smith (1899) putting them there. That 
they really belong with the Pandarinz was well argued by Hesse in 
1883, who gave the following reasons for such a classification: (1) The 
erooves separating the areas on the dorsal surface of the carapace are 
not like those in the Caligine. This is due to the fact that (2) only 
one thorax segment is fused with the head, all the others being free, 
while in the Caliginz three of the segments are fused with the head 
and only one is free. (3) The anal lamine are larger and flatter than 
those in the Cahgmz, and are similar to those in the Pandarine. 
(4) The eyes are not fused on the mid-line, but are separated after the 
manner of the Pandarine, and there is a third eye similar to that in 
many of the latter. (5) There are no lunules, furca, nor first maxille. 
(6) The mouth-tube is elongated and narrow-conical, terminating in a 
lanceolate point exactly like that of Pandarus, but very different from 
the short and wide tube of the Caligine, which is bluntly rounded at 


444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


the tip. (7) The structure of the third legs is radically different from 
that of the Caligine and similar to that of the Pandarine (p. 29). 

These reasons are well stated and convincing, but unfortunately 
Hesse made such serious blunders, both morphological and physio- 
logical, in this same paper that they have virtually annulled the force 
of his systematic argument. Some of these errors have already been 
discussed elsewhere.“ It is sufficient to state here that Hesse describes 
his ‘‘ Nogagus spinacii-achantias”’ as a female, with the male unknown. 
His attempt, therefore, to establish a female Nogaus is the third in 
chronological order. His only apparent reason for considering his 
specimen a female is the fact that he found a chalimus embryo 
attached to its carapace. 

He accordingly assumes that the adult is the mother and the chali- 
mus is her offspring. | 

Both the description and the figures which Hesse gives show that 
the adult is a male and not a femaie, and in all probability it is the 
male of ‘‘Pandarus spinacii-achantias,”’ which Hesse obtained from 
the same fish and in company with the ‘‘ Nogagus”’ (see p. 458). 

The fourth attempt to find a Nogaus female was the publication by 
Beneden in 1892 of the two sexes of ‘‘ Nogagus angustatus.”’ Beneden 
states that he considers this the same as Gerstaecker’s ‘‘ Nogagus 
angustulus,” the male of which was published in 1854. The difference 
in the spelling of the two species names is accounted for by a printer's 
error in Gerstaecker’s paper. In the text the name appears as angus- 
tulus, but in the explanation of the plates it is changed to angustatus. 
But Beneden also made two mistakes here; in the first place the male 
of his species is quite different from that described by Gerstaeker, 
(a) in the relative size of the carapace, (b) in the fusion of the second 
and third thorax segments, which are entirely distinct in Gerstaecker’s 
male, (c) in the size and more especially the shape of the genital seg- 
ment, (d) in the abdomen, one-jointed and very short in Beneden’s 
specimen, but two-jointed and two-thirds as long as the genital seg- 
ment in Gerstaecker’s species (see pp. 351 and 431). 

The second error was in naming the female from the male; if Bene- 
den’s figure of the female is at all accurate, it belongs to the genus 
Nesippus. And hence his male becomes a male Nesippus instead of 
the female becoming a female Nogaus. 

This latter genus is therefore left as it was at the beginning, without 
a single female representative of any of the species. Indeed, the only 
female which could possibly bear the genus name Nogaus would be 
the female of Leach’s original type Nogaus latreillii. But this female 
is now found to be the form described by Leach in the same paper on 
the pacer dine page under the name Pandarus cranchan. This genus 


a@Proc. U.S. Nat. Maes Key nn pp. 547-548. 


‘ 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 445 


Pandarus was established three years previously by the same author, 
and hence the genus name Nogaus becomes a synonym of Pandarus 
and must be dropped. 

Such being the condition, it becomes necessary to assort the various 
Nogaus species and connect them as the male sex with the proper 
females described in other genera. Several efforts have already been 
made in this direction, but there has been such an utter abandon of 
even the simplest rules of systematization that it would be deplorable 
if it were not so ridiculous. 

With one or two exceptions, the only reason which an author has 
offered for considering a Nogaus form as the male of any species has 
been the simple fact that it was found with the female of that species 
upon the same fish. And some have not even taken the trouble to 
go thus far, but have considered a similarity of geographical distri- 
bution sufficient evidence of probable identity in the two sexes. 

Geographical distribution certainly counts for something, and the 
finding of the two sexes upon the same fish counts for more, but 
neither of them has any weight at all when compared with morpho- 
logical details, except in confirmation of the latter. 

And yet these morphological details are the very things which 
have been most neglected. In the preparation of the present paper 
the author has had occasion to examine in minute detail the various 
genera which compose the subfamily Pandarine. ; 

And along with the others came an extended study of this group 
known as the genus ‘‘ Nogagus.”’ An earnest endeavor has been 
made to separate these forms upon a morphological basis, and to 
connect each of the types with the genus which is its morphological 
counterpart. In this effort the author has:been greatly assisted by 
the fact that he has himself taken three of the types in actual copu- 
lation with females of as many different genera. And about the 
same number have been recorded by other writers who have dealt 
with the Pandarin. 

The parts of special importance in comparing the various species 
are the second maxille, the second maxillipeds, the rami of the 
swimming legs, the relative size and shape of the genital segment 
and abdomen, and the presence or absence of the fifth and sixth 
pairs of legs and of the lens-like protrusions called by Dana (1852) 
‘“‘conspicilla”” on the dorsal surface of the carapace. 

Using these morphological details as a basis of comparison, we may 
separate the Nogaus forms into the following genus types: 

— Genus Pandarus.—Carapace broad and well rounded, without con- 
spicilla, but with accessory posterior lobes; genital seement enlarged, 
showing both the fifth and sixth legs; abdomen two-jointed, joints 
about the same size; legs all biramose, rami two-jointed; second 


446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


maxillze flattened and laminate; second maxillipeds much enlarged 
and armed with both claws and knobs. Here belong— 

Certainly: Pandarus bicolor Scott, 1900. 

Nogaus latreillia Leach, 1819. 
Nogagus validus Dana, 1852. 
Pandarus sinuatus, new male type. 
Pandarus smithii, new male type. 

Probably: Nogagus spinacii-achantias Hesse, 1883. 

Genus Demoleus.—Carapace large, orbicular, without conspicilla or 
accessory lobes; genital segment elongate, no legs visible dorsally; 
abdomen two-jointed, joints unequal; anal lamine very large; legs 
all biramose, rami, two-jointed; second maxillze narrow and spine- 
like; second maxillipeds not swollen, with a normal terminal claw 
and no knobs. Here belong— 

ertainly: Caligus paradoxus Otto, 1828. 

Nogagus grandis Steenstrup and Litken, 1861. 

Probably: Dinematura musteli-levis Hesse, 1880. 

Genus Perissopus.—Carapace elongate-elliptical, with conspicilla 
and with minute accessory lobes; genital segment not enlarged, one 
pair of legs visible in young specimens; abdomen one-jointed; anal 
lamin small; legs all biramose, rami of first three pairs two-jointed, 
of fourth pair one-jointed; second maxille short, slender, spine-like ; 
second maxillipeds much swollen, with a short, curved claw and 
corrugated knobs. Here belong— 

Certainly: Perissopus communis, new male type. 

Probably: Nogagus cxlebs Heller, 1865. 

Pandarus cranchii Beneden, 1892 a. 

Nogagus elengatus Heller, 1865. 

Nogagus lunatus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861. 
Nogagus socialis Olsson, 1869. 

Genus Nesippus.—Carapace acorn-shaped, short and wide, with 
conspicilla, without accessory lobes; genital segment slightly enlarged, 
elliptical, no legs visible dorsally; abdomen one-jointed; legs all bira- 
mose, rami of first three pairs two-jointed, of fourth pair one-jointed ; 
second maxille with enlarged and flattened basal joint and slender 
terminal joint; second maxillipeds much enlarged, the terminal claw 
flattened and laminate; or with knobs only. Here belong— 

Certainly: Nogagus angustatus Beneden, 1892 6. 

Nesippus alatus Wilson, 1905. 

Nogagus borealis Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861. 
Specilligus curticaudis Dana, 1852. 

Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1865. 

Probably: Pandarus affinis Beneden, 1892 a. 

Nogagus tenax Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861. 
Nogagus brevicaudatus Milne Edwards, 1840, 


No. 1578. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON, 447 


Genus Gangliopus.—Carapace elongate-elliptical, without conspi- 
cilla; genital segment enlarged, quadrangular, showing one pair of 
legs; abdomen two-jointed, joints equal; anal lamin small; legs all 
biramose, rami of the first three pairs two-jointed, of the fourth pair 
one-jointed; second maxille narrow and spine-like; second maxilli- 
peds swollen, but whether with knobs or claws is not known. Here 
belongs probably Gerstaecker’s Nogagus angustulus found with females 
of Gangliopus pyriformis. 

Genus Echthrogaleus.—Carapace wide elliptical, without conspicilla 
or accessory lobes; second and fourth thorax segments lunate, the 
fourth fitting down over the rounded anterior end of the genital seg- 
ment; the latter oblong, enlarged, showing one pair of legs; abdomen 
two-jointed, basal joint much the smaller; anal laminz medium sized; 
legs all biramose, exopods of the second and third pairs three-jointed, 
other rami two-jointed; second maxillz narrow and spine-like ; second 
maxillipeds not much swollen, with terminal claw only. Here 
belong— 

Certainly: Echthrogaleus braccatus (male) Heller, 1865. 

Echthrogaleus perspicax (male) Thomson, 1889. 
Dinematura neozealanica (male) Thomson, 1889. 

Probably: Pandarus armatus (male) Thomson, 1889. 

Genus Dinematura.—Carapace wide orbicular, without conspicilla or 
accessory lobes; genital segment enlarged, oblong, no legs visible; 
abdomen two-jointed, joints equal; anal lamine large; all the legs 
biramose, rami of the first and fourth pairs two-jointed, of the second 
and third pairs three-jointed; second maxillz slender, elongate, spine- 
like; second maxillipeds moderately swollen, with a terminal claw 
only, no knobs. Here belong — 

Certainly: Nogagus productus Gerstaecker. 

Dinematura latifolia, new male type. 

Dinematura hamiltont Gnale) Thomson. 
Probably: Dinematura elongata Beneden. 

Nogaqus gracilis Burmeister. 

Indeterminate— Nogagus luetkent Norman; Pandarus -musteli- 
levis (male) Hesse; Pandarus unicolor (male) Hesse; Pandarus 
spinacii-achantias (male) Hesse. 

Belonging to the Euryphorine.— Nogagus errans Kroyer; Nogagus 
murrayt Brady. 

In order to complete this review of the Nogaus species so far as 
present data will allow, each of the thirty-four forms just located 
is taken up alphabetically in the following pages, and all available 
information with reference to it is given. The five new male types 
have, of course, never been referred to the genus Nogaus. 


448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


PANDARUS AFFINIS (Nogaus male) Beneden. * 


Pandarus afinis BENEDEN, 1892 a, p. 224, pl. 1, figs. 5 to 11. 


The male of Nesippus angustatus Beneden (see p. 431). 
NOGAGUS ANGUSTATUS Beneden. 


Nogagus angustalus BENEDEN, 1892 b, p. 245, pl. 1, figs. 5 to 10. 
Two females, adult and young, the latter Beneden’s- ‘‘male,”’ 
both belonging tothe genus Nesippus, species angustatus (see p. 432). 


NOGAGUS AUGUSTULUS Gerstaecker. 


Nogagus angustulus GERSTAECKER, 1854, p. 193, pl. vir, figs. 17 to 18. 
The male of Gangliopus pyriformis described in the same paper 
(see p. 350). 


PANDARUS ARMATUS (Nogaus male) Thomson. 


Pandarus armatus (male) THomson, 1889, p. 363, pl. xxvu, figs. 1 a to /. 

In describing this species among the parasitic copepods of New 
Zealand in 1889, Thomson gives the figure and description of a speci- 
men taken along with the females, which he assumed must be the 
male of the species. But, on comparing this figure and description 
with the one given in the same paper for the male of his new species, 
Dinematura (Echthrogaleus) neozealanica, it is at once evident that 
they are identical. Both were obtained, to quote his own language, 
which is the same in the two cases, ‘“‘by the captain of the whaling 
barque Splendid, presumably off a shark.” They agree exactly in 
size, in the proportions and shape of the various body parts, and 
in the details of the appendages. This agreement is most noticeable 
in the fourth legs, which in both forms have a two-joimted endopod 
and a three-jointed exopod, unlike all the other Nogaus species. 
With this single exception they both conform exactly to the type 
here established for Echthrogaleus males, and may be referred to 
that genus. 


PANDARUS BICOLOR (Nogaus male) T. Scott. 


Pandarus bicolor T. Scorr, 1900, p. 157, pl. v1, figs. 33 to 38. 

This author, who has done a large amount of excellent work 
upon fish parasites, particularly in Scottish waters, and who has 
published many valuable papers, described in the Eighteenth Annual 
Report of the fishery board of Scotland, a Nogaus-like copepod 
which he considered as the male of Pandarus bicolor. 

On examination of his description and the figures which accom- 
pany it, this Nogaus is found to conform in every detail with the 
other Pandarus males, and it may therefore be accepted as the male 
of the species to which Scott refers it. 


ee eee 


EE ey io 


a 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 449 


The carapace has broad posterior lobes; the genital segment is 
enlarged and shows a pair of sixth legs at its posterior corners, and 
a pair of fifth legs just in front of the corners on the lateral margins; 
the abdomen is two-jointed, the jomts equal; the antenne and 
mouth parts are like those of the female bicolor, and the rami of 
the swimming legs are all two-jointed. 


NOGAGUS BOREALIS Steenstrup and Litken. 


Nogagus borealis SreeNstruP and LirKen, 1861, p. 387, pl. x1, fig. 21. 

This species was first described by the above authors from five 
specimens, three of which had been taken on a voyage to the West 
Indies and the other two on a voyage to Greenland, the exact locali- 
ties being given for the latter only. They show the following char- 
acteristics: Carapace oval, considerably less than half the entire 
length, with short and narrow posterior lobes; three free segments 
diminishing regularly in width, but about the same length; genital 
segment rectangular, twice as long as wide, with two longitudinal 
furrows on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. 

Abdomen one-jointed, anal laminze short and very wide. First 
antenne with long and bushy sete; first maxillipeds with stout 
terminal claw and small accessory claw, both armed with short hairs, 
and with a small bunch of hairs between their bases. Rami of the 
first three pairs of legs two-jointed, of the fourth pair one-jointed. 
These characters are the same as those of the single specimen de- 
scribed on page 437 and warrant the placing of this species under the 
genus Nesippus. 


ECHTHROGALEUS BRACCATUS (Nogaus male) Heller, 


Echthrogaleus braccains HELLER, 1865, p. 197, pl. xx, fig. 3. 


A male Echthrogaleus (see p. 366). 
NOGAGUS BREVICAUDATUS Milne Edwards. 


Nogagus brevicaudatus Mune Epwarps, 1840, p. 460. 


Milne Edwards has given us the only description ever published 
g J 

of this species, a short and very incomplete one, as follows: ‘‘Espéce 

trés voisine du Nogague egréle (NV. gracilis), mais ayant l’abdomen 

plus court et composé d’une seule piéce subtriangulaire. Trouvé aux 

environs de Ténériffe.”’ 

There are no figures with this description, and thus while it is 
g ption, 

probable that the species is identical with Steenstrup and Liitken’s 

Noqaqus tenax, as those authors suggest, there is no possible way 
) DD > 

to prove this, and we must wait for further data before becoming 
) oD 

able to locate it definitely. 

Proc. N, M. vol. xx xiii—07——29 


450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


NOGAGUS CAELEBS Heller. 


Nogagus cxlebs Hever, 1865, p. 208, pl. xx, fig. 4. 

Like the preceding, only a single description of this species has 
ever been published, but that was so accurate, and the figures accom- 
panying it so clear, that we have little difficulty in locating the species 
in the genus Perissopus. 

It shows distinctly the narrow lateral lobes of the carapace, sep- 
arated from the central portion by well-defined grooves; the char- 
acteristic conspicilla almost touching each other on the mid-line 
near the frontal plates; the short and very wide second thorax 
segment, with its lateral lobes directed backward; the third and 
fourth segments diminishing in width but increasing in length, the 
wide and short, one-jointed abdomen with large anal lamine. 


The mouth-parts and maxillipeds are very similar to those in the 


female Perissopus, while the details of the swimming legs are almost 
identical with those of the latter species. 

The only difference is found in the genital segment, which is trape- 
zoidal, widened posteriorly with rounded angles, each armed with a 
large spine and a seta. But this may well be a specific difference 
and only serve to emphasize the resemblances. 

The species is rather small (4 mm. long) for either Pandarus or 
Nesippus, but is just right for the genus Perissopus, where it undoubt- 
edly belongs. 


PANDARUS CRANCHII (Nogaus male) Beneden. 


Pandarus cranchti BENEDEN, 1892 a, p. 221, pl.1, figs. 1-5. 


In the same paper in which he described Pandarus affinis (see p. 444) 
Beneden also presented a Nogaus form which he claimed to be the 
male of Pandarus cranchii. Although the description in the text is 
no better than for affinis, yet the author has given for this species a 
view of the ventral surface, showing all the appendages. From this 
we can gather enough data to show clearly, in connection with the 
general body form, that the copepod is not a Pandarus at all, but 
belongs either to the genus Nesippus or Perissopus. The carapace is 
narrow and elongated, with narrow posterior lobes, and without 
accessory lobes; the three free segments and the genital segment are 
all about the same width; the latter is very small and shows no traces 
of legs on its sides or posterior corners; the abdomen is one-jointed, 
very small and triangular, and is armed with small and triangular 
anal lamine; the second maxillipeds are armed with forceps knobs 
and not with claws; the rami of the fourth legs have but a single 
joint. 

Further along in the same paper Beneden describes what he calls a 
new genus, and to which he gives the name Chlamys incisus; Bassett- 


ee a i I A ASC BY A 


ee ae eee 


on 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC Aes WILSON. 451 


Smith, in 1899, recognized this as a ‘Perissopus and relocated it cor- 
rectly minder that genus. 

Beneden gives us absolutely no data as to the size of either the No- 
gaus male or the female Chlamys, nor as to the hosts upon which they 
were found. We learn incidentally that they both came from the 
Archipelago of the Azores, and the Chlamys is further located from 
the Bay of Dakar. Since this Chlamys proves to be a Perissopus 
female, and since the Nogaus male conforms in its anatomy to the 
type of Perissopus males, it is possible that it will prove to be the 
~male of this Perissopus (Chlamys) incisus. 

At all events it is not a Pandarus male, and least of all that of the 
species cranchii, the true male of which is described on page 405, 


SPECILLIGUS CURTICAUDIS Dana. 


Specilligus curticaudis DaANa, 1852, p. 1375, pl. xcv, figs. 6 a to h. 


A male Nesippus (see p. 434). 
DINEMATURA ELONGATA (WNogaus male) Beneden. 


Dinemoura elongata BENEDEN, 1892 a, p. 231, pl. 11, figs. 11 to 13. 


Probably a Dinematura male (see p. 382). 
NOGAGUS ELONGATUS Heller. 


Nogagus elongatus Heiter, 1865, p. 206, pl. xx, fig. 5. 


This was described as a new species by Heller, but he added the 
statement that it was found in company with Pandarus dentatus and 
was probably the male of this latter species. 

Bassett-Smith, in 1899, accepted this statement and gave the name 
as a synonym of Pandarus dentatus, but with a question mark after 
it. A careful examination of the description and figures given by 
Heller render it probable that this species is not a Pandarus male, 
but that it belongs to the genus Perissopus for the following reasons: 
The carapace is much longer than wide with very long and narrow 
posterior lobes; well-defined conspicilla are present near the anterior 
border and there are no accessory lobes. 

The swimming legs have long and slender rami instead of short 
and stocky ones; the pattern of the legs and the number and arrange- 
ment of the setee conforms more closely to the type seen in Perissopus 
than to that seen in Pandarus; the fourth legs have but a single joint 
ineach ramus. The genital segment is not silenaed but is short and 
small, and shows no traces of Gither the fifth or sixth legs. The abdo- 
men is small and contains but a single joint, instead of the two found 
in Pandarus males. 

It has therefore been placed under the genus Perissopus awaiting 
further evidence. 


452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


NOGAGUS ERRANS Kroyer. 


Nogagus errans KROYER, 1863, p. 173, pl. x, fig. 3 a to h. 

This species is based upon a single specimen captured in a tow-net 
while swimming freely at the surface in the Atlantic Ocean near Porto 
Santo. At the close of his description Kréyer states: “‘It is clear 
that this animal, in spite of its four free thorax segments, differs sig- 
nificantly from Nogagus forms in the shape of the rostrum, the pres- 
ence of a furca, the rudimentary condition of the endopod of the first 


legs, and the absence of this ramus in the fourth legs. Consequently — 


it forms a connecting link with the Caligine, but does not belong to 
any of the established genera in that group, as far as I can see. 

It would therefore be justifiable to make of it a new genus, but I 
am not so inclined on account of the scarcity of material (only one speci- 
men), and so will leave it for the present under Nogagus.”’ This 
species evidently belongs to the Huryphorine instead of the Pan- 
darinex, and is closely related to Dysgamus, Euryphorus, and especially 
to the new genus, Dissonus, recently established by the present 
author upon material obtained from Ceylon.? It certainly does not 
belong to any of the Nogaus types here established, and consequently 
should not, even temporarily, find shelter in the much-abused genus 


‘* Nogagus.”’ 
DINEMATURA GRACILIS (Nogaus male) Burmeister. 
Dinematura gracilis BURMEISTER, 1833, p. 284, pl. x xu, fig. 1. 
Nogagus gracilis Minne Epwarps, 1840, p. 460. 
This species was first described by Burmeister under the name 
Dinematura, in the belief that it was a male of that genus. Milne 


Edwards changed the name to Nogagus, but without giving any 
reasons for so doing, and without adding anything in the way of 


description. Frey and Leuckart, in their large work on the Wir- 


belloser Thiere, published in 1847, examined other specimens of this 
species and say of them (p. 166), that they could only find two seg- 
ments in the abdomen instead of three as reported by Burmeister. 
The terminal segment showed a median posterior incision, and ap- 
peared to be made up, through the contraction of the basal joints of a 
pair of legs metamorphosed into swimming lappets; each of the 
latter was armed with four sete instead of three. The posterior 
lobes of the carapace were longer and narrower than in Burmeister’s 
specimen, and overlapped the following segment, whose lateral lobes 
were only feebly developed. At the close of his description Bur- 
meister declares that he has but a single specimen, taken from a 
Squalus acanthias. And he can not, therefore, affirm with certainty 


4 Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl-Oyster Fisheries, Supplementary 
Report, XXXIV, p. 198, pl. m1. 


ee 


a 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 458 


that it is a new species, since the female is unknown. In his descrip- 
tion he has mistaken the large glands connected with the double 
frontal filament for eyes; he also speaks of two ‘‘braune Knopfchen”’ 
situated farther back on the dorsal surface of the carapace. He 
gives but a single figure for the last three pairs of swimming legs, 
which he declares are just alike, even to the number of spines and 
sete borne on the different joints of the rami. If this be true, the 
species can not possibly be a Dinematura, since in that genus the 
male, like the female, has the rami of the second and third legs 
three-jointed. In Lchthrogaleus also the exopods of these legs are 
three-jointed, while the endopods are two-jointed. 

On the other hand, Burmeister’s species can not be a Nesippus or 
Perissopus male, because the rami of the fourth legs and the abdomen 
in those genera have each but a single joint. 

Furthermore the statement of Beneden (1892 a, p. 220) that Bur- 
meister’s Dinematura gracilis and Leach’s Pandarus carcharie are the 
male and female of the same species is obviously wrong. 

For Dinematura gracilis lacks the accessory lobes on the posterior 
margin of the carapace, there are no legs visible on the genital seg- 
ment, and while the abdomen is two-jointed the joints are very 
unequal. In Gangliopus the rami of the fourth legs are one-jointed, 
and the abdomen is like that of Pandarus, two-jointed with the joints 
equal. This leaves us the single genus Demoleus amongst those 
whose males are known, and to this we find the present species corre- 
sponding in every particular except size. 

But here the discrepancy is a serious one, for Burmeister’s species is 
only half the size of the other males of the genus. 

There is also the possibility that Burmeister did not examine the 
second and third legs very closely; indeed his statement that they are 
just like the fourth pair, even in the number of spines and sete, would 
imply as much, for no Nogaus male has yet been discovered of which 
this would be true. 

If he did not examine them closely, or if his specimen was immature 
and the segmentation not fully completed, then there is an agreement 
in every particular, even size, with the males of the genus Dinematura, 
and Burmeister located his species correctly. 

His specimen was a little over 6 mm. in length; the adult males of 
Dinematura are 8 or 9 mm. long. 

It is, of course, impossible to decide definitely in such a case, since 
the very data essential to a decision are lacking, but the presumption 
seems to be in favor of the latter proposition. 


NOGAGUS GRANDIS Steenstrup and Litken. 
Nogagus grandis SrEENSTRUP and LirKEN, 1861, p. 386, pl. x, fig. 19. 


Probably a male Demoleus (see p. 349). 


ABA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. von. xxxnt. 


DINEMATURA HAMILTONI (Nogaus male) Thomson. 
Dinematura hamiltoni THomson, 1889, p. 357, pl. xxv, figs. 1 a to j. 


This species described by Thomson in 1889 included both sexes, and 
their anatomy conforms so closely as to leave no doubt of their iden- 
tity. The male also corresponds in every detail given with the type 
here established for the genus Dinematura, and it may therefore be 
accepted as originally published. 


NOGAUS LATREILLII Leach. 


Nogaus latreitlii Lracn, 1819, p. 536. 


The male of Pandarus cranchw (see p. 405). For the form which 
Kroyer claims to be the female of this species see page 442. 


NOGAGUS LUETKENI Norman. 


Nogagus luetkent NorMAN, 1869, p. 300. 


This species was described briefly in the Shetland Final Dredging 
Report, in 1869, by the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, and was appar- 
ently based upon a single specimen obtained from a skate. 

Its carapace was orbicular with large and incurved posterior lobes; 
the genital segment enlarged, longer than broad, and without rudi- 
mentary legs; abdomen two-jointed, the joints unequal; anal laminze 
large and armed with large setz. But as absolutely nothing is said 
with reference to the size of the creature, or to the structure of the 
swimming legs, it is impossible to locate it definitely. 


NOGAGUS LUNATUS Steenstrup and Lutken. 
Nogagus lunatus StEENSTRUP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 389, pl. 1x, fig. 17. 


The above-named authors give the following for this species: 

“Two specimens were taken by Captain Hygom on the same voyage 
and in the same latitude and longitude as Echthrogaleus coleoptratus, 
and so probably together with them. Whether they are possibly the 
males of that species we do not venture even a conjecture.”’ In this 
respect they are wiser than Claus, who,in describing his new genus 
Luetkenia in 1864, says there is the same difference between the sexes 
in the posterior part of the body as there is between Lchthrogaleus 
coleo ptratus, Guerin and Nogagus lunatus, Steenstrup and Liitken, and 
ventures the conjecture that these latter are the two sexes of the same 
species. 

Two things are very evident here, first, that the host of this Nogagus 
lunatus js not known, and it is therefore conjectural whether it came 
from the same fish as the Echthrogaleus or from a different one. In 
the second place there was evidently not enough agreement in the 
anatomy of the two forms to warrant even a conjecture on the part of 
the original describers as to their relationship. This indicates that 


‘ 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 455 


they are not likely to be the two sexes of the same species, and we find 
that their anatomy confirms such a conclusion. 

The shape of the grooving of the carapace in the Nogaus form is 
radically different from that in the female of Echthrogaleus coleo ptratus, 
and also from that of such of the males of this genus as are known. 
The fourth and genital sezments are also very different from those in 
Echthrogaleus males in their relative size and shape. The second and 
third legs have only two joints in the exopods, while the rami of the 
fourth legs are one-jointed. The second maxillipeds are much 
swollen and are armed with short curved claws and corrugated ‘knobs. 

In all these particulars and in its size the species corresponds closely 
with Nogagus celebs and Nogagus elongatus, and may therefore be tem- 
porarily assigned a place in the genus Perissopus instead of Hehthro- 
galeus. 

NOGAGUS MURRAYI Brady. 


Nogagus murrayi Brapy, 1883, p. 136, pl. Lv, fig. 1. 


Brady’s description in the Report on the Copepoda of the Challenger 
Expedition is as follows: 

Length, 4mm. Cephalothorax ovate, much longer than broad and nearly twice as 
long as the abdomen; frontal margin rounded, lateral margins somewhat sinuous, pos- 
terior angles moderately produced backward and rounded off. First abdominal (gen- 
ital) segment about as long as broad, margins round; angles not at all produced nor 
acute. Two posterior abdominal segments much broader than long, the last pentagonal 
in shape, and produced backwards between the caudal lamelle into two obtuse points; 
caudal lamellze about as broad as long, subquadrate, each bearing four finely plumose 
Sete. 

Taken in the open sea off Rio de Janeiro, and in the North Atlantic (about lat. 25° N.), 
April 28, 29, 1876. Very similar to Nogagus errans Kroyer, which, however, differs 
decidedly in the shape of the last abdominal and two posterior thoracic segments. 

In the figure which accompanies this description and which is 
labeled ‘‘Adult fernale (%) seen from below,” only two pairs of legs 
are shown, the third and fourth pairs, in both of which the rami are 
represented as one-jointed. No adhesion pads are shown at the 
bases of either pair of antenne, nor anywhere else on the ventral 
surface. The mouth-tube is short, broad, and well rounded at the 
tip, and there is a very well-defined furca on the mid-line between 
the bases of the second maxillipeds. 

These last details, if reliable, prove that the copepod is not a 
Nogaus at all, but one of the Euryphorine, resembling, perhaps, the 
genus Dysgamus more than any of the others. 


456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


PANDARUS MUSTELI-LAEVIS (Nogaus male) Hesse. 
Pandarus musteli-levis Hessen, 1883, p. 23, pl. vi, figs. 6-8, 14, 18, and 21-23.4 


This Nogaus form is another of Hesse’s fabrications, his new species 
being founded on a single male and a young female. 

Enough data can not be obtained from Hesse’s text and figures to 
determine where this species belongs; the figures he presents are 
wretched, badly confused, and highly contradictory, while the text 
gives none of those data which are essential in accurate systematiza- 
tion. In fig. 6, which is a dorsal view of the male, the second legs 
are each uniramose and one-jointed; in fig. 7, which is a ventral 
view of the same specimen, the second legs are each biramose, the 
rami of the left one being one-jointed, while the right one has a two- 
jointed exopod and a three-jointed endopod. The first legs are 
similar to those described for his Nogagus spinacii-achantias (see p. 
458), and are radically different from anything ever seen. The rami 
of the fourth legs as seen in dorsal view are one-jointed, while in 
ventral view they are two-jointed. The abdomen in dorsal view is 
two-jointed, the terminal joint extending out over the bases of the 
anal lamin in two broad, rounded lobes; in ventral view it is three- 
jointed, the terminal joint triangular and contracted nearly to a point 
between the anal lamine. The species as it stands, therefore, can 
not be located anywhere with even reasonable probability. 


DINEMATURA MUSTELI-L4A£VIS (Nogaus male) Hesse. 


Dinemoura musteli-levis Hesse, 1880, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 1-16. 


Probably belongs to the genus Demoleus (see p. 386). 
DINEMATURA NEOZEALANICA (Nogaus male) Thomson. 


Dinematura neozealanica THOMSON, 1889, p. 359, pl. xxv, fig. 2. 


Thomson here described both sexes of a new species which he 
placed in the genus Dinematura,; they agree so fully in their ana- 
tomical details as to leave no doubt of their identity. 

But as Bassett-Smith pointed out in 1899 they belong to the 
genus [chthrogaleus rather than Dinematura. The male (and inci- 
dentally the female also) corresponds in every essential detail with 
the types established for the genus Lchthrogaleus, and thus the 
species will stand as the New Zealand representative of that genus.. 


a The figures as published by Hesse were numbered incorrectly (see p.396); figs. 4 
and 6 should be interchanged, as also figs. 17 and 23. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 457 


NESIPPUS ORIENTALIS (Nogaus male) Heller. 


’ Nesippus orientalis Hetuer, 1865, p. 194, pl. xvmt, figs. 2, 3. 


After establishing his new genus Vesippus in 1865, Heller describes 
two species, orientalis and crypturus. 

Yor the first of these, which would become the type of the new 
genus, he presents the female and a form which he claims to be the 
male, and gives admirable descriptions and figures of each. 

But the ‘“‘male” differs from the female only in being smaller, in 
having a sharp terminal claw on the second maxillipeds, longer 
plumose setze on the swimming legs, and in the abdomen being 
visible in dorsal view. If the figure of the young female of the 
species alatus given in the present paper (Plate XXXIV, fig. 205) be 
compared with that of the adult female (fig. 194), exactly the same 
differences will be found, while the true male (fig. 206) has a very dif- 
ferent carapace, and the second and third thorax segments are free in- 
stead of being fused as in the young female (see p. 429). This ‘‘male”’ 
of Heller’s therefore was almost certainly a young female similar to 
those repeatedly found by the present author in company with the 
adults of alatus. 


CALIGUS PARADOXUS (Nogaus male) Otto. 
Caligus paradoxus Orro, 1828, p. 352, pl. xxn, figs. 5, 6. 
The male of Demoleus paradoxus (see p. 349). 
ECHTHROGALEUS PERSPICAX (Nogaus male) Olsson. 


Echthrogaleus perspicax Ousson, 1869, p. 18, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. 


The description and figures of this species are found to correspond 
in every particular with those of the other males of the genus, and 
the species will therefore stand as originally described. 


NOGAGUS PRODUCTUS Gerstaecker: 


Nogagus productus GERSTAECKER, 1853, p. 63, pl. rv, figs. 1-10. 


This proves to be a female Dinematura, Gerstaecker wrongly sub- 
stituting the name Nogagus on the ground of priority (see p. 441). 


NOGAGUS SOCIALIS Olsson. 
Nogagqus socialis Ousson, 1869, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 5. 


Found on the body of Acanthias vulgaris in the Sea of Skagerrack, 
together with both sexes of Echthrogaleus perspicax. 

From the excellent description and figures given by Olsson we find 
that the carapace is elliptical with narrow posterior lobes; the genital 
segment is not enlarged; one pair of legs are visible at its posterior 
corners; the abdomen is one-jointed, with small anal lamin; the 


458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxx. 


second maxillipeds have a short, curved claw and corrugated knobs; 
the rami of the first three pairs of legs are two-jointed, of the fourth 
pair one-jointed. 

This locates the species in the genus Perissopus, and on comparing 
it with Heller’s Nogagus celebs and Nogagus elongatus, the three are 
seen to be so nearly alike that it even seems probable they are but 
variations of the same species. At all events they are very closely 
related forms of the same genus. 


NOGAGUS SPINACII-ACHANTIAS Hesse. 


Nogagus spinacii-achantias Hesse, 1883, p. 1, pl. rv, figs. 1-7. 
Pandarus spinacii-achantias Hessn, 1883, p. 10, pl. vi, fig. 9. 


This species was described as a female by Hesse, and was based | 
upon several specimens obtained from the head of a Spinax achantias; | 
the male was said to be unknown. We have already given Hesse’s 
reason for considering these specimens females (see p. 335). There 
can be no doubt that they are really males, but almost no dependence 
can be placed upon the figures and description given by Hesse. 

For example, in the dorsal view the second legs have a three-jointed 
exopod, while the endopod is not visible; in an enlarged figure of 
the same legs they are represented with a three-jointed endopod and 
a two-jointed exopod, while in the ventral view both rami are dis- 
tinctly two-jointed. The text says nothing whatever about these 
legs. 

In the face of these and many other similar discrepancies it would 
seem almost hopeless to attempt to locate the species. 

But Hesse is at least consistent, and after a time we can learn 
what to expect and can make rational allowances. 

A comparison of the figures and description he has given of the 
present species and of a new Pandarus, found upon the same fish, 
and named similarly Pandarus spinacit achantias, leaves not much 
doubt that they are the male and female of the same species. 

First the relative sizes are correct, 5 or 6 mm. for the Nogaus and 
6 or 7 mm. for the Pandarus. 

In the second place, the new Pandarus is evidently located cor- 
rectly, as is shown by the number and arrangement of the dorsal 
plates and by the appendages. Hesse, however, gives it but three 
pairs of swimming legs, describing in place of the first pair what 
he calls— 


Appareil de fixation, qui est placé transversalement 4 la base du bouclier céphalique 
et répresenté par un tige qui émet, de chaque cété, des appendices recourbés ainsi 
que de petits crocs, destinés a sasir et accrocher les objets et est terminé par une 
longue griffe qui contourne une ventouse cupuliforme placée 4 l’extrémité externe 
du bouclier céphalothoracique. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 459 


None of the known species of Pandarus has any such a prehensile 
apparatus as this, nor is there any genus of crustacea in which the 
first legs have disappeared, leaving the other three present and 
fully developed. If this structure be as Hesse has represented it, 
his specimens will have to be made the types of a new genus. But 
again he is consistent, for, In speaking of the new Nogaus, after 
describing the second maxillipeds which he calls the ‘third thoracic 
feet,” he says: 


Au-dessous de celles-ci on apercoit, placée horizontalement, une patte trés étroite 
fixée par son centre au bouclier céphalique et terminée a son extrémité par deux 
etits articles, dont le dernier est recourbé en forme de griffe. 

fo) 


This evidently corresponds to the fixation apparatus of the female 
and makes the analogy between the appendages just what would 
be expected in the two sexes of a species. 

Finally the general make-up of the body in this Nogaus is similar 
to that in the Pandarus males. There is the same broad carapace 
with what are evidently accessory posterior lobes, partially con- 
cealing the second segment; a considerably enlarged genital segment 
with large posterior processes, and a two-jointed abdomen with good 
sized anal lamine. There is thus considerable probability that we 
have here the two sexes of a species of Pandarus; whether it is a 
new species can not be determined without further data. 

Hesse begins his description of the Pandarus species with the 
words ‘‘Male inconnu” (p. 10), but further along (p. 15), and in 
his figures (Plate VI, fig. 9) he has presented what he calls a ‘‘jeune 
male (?).”’ If this were really a young male of the species in question, 
it ought to correspond with other Pandarus males. But no details 
are given in the text, and those to be deduced from the figure are 
decidedly against the probability that the creature belongs to the 
genus Pandarus. 


NOGAGUS TENAX, Steenstrup and Litken. 
Nogagus tenar SreeNstRuP and LUTKEN, 1861, p. 388, pl. x, fig. 20. 


This species was described by the above authors as follows: It 
outwardly resembles Nogagus borealis, but is smaller (6 mm. long), 
and less elongate; eyes distinct and near the anterior border. First 
free thorax segment broadly quadrangular with wide lateral lobes; 
the second one smaller and somewhat six-sided; the third the 
smallest and broadly eight-sided. 

Genital segment not much longer than wide, the posterior corners 
projecting shghtly and armed with spines. Abdomen triangular 
and bearing triangular anal lamine. Second maxillipeds some- 
times showing an end claw and sometimes a forceps structure like 


460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


that in Pandarus. Rami of fourth legs one-jointed, of all the others 
two-jointed. 

They give Nogagus brevicaudatus, Milne Edwards, as a synonym 
of this species and say that it is probable when it becomes better 
known it will be found identical with tenaz. They then add in 
closing: 

Since N. tenazis smaller than N. borealis, and is found farther south in the Atlantic, 


it would seem probable that it is the male of the smaller and more southern Dinematura 
described by us, D. latifolia. Still this is nothing more than a conjecture. 


It has already been shown in the present paper (see p. 449) that 
the morphology of Nogagus borealis renders it probable that it is a 
Nesippus male rather than one of the genus Dinematura. 

Moreover, there will be found described on page 386 the true male 
of Dinematura latifolia which is very different from the two species 
here mentioned. Nogagus tenax therefore is probably a Nesippus 
male, and so far as can be seen is identical with the one described 
on page 429 as the male of Nesippus alatus. There are slight differ- 
ences in the angularity of the thoracic segments of tenax and the 
rounded outlines of alatus, but Steenstrup and Liitken’s material had 
been in alcohol a long time, while the drawings in the present paper 
were made from living males. 

Furthermore, this same species (tenaxz) has been reported by S. I. 
Smith upon Atwood’s shark (Carcharias atwoodi) in Vineyard Sound. 
It was found in company with “ Nogagus latreillii,” a species of Pan- 
darus, and Echthrogaleus denticulatus. Smith recognized that it was 
very different from N. latreillii and probably belonged to a different* 
genus. He suggested Hchthrogaleus, but the structure of the second 
and third legs prohibits this. No specimens of Nesippus alatus 
females have yet been obtained from Atwood’s shark, but they are 
so common in Vineyard Sound on other sharks that the presence of 
a free swimming male on this particular species can be readily 
understood. 

Again tenax is represented with small sharp spines near the pos- 
terior corners of the genital segment; similar specimens have been 
found among the males of alatus, but the outlines given in fig. 206 are 
more common. In all other particulars the two are practically 
identical, and accordingly Nogagus tenax has been given as a synonym 
under Nesippus alatus (see p. 426). 


PANDARUS UNICOLOR (Nogaus male) Hesse. 
Pandarus wnicolor Hesse, 1883, p. 20, pl. vt, fig. 5. 


This species was described in the same paper with Pandarus 
musteli-levis and Nogagus spinacii-achantias and in a similar manner. 
The discrepancies in the appendages of the male are similar to those 
enumerated for the other species, but here the swimming legs are 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 461 


all represented with rami having but a single joint. This species, 
therefore, like the others, can not be located with any reasonable 
probability. 

NOGAGUS VALIDUS Dana. 


Nogagus validus DANA, 1852, p. 1363, pl. xctv, figs. 9a to h. 


The male of Pandarus brevicaudis (see p. 398). 


Part 4—THE CECROPIN. 


ECOLOGY. 


This new subfamily 1s made to include at the present time four 
genera which closely agree with each other in habits and morphol- 
ogy, and which differ very markedly from the genera included in 
the Pandarine. As the latter were shark parasites, so the present 
genera may be said to belong to the family of Head-fishes or Sunfish 
(Molidz), although they are occasionally found on other fish. Two 
of the genera are so closely confined to the common Sunfish (Orthra- 
goriscus, or Mola, mola) that they have been given generic names 
derived from that of their host, Orthagoriscicola and Philorthragoriscus, 
respectively. 

A third genus, Cecrops, makes the sunfish its chief host, but has 
been found also on species of Diodon, Thynnus, and Pleuronectes, 
while the fourth genus, Luetkenia, lives upon Asterodermus, Luvarus 
and several shark species. 

These pasasites are more gregarious than the Pandarine and are 
found in bunches of fifteen to thirty or more, attached to the outside 
skin and gills of the fish. The combined laceration of their claws 
often produces a large pit or sore, in the bottom of which they cling 
tightly. This peculiarity has been noted by A. Scott (1892, p. 266), 
who describes Orthagoriscicola as burrowing in pits formed in the 
flesh of the fish behind the anal fin. Nothing of this sort is found 
among the Pandarine for two reasons—first, they do not collect in 
such numbers, and then they cling partly if not chiefly by means of 
their adhesion pads. Hence when several of them do get together, 
as often happens on a shark’s fin, there is very little laceration and 
no bunch or sore is formed. 

Not only the females of the present subfamily, but the males as 
well remain fixed in one position upon their host, and both sexes are 
incapable of swimming. As already noted (see p. 327), this constitutes 
the last step in degeneration as exhibited in the Caligide. The 
female became a fixed form in one of the Caligine (/chetus), in sev- 
eral of the Euryphorine, and in all the Pandarine, but the progress 
of degeneration was very slow, and the swimming legs were retained 
in their normal form and armed with plumose setz through all the 


462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII, 


Caligine and Euryphorine. But in the Pandarine the fourth legs 
become transformed into lamelle and lose their swimming sete, the 
abdomen at the same time being transferred to the ventral surface 
of the genital segment. While the female has been thus gradually 
yielding to degenerative influences, the male has successfully resisted 
them, and even in the Nogaus form characteristic of the Pandarinz 
there has been no loss in morphological details or functional activity. 
When the male at last yields, however, the change is not only abrupt, 
but is also far reaching; the intervening stages are passed over 
entirely and it changes directly from a condition as active and agile 
as that of Caligus into one more degenerate than that of any female 
among the Pandarine. The fourth legs are enlarged into enormous 
lamellae, the third legs are as degenerate as the fourth pair in the 
Pandarine, and there is not a plumose seta to be seen on any one of 
the four pairs in Orthagoriscicola. The abdomen also has been par- 
tially transferred to the ventral surface of the genital segment, and 
there has been a fusion of the frontal plates with the carapace. In 
short, although the male retains to the full its structure and functions 
until the female has become thoroughly degenerate, yet the first 
change in the male makes it as degenerate as the female with which 
it is associated, and there are no intermediate stages. 

This abrupt transition and the consequent degenerate character 
of the male forms one of the chief characteristics of the subfamily, 
and of itself is sufficient to distinguish the members of this subfamily 
from all the other Caligide. 

The only locomotion possible to either sex is such as can be accom- 
plished by loosening one set of prehensile organs and. obtaining a 
new hold by stretching the body, while still keeping a second set 
securely fastened. When once placed, with the second antennze 
buried in the flesh of the host, it is probable that the female does not 
subsequently change her position. The male is usually found 
attached to the female, the front margin of its carapace burrowed 
beneath the apron of her third swimming legs, and its second antennz 
clasped around her fourth thorax segment. And when he has once 
gained this position the male probably does not change it during life. 

The organs of prehension are similar to those in the Pandarine. 
The chief hold is maintained by the second antenne, which are buried 
for their entire length in the skin and underlying flesh of their host. 
During life the body of the copepod frequently trails off in the water; 
with no attachment to the host except these antenne, which gives it 
the appearance of being fastened by a frontal filament. 

Usually, however, the antenne are reenforced by the second max- 
illipeds and the adhesion pads. The latter are similar to those in the 
Pandarine, but there are two of them behind each first antenna, 
while there is none on the base of the second pair. 


0 eEEeeeEEEEEeEEeEeEeEeEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE=EeEeEeEeEeEeEeEOEOOeeeeeeeeeee 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 4638 


Neither these nor the ones on the bases of the swimming legs seem 
as well formed and efficient as those of the preceding subfamily, 
and they are evidently not of much service in prehension. 

The attachment of the parasite to its host being thus accomplished 
entirely by means of stout claws buried in the fish’s flesh, it follows 
that there can be no loosening of the hold after the death of the fish. 
These parasites certainly never drop off into the boat or anywhere 
else, as was claimed for the genera in the preceding subfamily. Both 
the antenne and the maxillipeds are set so firmly in position that 
they can not be loosened without breaking them. And even after 
the death of the parasite it is usually necessary to cut around these 
appendages if one would remove the animal entire. 

On being placed in an aquarium they are more helpless than the 
Pandarinz, and both sexes can only lie in the place where they are 
put, with an occasional weak and spasmodic movement of the swim- 
ming legs. Hence they can be kept alive only a very short time, 
shorter even than in the case of the Pandarine. 

Although they resemble the preceding subfamily in that the cara- 
pace is not arched and converted into a disk to retain moisture after 
the skin of the host may have dried, yet they are kept alive by 
another means for quite a period. It has already been noted that 
they are gregarious and gather together in colonies, whose combined 
lacerations form a deep pit extending through the skin and into the 
flesh of the host. Such a pit does not dry as quickly as other por- 
tions of the surface of the host’s body, and the parasites, being fas- 
tened in its very bottom, are not only protected from abrasion, but 
are also kept moist long after the fish’s skin has become dry and 
parched. 

In this way they may sometimes be found alive on sunfish brought 


in by the fishermen. 
MORPHOLOGY. 


The chief differences in the morphological details of the present 
subfamily are such as result from a further degeneration in conse- 
quence of the fixed position of both sexes, and they are clearly brought 
out in the diagnosis which follows. 


ONTOGENY. 


The development of this subfamily has never been observed, but 
it must be similar to that of the Pandarine, if we may judge from 
the size, shape, and coloration of the eggs and from the chalimus of 
Orthagoriscicola, described on page 476. 

We find in the latter a pair of broad and ribbon-like frontal fila- 
ments exactly like those on the chalimus of Perissopus. In this case, 
also, it was the male which was thus found, indicating that the two 
sexes mature at different periods. 


464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL XXXII. 


Hesse, in the thirty-seventh article of his series entitled Crustacés 
rares ou nouveaux des Cotes de France* makes the following state- 
ments in regard to the issuing nauplius of Cecrops: 

The latter, on issuing from the egg, are furnished with three pairs of legs, of which 
the first is simple and the two others biramose (p. 348). 

Further along he says, while comparing Cecrops with ‘‘ Leemargus:” 

‘In Cecrops the two sexes, and even the young, are very” remarkable for the two 
prolongations, lamellar and rounded, which precede the frontal margin of the cara- 
pace. Also for the lack of eyes in the adult and especially inthe embryos. (P. 356). 

He adds in a footnote at the bottom of the page: 

This exception, which, I believe, is unique in its kind, is, moreover, the more inex- 
plicable because if these organs are indispensable in the adults, they are of still greater 
use to the young, which have to search for a position in which they can be sheltered 

from dangers, and where they can procure the food necessary to their existence. 

Whether it be true, as Hesse states, that these nauplii have no 
eyes remains to be proved by other investigators. In view of the 
serious mistakes which he has made in the same paper, it can not 
be accepted on his authority alone. It is unfortunate that he is 
apparently the only one who has ever seen these nauplii. 


Subfamily CHCROPIN 2. 


The first thorax segment fused with the head, the second and third 
segments more or less fused inter se; the fourth segment with a pair 
of dorsal plates in both sexes, overlapping the genital segment. Sexes 
very similar. 

Female.—Carapace orbicular and strongly arched; frontal plates 
more or less completely fused with the carapace and not distinct; 
grooving similar to that in the Pandarine. Three free thorax seg- 
ments, the first two of which are usually fused and furnished with a 
single pair each of dorsal plates and lateral lobes; the third segment 
carries a pair of enlarged dorsal plates, which cover the anterior 
portion of the genital segment. 

The latter is as large as or considerably larger than the carapace 
and furnished with a pair of dorsal plates which entirely cover this 
segment, as well as the abdomen. 

Abdomen one-jointed, with large anal laminz armed with spines 
instead of setz; abdomen sometimes with broad wings extending to 
the lateral margins of the genital segment, in which case the egg- 
strings are concealed between these wings and the ventral surface 
of the genital segment (Orthagoriscicola and Cecrops); sometimes 
without wings, in which case the egg-strings are long, straight, and 
visible like those of the Pandarine (Philorthragoriscus and Luetkenia). 
First antenne usually two-jointed, rarely three-jointed (Orthagorisci- 
cola); second maxillipeds with terminal claws. All the legs bira- 
mose, rami of first three pairs two-jointed, of fourth pair one-jointed 
and usually enlarged into broad lamellae, armed only with spines. 


a Ann, des, Sci, Nat. (7), V. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 465 


Male.—A fixed form like that of.the female and incapable of loco- 
motion; carapace and thorax segments similar to those of the female, 
the dorsal plates of the fourth segment being reduced in size. Com 
ital segment also much smaller, with the nbdomen partially visible 
beyond its posterior margin; abdomen without wings in all the 
genera. Second antenne and second maxillipeds with stout prehen- 
sile claws; all the feet biramose, rami as in the female, except that 
those of the fourth pair are not much enlarged in any genus but 
Orthagoriscicola; rami of first three pairs with plumose setze in Phi- 
lorthragoriscus and Luetkenia, the fourth pair and all the rami in 
other genera without them. 

Chalimus attached by two broad, ribbon-like frontal filameuts very 
short and parallel. 

KEY TO THE GENERA. 


a, Females, third dorsal plates of medium size, covering quite a portion of the gen- 


ital segment; the latter as large as the carapace or much larger ........---- b. 
a, Males, third dorsal plates small, overlapping the genital segment but little; the 
Inher mich smallentnam the Garapace 222-5. .26e Seen. hee ees ee G. 


b, Abdomen with broad wings between which and the genital segment the long 
ege-strings are entirely concealed; genital segment much larger than the 


PERE OEM CIE So ae eS ru aye Os eR a i a os 
b, Abdomen without wings; egg-strings long and entirely visible; genital seg- 
Menta ditiersmallentman the carapace ....4.2.2098s-.5- 22.226 ssee ee d. 


c, First antenne two-jointed, not prominent; second antenne hidden; posterior 
border of carapace deeply concave; margin of carapace and dorsal plates 
SIRDIO ONO ESS = Siete eee Pa em Sem ag Se Cecrops Leach, 1816, p. 466. 

c, First antenne three-jointed, prominent; second pair projecting beyond the 
carapace margin; posterior border of carapace slightly concave; margin of car- 
apace and dorsal plates coarsely toothed . ..Orthagoriscicola Poche, 1902, p. 472. 

d, Margins of the carapace and dorsal plates finely toothed; third dorsal plates 
covering three-fifths of the genital segment; rami of first swimming legs 
normally developed .............--- Philorthragoriscus Horst, 1897, p. 478. 

d, Margins of carapace and dorsal plates smooth; third plates scarcely over- 
lapping the genital segment; endopod of first legs very rudimentary (male) 
or entirely lacking (iemale).......5-.--.--=- Luetkenia Claus, 1864, p. 464, 

e, Third dorsal plates relatively as large as in the female; grooving of the carapace 
nearly invisible; abdomen almost or quite concealed .........-.-.--------- aie 

e, Third dorsal plates very much reduced; grooving of the carapace distinct; abdo- 
ME RMPABOS WeWIRI DIC a mae Sie. oe ean OE Saad cts ocies Side oe tie Se Sei one ae g. 

f, First antenne two-jointed; second and third thorax segments fused inter 
se and furnished with a pair of broad lateral De concealed beneath the 

carapace; abdomen also entirely concealed ...Cecrops Leach, 1816, p. 466. 

/, First antenne three-jointed; second and third thorax segments distinct 
and entirely visible, without plates; abdomen partly visible; margins of 
plates on fourth and genital segments coarsely toothed. 

Orthagoriscicola Poche, 1902, p. 472. 

g, Second antenne much enlarged and projecting beyond the carapace; first dor- 
sal plates large; genital segment with large spines at the posterior corners; first 
swimming legs normally developed....-- Philorthragoriscus Horst, 1897, p. 478. 

g, Second antennz smaller and concealed; all the dorsal plates very small; geni- 
tal segment with smoothly rounded posterior corners; endopod of first swim- 
ming, eos scarcelysvisiblea-< <1 4252 aes 55s see ot Luetkenia Claus, 1864, p. 464. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——30 


466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION. 
Genus CECROPS Leach. 


Cecrops (C. latreillit) Leacn, 1816, p. 405, pl. xx, 8 figures. 


Female.—Carapace oval, stout, strongly arched, and deeply notched 
posteriorly; frontal plates fused with the carapace; cephalic and tho- 
racic portions of the lateral areas separated by a transverse groove. 
Second thorax segment with large lateral lobes; third segment with 
a pair of small dorsal plates; fourth segment with a pair of larger 
plates; genital segment small, but carrying a pair of dorsal plates 
larger than the carapace, and extending back beyond the tips of the 
anal lamin, forming the dorsal half of the bag in which the eggs are 
-carried. Abdomen ventral and as large as the genital segment in 
front of its base, strongly flattened dorso-ventrally; its ventral sur- 
face produced laterally and anteriorly into large lobes, forming the 
ventral surface of the egg bag. 

Kge-strings very narrow, twenty or thirty times the length of the 
body, irregularly convoluted and entirely hidden in the above-men- 
tioned bag. First antenne two-jointed; second pair and second max- 
illipeds stout and furnished with strong curved claws for prehension. 
Maxille huge, club-shaped, two-jointed, the terminal joint covered 
with small spines. Legs all biramose, rami of first three pairs two- 
jointed, of fourth pair one-jointed and enlarged into flattened laminze 
with a large fold of skin on the ventral surface. 

Male.—A fixed and degenerate form, similar in all respects to the 
female, except as follows: Genital segment without dorsal plates, but 
covered by those of the fourth segment, which also reach nearly to 
the end of the abdomen. The latter is plump, not flattened, twice 
as wide as long, and without lateral lobes; anal laminz close to- 
gether, armed with good-sized sete. 

Fourth legs but little enlarged, rami one-jointed, but without the 
ventral fold of skin; plumose -setz on the first three pairs of legs 
less rudimentary than in the female. 

(Cecrops, the fabulous first king of Athens.) 

This genus was established by Leach in 1816, who gave a fairly 
good description of the female with figures of both sexes. The figures 
are good for their time, but are too small to give details. In the 
ninety years since the above date the genus with its single species 
has been noted by nearly every investigator who has dealt with the 
parasitic copepods. But only in a very few instances have any figures 
been given. Guérin published a single figure, the dorsal view of a 
female, in 1817; Desmarest in 1825 published a set of figures almost 
exactly like those of Leach, but in which the details are more clearly 
shown. Latreille gave similar figures in 1835, and Baird a single 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 467 


dorsal view of the female in 1850. Hoeven in 1857 published a paper 
on Cecrops and “‘Lemargus,’ which contains the only really good 
figures that have ever appeared; but even these show many mistakes 
and imperfections. 

In 1883 Hesse presented what he claimed was a new species of 
Cecrops, and which he named C. achantii-vulgaris. The name is cer- 
tainly wrong for the shark genus on which Hesse’s specimens were 
found is Acanthias (rom a@Kav6las) and not Achantius, and even if 
Latinized the genitive would not be spelled as Hesse has given it. 
Furthermore, this so-called species is based upon a single female speci- 
men, which, from Hesse’s description and the little that can be learned 
with certainty from his figures, can not possibly belong to the genus 
Cecrops. 

He has represented the first three thorax segments fused with the 
carapace; neither the genital segment nor the abdomen are men- 
tioned in the text, nor can they be made out in the figures. 

The swimming legs also are not mentioned in the text, and even 
a chirographic expert could not decipher them in tle figures. 

And finally, the second maxillipeds with their “thumb” in the 
form of a peduncled ball, shutting down into a cavity, are entirely 
unlike those cf Cecrops. The size of Hesse’s specimen, 6 mm. in 
length, the fact that it had no egg-strings, and the general appearance 
of the body, suggest that it is probably a very young female. But its 
true location must be left for future investigation; all we can decide 
at present is that the species, as Hesse has described and figured it, 
does not belong in the genus Cecrops. 

Five years later, in 1888, Hesse published his thirty-seventh paper 
on New and Rare Crustacea of the Coast of France, which is entirely 
concerned with these two genera, Cecrops and “ Lemargus.”’ 

The paper is profusely illustrated, but not a single one of the 25 
figures representing Cecrops latreillii is correct, and all of them 
which show the entire animal are wretchedly confused. If compared 
with similar views given by the other authors mentioned, it would 
never be guessed that they were intended to represent the same ani- 
mal. The third legs of the female, visible for the entire width of the 
body in dorsal view, the ‘“‘plaque”’ (really the dorsal plates of the 
fourth segment) with its wonderful design of the cross and crown, and 
the two large lobes of the genital segment, ‘‘ whose margins are rolled 
up in the form of a volute,” are especially bizarre. 

In the following year, 1889, Thomscn gave several figures of Cecrops 
in his Parasitic Copepods of New Zealand, the most valuable of them 
being enlarged views of the four pairs of swimming legs. There are 
thus three sets of figures, those originally given by Leach, the excel- 
lent ones by Hoeven, and these by Thomson, which represent all 
that is known of the genus up to date. It is hoped that the figures 


468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


here shown may supply many of the missing details, particularly with 
reference to the structure of the abdomen, the formation of the case 
or bag in which the eggs are carried, and the details of the antenne, 
mouth tube, mouth parts, and maxillipeds. 


CECROPS LATREILLII Leach. 
Plates XX XVIII and XX XIX. 


Cecrops latreillii Luacu, 1816, p. 405, pl. xx, figs. 1 to 5.—Ha@ven, 1857, p. 67, 
pls. m1, 1v.—THomson, 1889, p. 362, pl. xxv, figs. 3 a tof, 


Female.—Carapace oval, as wide as long, with a prominent frontal — 


margin and a deep triangular posterior sinus. Frontal plates almost 
entirely fused with the carapace, separated by a wide and deep median 
sinus. On the lateral margins just’ behind the frontal plates is a well- 
defined notch on either side, in the base of which the first antenne 
are attached. Another notch a little farther back on the lateral 
margins is caused by the transverse groove which separates the cepha- 
lic from the thoracic portion of the lateral areas. This groove is 
situated far forward, and in consequence the cephalic portion in front 
of it is small and triangular, while the thoracic portion behind it is 
nearly four times as large and trapezoidal in form. The second and 
third thorax segments are fused together and furnished witha single 
pair of lobes and a single pair of dorsal plates. The broad lateral lobes 
apparently belong to the second segment, and reach well out beneath 
the posterior lobes of the carapace. 

The small dorsal plates belong to the third segment and overlap the 
following segment a little; the fourth segment has a pair of medium- 
sized plates which reach about to the center of those on the genital seg- 
ment; each of them is triangular in shape with well-rounded corners. 
The genital segment with its dorsal plates is enlarged to nearly twice 
the length of the carapace and is elliptical in form, about one-fourth 
longer than wide, with the sides very evenly curved. It is covered 
by a pair of dorsal plates, whose edges are softened and project far 
beyond the lateral and posterior margins of the segment. These soft 
edges are rolled over ventrally into large scrolls which completely 
cover the sides and posterior end of the segment and lap quite a dis- 
tance onto the ventral surface, completely concealing the abdomen, 
anal lamine, and egeg-strings in dorsal view. The posterior sinus 
between these plates is sharply triangular and about one-fourth the 
entire length of the plates. 

Abdomen semielliptical and fully as large as or often larger than 
that portion of the genital segment which precedes it. Its ventral 
surface is produced into a large lobe or lamina on either side, which 
extends outward laterally beneath the turned-over edge of the dorsal 
plates of the genital segment (Plate XX XIX, fig. 253). 


———————— 


_ 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS—WILSON. 46 9 


Wien the female is without ege-strings, fie een and : niierion mar- 
gins of these laminz are turned upward into scrolls, similar to those 
formed by the dorsal plates of the genital segment, and inside of them. 
The lateral margin is also caught inward in a large fold on either side 
about one-fourth the distance from its anterior end. This gives the 
ventral aspect of the abdomen a peculiar T shape, the upright portion 
being more than twice the width of the arms. When the egg-strings 
are extruded, these folds and the scrolls along the lateral margins.are 
straightened out and each lamina rests flatly upon the ventral surface 
of the coiled egg-strings, completely concealing them in ventral view 
(fig. 254). The scrolls along the anterior margin are never entirely 
straightened, but the lamina on either side curls up over the eggs at 
that point and holds them securely in place. The anal laminz are 
small, orbicular, and attached close to the anus on either side; they 
are armed with short and stout spines and have no plumose setz. 

The first antenne are two-jointed, the basal joint much the longer, 
each joint armed with a few short spines. Second pair large and 
powerful, the principal organs of prehension, three-jointed, the ter- 
minal joint a strong sickle-shaped claw, which is buried in the flesh 
of the host. The terminal joint of the first maxillipeds is much 
shorter and more slender than the basal; the terminal claw is nearly 
as long as the joint itself and only slightly curved; the accessory 
claw is much shorter, while both claws have serrate edges. The 
second maxillipeds are stout, but not swollen, as in the Pandarine, 
the curved terminal claw nearly as long as the basal joint and shut- 
ting down between two large corrugated knobs on the ventral sur- 
face of the latter. 

Mouth tube and maxille peculiar, the former conical with a wide 
and swollen base, tapering rapidly to a fairly sharp tip, from which 
protrude the ends of the mandibles. These latter are straight and 
coarsely toothed along their inner margins, the teeth being more or 
less rectangular. Maxille enormous and club-shaped, each one as 
large as the whole mouth tube and two-jointed, its hemispherical 
terminal jomt covered with small curved spines. On the ventral 
surface of each maxilla, at the base of the terminal joint, is a small 
knob representing the rudiments of the exopod. 

Swimming legs biramose, rami two-jointed, except those of the 
fourth pair, which are modified into large lamine with indistinguish- 
able joints. The basal joints of the exopods of the first two pairs 
are much larger than the terminal joints and are armed with a stout 
spine at their outer distal corners, the one on the second legs being 
exceptionally large. The segments of the third legs are all the same 
size, while in the fourth legs the rudimentary endopod is several 
times larger than the exopod. In these latter legs there is also a 
large fold of skin caught up on the ventral surface of each basal joint. 


470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


When the legs are in place, this fold fits into the groove between the 
abdomen and genital segment, and doubtless assists materially in 
holding the egg masses in place. 

The arrangement of the spines and sete is as follows: First exo- 
pod, 1, 0; 4, II: endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second exopod, 1,0; 4, V: 
endopod, 0, 0; 0, VII: third exopod, 1, 0; 0, V: endopod, 0, 0; 0, V: 
fourth exopod, 5, 0: endopod, 4, 0. All the sete are extremely rudi- 
mentary, and their plumes are easily overlooked. 

Of the reproductive organs the oviducts are coiled in the anterior 
part of the genital segment. They do not extend back of the vulva, 
which is situated in the groove between the abdomen and genital 
segment. The external coils are intricate and very irregular, and it 
is absolutely impossible to straighten them out, so we can only esti- 
mate their total length, which must be at least twenty-five times 
the length of the body. The strings are very narrow for so large a 
copepod, and the eggs themselves are thin, so that there are several 
thousands in each string. 

They are held securely in place between the dorsal plates of the 
genital segment and the lateral lobes of the abdomen until they 
hatch, the nauplii escaping at the posterior end of the egg bag. The 
cement glands are narrow and sickle-shaped, arching out on either 
side parallel with the lateral margin of the segment. The tip of 
each gland is evenly rounded, and there are no signs of cells or other 
divisions. 

The semen receptacle is situated just in front of the base of the 
abdomen, but its exact shape could not be determined in any of the 
available specimens. The spermatophores are fastened to the ven- 
tral surface of the genital segment just in front of the abdomen and 
lie close together on either side of the mid-line, and the duct leading 
from each can be traced to the vagina on the opposite side, where it 
opens close to the base of the abdomen. 

All the internal organs of the genital segment are thus confined to 
the short space in front of the abdomen, and this is practically the 
limit of the segment itself. But the cavity of the segment extends 
much farther back, as can be readily proved by injecting water into 
its anterior portion. 

In this genus, therefore, as in the others belonging to the subfam- 
ily, the abdomen is really fastened to the ventral surface of the geni- 
tal segment. 

Total length, 25 to 30 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 8 to 
10mm.; width of same, 12.25 mm.; length of genital segment plates, 
17.75 mm.; width of same, 15.5 mm. 

Color, a uniform yellowish white, deepening in alcohol to an 
orange brown in the center of the different carapace areas and the 


— hee oy OS Eee + EO nnn RAE Br ee dena 1 5 eh oa Ee ca pc llama a aN I et itt i IRE 


No, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 471 


- dorsal surface of the genital segment. The anterior ventral surface 
of the abdomen and the edges of the dorsal plates of the genital seg- 
ment have a few spots of ight brown pigment. 

Egg masses a deep orange brown. 

Male.—Carapace similar to that of the female, and with the same 
grooving on its dorsal surface. The cephalic and thoracic portions 
of the lateral areas do not differ as much in size as in the other sex, 
and the posterior sinus is rather deeper. The lateral lobes on the 
second segment and the dorsal plates on the third and fourth seg- 
ments correspond closely with those in the female, the last men- 
tioned covering the whole of the genital seement and the most of the 
the abdomen. : 

Genital segment transversely elliptical, nearly twice as wide as 
long, narrowed into a neck where it joms the fourth segment. 

Abdomen also transversely elliptical and terminal, a little more 
than half the diameter, but much less than half the length of the gen- 
ital segment. Anal lamin terminal, small, and close to the anus on 
either side; the setze which they carry are plumose, but rudimentary. 
Appendages similar to those of the female, with the usual sex dis- 
tinctions manifested in the larger size of the second antenne, max- 
ill, and second maxillipeds, and in an increase in the number and 
length of the plumose sete on the swimming legs. The fourth legs 
have large laminate basal joints and one-jointed rami, but there is 
no fold of skin in the basal joints, and the rami are not as large and 
rudimentary as in the female. The testes are large and very appar- 
ent in well-preserved specimens; the spermatophore receptacles in 
the genital segment are circular in outline and so large as to nearly 
fill the entire segment. 

Total length, 14 to 17 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 8 
mm.; width of same, 11 mm.; length of fourth segment plates, 4 mm.; 
width of same, 6 mm.; length of genital segment, 3 mm.; of the 
abdomen, 1.8 mm. 

Color as in the female, but rather lighter and more transparent, 
and without pigment spots on the ventral surface. 

(latreillii, in honor of Pierre André Latreille.) 

The U.S. National Museum collection contains three lots of this 
species, all from the gills of Mola mola: one taken at Woods Hole, 
Cat. No. 6017, U.S.N.M., contains females only; the second, also 
taken at Woods Hole, and Cat: No. 32796, U.S.N.M., contains both 
sexes; the third was taken by the Fisheries steamer Albatross on the 
Pacific coast at Station 4345, and is Cat. No. 32797, U.S.N.M.; it 
also contains both sexes. 


A72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Genus ORTHAGORISCICOLA Poche. 


Lemargus (L. muricatus) Kr6yErR, 1837, p. 487. 
Orthagoriscicola (O. muricata) Pocur, 1902, p. 13. 

Female.—Carapace trapezoidal or wedge-shaped, one-fourth wider 
than long, much narrowed anteriorly, posterior margin scarcely 
reentrant; posterior lobes very broad and evenly rounded; eyes 
invisible; grooving on the dorsal surface indistinct; lateral margins of 
the carapace coarsely toothed; its dorsal surface sparsely covered 
with spines. Frontal plates fused with the carapace, but their out- 
lines indicated by well-defined grooves. Second and third thorax 
segments distinct; free, without dorsal plates, and forming a narrow 
waist joming the carapace and genital segment. Fourth segment 
with a pair of dorsal plates covering half the genital segment, their 
margin serrate. Genital segment enlarged, its dorsal plates wider and 
longer than the carapace, and overlapping each other along the mid- 
line, their margins serrate. Abdomen on the ventral surface of the 
genital segment and entirely concealed, its lateral margins prolonged 
into broad lamine similar to those of Cecrops. Egg-tubes carried be- 
tween theselamine and the dorsal plates of the genital segment as in 
Cecrops, irregularly coiled and many times the body length. First 
antenne three-jointed; second pair stout and uncinate; maxille much 
smaller than in Cecrops; mouth-tube about the same; second maxilli- 
peds stout and with a large terminal claw. All the swimming legs 
biramose, but rudimentary and destitute of plumose sete; rami of 
first two pairs two-jointed, of third and fourth pairs one-jointed and 
enlarged into huge flattened lamine. 

Male.—Carapace similar to that of the female, but relatively shorter 
and wider; thorax segments also similar; genital segment much 
smaller, only two-thirds the size of the carapace, its dorsal plate fused 
along the mid-lne with a wide and shallow posterior sinus through 
which the abdomen shows. The latter is smal] and subquadrangular; 
anal lamine narrow and oblong. Appendages similar to those of the 
female; second antenne and second maxillipeds longer and stouter; 
third legs like the first two pairs, with two-jointed rami, but the fourth 
pair are one-jointed and enlarged as much as in the female. 

(Orthagoriscicola, Orthagoriscus, the generic name of its host, and 
cola, inhabiting or dwelling upon.) 

This genus was established by Kréyer in 1837 upon a few female 
specimens obtained from the sunfish, Jfola mola. He called the genus 
Lemargus, but that name had just been used earlier in the same year 
for a fish genus, and so Poche in 1902 proposed as a substitute Ortha- 
goriscicola, with a consequent change in the gender of the specific 
name. 

This genus has been more fully described by the different investi- 
gators than the preceding and also better illustrated. Kroyer (1837), 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 473 


Baird (1850), Hoeven (1857), Beneden (1861), A. Scott (1892), and 
T. Scott (1900) have all given good figures, but with the exception of 
those published by Hoeven they have been almost entirely of the 
female sex, the male having received very little attention. And yet 
the male is common and almost every group of these parasites yields 
several specimens. 

From this list of names it will readily be understood that the 
descriptions given have been more accurate than those of Cecrops and 
there is very little to add. For the female little more has been done 
than to accumulate the facts given by the various authors, with the 
addition of some details in reference to the reproductive organs. For 
the male several changes in statement have been found necessary, 
and much has been added in the way of description, while the chalimus 
stage of development is entirely new. 

Only a single species of the genus has been described up to the 
present time, but if we accept the statements and figures given by 
Hesse for what he has called ‘‘Laemargus muricatus” in the paper 
already referred to (p. 467), we must conclude that his specimens did 
not belong to the present species but were new. 

The general body form is radically different, especially in the male, 
and there is not a single appendage described or figured by Hesse 
whose details agree with those of muricatus. 

To be sure he made similar mistakes in describing Cecrops, but not 
so many of them, and while his general inaccuracy is well enough 
known to prevent the establishment of a new species upon his author- 
ity alone, yet it does not seem likely that he would have fallen into 
error in every particular. It will not be surprising, therefore, if future 
investigation shows that he had a new species, instead of muricatus as 
he claimed. 

ORTHAGORISCICOLA MURICATA Kroyer. 


Puates XL and XLI. 


Lemargus muricatus KROYER, 1837, p. 487, pl. v, figs. A to E.—-Batrp, 1850, p. 295, 

] ue ; »p 
pl. xxxtv, figs. 3 and 4.—Hokrven, 1857, p. 11, pl. 1v, figs. 1 to 10, 12, 14, and 
15.—BENEDEN, 1861, pp. 129, 149, pl. xx, figs. 1 to 4.—A. Scorr, 1892, p. 266, 
pl. u1.—T. Scorr, 1900, p. 158, pl. v1, figs. 39 to 42. 

Orthagoriscicola muricata PocuE, 1902, p. 13. 


Fremale.—Carapace trapezoidal or wedge-shaped, much narrowed 
anteriorly, with well rounded posterior lobes and a very shallow sinus. 

Frontal plates fused with the carapace; eyes invisible in the adults; 
lateral margins set with fine conical teeth; grooves on the dorsal 
surface indistinct but separating a lateral area on either side, which is 
again divided into a very small cephalic, and a much larger thoracic, 
portion. The entire dorsal surface is sparsely covered with spines, 
which are coarser and more prominent on the ridges alongside the 
grooves. Second, third, and fourth thorax segments free, the first 
two with a pair of narrow, spine-like projections in the place of lateral 


474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxm. 


lobes, all three of the same width. The third segment has no dorsal 
plates; the fourth has a pair whose combined area is greater than that 
of the carapace, and which are separated by a deep posterior sinus, 
often a trifle enlarged at its base. Genital segment transversely 
elliptical, as large as the carapace, one-half wider than long, and 
covered with a pair of huge dorsal plates, which overlap each other 
along the mid-line, and extend back beyond the tip of the abdomen. 
The posterior and the postero-lateral borders of these plates and of 
those on the fourth segment are toothed, the teeth on the genital 
segment plates being considerably the larger and coarser. These 
genital segment plates do not round over ventrally in a scroll like 
those of Cecrops, but are flattened to the very edge. 

Abdomen similar to that in Cecrops, the lateral lobes being pro- 
longed sidewise and backward so that their edges coincide very 
nearly with those of the genital segment plates. The length of the 
abdomen plus these plates is about twice that of the genital sezment 
in front of the abdomen. The lobes are also set with fine teeth along 
their margins, and are not rolled at the edges, but flat. In conse- 
quence, the space between them and the genital segment, in which 
the egg-strings are coiled, is not as thick dorso-ventrally, but is wider 
than in Cecrops, and thus accommodates about the same length of 
ege-strings, twenty or thirty times the length of the body. The 
strings are about the same diameter and the eggs fully as numerous. 

First antenne three-jointed, the jomts diminishing regularly in 
diameter and in length from the base outward; they are very 
sparsely armed with sete. Second antenne large, three-jointed, and 
projecting well in front of the carapace; the terminal joint is a very 
powerful and strongly curved claw, which is buried its entire length 
in the flesh of the host. 

Mouth-tube broadly conical, similar to that in Cecrops, the man- 
dibles projecting through the opening at its tip, armed with square 
teeth on their inner margins only. Second maxille in the form of 
short conical knobs, apparently without joints, spines, or rudimen- 
tary exopods. In size they are in sharp contrast with those of the 
preceding genus, being less than one-fourth of the length of the 
mouth-tube. First maxillipeds two-joited, both joints exception- 
ally stout, the terminal one slightly the longer. The terminal claw 
is short and wide and heavily fringed with stout spines; the acces- 
sory claw is in the form of a large spine. On the ventral surface of 
the joint opposite the accessory claw is a raised knob covered with 
small spines. Second maxillipeds swollen, the basal jomt much 
longer than the terminal claw; on its inner surface are two pairs of 
knobs, one near the base of the terminal claw, and the other near 
its own base; the claw when closed lies between the two knobs of 
each pair. Legs all biramose, the rami transformed into flattened 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 4775 


lamine, destitute of plumose setz; those of the first two pairs are 
two-jointed, while the third and fourth pairs show but a single joint. 
The spines are arranged as follows: First exopod, 1, 3, endopod, 
0, 0; second exopod, 0, 4, endopod, 0, 1; third exopod, : 
0; fourth exopod, 6, endopod, 0. Of the reproductive organs the 
oviducts are coiled very tightly and in hopeless confusion in either 
half of the genital segment. In general the coils are narrower and 
more tightly wound in the anterior portion of the seement. The 
final coils are in the shape of a large S on either side of, and close to, 
the median line, the openings to the exterior being just in front of 
the base of the abdomen. 

The cement glands are narrow and very long, and are bent into a 
sickle shape, the curve reaching backward on either side beneath the 
ventral lobe of the abdomen. The semen receptacle could not be 
distinguished with sufficient clearness to determine its exact shape, 
but it is situated in the usual position, just in front of the base of 
the abdomen. The spermatophores are ellipsoidal, twice as long as 
wide, and curved like a couple of parentheses marks; the ducts lead- 
ing from them cross in the usual manner, and each empties into the 
vagina on the opposite side of the body. .This genus, therefore, is 
unlike Cecrops in that the organs within the genital segment extend 
far behind the base of the abdomen; there is thus no doubt that the 
abdomen is fastened to the ventral surface of the genital segment 
and is not terminal. The certainty in this case increases the proba- 
bility in the case of Cecrops, where it is not easy to decide. 

Total length, 20 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 5.34 mm.; 
width of same, 7.1 mm.; length of fourth segment plates, 5.56 mm.; 
of genital segment plates, 8.35 mm.; width of latter, 9.5 mm. 

Color a uniform light yellow without any pigment markings; the 
claws and chitin ribs which strengthen the carapace are darkened toa 
brownish hue. 

Male.—Carapace similar to that of the female, but relatively a little 
shorter and wider; grooving on the dorsal surface indistinct; eyes 
invisible in the adult; no teeth along the lateral margins of the cara- 
pace. Fourth segment plates nearly circular, their combined area 
considerably less than the carapace, but covering more than half of 
the genital segment plates; their posterior margins are thickly set 
with teeth. They project forward at the anterior corners in a broad 
and rounded shoulder on either side. 

Genital segment small, two-thirds the size of the carapace, orbicu- 
lar in outline and strongly flattened dorso-ventrally, its dorsal plates 
fused along the mid-line for their anterior half. but separated for 
their posterior half, the posterior margins thickly set with teeth. 
Abdomen very small and weak, subquadrangular, fastened to the 
ventral surface of the genital segment so that its posterior margin 


) 
He endopod, 


476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


coincides with that of the latter; anal laminz narrow and oblong, 
nearly three times as long as wide, each armed with four small sete. 
Dorsal surface of the abdomen and anal lamine visible through the 
posterior sinus between the dorsal plates of the genital sezment. 

Appendages the same as in the female, the only differences being 
that the second antennz and second maxillipeds are larger, and there 
are more spines on the swimming legs. The fourth legs are fully as 
degenerate as in the female, being enlarged into broad lamine, with 
no signs of segmentation. The third legs are like the second pair 
and are not enlarged; each ramus is two-jointed, the joints about 
the same size, but those of the exopod nearly three times the size of 
those in the endopod. 

The terminal joint of the endopod in these third legs is armed with 
a single long spine or claw, curved strongly outward, which seems to 
be characteristic of the genus. There are no plumose setz on the 
swimming legs, the spines being arranged as follows: First exopod, 
0, 1, endopod, 0, 0; second exopod, 1, 5, endopod, 0, 5; third exo- 
pod, 1, 6, endopod, 0, 4; fourth exopod, 3, endopod, 1. 

The spermatophore receptacles are very large and elliptical in out- 
line; they are situated in the posterior portion of the genital seg- 
ment, and are inclined at an angle of about 45° to the central axis; 
the ducts at their anterior ends are large and profusely coiled. 

Color as in the female, but the spermatophore receptacles are a 
deep purple, and the ducts leading to them a lighter purple. 

Total length, 10 to 15 mm.; length of carapace on mid-hne, 5 to 
7mm.; width of same, 6.5 to8 mm.; length of fourth segment plates, 
4.25 mm.; width of same, 6.75 mm.; length of genital segment, 
6.75 mm.; width of same, 5.75 mm. 

Chalimus.— A male chalimus 8 mm. in length was among the speci- 
mens examined, and the following description shows the points in 
which it differs from the adult. 

Carapace the same shape as that of the adult, but much more 
prominent anteriorly, relatively larger, and showing on its dorsal 
surface areas similar to those in the Pandarine; no eyes visible. 

The entire front of the carapace is occupied by the large attach- 
ment gland, which is acorn-shaped, one-third the entire length of the 
carapace, and as wide as long. It gives origin to two broad, flat, 
ribbon-like frontal filaments, similar to those found on the Perissopus 
chalimus, the stumps of which can be plainly seen at the center of the 
frontal margin. 

Second and third thorax segments narrower and longer than in the 
adult, with the lateral lobes hardly appearing on their sides. 

Fourth segment plates divided to their very base; genital segment 
and its dorsal plates the same as in the adult, except that the posterior 
sinus is much broader and shallower. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 477 


The appendages are similar to those already described, except 
that the swimming legs are more plainly segmented and armed with 
larger spines. In the second and third pairs also there is a good- 
sized spine on the basal joint just outside of the base of the exopod. 
In the third legs there is the same difference in size between the 
exopod and endopod, and the terminal joint of the latter is armed 
with a similar large and strongly curved claw. 

Total length, 8 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 3.75 mm.; 
width of same, 4.35 mm.; length of second and third segments, 1.15 
mim.; of fourth segment plates, 2 mm.; of genital segment, 3 mm.; 
width of latter, 3 mm. 

Color a uniform yellowish white, similar to that of the female and 
male already described. 

(muricata, with sharp points or spines.) 

This species is confined almost exclusively to the Sunfish, so that 
Poche’s generic name is eminently fitting. But while Cecrops is 
usually found upon the gills, the present species frequents the outer 
surface of the body, the vicinity of the anal fin being a favorite local- 
ity. It is furthermore gregarious in habits, and from ten to twenty 
individuals gather together in bunches. The combined laceration 
of their sharp claws and probosces within so small an area quickly 
penetrates even the thick skin of the Sunfish. The groups of para- 
sites thus come to lie in the bottom of depressions or pits which are 
eaten through the skin of the fish and into the raw flesh beneath; 
the edges of the pits are raised slightly above the surrounding surface 
and calloused. (See A. Scott, 1892, p. 266.) 

With the claws of their second antenne and second maxillipeds 
sunk deeply into the flesh of their host in the bottom of these pits, 
they are secure from friction and many of the other evils that come 
from living on the outside of the host’s body. 

But while thus protected from some dangers, their fixed habit 
renders them peculiarly liable to others. Chief among these is the 
fact that their bodies, and especially the chitimous plates which cover 
its dorsal surface, furnish admirable anchorage for many of the other 
fixed forms, animal and vegetable, which live in the ocean. It thus 
happens that we frequently find the dorsal surface of one of these 
parasites covered with algw, infusoria, hydrozoa, or even barnacles. 
Of the latter the striped barnacle, which is found also upon Pennella, 
is the most common, and specimens of Orthagoriscicola may be found 
carrying a huge Lepas larger than their own bodies. Two such 
specimens are figured by Hoeven in the paper already cited, 1857, 
Plate IV, fig. 10. 

Although this can not be regarded as a case where ‘‘Greek meets 
Greek,” since the Lepas is not in any sense a parasite, yet the fasten- 
ing of its heavy weight upon the back of the copepod must be a sore 
burden to the latter. 


478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


The collection of the U. S. National Museum includes the following 
lots, which are excellently preserved and especially rich in specimens 
of the male sex. They were all taken from the Sunfish, Mola mola, 
with the single exception mentioned. Cat. No. 3693, U.S.N.M., 
from Jeffreys Bank by the schooner Paul Revere, includes two females. 

Cat. No. 12913, U.S.N.M., from Woods Hole in 1886, contains 
thirty females and seven irae Cat. Nos. 32783, 32784, Aid 32786, 

LS.N.M., were obtained by the schooner Epon 120 miles off 
Woods Hole in 1900; the first and last contain about thirty females 
sach, the second one contains ten males. Cat. No. 32785, U.S.N.M., 
contains two males and one female and was obtained from the gills 
of a Moonfish, Selene vomer, at Woods Hole in 1905. 


Genus PHILORTARAGORISCUS Elorst. 


Dinematura (D. serrata) Kroyer, 1863, p. 176. 
Philorthragoriscus (P. serratus) Horst, 1897, p. 137. 

Female.—Carapace well rounded, a little wider than long. First 
thorax segment only fused with the head; second and third seg- 
ments fused inter se and furnished with a pair of small lateral plates; 
fourth segment with a pair of large dorsal plates, fully as wide as the 
carapace, and overlapping three-fifths of the genital segment. This 
latter nearly the size of the carapace and covered by a pair of large 
dorsal plates, whose margins are finely serrated.. Abdomen small, 
considerably wider than long, one-jointed and attached to the ventral 
surface of the genital segment so far forward as to be almost entirely 
concealed in dorsal view. Anal lamine large, foliaceous, divergent, 
each armed with four short spines. Frontal plates well fused with 
the carapace; first antennz long and two-jointed; second pair three- 
jointed and uncinate. Mouth-tube long and pointed; mandibles 
with very wide and blunt teeth; second maxille short, jointed, and 
simple; second maxillipeds large, with a stout terminal claw. 

All the swimming legs biramose; rami of first three pairs two- 
jointed and armed with both spines and plumose sete, rami of fourth 
pair one-jointed, bearing short spines only; fifth pair entirely lacking. 
EKge-tubes straight or coiled outside the body, several times the body 
length; eggs as in the Pandarine. 

Male.—Carapace much larger than the rest of the body, wider 
than long, its dorsal surface grooved as in the Pandarine; no eyes 
visible. Second and third thorax segments fused inter se, and 
furnished with a pair of small lateral plates; fourth segment with a 
pair of very small and rudimentary dorsal plates which scarcely over- 
lap the genital segment at all. Genital segment subquadrangular, 
with shghtly rounded sides; covered with two dorsal plates thor- 
oughly fused along the mid-line, with a posterior margin and sinus 
exactly like that in Perissopus. 


. No. 1573. PARASITIC. COPEPODS—WILSON. 479 


Abdomen the same shape as in the female, but more of it visible 
behind the genital segment; anal lamin narrower and smaller than 
in the other sex, each armed with three good-sized setze. 

First antenne relatively longer than in the female; second pair 
also enlarged, their terminal claws projecting well in front of the 
carapace. Other appendages similar to those of the female, except 
that on all of them the claws and spines are longer and sharper. 

(Philorthragoriscus, piéc, to love, and Orthragoriscus, the old gen- 
eric name of its host.) 

In 1863 Kroyer described a new species, which he referred to the 
genus Dinematura and called D. serrata. The present author obtained 
numerous specimens of both sexes of this species while at Woods 
Hole in 1904. On examination it was found that they could not 
belong to the genus Dinematura for the following reasons: First the 
general body make-up is entirely different; the body is too short; the 
genital segment is not elongated enough; the dorsal plates of the 
fourth segment are many times too large; the abdomen is much too 
large and in the wrong position. Again, there is no trace in the present 
species of the adhesion disks found on the ventral surface in Dinema- 
tura. In the third place there is no trace here of that sixth segment 
which is the characteristic of Dinematura, with its rudimentary legs 
and dorsal plate. And finally in Dinematura all the legs are bira- 
mose, the rami of the first pair are two-jointed, those of the second 
and third pairs three-jointed, while the rami of the fourth pair are 
enlarged into lamine in which there is almost no trace of jointing. 
Here the rami of the first three pairs are two-jointed, while those of 
the fourth pair are rudimentary, very much reduced in size, and one- 
jointed. 

Accordingly a new generic name was given to the species, but for- 
tunately the author afterwards found Horst’s paper (1897), in which 
he had already renamed the species as given above. 

Kroyer and Horst are the only two who have ever described the 
species. Kréyer had no specimens of the male sex and Horst had but 
a single one, of which he gives only one small figure, a dorsal view. 

For this reason the male has been fully described and figured in the 
following account: 


PHILORTHRAGORISCUS SERRATUS Kroyer. 
RrAres XxGull Anp Xun 


Dinematura serrata Kréyer, 1863, p. 176, pl. vit, figs. 4 a to @. 
Phalorthragoriscus serratus Horst, 1897, p. 137, pl. vi. 


Female.—Carapace well rounded, about one-sixth wider than long, 
with large acuminate teeth along the lateral and posterior margins. 
Frontal plates wide and fairly distinct; but still fused with the carapace; 


480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


frontal margin smooth and slightly curved, with a small incision at the 
center. Dorsal surface of the carapace with well-defined grooves 
marking it off into areas similar to those in the Pandarinz. The two 
longitudinal grooves are strongly concave toward each other, like 
parenthesis marks, the space between them being nearly two-thirds of 
the entire width. The lateral areas outside of these grooves are wider 
posteriorly, and are prolonged backward on either side in a large lobe 
which extends nearly to the anterior margin of the dorsal plates of the 
fourth thorax segment. Each of these lateral areas is divided by a 
transverse groove which starts from a deep sinus in the lateral margin 
and curves inward and backward to the longitudinal groove. The 
posterior.or thoracic portion of the area is thus shorter but wider than 
the anterior portion, and has somewhat the appearance of a lateral 
plate attached to the posterior portion of the carapace. 

The second and third thorax segments are fused together and fur- 
nished with a single pair of lateral plates, one on either side beneath 
the posterior carapace lobe and nearly concealed by it. The fourth 
thorax segment is considerably narrower than the second and third, 
but carries a pair of large dorsal plates which extend outward on 
either side to a level with the lateral margins of the carapace and back- 
ward until they overlap half the genital segment. The two plates are 
entirely fused anteriorly for about one-quarter of their length; the 
combined anterior margin is a nearly perfect arc of a large circle 
which terminates at either end in a short and sharp spine. Each plate 
is nearly circular in outline and is bordered by acuminate spines simi- 
lar to those on the carapace, but not quite as large. 

The sinus between the plates is wide and well rounded at the base, 
but farther back its sides approach until they are in actual contact. 
The combined dorsal plates of the fourth and genital segments are 
about the same size as the carapace, and inversely the same shape. 
As the abdomen is hidden, this gives the copepod a regular elliptical 
outline, broken across the short diameter by the waist between the 
carapace and fourth segment. 

The joint between the third and fourth sezments seems to be the 
only one which is really flexible, and the anterior half of the body is 
frequently folded over ventrally against the posterior half. The dor- 
sal surface of the genital segment is also covered by a pair of plates 
similar to those on the fourth segment and finely serrate around the 
margins. The posterior sinus between these plates is deeply cut and 
is similar to that between the fourth seement plates. 

The abdomen is of medium size, considerably wider than jong, and 
unsegmented; it is attached to the ventral surface of the genital seg- 
ment just in front of the base of the sinus, between the dorsal plates of 
the latter. Its own posterior margin is slightly reentrant on either 
side where the lamina is attached; these laminz are small, foliaceous, 


‘ 


NO. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 481 


and furnished with four short spines. The laminz vary considerably 
in length, but they usually project somewhat behind the genital 
segment. 

The egg-strings are narrow and two and a half to three times as long 
as the whole body; the eggs are small and similar to those in the Pan- 
darine. The first antennez are large and appressed close to the mar- 
gin of the carapace; the two joints are nearly the same length, but the 
basal has twice the diameter of the terminal; both are well armed 
with sete. 

The second antenne are large and three-jointed, and terminate in 
a stout curved claw, which has an accessory spine on its inner mar- 
gin. When the antenne are turned forward these claws project 
beyond the anterior margin of the carapace; they are prehensile in 
function, and with the second maxillipeds are driven deeply into the 
flesh of the host. There are no first maxille; the second pair are close 
beside the mouth-tube and only about one-third its length; they are 
simple and terminate in a short, blunt spine, directed outward. 

The mouth-tube is very long and conical in shape; the base is 
wide, but at about the level of the tips of the second maxille it nar- 
rows rapidly to a slender tip. The mouth-opening is terminal and 
fringed with long hairs, through which may be seen the tips of the’ 
mandibles. These are slender and toothed for some distance along 
their inner margins at the tip; the teeth are wide and blunt, and 
quite different from those in the Pandarine. The first maxillipeds 
are small and weak, the terminal joint about the same length as the 
basal, and ending in two claws the same size and covered with stiff 
hairs. 

The second maxillipeds are considerably larger and stouter, with 
the terminal claw about three-quarters the length of the basal joint. 
On the inner surface of the latter, opposite the tip of the claw, is a 
pair of long, blunt spines; they are some distance apart and so situ- 
ated that when the claw closes down upon the basal joint it shuts in 
between them and is locked securely in place. All four pairs of 
legs are biramose, the rami of the first three pairs two-jointed, of 
the fourth pair one-jointed. In the first pair the exopod is consid- 
erably larger than the endopod; its basal joint is three times the 
length of the terminal and nearly twice as wide; the endopod joints 
are about equal. In the second and third legs the basal joints are 
enlarged and connected across the mid-line by a wide lamina, larger 
in the third pair than in the second. The rami of the second pair 
are about the same size, but the joints are unequal; in the exopod 
the basal joint is twice the size of the terminal, while in the endopod 
the terminal joint is more than twice the size of the basal. The rami 
of the third legs are also equal and the four joints are nearly the same 
size. In the fourth legs the basal joints are well separated and have 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——31 


482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


no connection across the mid-line; the rami are one-jointed and 
rudimentary, the exopod being three times the size of the endopod; 
they are both armed with short spines and have no plumose sete. 

The arrangement of the spines and setz on these legs is as follows: 
First exopod, 1,0; 4, III: endopod, 0, 0; 0, III: second exopod, 
1, I; 4, V: endopod, 0, I; 0, VII: third -exopod, 1, 0; 2, IV: endo- 
pod, 0,0; 0, IV: fourth exopod, 5: endopod, 2. 

Of the reproductive organs the oviducts are coiled inside the geni- 
tal segment as in the other genera; in early stages the coils do not 
extend much back of the base of the abdomen, but later one fold on 
either side pushes down into the very tip of the genital segment. 
The cement glands are considerably darker in color than the egg- 
tubes, and are bent into a sickle shape, the concave sides facing each 
other; the ducts leading from their posterior ends into the oviducts 
are very short. 

The spermatophores are elliptical or slightly egg-shaped, the larger 
end being posterior, and from it a tube leads into the vulva. At 
first these tubes cross each other as in the other genera, but as the 
sperms are extruded into the sperm receptacle of the female, the 
spermatophores gradually shrivel up and each pulls across the mid- 
line to the opposite side, so that later they present the appearance 
seen in fig. 287. Each now stands up from the surface of the genital 
segment in a corkscrew coil, the tip of which is nearly snow white. 
The semen receptacle is situated just in front of the base of the 
abdomen; it is short, curved a little, with the concave side posterior, 
and slightly enlarged at the ends. 

Total length, 7 mm.; length of carapace on mid-line, 2.75 mm.; 
width of same, 4.5 mm.; length of genital segment, 3 mm.; width of 
same, 4.4 mm.; length of abdomen, 1 mm.; of egg-strings, 15 mm. 

Color, a mixture of yellow and gray, sometimes the one color pre- 
dominating, sometimes the other. 

Male.—Carapace proportionally much larger, more than twice the 
width of the rest of the body, and about the same length; grooves 
and divisions as in the female. Lateral plates on the fused second 
and third segments plainly visible just inside the posterior lobes of 
the carapace. Dorsal plates on the fourth segment very rudimen- 
tary, no larger than the lateral plates just mentioned, and barely 
overlapping the base of the genital segment. 

The latter is subquadrangular, with slightly rounded sides, and 
the posterior angles armed with sharp spines; the posterior margin 
has a wide central sinus with divergent sides, showing most of the 
dorsal surface of the abdomen. The margin on either side of the 
sinus takes the shape of the letter S, almost exactly like that in the 
genus Perissopus. The abdomen is similar to that in the female, as 
also are the anal lamine. 


No. 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 483 


The first antenns are longer than in the female and more densely 
armed with setz; the second antenne are much enlarged and the 
terminal claw projects well in front of the carapace. 

The other appendages are similar to those of the female except 
that in all of them the spines and claws are longer and sharper. 

The basal joint of the exopod of the first legs is somewhat swollen 
and armed along its outer margin and the adjacent ventral surface 
with stout curved spines pointing backward. The claw at the outer 
corner of this joint and those on the terminal joint are enlarged 
and furnished along their margins with a row of stout teeth. Of the 
reproductive organs the testes are of good size and quite prominent; 
the spermatophore receptacles in the genital segment are very large, 
filling almost the entire segment. The posterior part where the 
ripe spermatophores are lodged is club-shaped and fills nearly the 
whole half diameter of the segment. It is narrowed anteriorly where 
the duct from the testis enters it, but is not coiled as much as in 
most genera. 

Total length, 5 mm.; length of carapace on mid line, 2 mm.; width 
of same, 4 mm.; length of genital segment, 1.58 mm.; width of 
same, 1.4 mm. 

Color the same as in the female. 

(serratus, toothed like a saw, alluding to the margins of all the 
body regions. ) 

The males and females of this species are found together and in 
company with those of Cecrops and Orthagoriscicola on the Sunfish. 
The collection of the U. S. National Museum includes five lots, all 
obtained from the Sunfish, Mola mola; Cat. No. 941, U.S.N.M., taken in 
Casco Bay in 1873; Cat. No. 32779,U.S.N.M., taken by the Fisheries 
steamer Albatross in September, 1886; Cat. Nos. 32778 and 32780, 
U.S.N.M., obtained by the schooner Grampus about 120 miles off 
Woods Hole; Cat. No. 32781, U.S.N.M., from a Sunfish taken at 
the surface in Vineyard Sound. 


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The following are the papers to which reference is made in the text: 


Bairp, W. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. Printed for the Ray 
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Bassetr-Smitu, P. W. A Systematic Description of Parasitic Copepoda found on 
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BENEDEN, P. J. vAN. Sur les vers parasites du poisson-lune (Orthagoriscus mola) 
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BuRMEISTER, HerMANN. Beschreibung einiger neuen oder weniger bekannten 
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DeESMAREST, ANSELME GAETAN. Considérations générales sur le classe des Crustacés. 
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Hetier, Camin. Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Wien, 1865. 

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———. Over Cecrops en Leemargus, twee geslachten van parasitische schaaldieren. 
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JoHNsTON, GEORGE. Illustrations in British Zoology. Loudin’s Magazine of Natural 
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Lamarck, JEAN BaprisTE Prerre. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres. 
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LATREILLE, Prerre ANDRE. Le Régne Animal, IV, Crustacés, Paris, 1829. 

Leacu, Wimi1AM Errorp. Annulosa. Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth 
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Entomostracés. Dietionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, XIV, 1819. 

Mitne Epwarps, Henrr. Mémoire sur l’organisation de la bouche chez les Crustacés 
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Norman, Rey. Atrrep MERLE. Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Isles. 
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Pocrer, Franz. Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit des -Herrn Bassett-Smith: ‘‘A Sys- 
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Pandarus and Chondracanthus. Proceedings of the U. 8. National Museum, IX, 
1886. 


Description of New Species of Parasitic Copepods belonging to the genera 
Trebius, Perissopus, and Lernanthropus. Proceedings of the U. 8. National 
Museum, X, 1887. 

Say, Tuomas. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Journal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, I, 1818. 

Scorr, A. Notes on Cecrops latreillii Leach, and Leemargus muricatus Kroyer. 
Transactions of Natural History Society, Glasgow, III, 1892. 

Scorr, THomas. Notes on some Crustacean Parasites of Fishes. Eighteenth Annual 
Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III, 1900. 

Smiru, Stpney I. Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound. Report of Commis- 
sioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1871 and 1872. : 

SreenstrRvupP, JaAPErus, and LUTKEN, CHRisTIAN. Bidrag til Kundskab om det aabne 
Havs Snyltekrebs og Lerner. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs 
Skrifter, 5te Rekke, V, 1861. 

THomson, GEORGE M. Parasitic Copepoda of New Zealand. Transactions of the 
New Zealand Institute, X XII, 1889. 

Witson, Cuartes B. New Species of Parasitic Copepods from the Massachusetts 
Coast. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XVIIT, 1905. 

Wricut, Epwarp P. Ona new Genus and Species belonging to the family Panda- 
rina. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy of Science (2), I, 1877. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PratE XVII. Perissopus communis Rathbun, and variety stimpsoni Rathbun. 


Fig. 19, Dorsal view of female of communis; fig. 20, Dorsal view of variety stimpsoni; 
fig. 21, Ventral view of carapace, showing large knob opposite first maxillipeds; fig. 22, 
Mouth tube and second maxilla; figs. 23 to 25, First, second, and third swimming legs; 
fig. 26, Rami of third leg, enlarged; fig. 27, Fourth swimming leg; fig. 28, Rami of same, 
enlarged; fig. 29, Fifth swimming leg; fig. 30, Ventral view of genital segment and 
abdomen, showing abdomen (a), cement glands (c. g.), spermatophores (s) in position, 
and semen receptacle (s. r.); fig. 31, A single spermatophore, enlarged. 


Pirate XVIII. Male chalimus of Perissopus communis Rathbun. 


Fig. 32, Dorsal view; note especially the eyes and the large gland at the base of the 
frontal filaments; fig. 33, Ventral view of carapace, showing first and second antennze 
and their adhesion pads; figs. 34 and 35, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 36 to 39, 
First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. 


Pirate XIX. The female of Echthrogaleus coleoptratus Guérin. 


Fig. 40, Dorsal view; fig. 41, First antenna; fig. 42, Mouth tube and second maxille; 
figs. 43 and 44, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 45 to 48, First, second, third, and 
fourth swimming legs; fig. 49, Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, showing 
abdomen (a), cement glands (c. g.), and sperm receptacles (s. r.); fig. 50, Ventral 
view of genital segment with abdomen removed, showing sixth segment plate and 
fifth legs. 


Puate XX. The female of Echthrogaleus denticulatus Smith. 


Fig. 51, Dorsal view; fig. 52, Second antenna; fig. 53, Mouth tube and second maxilla: 
figs. 54 and 55, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 56 to 59, First, second, third, and 
fourth swimming legs; fig. 60, Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen. 


Prats XXI. The female of Echthrogaleus torpedinis, new species. 


Fig. 61, Dorsal view, egg strings 40 mm. in length; fig. 62, Second antenna: fig. 63, 
Mouth tube, second maxillz, and the large spines posterior to ine latter; fig. 64, Second 
maxilliped; figs. 65 to 68, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs: fig. 69, 
Ventral view of genital segment with pa iomen removed, showing the sixth orem 
plate and rudimentary fifth legs. 


Prats XXII. The female of Dinematura ferox Kroyer. 


Fig. 70, Dorsal view, egg strings 120 mm. in length; figs. 7land 72, First and second 
maxillipeds; fig. 73, Mouth tube and second maxille: figs. 74 to 77, First. second, third, 
and fourth swimming legs; fig. 78, Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, 
showing abdomen (a), cement eran (c. g.), semen receptacle (s. r.), and sixth segment 
(x), with its rudimentary legs. 


487 


488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Puate XXIII. The female of Dinematura producta Miller. 


Fig. 79, Dorsal view, egg strings 40 mm. in length; fig. 80, Second antenna; fig. 80a, 
Mouth tube and second maxille; fig. 81, Second maxilla, enlarged; fig. 82, Second 
maxilliped; figs. 83 to 86, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 87, 
Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, showing the abdomen (a), and sixth 
segment (7) with its rudimentary legs (/). 


PuratE XXIV. The female of Dinematura latifolia Steenstrup and Liitken. 


Fig. 88, Dorsal view, egg strings 30 mm. in length; figs. 89 and 90, First and second 
maxillipeds; figs. 91 to 94, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 95, 
Fourth swimming leg of male; fig. 96, Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, 
showing cement glands (c. g.), spermatophores (s) in position, sixth segment («) with 
its rudimentary legs (/) and the abdomen (a). 


Pirate XXV. The male of Dinematura latifolia Steenstrup and Liitken. 


Fig. 97, Dorsal view; fig. 98, Second antenna; fig. 99, First maxilliped; fig. 100, 
Mouth-tube and second maxilla; figs. 101 to 103, First, second, and third, swimming 
legs; fig. 104, Mandible; fig. 105, Ventral view of genital segment, showing sperma- 
tophore receptacles. = 


Puate XXVI. The male of Pandarus brevicaudis Dana. 


Fig. 106, Dorsal view; fig. 107, Second antenna; fig. 108, Second maxilliped; fig. 
109, First maxilliped; figs. 110 to 113, First, second, fourth, and third swimming legs. 


Puate XXVIII. The female of Pandarus bicolor Leach. 


Fig. 114, Dorsal view, egg-strings 13 mm. in length; fig. 115, Ventral view of cara- 
pace, showing first and second antenne and their adhesion pads; fig. 116, Mouth-tube 
and second maxillee; figs. 117 and 118, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 119 to 122, 
First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 123, Ventral surface of genital 
segment and abdomen, showing adomen (qa), short anal laminze (a. /.), spermatophores 
(s) in position and semen receptacle (s. 7.). 


Puate XXVIII. The female and male of Pandarus cranchii Leach. 


Fig. 124, Dorsal view of female; egg-strings 8.5 mm. in length; fig. 125, Second 
antenna; fig. 126, Second maxilliped; figs. 127 to 130, First, second, third, and fourth 
swimming legs; fig. 131, Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, showing the - 
abdomen (a), the anal lamine (a. /.), spermatophores (s) in position, and the horse- 
shoe-shaped semen receptacle (s. 7.); fig. 132, Dorsal view of male; fig. 133, Mouth- 
tube and second maxille; figs. 134 and 135, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 136 to 
139, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. 


Prats XXIX. The female of Pandarus smithii Rathbun. 


Fig. 140, Dorsal view, egg-strings 15 mm. in length; fig. 142, Second antenna; figs. 
143 and 144, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 145 to 148, First, second, third, and 
fourth swimming legs; fig. 149, Mouth-tube and second maxille; fig. 150, Dorsal view 
of young female, 3 mm. in length; fig. 151, Ventral view of abdomen and part of genital 
segment. 

Pirate XXX. The male of Pandarus smithii Rathbun. 


Fig. 152, Dorsal view; fig. 153, Ventral view of carapace, showing first and second 
antennze and their adhesion pads; figs. 154 and 155, First and second maxillipeds; 
fig. 156, Mandible; figs. 157 to 160, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; 
fig. 161, Dorsal view of young female 4.5 mm. in length. 


NO, 1573. PARASITIC COPEPODS— WILSON. 489 


Puatr XXXII. The female of Pandarus satyrus Dana. 


Fig. 162, Dorsal view, egg-strings not fully developed; fig. 163, Second antenna; 
figs. 164 and 165, First and second maxillipeds; fig. 166, Mouth-tube and second 
maxille; figs. 167 to 170, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 171, 
Ventral view of genital segment and abdomen, showing folding of internal oviducts, 
the semen receptacle, spermatophores in position, and anal lamine. 


Puate XXXII. The female of Pandarus sinuatus Say. 


Fig. 172, Dorsal view, egg-strings 15 mm. in length; fig. 173, Second antenna; fig. 
174, Mouth-tube and second maxille; figs. 175 and 176, First and second maxillipeds; 
figs. 177 to 180, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 181, Ventral sur- 
face of genital segment and abdomen, showing abdomen (a), anal lamine (a. 1.), 
cement glands (c. g.), and semen receptacle (s. r.); fig. 182, Dorsal view of young 
female, 4.5 mm. in length. 


Puate XXXII. The male of Pandarus sinuatus Say. 


Figs. 183 and 184, Dorsal and ventral views of the abdomen of a young female 
5 ? 2 5 ? 
showing the sixth segment plate just beginning to grow; fig. 185, Dorsal view of male; 
fig. 186, Second antenna; figs. 187 and 188, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 189 to 
’ ? fo) 5 
192, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig: 193, Ventral surface of genital 
segment, showing spermatophore receptacles and their coiled ducts. 


PuaTtE XXXIV. The femaie of Nesippus alatus Wilson. 


Fig. 194, Dorsal view, egg-strings 13.5 mm. in length; fig. 195, First antenna and 
adhesion pad; fig. 196, Second antenna; fig. 197, Mouth-tube and second maxille; 
figs. 198 and 199, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 200 to 203, First, second, third, 
and fourth swimming legs; fig. 204, Ventral surface of genital segment and abdomen, 
showing cement glands and semen receptacle; fig. 205, Dorsal view of young female 
4 mm. in length. 


Puatr XXXV. The male of Nesippus alatus Wilson. 


Fig. 206, Dorsal view; fig. 207, First antenna, and itsadhesion pad; fig. 208, Second 
antenna; fig. 209, Mouth-tube and second maxille; fig. 210, First maxilliped; figs. 211 
to 214, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. 


PuateE XXXVI. The male of Nesippus curticaudis Dana. 


Fig. 215, Dorsal view; fig. 216, Second antenna; fig. 217, Mouth-tube and second 
maxillee; figs. 218 and 219, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 220 to 223, First, second, 
third, and fourth swimming legs. 


Puate XXXVII. The male of Nesippus borealis Steenstrup and Liitken. 


Fig. 224, Dorsal view; fig. 225, Second antenna; fig. 226 First maxilliped; fig. 227, 


9 


Second maxilliped; figs, 228 to 231, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. 


PuateE XXXVIIT. The female of Cecrops latreillii Leach. 


Fig. 232, Dorsal view; fig. 233, Mouth-tube and second maxille; fig. 234, Mandible; 
fig. 235, Second maxilliped; figs. 236 to 240, First, second, third, and fourth swimming 
legs; fig. 240, Ventral view of the fourth leg, showing fold of tissue which assists in 
keeping the external egg-stringsin place; fig. 241, Ventral view of genital segment and 
abdomen in a young female; fig. 242, Dorsal view of young female 12 mm. in length. 


490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Puare XXXIX. The male of Cecrops latreillii Leach. 


Fig. 243, Dorsal view; figs. 244 and 245, First and second antenne; fig. 246, Mouth- 
tube and second maxille; figs. 247 and 248, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 249 to 
252, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 253, Ventral surface of genital 
segment and abdomen of female, showing cement glands, spermatophores in position, 
and the peculiar rolling of the lateral laminze of the abdomen; fig. 254, Ventral sur- 
face of female with external egg-cases, showing how the lamine of the abdomen are 
unfolded and straightened out over the ventral surface of the external egg-cases. 


Puate XL. The female of Orthagoriscicola muricata Kroyer. 


Fig. 255, Dorsal view; fig. 256, Second antenna; fig. 257, Mouth-tube and second 
maxille; fig. 258, Mandible; figs. 259 and 260, First and second maxillipeds; figs. 261 
to 264, First, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 265, Ventral surface of 
genital segment and abdomen, showing the coiling of the internal oviducts, sper- 
matophores in position, and the lateral laminz of the abdomen. 


Puare XLI. The male and a chalimus of Orthagoriscicola muricata Kroyer. 


Fig. 266, Dorsal view of male; fig. 267, Second maxilliped; figs. 268 to 271, First, 
second, third, and fourth swimming legs; figs. 272 and 273, Dorsal and ventral surfaces 
of genital segment; fig. 274, Dorsal view of chalimus; figs. 275 to 278, First, second, 
third, and fourth swimming legs. 


Puare XLII. The female of Philorthragoriscus serratus Kroyer. 


Fig. 279, Dorsal view; fig. 280, Mouth-tube and second maxille; fig. 281, Mandibles; 
fig. 282, Second maxilliped; figs. 283 to 286, First, second, third, and fourth swimming 
legs; figs. 287 and 288, Ventral and dorsal views of the genital segment and abdomen; 
fig. 289, Spermatophores in position. 


Puare XLII. The male of Philorthragoriscus serratus Kroyer. 


Fig. 290, Dorsal view; fig. 291, Second antenna; figs. 292 and 293, First and*second 
maxillipeds; fig. 294, Exopod of first swimming leg enlarged; figs. 295 and 296, Second 
and third swimming legs. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. XVII 


THE FEMALE OF PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS, AND THE VARIETY STIMPSONI. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 487, 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XVIII 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


THE MALE OF PERISSOPUS COMMUNIS. 


FoR EXPLANAT 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XIX 


THE FEMALE OF ECHTHROGALEUS COLEOPTRATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 487. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XX 


THE FEMALE OF ECHTHROGALEUS DENTICULATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 487. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIIl PL. XXI 


62 

ww 
63 
68 
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4 Os 
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66 
67 


64 


THE FEMALE OF ECHTHROGALEUS TORPEDINIS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 487. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIIl PL. XXII 


72 


THE FEMALE OF DINEMATURA FEROX. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 487. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII] PL. XXIII 


83 


PRET ae 


aes 


THE FEMALE OF DINEMATURA PRODUCTA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl_ PL. XXIV 


j 


Gaa= sgt 
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THE FEMALE OF DINEMATURA LATIFOLIA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


PL. XXV 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXxXiIll 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


105 


THE MALE OF DINEMATURA LATIFOLIA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIll PL. XXVI 


109 


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Lid 


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THE MALE OF PANDARUS BREVICAUDIS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. XXVII 


117 


THE FEMALE OF PANDARUS BICOLOR. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488, 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIlIIl PL. XXVIII 


\ 
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PIPPI 
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THE MALE AND FEMALE OF PANDARUS CRANCHII. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXIX 


AN ADULT AND A YOUNG FEMALE OF PANDARUS SMITHII. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIll PL. XXX 


THE MALE AND A YOUNG FEMALE OF PANDARUS SMITHII. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 488. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII PL. XXXI 


170 


i Ul 
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ial iam 


er tN 


THE FEMALE OF PANDARUS SATYRUS. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl_ PL. XXXII 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


mn 


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THE FEMALE OF PANDARUS SINUATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489, 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXxXiIll 


THE MALE OF PANDARUS SINUATUS. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXXIV 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


AN ADULT AND A YOUNG FEMALE OF NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489, 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXXV 


THE MALE OF NESIPPUS ALATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489. 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXXVI 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


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THE MALE OF NESIPPUS CURTICAUDIS. 


PAGE 489. 


PLATE SEE 


FOR EXPLANATION OF 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XXXVII 


225 


226 


231 


228 


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THE MALE OF NESIPPUS BOREALIS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. XXXVIII 


oy) 


240 


238 


234 


THE FEMALE OF CECROPS LATREILLII. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 489. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII] PL. XXXIX 


254 


““s 0 \ 248 


THE MALE OF CECROPS LATREILLII. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 490. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIf FPL. XL 


= 
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261 

259 
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THE FEMALE OF ORTHAGORISCICOLA MURICATA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 490. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLI 


THE MALE AND A CHALIMUS OF ORTHAGORISCICOLA MURICATA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 490. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLII 


284 


282 


THE FEMALE OF PHILORTHRAGORISCUS SERRATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 490. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. XLIII 


293 


THE MALE OF PHILORTHRAGORISCUS SERRATUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 490. 


THE PYRAMIDELLID MOLLUSKS OF THE OREGONIAN 
FAUNAL AREA. 


By Witi1am Heatrey Datu and Pau Bartscu. 
Of the Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The completion of the monograph of West American Pyramidel- 
lidxs upon which the authors of the present paper have for some years 
been at work, being delayed by various causes—though in large part 
long ready for the printer—it was thought best to select from it, for 
immediate publication, the portion relating to the Oregonian fauna, 
which to a considerable extent is complete in itself, pending the com- 
pletion of details relating to other faunal areas of the coast. 

For the purposes of the present paper, subject to future modification 
with greater knowledge, the fauna here named Oregonian extends from 
the northern limit of the Alexander Archipelago southward along the 
coast to Point Conception, California. The limits of any fauna are 
never quite absolute, there is always a partial merging of the periph- 
eral population with that of the adjacent faunal areas, but the pro- 
portion of Pyramidellid species in the present case, which are held in 
common with the faunas northwest and southeast of that here called 
Oregonian, is noticeably small. 

Attention is called to the fact that it is a Pyramidellid fauna which is 
here discussed. The general molluscan fauna, still more the general 
invertebrate fauna of the coast in question, may or may not even- 
tually be found to agree in distribution with our Pyramidellids. That 
is a question which we are not ready to decide at the present time and 
which will demand much more time and study than it has yet been 
possible to give to it. 

Collections over this long stretch of coast, comprising some 22 degrees 
of latitude, or more than 1,300 geographical miles, have naturally been 
concentrated at the most accessible points, while there are long 
stretches of coast without harbors where as yet no collections what- 
ever have been made. Neglecting the deep-sea dredgings, which have 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1574. 
491 


499 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIII. 


afforded hardly any Pyramidellids in the area under consideration, the 
principal localities where collections have been made are: Sitka; the 
region about the eastern end of Vancouver Island, including the Straits 
of Fuca, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound; the vicinity of San 
Francisco, California; and Monterey Bay. 

It is well to note that in the great archipelago extending from Fuca 
Strait to Cross Sound there is a marked difference between the fauna 
of the inner channels, which have their waters chilled by the dis- 
charges from a multitude of glacial streams, and that of the outer 
coast, which is washed by the comparatively warmer waters of the 
Pacific Ocean. Many southern forms creep up along the outer coast 
which are unknown from the inland bays and channels. 

From the paucity of information in regard to a considerable part of 
the coast referred to, generalizations as to distribution at present can 
at best be of a purely tentative character, and are therefore submitted 
with due reserve. 

The recognition of new species and the distribution by collectors of 
their discoveries under the new manuscript names has been going on 
for several years, and it seems essential that the publication of the 
data should be made with as little delay as possible, in order that these 
names may be used in local lists and other places without leading to 
confusion. 

The junior author has prepared the text of this paper, with the 
exception of this introduction, and the part of the senior author has 
been chiefly the collecting of material for study and an editorial 
supervision of details, including the text herewith. The drawings of 
the species were in part prepared by the late Dr. J. C. McConnell and, 
since his death, chiefly by Miss Evelyn Mitchell. 


Genus TURBONILLA Risso.¢@ 


Turbonilla Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., IV, 1826, p. 224=Kuturbonilla SEMPER, 
Arch. Nat. Fr. Meck., 1861, pp. 354-361. 


Shell with sinistral apex, cylindro-conic, many whorled, generally 
slender; with a single columellar fold which varies in strength and 
frequently is not visible in the aperture. 

Type.—Turbonilla typica Dall and Bartsch. 


“In the preparation of the present diagnoses the following terminology is used: 
‘‘Axial sculpture,’’ the markings which extend from the summit of the whorls 
toward the umbilicus. 
The axial sculpture may be— 
‘“‘Vertical,’’? when the markings are in general parallelism with the axis of 
the shell. 
‘“Protractive,’? when the markings slant forward from the preceding suture. 
‘‘Retractive,’? when the markings slant backward from the suture. 
‘Spiral sculpture,’”? the markings following the directions of the coils of the 
whorls. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 493 


The following 6 of the 23 recognized subgenera are represented in 
the present faunal area: 7urbonilla s. s., Chemnitzia, Strioturbonilla, 
Pyrgolampros, Pyrgiscus, and Mormula. 


KEY TO SUBGENERA OF TURBONILLA. 


Shell with spiral sculpture: 
P\ aricesipresents=esne ns seep aoe aoe ae ee Pee ees Mormula p. 510. 
Varices absent. 

Spiral sculpture consisting of many very fine incised striations. 
iAperturecubquadnate oi. 2282 2 See se abs e to als ae Strioturbonilla p. 495. 
ENV GVA ADDRES CO ier la A MSN ls Be a ee Le Pyrgolampros p. 498. 

Spiral sculpture consisting of strong, incised spiral grooves. . Pyrgiscus p. 504. 

Shell without spiral sculpture: 
Ribsrinterruptedsatithe periphery == -22<-ce.c+--sesq-se5-- 24-5 Chemnitzia p. 494. 
Pp CONLINMIM NOVEL, LNOs0ASC «<2 5) an 2's see/ancle' aloe se seers sae Turbonilla p. 493. 


Subgenus TURBONILLA Risso, s. s. 


Turbonilla Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., IV, 1826, p. 224; = Huturbonilla SEMPER 
(part), Arch. Nat. Fr. Meck., 1861, pp. 354-361. 

Turbonillas without spiral sculpture, having prominent vertical ribs 
which extend from the summits of the whorls to the umbilical region; 
the same is true of the intercostal spaces. Usually both ribs and inter- 
costal spaces are less strongly defined on the base, below the periphery, 
- than on the exposed portion of the whorls above it. Columella straight 
or slightly twisted. All our West Coast forms belonging to this 
subgenus are small and slender, of semitranslucent bluish-white to 
milk-white color. 2 

Type.—Turbonilla typica Dall and Bartsch, 7: plicata Risso, 1826, 
not Turbo plicatus Brocchi, 1814. 


TURBONILLA (TURBONILLA) GILLI, new species. 
Plate XLIV, fig. 5. 


Shell small, rather stout, inflated, dirty white. Nuclear whorls 
decollated, early post-nuclear whorls well rounded, later ones flat, 
broader at the summit than at the suture; sculpture of about fourteen 
strong, almost vertical, scalariform axial ribs on the second, and six- 
teen quite protractive ones on the succeeding whorls; on the penulti- 
mate turn, however, they are less oblique than on those preceding it. 
These ribs are very strongly developed at the summit of the whorls 
and render the deeply channeled suture decidedly coronated. Inter- 
costal spaces deep, of about double the width of the ribs, interrupted 
suddenly at the decidedly angulated (almost keeled) periphery of the 
last whorl beyond which they reappear. Base strongly contracted, 
quite short, marked by the faint continuations of the axial ribs which 
extend to the umbilical region. Outer lip fractured; aperture? col- 
umella very strong, somewhat curved and revolute, provided with a 
subobsolete oblique fold. 


494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 163009, U.S.N.M.) were 
collected by Mr. H. Hemphill at San Diego, California. The type has 
eight post-nuclear whorls, and measures: Length 3.3 mm., diameter 
dynam. 

Two other lots belonging to the University of California have been 
examined—one, a single specimen, comes from Station 30 off Catalina 
Island. The other three specimens were obtained at Station 47, San 
Diego, California. 


TURBONILLA (TURBONILLA) GILLI DELMONTENSIS, new subspecies. 
Plate X LIV, fig. 7. 


Shell, similar to 7. gzddz, but much more stout and less turreted, with 
the ribs less strongly developed and the peripheral thickening only 
weakly represented. The type has-lost the nuclear whorls, the eight 
remaining measure: Length 3.4 mm., diameter 1.2 mm. 

Type.—Cat. No. 195921, U.S.N.M. It was collected by Mr. S. S. 
Berry in 12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey, California. 


Subgenus CHEMNITZIA D’Orbigny. 


Chemnitzia D’OrBiaNy, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries, 1839, p. 77; =EHuturbonilla 
Semper (part), Archiv. Nat. Fr. Meck., 1861, pp. 354-361; = Microbeliscus 
SANDBERGER, 1874. 

Turbonillas without spiral sculpture, having prominent axial ribs 
which fuse or terminate at the periphery. The intercostal spaces are 
deep and sunken and terminate at or a little above the periphery, 
extending upward to the summits of the whorls. Base smooth, devoid 
of all sculpture. Columella straight. All our West American species 
belonging to this group are small, slender, forms of semitranslucent 
bluish-white to milk-white color. 

Type.—Melania campanelle Philippi. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF CHEMNITZIA. 


Shell large; length 10 mmr or mores-o5-- seo ee eee ee es eee ee montereyensis. 
Shell small slenpth-dsmmasior lesse2eee ase. see eee ee eee muricatoides. 


TURBONILLA (CHEMNITZIA?) MONTEREYENSIS, new name. 


=Turbonilla gracillima Gass, Proc. Cala. Acad. Sci., 1865, p. 186; not Chemnitzia 
gracillima CARPENTER, Cat. Maz. Shells, 1856, p. 431. 


Mr. Gabb’s description is as follows: 


Shell small, very slender, long, white; vertex broken; whorls eleven or more, flat- 
tened on the sides; sutures strongly impressed, ribs about 23, large, obtuse, running 
from the suture to the margin of the base, base convexly truncated, smooth, aperture 
subcircular; columella thick. Length 10 mm., diameter 3.3 mm. 

Habitat, Monterey, California; Dr. J. G. Cooper collector. This shell can be readily 
distinguished by its extremely slender form and the strong, slightly oblique ribs. 


no.1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLID.E—DALL AND BARTSCH. 495 


The type, according to Mr. Gabb, is in the collection of the Cali- 
fornia Geological Survey,® but appears to have been misplaced or lost. 
From the description we are led to believe that it is a form similar to 
T. torquata, but of considerably broader spire. 


TURBONILLA (CHEMNITZIA) MURICATOIDES, new species. 
Plate XLIV, figs. 2, 2a. 

Shell small, slender, subdiaphanous to milk white; nuclear whorls 
24, helicoid but slightly elevated, well rounded, having their axis at 
right angles to the axis of the post-nuclear turn. Post-nuclear whorls 
smooth, rather high between the sutures, moderately rounded, marked 
by strong sublamellar axial ribs, which are about half as wide as the 
spaces that separate them, and extend strongly to the very summit of 
the whor! where they render the well-marked sutures crenulate. There 
are 14 of these ribs upon the first, 18 upon the fifth, and 20 upon the 
penultimate turn. The depressed intercostal spaces terminate abruptly 
at thesperiphery. Base of the last whorl well rounded, smooth, with- 
out sculpture. Aperture: (outer lip fractured), columella slender, 
slightly twisted. 

The type has seven post-nuclear turns and measures: Length 3.0 mm., 
diameter 1.0mm. It is Cat. No. 195942, U.S.N.M., and comes from 
Monterey, California. Another specimen, Cat. No. 160488, U.S.N.M., 
was collected by Doctor Dall at the same place. 


Subgenus STRIOTURBONILLA Sacco. 
Strioturbonilla Sacco, I Moll. del Piemonte e della Liguria, 1892, p. 94. 


Shell as in Zurbonilla and Chemnitzia but finely and closely spirally 
striated on the spire and base. 

Type.— S. alpina Sacco. 

All our West American species, with the exception of 7. afinds and 
T. smithsoni, are of bluish-white to milk-white color; the two excep- 
tions being of a yellowish cast. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF STRIOTURBONILLA, 


Wihtonimovernancing shell stout—:. 12.2.3! $5-ss202ce oe nee le.. seas vancouverensis. 
Whorls not overhanging, shell slender 
Wihhorlsistrongly rounded, ribs'sinuous -.---.-2--¢- -.2.2.5s2.---2 .-.--2stylina. 
Whorlsaimost flattened, ribs straight ...22):525.22.0%25-.2.5..2.4.. 2265 Serre. 


TURBONILLA (STRIOTURBONILLA) VANCOUVERENSIS Baird. 
Plate X LIV, fig. 1. 
Chemnitzia vancouverensis Barrp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 67. 
Shell solid, rather broad and stout, subdiaphanous, bluish to milk- 
white. Nuclear whorls two, large, helicoid, partly obliquely immersed 
in the first of the later turns. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, with 


@Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1865, p. 183. 


496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


the greatest convexity on the lower half of the exposed portion; orna- 
mented by about 10, very broad, strong, slightly protractive axial 
ribs on the second, 14 on the fifth, 16 on the eighth, and 18 on the 
penultimate whorl. These ribs terminate before they reach the 
periphery of the whorl, leaving a plain band above the suture, as in 
T. torquata Gould, but not as broad as in that species. Intercostal 
spaces deep, narrower than the ribs. Sutures well marked by the 
shouldering at the summit and the sudden sloping of the ribs just 
above the periphery of the whorls. Aperture subovate; lip thin, 
joining the short, somewhat revolute columella in a gentle, even curve. 
Entire surface marked by faint wavy spiral striations. The specimen 
figured has 10 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 6.0 mm., 
diameter 1.8mm. Another specimen from the same locality, which 
has 12 post-nuclear whorls, but is minus the nucleus and probably the 
first of the succeeding turns, measures: Length 9.2 mm., diameter 2.5 
mm. 

This species resembles 7. torquata Gould, but can easily be distin- 
guished from it by its broader base, its large, partly immersed, slanting 
nucleus, and the robust character of its whorls and ribs, the latter being 
fewer and much broader; the intercostal spaces being comparatively 
narrower. Doctor Baird’s type was collected at Beco Harbor, 
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 


Specimens examined. 


2. Kadiak Island, Alaska. 13 fathoms. W.H. Dall. Cat. No. 160489, U.S.N.M. 
1. Lituya Bay, Alaska. 8 fathoms. W.H. Dall. Cat. No. 160490, U.S.N.M. 
1. Port Etches, Alaska. W.H. Dall. Cat. No. 160993, U.S.N.M. 
4. Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. C. F. Newcombe, Cat. No. 
126670, U.S.N.M. 
1. Puget Sound, Washington. Doctor Kennerley. Cat. No. 44938, U.S.N.M. 
1. Monterey, California. 28 fathoms. §S. 8. Berry. In Mr. Berry’s collection. 
1. Carter Bay, British Columbia. Rev. G.W.Taylor. Cat. No. 196184, U.S.N.M. 
1. Carter Bay, British Columbia. Rev. G. W. Taylor. Rev. G. W. Taylor col- 
lection. 
3. Port Simpson, British Columbia. Rev. G. W. Taylor. Cat. No. 196183, 
U.S.N.M. 
11. Port Simpson, British Columbia. Rev. G. W. Taylor. Rey. G. W. Taylor 
collection. 
. West of Rose Spit, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. Rey. G. W. 
Taylor. Rey. G. W. Taylor collection. 
1. Alert Bay, British Columbia. Rev. G. W. Taylor. Rev. G. W. Taylor 
collection. : 
20. Departure Bay, British Columbia. Rey. G. W. Taylor. Rey. G. W. Taylor 
collection. 
5. Departure Bay, British Columbia. Rey. G. W. Taylor. Cat. No. 196185, 
U.S.N.M. 


bo 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 49% 


TURBONILLA (STRIOTURBONILLA) STYLINA Carpenter. 
Plate XLIV, figs. 11, lla. 


Chemnitzia (2torquata var.) stylina CarpeNTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., 
XV, 1865, p. 396. 

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata stylina Dati and Bartscu, Mem, Cala. Acad., 
III, 1903, p. 272, in part. 

Shell slender, subdiaphanous to milk-white. Nuclear whorls two, 
smooth, depressed, helicoid, scarcely extending beyond the outline of 
the spire and having their axis at right angles to the axis of the 
succeeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, separated by 
strongly constricted sutures, rather high, ornamented by rather low, 
broad, rounded, sinuous, oblique axial ribs, of which there are 16 
upon the first, 20 upon the fifth, and 28 upon the penultimate turn. 
Intercostal spaces moderately depressed, about as wide as the ribs, 
terminating a short distance above the sutures, thus leaving a narrow 
smooth band between the termination of the ribs and the suture as in 
T (Strioturbonilla) torquata Gould, but not quite as wide as in that 
species. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base rather 
short, well rounded. Entire surface marked by very fine wavy spiral 
striations. Aperture subovate, outer lip thin, columella slender, 
moderately long, slightly twisted, almost vertical. The specimen 
described and figured (Cat. No. 56429, U.S.N.M.) was collected by 
Doctor Dall in 8 or 10 fathoms at Monterey, California. It has 11 
post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 6.5 min., diameter 1.7 mm. 
(not 8 and 1.9 mm., as erroneously stated in the last-cited reference). 
Another specimen was dredged in 12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey, 
by Mr. 8S. S. Berry (Cat. No. 165199, U.S.N.M.). Two specimens 
(Cat. No. 163249, U.S.N.M.), both immature, dredged by the Bureau 
of Fisheries steamer Addatross at station 2932 in 50 fathoms off Coro- 
nado Island, are provisionally referred to this form. 


TURBONILLA (STRIOTURBONILLA) SERR&, new species. 
Plate XLIV, figs. 8, 8a. 


Shell slender, very elongate-conic, subdiaphanous to milk-white. 
Nuclear whorls decollated. Post-nuclear whorls very high between 
the sutures, moderately rounded, slightly contracted at the periphery 
and somewhat shouldered at the summit, rendering the sutures sub- 
channelled. The whorls are marked by subequal and subequally 
spaced, rather broad, rounded, almost vertical axial ribs, which are a 
little wider than the intercostal spaces; the depressed portion of the 
latter terminating a little above the suture. In the type, which has 
lost the nucleus and probably the first two post-nuclear turns, there are 
16 ribs on the third of the remaining whorls, 20 on the eighth, 22 upon 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——32 


whorl the axial ribs are less regular and less strongly developed, show- 
ing senile degeneration. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. 
Base short, well rounded, marked by slender continuations of the axial 
ribs which extend feebly to the insertion of the columella. Entire 
surface of spire and base crossed by numerous closely placed spiral 
striations. Aperture subquadrate, posterior angle obtuse, outer lip 
thin, columella rather strong, somewhat oblique, and slightly revolute, 
without apparent fold in the aperture. The type has 13 whorls and 
measures: Length 7.7 mm., diameter 1.4 mm. 

The type and seven specimens were collected by Mr. 8. 8. Berry, in 
12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey, California, five of these are in 
Mr. Berry’s collection, the type and one other form Cat. No, 196198, 
U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 196200, U.S.N.M., contains a specimen from 40 
fathoms off Pacific Grove, Monterey, California, dredged by Mr. 
Berry. Another specimen in Mr. Berry’s collection was dredged in 
shelly sand at Monterey, California, at a depth of 20 fathoms. 

This species is nearest related to Strioturbonilla stylinu Carpenter, 
but can readily be distinguished from it by its less rounded whorls, 
straighter and much stronger ribs, and by having the ribs continuing 
over the base and scarcely any space showing between the termination 
of the intercostal spaces and the suture. 


Subgenus PYRGOLAMPROS Sacco. 


Pyrgolampros Sacco, I. Moll. del Piemonte e della Liguria, 1892, p. 85. 


Turbonillas with low, broad, rounded vertical ribs which almost 
always disappear as they pass over the periphery and base of the last 
whorl, and many very fine, faint, wavy spiral striations; surface 
covered by a thin epidermis. Columella usually somewhat flexuose. 

Type.—P. mioperplicatulus Sacco. 

All our west American species are of a light-yellow to chocolate- 
brown color. The intercostal spaces are not depressed as in Chem- 
nitzia, but appear as simple shallow undulations between the axial 
ribs. The spiral striations, in perfect specimens, appear as if they 
were situated beneath the light-colored epidermis and were shining 
through it. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF PYRGOLAMPROS. 


Vertical ribs present 
Shell large, adult more than 10 mm. long (dark brown) ---..-.---------- taylori. 
Shell less than 10 mm. long when adult. 

Shell very slender, brown banded. 
Space between the sutures dark brown with two light brewn bands. 
: berry?. 
Space between the sutures white on the posterior half and brown on 
the anterior hhalfice <5 << bocce otewrele telat orotetesete erete reteset --lyalli. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLID#—DALL AND BARTSCH. 499 


Shell rather stout, yellow. 


Whorls:coneave between'the sutures: »..-.2.---..-.---.--.-- victoriana. 
Whorls not concave between the sutures. 
Shelitstantrandisstulblo ye sacsooe 2. sseeee ce eae ane ea valdezi. 
Shell broadly conic. 
Wmitonmilygcolden=yellowesass- sess. ase e eee aurantia, 


Anterior half between the sutures yellow, posterior half white. 
newcombei. 


Werticalanilogpo DSO le tema tar ees an ae Semel cet cere otek eve oe Seales oregonensis, 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) TAYLORI, new species. 
Plate XLIV, figs. 9, 9a. 


Shell very regularly elongate-conic, purplish-brown. Entire sur- 
face marked by numerous closely placed minute spiral striations. 
Nuclear whorls small, depressed helicoid, smooth, scarcely at all 
immersed, having their axis at a right angle to that of the later turns, 
the sides not projecting beyond the outline of the spire. Post-nuclear 
whorls quite high between the sutures, only slightly contracted 
toward the periphery and very weakly beveled at the appressed 
summits, marked by low, broad, retractive axial ribs, which are 
much more numerous and less strongly defined on the early whorls 
than on those succeeding. There are about 36 on the second, 30 
upon the third, 24 upon the fourth, and 26 upon the antepenultimate 
post-nuclear turn. On the last whorl they become irregular and 
irregularly spaced, showing senility. The ribs become flattened and 
less strongly defined toward the summit and the periphery, disap- 
pearing at the well-rounded periphery. Sutures well marked. Base 
short, inflated, rounded. Aperture suboval, somewhat effuse anteri- 
orly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, white edged, chestnut 
brown within except at the very base, which is white; columella slen- 
der, twisted, and slightly revolute anteriorly. 

The above description is based upon two cotypes (Cat. No. 196210, 
U.S.N.M.): one, an immature specimen having the nucleus and 9 
post-nuclear whorls measures: length 6.5 mm., diameter 1.9 mm., the 
other an adult individual having 10 whorls (is minus the nucleus and 
probably the first five post-nuclear turns) and measures: length 11.5 
mm., diameter 3.1 mm. 

The two cotypes and 30 specimens were collected by the Rev. G. W. 
Taylor at Departure Bay, British Columbia. The cotype and five 
specimens are in the U. 8. National Museum (Cat. No. 196210). The 
rest are in the Taylor collection. 

This species was collected at five additional stations in British 
Columbia by the Rev. Doctor Taylor, all the specimens being in his col- 
lection except where otherwise stated. One specimen at Carter Bay; 
3 at Port Simpson, 1 of which is Cat. No. 196211, U.S.N.M.; 11 at 
Banks Island, 3 of which are Cat. No. 196212, U.S.N.M.; 6 at Alert 
Bay, 2 of which are Cat. No. 196218, U.S.N.M. 


“ 


500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) BERRYI, new species. 
« 
Plate XLIV, figs. 10, 10a. 


Shell slender, very regularly acutely conic, bright-chestnut brown, 
with two narrow spiral bands of a lighter shade; one, the narrower of 
the two, is at the periphery, the other has its posterior edge at about 
the middle of the exposed portion between the sutures. Nuclear 
turns 24, smooth, depressed, helicoid, not immersed, having their 
axis at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls, their sides pro- 
jecting slightly beyond the outlines of the spire. Postnuclear whorls 
very high between the sutures, slightly beveled at the summit and 
moderately constricted at the periphery, ornamented by well-devel- 
oped, acute, retractive axial ribs, of which there are about 20 upon 
the second, 24 upon the fifth, and 26 upon the penultimate turn. 
These ribs extend quite strongly to the summit, where they feebly 
erenulate the well-impressed sutures. Periphery and base of the last 
whorl well rounded, marked by the continuations of the axial ribs, 
which gradually disappear as they cross the base. Entire surface 
marked by numerous very fine, closely spaced, wavy, spiral striation. 
Aperture suboval, somewhat effuse anteriorly; posterior angle acute; 
columella oblique, very slightly twisted and weakly revolute at its 
outer extremity. 

The type (Cat. No. 196223, U.S.N.M.) has 9 post-nuclear whorls 
and measures: Length 8 mm., diameter 2.2 mm. It and another 
specimen in Mr. 8. 8S. Berry’s collection were dredged by him in 39 
fathoms on sandy bottom in Monterey Bay. 

Another specimen (Cat. No. 196225, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the 
Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, at Station 4564, in 9 to 10 
fathoms, rocky bottom, with a temperature of 59°, 2 miles off Santa 
Cruz Light, Monterey Bay, California. 

A fourth shell (Cat. No. 196224, U.S.N.M.) was dredged in 52 
fathoms, off Catalina Island, California. 


z 
TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) LYALLI, new species. 
Plate X LIV, figs. 4, 4a. 


Shell small and slender with strong sculpture, whitish with a broad 
chestnut band which extends almost halfway over the exposed por- 
tion of the whorls above the periphery and an equal distance anteri- 
orly over the base below the periphery. Nuclear whorls two, closely 
appressed to each other, forming a polished depressed helicoid spire, 
which does not extend beyond the outline of the post-nuclear spire, is 
not at all immersed and has its axis at right angles to the axis of the 
succeeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls decidedly flattened, moder- 
ately contracted at the periphery, and slightly shouldered at the 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 501 


summit, ornamented by strongly elevated, moderately broad, rounded 
retractive axial ribs, which become somewhat flattened toward the 
summit and periphery of the turns. There are about 22 ribs upon 
the second, 20 upon the fifth and the penultimate turn. Upon the first 
they are very weakly expressed. Intercostal spaces broad, almost 
double the width of the ribs. Sutures strongly impressed. Periphery 
and base of the last whorl well rounded, marked by the continuations 
of the axial ribs which extend feebly to the umbilical region. Entire 
surface marked by numerous closely placed spiral striations. Aper- 
ture pyriform, posterior angle acute, columella almost straight, 
obliquely inserted, slightly revolute. 

The unique type (Cat. No. 196221, U.S.N.M.) was collected by 
Rey. G. W. Taylor at Banks Island, British Columbia. It has 9 post- 
nuclear turns and measures: Length 5.7 mm., diameter 1.4 mm. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) VICTORIANA, new species. 
Plate XLIV, fig. 6. 


Shell elongate-conic, wax yellow to light brown. Nuclear whorls 
and the early succeeding turns eroded in all the specimens examined. 
Post-nuclear whorls quite high between the sutures, somewhat con- 
cave in the posterior two-thirds of the exposed portion, only slightly 
contracted toward the periphery and faintly shouldered at the sum- 
mit; ornamented by low, rounded, somewhat sinuous axial ribs, which 
are about as wide as the shallow intercostal spaces. Sutures well 
marked. Periphery and base of the last whorl somewhat inflated, 
marked by weak continuations of the axial ribs which extend feebly 
to the umbilical region. Entire surface crossed by numerous, wavy 
spiral striations. Aperture rather elongate, oval, outer lip thin; 
columella moderately long, decidedly twisted and somewhat revolute 
in its free anterior portion; the twist at its insertion appearing as a 
fold. 

The type (Cat. No. 126660a, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Dr. C. F. 
Newcombe at Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It has 
the last seven and a half whorls and measures: Length 7 mm., diame- 
ter 2.1mm. Ten additional specimens were collected by Rev. G. W. 
Taylor, at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, + of 
which form Cat. No. 196220, U.S.N.M. 

This species appears nearest related to Zurbonilla (Pyrgolampros) 
newcombet Dall and Bartsch, but is readily distinguished from that 
form by its concave whorls. 


502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. X¥X11i. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) VALDEZI, new species. 
Plate XLIV, figs. 3, 3a. 


=Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) gibbosa Dauu and Barrscu, Mem. Cala. Acad. Sci., 
III, 1903, pp. 27-9, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a, not Chemnitzia gibbosa CARPENTER, Cat. 
Maz. Shells, 1857, p. 480, No. 525. 

Shell inflated, robust, broad and stumpy, of light, fulvous colora- 
tion. Nuclear whorls decollated in the type. Post-nuclear whorls 
flattened, somewhat contracted at the periphery and rounded at the 
summit, traversed by broad, coarse, irregularly slanting axial ribs, 
which extend over the inflated periphery of the last whorl to the 
umbilical region, appearing less prominent on the base. About 16 of 
these ribs occur upon the second, 18 upon the fifth, and 24 upon the 
penultimate post-nuclear whorl. Entire surface of the shell crossed by 
very minute, close spiral striation. Suture subchanneled and wavy. 
Aperture ovate, outer lip thin, joining the twisted and revolute colu- 
mella in a broad curve. 

The type (Cat. No. 32973, U.S.N.M.) was collected at Monterey, 
California. It has 7 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 

» 5.6 mm., diameter 2.1 mm. 

Another specimen, not quite adult (Cat. No. 176624, U.S.N.M.), 
comes from Pacific Grove, California. This has the nuclear whorls 
preserved, which are two, depressed helicoid, smooth, obliquely about 
one-fourth immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, and having 
their axis at right angles to that of the later whorls. The left side of 
its nucleus projects slightly beyond the outline of the spire. 

The present form is in every way much more robust than 7) (?.) 
gibbosa Carpenter, which was described from Mazatlan, Mexico. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) AURANTIA Carpenter. 
Plate XLV, fig. 5. 


Chemnitzia (? var.) aurantia CARPENTER, Journ. de Conch., XII, 1865 (3d ser., 
V.), p. 147. 

Shell similar to 7! (7.) chocolata Carpenter, but much broader, with 
the close spiral striation a little more pronounced than in that species, 
covered by a golden-yellow epidermis. Nuclear whorls decollated in 
all our specimens. Post-nuclear whorls moderately rounded, but 
little contracted at base and but very slightly shouldered at the sum- 
mit, ornamented by about 22 moderately developed, slightly retractive 
axial ribs on each of the whorls. These ribs become quite obsolete as 
they pass over the well-rounded periphery and base of the last whorl. 
Intercostal spaces weak, much narrower than the ribs. Sutures quite 
prominent, simple. Aperture large, broadly ovate, posterior angle 
obtuse, somewhat effuse at base; outer lip thin, columella slender, 
quite oblique, twisted, and revolute. 


No. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDE—DALL AND BARTSCH. 508 


Doctor Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 44934, U.S.N.M.), upon which 
the description is based, has 6 post-nuclear whorls and measures: 
Length 5.8 mm.; diameter 2.4mm. It bears the two localities Puget 
Sound and Santa Barbara, and probably comes from Puget Sound. 

Three other specimens (Cat. No. 126660, U.S.N.M.) were collected 
by Dr. C. F. Newcombe at Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Colum- 
bia, and five more by the Rev. G. W. Taylor at Departure Bay, British 
Columbia, one of which is Cat. No. 196205, U.S.N.M., the others 
being in the Taylor collection. This one has 9 whorls remaining and 
measures: Length 9.5 mm.; diameter 2.8 mm. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) NEWCOMBEI, new species. 
Plate XLV, fig. 6. 


Shell regularly, broadly conic, white on the posterior half and light 
brown on the anterior half of the exposed portion of the whorl; base 
white. Nuclear whorls decollated in all the specimens seen.  Post- 
nuclear whorls somewhat overhanging, decidedly contracted toward 
the periphery from the anterior fifth of the exposed part; almost 
flattened posterior to this, and closely appressed at the summit, sepa- 
rated by strongly marked sutures. Ribs about 18 upon all the turns, 
almost vertical, moderately elevated, rounded in the middle, decidedly 
flattened and widened at the summit, disappearing at the periphery. 
Intercostal spaces not depressed below the general surface, a little 
wider than the ribs. Periphery and the moderately long base well 
rounded, smooth, excepting the fine spiral striation which covers the 
entire surface of the shell. Aperture subquadrate, posterior angle 
acute; outer lip thin, showing the color bands within; columella 
slender, oblique and slightly revolute. 

The type (Cat. No. 126660, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Dr. C. F. 
Newcombe, at Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It has 7 
post-nuclear whorls which measure: Length 5.4 mm., diameter 2.1 mm. 
Eighteen additional specimens were collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor 
at Port Simpson, British Columbia, 12 of which are in his collection, 
the other 6 form Cat. No. 196214, U.S.N.M. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGOLAMPROS) OREGONENSIS, new species. 
Plate XUV, fig. 2: 


Shell elongate-conic, wax-yellow, with two yellowish-brown spiral 
bands, the posterior one of which encircles the turns a little above the 
periphery, while the anterior one, which is a little wider, is imme- 
diately posterior to it, the two being separated by a space about as 
wide as the posterior band. . Nuclear whorls decollated in all our 
specimens. Post-nuclear turns very slightly rounded, moderately 
contracted at the periphery and closely appressed to the preceding turn 


504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


at the summit. There are no well-defined ribs, the axial sculpture 
being reduced to mere lines of growth with here and there a weakly 
impressed area, probably representing an obsolete intercostal space. 
Sutures strongly impressed. Periphery of the last whorl faintly 
angulated. Base short, well rounded. Entire surface marked by fine, 
regular, close, spiral striation. Aperture pyriform, posterior angle 
acute; outer lip thin, columella somewhat twisted, scarcely revolute 
at its free end. 

The type. has 8} whorls remaining which measure: Length 8.5mm., 
diameter 2.7mm. Itand another specimen (Cat. No. 181112, U.S.N.M. 
were dredged by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/ba- 
tross at Station No. 2885 off Oregon, in 30 fathoms, with a bottom 
temperature of 49°. 

Another specimen (Cat. No. 196222, U.S.N.M.) was dredged at 
Station No. 2868, off the coast of Washo ten, in 31 fathoms on gray 
sand with a bottom temperature of 46.9°. 

The absence of ribs differentiates this form from all the other Pyrgo- 
lampros mentioned in this paper. It is allied to two species not yet 
described, one of which belongs to the Californian and the other to the 
Alaskan fauna. 


Subgenus PYRGISCUS Philippi. 


Pyrgiscus Patirept, Wieg. Arch., I, 1841, p. 50.= Pyrgostelis MONTEROSATO, Conch. 
Medit., 1884, p. 89. = Ortostelis Apron, Atti Dell Acad. Giov. di Catania, 1843, 
XX. 

Turbonillas having prominent vertical ribs and deeply incised spiral 
lines, but no varices or internal lirations on the outer lip. Columella 
usually somewhat flexuous. 

Type.—Melania rufa Philippi. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF PYRGISCUS. 


Axialeribsiterminatinovat. thevperip her yee s== asa ae ee canfieldi. 
Axial ribs passing feebly over the periphery and base of the last whorl. 
Periphery of the last whorl angulated. 


Ribs retractive: 4: jis. 5. 024.555 echoes = be gah ee eee morchi 
Ribs vertical’: 2222 Sik ence csees coe ee hee eee eee eee antestriata, 
Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. 
Aduiltishellimore than Ohms ono a2 eee eee eucosmobasis. 
Ardimlt sirell sess atin ernsy/i naira lsel © 10 oe eee tenuicula. 
Axial ribs extending prominently over the periphery and base of the last whorl, 
castaned. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) CANFIELDI, new species. 
Plate XLVI, figs. 4, 4a. 
Shell slender, elongate-conic, with the posterior half of the exposed 


portion of the whorls on the spire white and the anterior half chest- 
nut brown, base white. Nuclear whorls 23, large, smooth, forming a 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDE—DALL AND BARTSCH. 505 


depressed helicoid spire whose axis is at right angles to the axis of 
the succeeding turn; not immersed and extending slightly beyond the 
outline of the spire on both sides. Post-nuclear whorls very slightly 
rounded, weakly roundly shouldered at the summit and very moder- 
ately contracted at the periphery, ornamented by very strong, broad, 
low, rounded, almost vertical axial ribs of which there are 22 upon 
the first, 24 upon ‘the antepenultimate, and 28 upon the penultimate 
turn. These ribs extend prominently to the summit and crenulate the 
subchannelled sutures. Intercostal spaces narrow, not more than 
half the width of the ribs, crossed by 19 incised spiral lines which are 
of almost equal width and subequally spaced with the following excep- 
tions, the seventh, eleventh, and the last three above the periphery are 
much wider, appearing as quadrangular pits in the intercostal spaces, 
the eleventh falling on about the middle of the exposed portion of the 
whorl on the spire, and the seventh about halfway between this and 
the summit. Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the 
latter marked by the feeble continuations of the axial ribs which grad- 
ually disappear after crossing the periphery, and about 16 subequally 
spaced incised spiral lines. Aperture oval, somewhat effuse ante- 
riorly, columella oblique, somewhat twisted with a weak oblique fold 
a little anterior to its insertion. , 

The type (Cat. No. 196229, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by Mr. S. S. 
Berry in 12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey, California. It has 10 
post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 6.3 mm., diameter 1.2 mm. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) MORCHI, new species. 
Plate XLV, figs. 1, la. 


Shell broadly elongate-conic, the posterior third of the exposed 
portion of the whorls on the spire and a narrow area about the 
umbilical region flesh-colored, the rest of the shell light chestnut 
brown. Nuclear whorls 25, small, smooth, forming a depressed heli- 
coid spire which has its axis at right angles to the axis of the sueceed- 
ing turns and is about one-fifth immersed in the first of them. Exposed 
portion of the post-nuclear whorls flattened in the middle, posterior 
fourth sloping gently toward the summit, which is closely appressed 
to the preceding turn; the anterior portion slopes more abruptly, 
roundly toward the periphery. The whorls are ornamented by strong 
rather distantly spaced, moderately acute, slightly protractive axial 
ribs, of which 18 occur upon the first three, 16 on the next three, 18 
on the seventh, and 20 upon the penultimate turn. The ribs weaken 
slightly and become somewhat flattened as they approach the con- 
stricted sutures. Intercostal spaces broad, almost double the width 
of the ribs, crossed by 7, equal and equally spaced, deeply incised 
spiral lines, which extend up on the sides of the ribs and feebly across 


7 


506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XXXII, 


them. The space between the second and third lines appears slightly 
nodulose on the ribs. Periphery of the last turn angulated, crossed 
by the continuations of the ribs, which disappear as they pass on to 
the short and well-rounded base. Base marked by 13 continuous 
incised spiral lines of about equal strength which are much more 
closely spaced near the umbilicus than the periphery, the distance 
between the succeeding striations diminishing in regular ratio from 
the periphery to the umbilical area, the first two below the periphery 
being considerably more distantly spaced than the rest, the spaces 
inclosed between them being about equal to the space inclosed 
between the spiral lines on the spire. Aperture subquadrate, posterior 
angle acute, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; 
columella slender, oblique, somewhat twisted and slightly revolute. 

The type (Cat. No. 178081, U.S.N.M.) has 9 post-nuclear whorls 
and measures: Length 6.4 mm., diameter 2 mm. It was collected 
by Mr. H. N. Lowe at Long Beach, California. Another specimen is 
in the collection of the University of California from Station No. 122, 
near Redondo. Another (Cat. No. 176622, U.S.N.M.) was dredged 
by Mr. John Paine in 8 fathoms off Catalina Island. Five (Cat. No. 
196230, U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe at San Diego, 
and four additional specimens from the same locality are in Mr. 
Lowe’s collection. One, collected at Station No. 83, off San Diego, is 
in the collection of the University of California. 

A specimen collected by Mr. 8. 8. Berry in 29 fathoms off New 
Monterey, Monterey Bay, California, is provisionally placed here 
until more material can be examined. It agrees with 7) (72.) morchi 
in general form and type of sculpture, but is much more slender and 
has more ribs. 

This species is nearest related to Zurbonella (Pyrgiscus) latifundia 
Dall and Bartsch, from the post-Pliocene of San Pedro, California. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) ANTESTRIATA, new species. 
Plate XLV, figs. 4, 4a. 


Shell large and strong, light brown. Nuclear whorls 23, small, 
smooth, forming a depressed rounded helicoid spire, which projects 
somewhat beyond the left side of the outline of the spire of the later 
whorls and has its axis ata right angle to the axis of these, being 
about one-fourth immersed in the first turn. Post-nuclear whorls 
slightly rounded, ornamented by low, rounded, narrow, vertical axial 
ribs which become decidedly flattened and enfeebled near the summit 
of the turns; there are 9 of these ribs on the second, 20 upon the fifth, 
and 28 upon the penultimate post-nuclear turns. Intercostal spaces 
about double the width of the ribs, shallow, rounded, crossed by 6 
equal and equally spaced, strongly incised, spiral lines which extend 


No. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDE—DALL AND BARTSCH. 50% 


stronger upon the sides of the ribs and feebly over their summits. In 
addition to this sculpture, the spire is marked by many fine lines of 
growth and many fine spiral striations between the incised lines. 
Sutures well marked, simple. Periphery of the last whorl subangu- 
lated, marked by the feeble continuations of the axial ribs, which dis- 
appear at the periphery. Base short, marked by 11 continuous, equal, 
strong, incised spiral lines which are more closely spaced above the 
umbilical area than at the periphery; the space between the first basal 
incised line and the first supraperipheral one being a little wider than 
the space inclosed between the spiral lines on the spire. Aperture 
subquadrate, outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; 
columella almost straight and vertical, slightly revolute. 

The above description is based upon 2 cotypes. One, an adult shell 
(Cat. No. 168867, U.S.N.M.), has the last 10 whorls, having lost the 
nucleus and probably the first two and one-half post-nuclear turns, 
and measures: Length 9.7 mm., diameter 2.8 mm. It was dredged by 
the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/batross at Station No. 3194 in 
92 fathoms, on gray sand, bottom temperature 45.° 9, off Esteros Bay, 
California. The other (Cat. No. 196232 U.S.N.M.) was collected by 
Mrs. Oldroyd at San Pedro, California, and has the nucleus and 9 
post-nuclear turns, and measures: Length 5.5 mm., diameter 1.8 mm. 
Three specimens (Cat. No. 196233, U.S.N.M.) were dredged by the 
Fisheries steamer A/batross at Station No. 2902 in 53 fathoms, fine 
gray sand and mud bottom, temperature 45°, off Santa Rosa Island. 
One in the collection of the University of California comes from Sta- 
tion No. 122, near Redondo; another in the same institution was 
dredged at Station No. 12, off Point Vincent. Two (Cat. No. 196231, 
U.S.N.M.) were dredged in 12 fathoms at San Pedro by Mr. H. N. 
Lowe. Another specimen was dredged by the University of Cali- 
fornia at Station No. 30, off Catalina Island, and two at Station No. 58, 
off San Diego, California, the last two lots being in the University 
collection. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) EUCOSMOBASIS, new species. 
Plate XLV, figs. 8, 8a. 


Shell quite large, of very regular outline, creamy white. Nucleus 
rather small, composed of 25 whorls, helicoid with much depressed 
spire, somewhat obliquely about one-third immersed in the first of the 
succeeding turns, the axis of the nuclear spire being almost at a right 
angle to the axis of the later whorls. Post-nuclear whorls moderately 
rounded, widest a little above the suture, sloping gently toward the 
summit and more abruptly toward the base, ornamented by moderately 
strong, rounded, somewhat flexuous, axial ribs, of which about 18 
appear upon the second, 20 upon the seventh, 22 upon the eighth, and 


508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


27 upon the penultimate whorl. Intercostal spaces only moderately 
deep, a little wider than the ribs, marked by 6 strong incised spiral 
lines which extend up on the sides of the ribs and frequently pass 
over their summits; the uppermost or posterior one of these incised 
lines is least pronounced, the second one above the suture, and the 
third one about half again as far apart as the remaining, which are 
equally spaced. In addition to these the shell is marked by many 
faint wavy spiral striations between the deep ones. Sutures plain, 
well defined. Base of the last whorl very short, well rounded, marked 
by the faint continuations of the axial ribs and about 15 well defined 
more or less equally spaced deep spiral striations with fainter ones 
between them as on the exposed portion of the whorls of the spire; 
the first deep basal spiral striation and the one above the suture are 
some little distance apart and mark a plain band excepting the fainter 
sculpture. Aperture quite large, subquadrate; columella short, some- 
what twisted, revolute. 

The type (Cat. No. 162679, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by the U.S. 
Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at Station No. 2902, off Santa 
Barbara, California, in 53 fathoms. It has 12 post-nuclear whorls 
which measure: Length 11.2 mm.; diameter 2.8 mm. 

Another specimen (Cat. No. 162680, U.S.N.M.) was dredged at 
Station No. 3195, in 252 fathoms, on green mud, bottom temperature 
43°.2, in San Luis Obispo Bay, California. Four specimens (Cat. No. 
162681) were dredged at Station No. 2901 on grey sand and mud 
bottom, at a depth of 48 fathoms, temperature 55°.1, off Santa Rosa 
Island. The University of California has two lots, one specimen 
dredged at Station No. 32, off Catalina Island, and two from Station 
No. 59, off San Diego, California. 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) TENUICULA Gould. 
Plate XLV, figs. 3, 3a. 


Chemnitzia tenuicula Goutp, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VI, 1853, pp. 383, 384, pl. 
xv, fics, lio: 

Turbonilla ( Pyrgiscus) tenuicula Goutp, Mem. Cala. Acad., III, 1903, pp. 275-276, 
pliant, fess 7; 1a. 


Shell small, elongated, lanceolate, turrited, rather solid, shining, 
wax yellow, a little dusky below the suture; whorls 10, flat, slightly 
shouldered above, marked by about 20 direct, longitudinal folds, the 
summits of which are cut by numerous fine revolving striw, deeper 
in the interstices, which also extend over the base of the shell, though 
the folds terminate at the periphery, or are extended in delicate fur- 
rows; aperture narrow, ovate; lip sharp; revolving strive apparent 
within. 

Dimensions.—Length 7.5 mm.; diameter 1.3 mm. 

Found at Santa Barbara. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELL 


DALL AND BARTSCH. 509 


The above is the original description by Gould. Zurbonilla (Pyr- 
giscus) tenuicula Gould is the most abundant and most variable species 
of all the west American forms, presenting many varieties or incipient 
species; to describe these would not aid science or the collector, but 
would only add to the confusion which this paper is intended to dispel. 
The following comprehensive description will embrace, we believe, 
all the forms coming under this name: 


Shell slender to somewhat stubby and inflated, varying in color from milk-white 
to waxy yellow or to dark brown, variously banded or plain monocolored; nuclear 
whorls three, moderately large, planorboid, slightly slantingly immersed; post- 
nuclear whorls rounded to flattened, contracted at base and strongly shouldered at 
the summit, traversed by 18 to 28 strong vertical ribs, which are excurved and 
usually somewhat thickened, and connected at their summits, which appear beaded; 
these ribs extend feebly over the rounded base of the last whorl; the entire shell is 
crossed by incised spiral lines, 10 to 16 or more of which appear on the exposed por- 
tion of the whorls, and more, closer placed, wavy ones on the base of the last whorl; 
the suture is deep, subchanneled and wavy; aperture ovate, produced at base; outer 
lip thin, meeting the oblique, slightly curved and revolute columella in a broad 
curve; a faint callus connects the posterior angle of the aperture with the insertion 
of the columella. 


Dimensions. —Length 6.5 mm.; diameter 1.9 mm. 

The specimen pered is from odes Santos Bay, Lower California, | 
and has 9 post-nuclear whorls. One of the same number of whorls 
from San mee measures: length 6.2 mm.; diameter 1.7 mm. 

The U. S. National Museum contains the following specimens: 


Specimens of Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula Gould. 


Number | Cata- 


of speci- Locality. Collector. logue 
mens. | No. 
2 | Monterey, California.............. Taisen [kPuP2 Carpenter. .\ssaccce se sec ceesae ce es 32245 
Jo santa barbaraOaliformia.. 225 sss. see+ ene. Colonelviewett ssa -see. ee oe eee eee a 16267 
Zasanehedro. Califomilases-=ssce cock cneseee. Hy aWe RO DCT Henne eae erence ee tae 151724 
118 anes CLO ee See ts nae oles ae el A Baer Lt Mrs2 De SSOldroydeee scree eee secre 196227 
200 |eeeee doses SOD OE SS HOS AC DS She soso doeeade nee fares [0 ko Ress sa Seeing eo Se 196226 
Dal Rete Oe eae eee eee eee Shae Mrs On nStonbeecer esr eee ener 152198 
1 Lal errr (BO) Seamer Te ace a UT | eet Se es cee > br ee a re 160480 
Uh eee CO Rees Se eee cae cate: Peta a Ee BULtON sane en eee ---| 191547 
1 |) Pacific beach: San Diegois..--sec--. ee ae- ce ie Hem phillGasseeneeeee sees eee 192228 
Gy | MISthal I Diehk0) = caso ar neta amos os smadesoradeseae Steamsicollectiomeeassee eee neon ene 46504 
(sani Diezo; oceamsbedeh= =. 5----s=-5--5- ee BS We Kelsey se sa a0 as-2 eae Ae eesicteeee 1538065 
2H ROAM LCS Oca eee eae Soe ae See ae seen 0) aaa eee ceota soe eSC noe meee ne | b 153049 
2 | ees eye (0 aS aes ea ey AE eee te eee a a lc. RAOTCU bse rea ee ecco 60933 
Biase LO ea cater te eee ern aS Som | op oae ne Byes CE Se Bt PS GN oe 160481 
Point Abreojos, Lower California.......... Ee Hermip nile sets cn ec aaece one: 105585 
yl ees GO\sSstenie tk Seasons Fee eee ee ets leesaa GOR Ra a Tees Beet eeieiiate 106510 
7 Todos Santos Bay, Low er California ....._- Stearnsicollectionma-s eee eee 32284 


TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) CASTANEA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 7 


Shell very large, stout and heavy, chestnut brown. Nuclear whorls 
decollated. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, ornamented by many 
broad, flattened, more or less regular, and evenly placed retractive axial 
ribs, of which about 22 appear upon the third, 26 upon the fifth, and 


510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


40 upon the seventh whorl. On the penultimate and antepenultimate 
whorls they are more or less irregular in form, number, and spacing. 
Intercostal spaces much narrower than the ribs. The spiral sculpture 
consists of 8 deep, quite regularly spaced lines of pits which are very 
pronounced in the intercostal spaces and on the sides of the ribs, but 
do not appear to cross their summits except on the penultimate and 
the last whorl. Sutures well defined, simple. Periphery and base of 
the last whorl evenly rounded, the latter ornamented by the prolonga- 
tion of the axial ribs and quite a number of continuous well-impressed 
spiral lines with faint spiral striation between them. Aperture sub- 
oval, somewhat effuse anteriorly, posterior angle obtuse (outer lip 
fractured, very thick); columella strong, slightly curved and strongly 
revolute with a weak, very oblique internal fold near its insertion; 
parietal wall and umbilical region covered by a weak callus. Colu- 
mella and extreme anterior portion of the aperture white. 

The type (Cat. No. 74000, U.S.N.M.) belongs to the Stearns collec- 
tion and was obtained at Monterey, California. It has 10 post- 
nuclear whorls (the nucleus and perhaps the first three being lost), 
and measures: Length 13.5 mm., diameter 3.7 mm. 

This species is remarkable for being the largest known member of 
the section Pyrgiscus on the west coast of America. 7 


Subgenus MORMULA A. Adams. 


Mormula A. ApaAms, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, VII, 1864, p. 1;=Pyrgostylus Mon- 
TEROSATO, Il. Nat. Hist. Sicil., 1884, p. 90. 
“Turbonillas having vertical ribs and deeply incised spiral lines; 
also irregularly disposed varices on the outer surface, which usually 
mark internal lirations on the outer lip. Sculpture never nodulose. 


Type.—Mormula rissoina A. Adams. 
KEY TO SPECIES OF MORMULA. 
PNG IOUT) OVNI hoovoyNsY Watehol. AN) WMO Reon See ee Senos SoA sek oe Ses so ScSodecsooooeses lordi. 
Adult shell less than 15 mm. 
Deeply incised lines on the whorl between the sutures: 5 -...-...---- tridentata. 
Deeply incised lines on the whorl between the sutures: 12-....-.--- eschscholtzi. 


TURBONILLA (MORMULA) LORDI E. A. Smith. 
Plate XLV, figs. 7, 7a. 
Chemnitzia lordi E. A. Smira, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1880, p. 288. 


Shell very large, light brown to pale yellowish-white, variously 
banded. Nuclear whorls two, smooth, helicoid, moderately elevated, 
having their axis at right angles to the axis of the succeeding turns 
and about one-fourth immersed in the first of them. Postnuclear 
whorls well rounded, ornamented by heavy, broad, low axial ribs, of 
which about 14 occur upon the second, 16 upon the eighth, 22 upon 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 511 


the eleventh, and 30 upon the penultimate whorl. Intercostal spaces 
not deeply depressed, about as wide as the ribs, ornamented by about 
12 to 15 irregularly spaced spiral striations between the sutures; those 
near the summit of the whorls are closer and more feeble than those 
near the periphery of the whorls. Sutures strongly impressed, some- 
what wavy. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat angulated in 
young specimens, moderately well rounded in adults. Base rather 
short, marked by faint continuations of the axial ribs and faint wavy 
spiral striation. Aperture subrhombic, posterior angle obtuse, outer 
lip thin, showing the external sculpture and banding within; columella 
stout, slightly twisted and revolute, provided with an oblique internal 
fold. The color markings in the specimen here described and figured 
consist of a pale yellowish-brown band, about a quarter of the width 
of the whorl between the sutures, covering the posterior part, fol- 
lowed by a narrow band of the yellowish-white ground color, which is 
followed by a band of brown a little darker than the first and about as 
wide as the last-named white band; then a broad pale white band, 
lastly a narrow pale yellow one above the periphery finishes the mark- 
ing between the sutures. The periphery is marked by a narrow band 
of white followed by a deep brown one which shades gradually to the 
white about the umbilical region. 

The characters which ally this species to J/ormula are only feebly 
developed, now and then two ribs become fused and suggest a varix; 
the internal lirations, too, are only very feebly expressed and appear in 
the aperture of only one specimen. The specimen figured has 14 post- 
nuclear whorls and measures: Length 20.8 mm., diameter 5.1 mm.; it 
was collected in 12 fathoms at Sitka Harbor, Alaska, and is Cat. No. 
160492, U.S.N.M. No. 160069, U.S.N.M., contains 7 individuals from 
the same locality; No. 1383234, U.S.N.M., has 2 from Port Orchard, 
Washington, and No. 4480, U.S.N.M., 1 from Puget Sound, Wash- 
ington. Seven specimens were collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor at 
Banks Island, British Columbia. One of these, a young individual, 
Cat. No. 196234, U.S.N.M., has furnished the description of the 
nucleus. It has 9 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 5.2 mm., 
diameter 2.1 mm. 

This is the largest species known from the west coast of America. 


TURBONILLA (MORMULA) TRIDENTATA Carpenter. 
Plate XLV, fig. 9. 


Chemnitzia tridentata CARPENTER, Jour. de Conch., XIII (3d ser., V), 1865, p. 147.— 
Turbonilla ( Lancea) tridentata Daun and BartscH, Mem. Cala. Acad., ITI, 
p. 2fas 1903s ple ir hose dela: 


Shell large, broad; chestnut colored, obscurely banded; nuclear 
whorls three, helicoid, about one-third immersed, scarcely extending 
beyond the margin of the spire, their axis being at a right angle to the 


512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


axis of the later whorls. Post-nuclear whorls slightly convex, some- 
what contracted at the periphery and slightly shouldered at the sum- 
mit; traversed by about 20 to 24 strong, well-rounded, somewhat 
oblique axial ribs, which continue faintly over the decidedly angular 
periphery of the last whorl and the base to the umbilical region; these 
ribs are considerably enfeebled on the last whorl of old shells and fre- 
quently become almost obsolete on these. The exposed portion of the 
whorls is traversed by five spiral grooves, which appear most promi- 
nently in the shallow and broad intercostal spaces, and less so on the 
ribs; these deep spiral lines are regularly spaced, leaving a broader 
interval on the middle of the exposed portion of the whorl; the base 
of the last whorl is likewise ornamented by spiral grooves, but here 
they appear less developed than on the spire. In addition to this the 
entire surface of the shell is marked by numerous very fine, somewhat 
wavy, spiral and axial strive, which show most prominently on the last 
whorl and base, and give the shell a very minutely reticulated second- 
ary sculpture. At irregular intervals the whorls are marked by thick 
callous varices, which are usually of a lighter color than the remainder 
of the shell. Aperture large, subquadrate; posterior angle acute; 
outer lip thin, having three strong internal lirations, joing the whitish, 
short, straight, revolute columella at a little less than a right angle. 
By transmitted light two spiral, light color-bands become apparent on 
the inside of the lip, each of which is bordered by a zone of a darker 
color than the remaining shell. The general color effect of the exte- 
rior is that of a flesh-colored shell, covered by a dark epidermis, which 
is stretched tight over the ribs, permitting the lighter color beneath to 
shine through it at their summits. 

Doctor Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 153154, U.S.N.M.) was collected 
at Monterey, California. It has 11 post-nuclear whorls and measures: 
Length 11.1 mm., diameter 3.2 mm. The specimen figured (Cat. No. 
150983, U.S.N.M.) is from San Pedro, California. It has 13 post- 
nuclear whorls and measures: Length 12.8 mm., diameter 3.6 mm, 

The U.S. National Museum has five lots of this species: Cat. No. 
15315) is the type from Monterey, California; Cat. No. 196239, four 
specimens dredged by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/batross at 
station No. 2902, off Santa Rosa Island, in 53 fathoms, fine gray sand 
and mud, with a bottom temperature of 45°; Cat. No. 196240, ten speci- 
mens from San Pedro, collected by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd; Cat. No. 
150983, three individuals, one of which is figured, dredged by Mrs. 
Oldroyd in 4 fathoms, at San Pedro; Cat. No. 46505, two shells from 
San Diego in the Stearns collection. In addition to these, specimens 
have been determined for Mr. Berry, from Monterey, 12 to 39 fathoms; 
University of California, off Catalina Island; Mrs. Oldroyd and Mr. 
Lowe, at San Pedro; Mr. Kelsey and Mr. Arnold, from San Diego. 


no.1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLID.E—DALL AND BA RTSCH. 513 


TURBONILLA (MORMULA) ESCHSCHOLTZI, new species. 
Plate XLV, fig. 10. 


Shell large, elongate-conic, brown, having three obscure bands of 
dark brown, one of which is at the summit, another at the periphery, 
while the third is halfway between these on the exposed portion of 
the whorl of the spire. Nuclear whorls decollated. Post-nuclear 
turns moderately rounded, ornamented by low, rounded, rather dis- 
tantly spaced, slightly protractive axial ribs which become weakened 
and somewhat flattened as they approach the appressed summit, and 
many fine lines of growth both on the ribs and in the intercostal 
spaces. In addition to the axial sculpture the whorls are crossed by 
twelve deeply incised, somewhat irregularly spaced spiral lines, the 
raised spaces between which are again divided by many fine striz. 
All the spiral markings pass over the intercostal spaces and the ribs. 
Periphery of the last whorl obscurely angular, marked by the feeble 
continuations of the ribs which vanish immediately below the periph- 
ery and the usual fine lines of growth and spiral striation. Base 
rather short, well rounded, brown, with a narrow whitish band about 
the umbilicus, marked by closely spaced continuous wavy spiral stria- 
tion, which varies in strength, several finer strizw alternating with the 
stronger. Aperture subquadrate, outer lip thin, showing four narrow 
dark-brown bands within, upon a lighter background—these are the 
three already referred to—and a fourth one on the base adjoining the 
periphery; columella almost vertical, slightly twisted and revolute. 

The type (Cat. No. 196241, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Rev. G. W. 
Taylor, at Carter Bay, British Columbia; it has 11 post-nuclear whorls 
(the nucleus and probably three of the post-nuclear whorls being lost), 
and measures: Length 13.3 mm., diameter 4 mm. Another specimen 
from the same locality is in the Taylor collection. Three additional 
lots were collected by him in British Columbia; one, a fragment, from 
west of Rose Spit, Queen Charlotte Islunds; 6 at Departure Bay, one 
of which is Cat. No. 196242, U.S.N.M.; 15 at Port Simpson, 5 of 
which are Cat. No. 196243, U.S.N.M. No. 196242 is the largest 
specimen, it has 12} whorls, having lost the nucleus and probably the 
first three of the succeeding turns and measures: Length 17.8 mm., 
diameter 4.5 mm. 


Genus ODOSTOMIA Fleming. 


Odostomia FLeminc, Edinburgh Encyc., VII, 1813, Pt. 1, p. 76—Odontostomia 
JEFFREYS, Mal. and Conch. Mag, 1839, p. 33.—-Turritostomia Sacco, Moll. del 
Piemonte e del Liguria, 1892, p. 41. 

Shell with sinistral apex, usually short, few whorled, subconic or 
ovate, with a single columellar fold which varies in strength and 
sometimes is not apparent at the aperture. 

Type.— Turbo plicatus Montagu. 


on 
Bia 


Proce. N. M. vol. xxxili—07 


Ha PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXHI. 


The following 6 of the 41 subgenera and sections of Odostomia are 
represented in the present faunal area: Chrysallida, Ividia, Tolaea, 
Menestho, EHvalea, and Amaura. 


KEY TO SUBGENERA OF ODOSTOMIA. 

oats ional Me eee ls Ul aretedee ere aelale aye eee Cee Chrysallida, p. 514. 

Sculpture consisting of axial and spiral lamelle.................-...- Ividia, p. 517. 

Sculpture consisting of spiral lirations and slender axial threads in the depressed 
spaces: 


Shelltumbilicated ss ss22% Va Gaeta Se a ee eee end Tolaea, p. 518. 

Shellinot wmnabulicate disse so es en ae ee ere Venestho, p. 520. 
Sculpture consisting of spiral striation only: 

Shell very large 22 cM cee ree eer ae Imaura, p. 528. 


inellbemall Je. ooeast 1a Seine ae ee ee a ee Evalea, p. 522. 


Subgenus CHRYSALLIDA Carpenter. 


Chrysallida CARPENTER, Cat. Maz. Shells, 1857, p. 416.—Noemia Dr Foun, Fonds 
de la Mer, 1873, p. 314, not, Noemia Pasco, 1857.—Noemiamea De Foun, 
Zool. Rece., 1885, p. 94 (Mollusca). 

Odostomias having strong axial ribs crossed by equally strong 
spiral keels between the sutures, the intersection of these two ele- 
ments forming nodules. The axial ribs pass only faintly over the 
base, while the spiral sculpture remains quite prominent. 

Type. 


Chrysallida communis Carpenter. 
KEY TO SPECIES OF CHRYSALLIDA. 


Spiral keels between the sutures 4. 
Sutures deeply channelled. 


Base with 7 narrow and slender spiral keels. ___-_-- SeUAe ee eee astricta, 

Base with 8 broad and rounded spiral keels__.:...../ 4 _-. 1.25222 cooper i. 

Sutures mot chammnelll edhe. == ase a see aaa ee a ene ye montereyensis. 
Spiral keels between the sutures on the last whorl more than 5__._.__-- oregonensis. 


ODOSTOMIA (CHRYSALLIDA) COOPERI, new species. 
Plate XLVI), fig. 7. 


Shell oroadly conic, white. Nuclear whorls smooth, largely 
obliquely immersed in the first of the sueceeding turns above which 
only about half of the last turn projects. Postnuclear whorl mod- 
erately rounded, slopingly shouldered at the summit, the shoulder 
bearing the first of the four stronger tuberculate spiral ridges. The 
connections which join the tubercles in the spiral series are a little 
more strongly developed than those which link them vertically, the 
spaces Inclosed between them being deep squarish pits. The tubercles 
are very prominent and rounded, there are about 16 upon the second, 
20 upon the third, and 26 upon the penultimate turn. The axial 
series slants retractively from the posterior suture. Sutures deep and 
broad, considerably wider than the spaces between the keels. Periph- 
ery of the last whorl deeply channelled, the channel marked by a 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA DALL AND BARTSCH. 515 


weak extension of the axial bars which terminate at the first supra- 
peripheral keel. Base prolonged, well-rounded, marked by seven 
strong moderately raised, spiral keels which, like the channels that 
separate them, diminish regularly in width from the periphery to the 
umbilical area; the last, the eighth, immediately behind the columella, 
being less distinct and considerably broader than the rest. The chan- 
nels between the keels are about equal to the keels in width and are 
crossed by numerous very slender raised threads, which extend up on 
the sides of the keels but do not cross them. About five of these 
threads fall in the space between two tubercles on the spire, in the 
first supra-peripheral groove. Aperture oval, large, effuse anteriorly, 
posterior angle obtuse, outer lip rather thick, not showing the exter- 
nal sculpture within; columella somewhat twisted, revolute anteriorly, 
reenforced by the attenuated base, and provided with a weak fold at 
its insertion; parietal wall covered by a callus which joins the columella 
with the posterior angle of the aperture and renders the peristome 
almost complete. 

- The type (Cat. No. 162771, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Doctor Dall 
at Monterey, California. It has five postnuclear whorls and measures: 
Length, 3.f mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm. 


ODOSTOMIA (CHRYSALLIDA) ASTRICTA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 1. 


Shell elongate-conic, bluish-white. Nuclear whorls decollated. Post- 
nuclear whorls very slightly rounded, separated by deeply chan- 
nelled sutures. In this species the vertical ribs exceed the four spiral 
keels in strength, their junction forming elongated tubercles the long 
axis of which coincides with the spiral keels. The vertical ribs, of 
which there are 16 upon all of the turns, slant decidedly backward 
toward the aperture. They are rather distantly spaced and the spaces 
inclosed between them and the spiral keels are deep oblong pits, the 
long axis of which coincides with the spiral sculpture. Periphery of 
the last whorl marked by a deep, wide channel across which the ribs 
extend feebly to the first subperipheral keel. Base rather long and 
well rounded, marked by seven rather narrow, slender spiral keels 
which successively decrease in strerigth from the periphery to the 
umbilical area, the anterior ones being only faintly indicated; the 
spaces which separate the keels are about twice as wide as the keels 
and are crossed by many very slender raised vertical threads. Aper- 
ture oval, outer lip rather thick, columella twisted, reenforced by the 
attenuated base and provided with a moderately strong fold at its 
insertion; parietal wall covered by a strong callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 196280, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. F. L. 
Button at Monterey, California; it has the 6 last whorls remaining, 
having lost the nucleus and probably the first post-nuclear turn, and 
measures: Length, 2.9 mm.; diameter, 1.2 mm. 


516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


ODOSTOMIA (CHRYSALLIDA) MONTEREYENSIS, new species. 
Plate KViie ee 

Shell broadly conic, milk-white to subdiaphanous. Nuclear whorls 
smooth, largely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above 
which only half of the last whorl projects. Postnuclear whorls sepa- 
rated by broad, deep sutures; well rounded between the sutures where 
they are ornamented by four strongly tuberculate spiral ridges, the 
spiral connections between the tubercles are equal to the axial connec- 
tions or ribs, of which 16 appear upon the second, 18 upon the thir- 
tieth, and 20 upon the penultimate whorl. The spaces inclosed between 
the axial ribs and the spiral connections which join the rounded tuber- 
cles are deep squarish pits. The axial ribs extend strongly across the 
deep peripheral channel and stop at the first subperipheral keel. Base 
moderately long, well rounded, marked by 5 equal and subequally 
spaced, well raised, strong, spiral keels, and a sixth, much broader, 
low, and rounded at the columellar margin. The grooves between 
the keels are equal to the width of the keels near the periphery, but 
diminish in breadth successively from the periphery to the umbilical 
area. They are crossed by numerous slender raised axial threads, 
which extend up on the sides of the spiral keels, but do not cross them. 
There are about 5 of these threads between each two ribs in the first 
subperipheral channel; aperture oval, somewhat effuse anteriorly; 
posterior angle acute; columella reenforced by the attenuated base, 
against which it appears like a thickened callus, provided with a mod- 
erately strong oblique fold at its insertion; parietal wall covered by a 
thick callus, which joins the columella with the posterior angle of the 
aperture. 

The type (Cat. No. 196281, U.S.N.M.) has 5 postnuclear whorls and 
measures: Length, 3.0 mm.; diameter, 1.8 mm. It was collected by 
Mr. 8. S. Berry, in 12 fathoms, off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, Cali- 
fornia. Three specimens from the same station are in Mr. Berry’s 
collection. Another specimen (Cat. No. 74003, U.S.N.M.) was col- 
lected by Doctor Canfield at Monterey, and a sixth (Cat. No. 196282, 
U.S.N.M.) by Mr. F. L. Button at the same place. A seventh (Cat. 
No. 162767, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mrs. T. 5. Oldroyd at San 
Luis Obispo, California. 


ODOSTOMIA (CHRYSALLIDA) OREGONENSIS, new species. » 
Plate X LVI, figs. 10, 10a. 


Shell elongate-conic, slender, subdiaphanous to milk-white. Nuclear 
whorls immersed, the last one only being visible. This is some- 
what tilted and marked by three strong narrow spiral keels and 
many slender raised axial threads which cross the grooves between 


s 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 517 


the keels. Postnuclear whorls well rounded, slopingly shouldered 
at the summit and #@parated by constricted sutures, ornamented by 
almost equal and equally spaced spiral keels and axial ribs between 
the sutures on the spire. There are 4 spiral keels on the first, sec- 
ond, and third whorls, 6 on the fourth, and 7 upon the penultimate 
whorl. The first of these keels is on the shoulder of the whorl near 
the summit and is somewhat less developed than the rest. The axial 
ribs are best developed on the early whorls, where they extend 
equally strong from the summit to the periphery; on the antepenul- 
timate and penultimate turns they become somewhat enfeebled from 
the middle of the whorl between the sutures to the periphery. 
There are about 16 of these ribs on the first, 18 on the third, 20 
upon the fourth, and 22 upon the penultimate turn. The intersec- 
tions of the ribs and spiral keels form low elongated tubercles, the 
long axis of which coincides with the spiral sculpture. The meshes 
inclosed by the keels and ribs are deeply impressed squarish pits. 
Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the latter some- 
what inflated and marked by 6 spiral cords which are successively 
closer spaced and a little less strongly developed from the periphery 
to the umbilical area. The channels between the cords are crossed 
by many very slender raised vertical threads. Aperture oval, slightly 
effuse anteriorly; outer lip thin; columella reenforced on its poste- 
rior two-thirds by the attenuated base, free and somewhat revolute 
anteriorily; parietal wall glazed by a thin callus. 

he type has 6 postnuclear whorls and measures: Length 3.3 mm., 
diameter 1.2 mm. It and 9 additional specimens are Cat. No. 107690, 
U.S.N.M., and were collected by Dr. C. F. Newcombe at Cumshewa 
Inlet, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, in 10 fathoms. Two 
other lots of one specimen each come from Monterey, Cat. No. 73998, 
U.S.N.M., in the Stearns collection, and Cat. No. 196283, U.S.N.M., 
collected by Mr. F. L. Button. 


Subgenus IVIDIA Dall and Bartsch. 


Ividia Datu and Bartscn, Proc. Biol. Soec., Washington, 1904, XVII, p. 11. 


Shell sculptured with lamellose axial ribs and spiral keels. their 
. I z 
intersections not nodulose. 
Type.— Parthenia ArINdta Carpenter, 


ODOSTOMIA (IVIDIA) NAVISA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, figs. 2, 2Qe. 
Shell of medium size, strongly sculptured, subdiaphanous to milk- 
white. Nuclear whorls at least 2, obliquely a little more than half 


immersed, Postnuclear whorls strongly shouldered, subtabulated, 
with a strong broad spiral keel limiting the anterior edge of the shoul- 


D18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


2 


der and an acute raised keel on the middle of the whorls between the 
sutures, while a third equally acute keel marksgthe periphery of the 
last whorl. Two other keels ornament the base, the anterior one of 
which is not quite as strong as its neighbor. The axial sculpture con- 
sists of narrow, more or less lamellar, almost vertical ribs, which 
render the intersection with the spiral keels somewhat thickened but 
not nodulose. These axial ribs extend over the periphery and base 
of the last whorl to the umbilical region, gradually growing weaker 
as they approach this point. There are about 18 on the second and 20 
upon the penultimate whorl. The spaces between the ribs and keels 
appear as concave quadrangular depressions. Umbilicus narrowly 
perforated. Suture deeply channeled by the shouldered whorl. Aper- 
ture suboval, posterior angle decidedly obtuse; outer lip thick, marked 
by 5 projections, corresponding to the 5 keels; columella almost 
straight, strongly revolute with a conspicuous oblique fold near its 
insertion; parietal wall covered by a faint callus showing both basal 
keels, the anterior faint'and just posterior to the insertion of the col- 
umella and the next on the middle of the wall. 

The type has 5 postnuclear whorls and measures: Length 2.7 mm., 
diameter 1.3 mm. It and 3 additional specimens (Cat. No. 106502, 
U.S.N.M.) were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Scammons 
Lagoon, Lower California. Three additional lots are in the U.S. 
National Museum collection: Cat. No. 129336, 30 specimens collected 
by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd in the drift at San Pedro; Cat. No. 162848, 3 


specimens also from San Pedro by the same donor; Cat. No. 62844, - 


1 specimen collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Ocean Beach, San 
Diego, California. 


ODOSTOMIA (IVIDIA) NAVISA DELMONTENSIS, new subspecies. 
Plate XLVI, figs. 3, 3a. 


Shell similar to O. (/.) nav7sa but more elongate, and in every way 
more delicate with the lamellose sculpture reduced almost to raised 
cords and with stronger shouldered summits and more open umbilicus. 

The type (Cat. No. 196297, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mr. S. S. 
Berry in 12 fathoms, off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, California. It 
has 5 postnuclear whorls and measures: Length 3.2 mm., diam- 
eter 1.3 mm. 


Subgenus IOLAEA A. Adams, 


Iolaea A. Apams, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1867, p. 310.—Jole A. Apams, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 300, not Jo/e Biyra, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 
Beng., XIII, Pt. 1, 1844, p. 386. 
Shell umbilicated, marked by spiral cords, and axial riblets which 
cross the grooves between them. 
Type.—lole scitula A. Adams. 


a 


no.1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDE—DALL AND BARTSCH. 519 


ODOSTOMIA (IOLAEA) AMIANTA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, figs. 9, 9a. 


Shell broadly conic, yellowish-white. Nucleus small, of two whorls 
which ‘increase extremely rapidly in size and are obliquely placed. 
Postnuclear whorls very strongly shouldered, marked by 3 very 
strong lamellar spiral keels on the first and second and 4 on the suc- 
ceeding whorls between the sutures. The posterior keel marks the 
limit of the broad, sloping shoulder and is much the strongest. It 
is also placed a little farther apart from the next spiral keel chan that 
is from its anterior neighbor. Base of the last whorl well rounded; 
ornamented by 8 spiral ridges, which are less elevated and much more 
closely and regularly spaced Aho those between the sutures. The 
peripheral groove is about equal in width to the one anterior to the 
posterior keel. The entire shell is marked by fine, sublamellar, regu- 
larly spaced, retractive axial ribs, which render the spiral keels some- 
what crenulated at their meeting points and break the spaces between 
them into small squares or oblongs. These riblets extend from the 
sutures to the small umbilicus. Aperture subovate, posterior angle 
obtuse; outer lip thin, somewhat wavy, showing the external sculp- 
ture within; columella moderately stout, somewhat curved and strongly 
revolute, having an oblique fold near its insertion which is barely 
visible when the aperture is viewed squarely; parietal wall covered by 
a fairly thick callus. 

The type and another specimen (Cat. No. 105483, U.S.N.M.) were 
collected at Point Abreojos, Lower California, by Mr. Henry Hemp- 
hill. It has 6 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 4.4 mm., 
diameter 2.3 mm. 


Specimens of Odostomia (Iolaea) amianta Dall and Bartsch. 


No. of | 
speci- | Locality. Collector, Catalogue No. 
mens. 
Us a Wontereyib aiveeccie cer tee ate ste RevaGe Wa mayloteesssssse-ee Nos ete? U. S.N M. 
63|| Monterey. of Del Monte (12) ..S.’Si Berry. .-22 2 -5--2-2. 2-25 . Berry’s collection. 
fathoms). 
11 eee Cie Reese VeSiaan anna aoeoee We Hs Dallincn she ance <cecceeme No. 168683 U.S.N.M. 
el Sans CORO met ao seeeaae ace sete(e Mrsw Dao. Oldroydies a. -seo- No, 168684 U.S N.M. 
1 | San Pedro, Long Beach ....-. Bee NG WOW Cr Seer ster oeiste ls wieisiere No. 196298 U.s.N.M. 
1 | San Pedro, station 83......--. University of California......) University of California collec- 
tion. 
1 | Off Gatalimailislandistation 23= 2 522004222 ss-5 cs 5-102 selene Do. 
5 | Off Catalina Island, station 30. ..... Ghose seceaccu Senso eeacece Do. 
i!) San Dierov station 47s = seek. s-- Cops So sapeadesea ec Do. 
Neher GO Sache ee ee ee Be Wirelielseymeet es: ou ce aseiel= s No. 160115 U.S.N.M. 
te ee O22 .ce are eee eae Henry He mphill . ...----| No. 105469 U.S.N.M. 
1 | Off Coronado Island, 20 fath- | U.S. F.¢ C. station (2932) . Mee No. 168685 U.s.N.M. 
| oms; bottom temperature 
98°. 
2 | Point Abreojos, Lower Cal .-.| Henry Hemphill ............. No. 105483 U.S.N.M. (l=type). 


520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Subgenus MENESTHO Moller. 
Menestho M6uuErR, Ind. Moll. Greenl., 1842, p. 16. 


Shell not umbilicated, marked by moderately well-developed and 
usually equally spaced spiral cords; axial sculpture reduced to mere 
lines of growth which frequently appear as very slender raised threads 
in the grooves between the cords. 

Type.—Turbo albulus Fabricius. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF MENESTHO. 


Spiral sculpture very regular and equally spaced. 


ShellMarcevadulitovenraso mma, ide C1 otis a ee! exard. 
Shell very small, adult under 2.5 mm. in length.......--.....-..-.--. pharcida. 
Spiral sculpture irregular, not equally spaced.........------.-.-------- harfordensis. 


ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) PHARCIDA, new name. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 8. 


Mumiola tenuis Dati, Bull. Nat. Soe. Brit. Col., 1897, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 10. Not 
Odosltomia tenuis CARPENTER, 1856, not Odostomia tenuis JEFFREY, 1884. 

Shell small, subeylindric, yellowish-white. Nuclear whorls deeply 
immersed, a portion of the last and the penultimate only appear when 
viewed from the side; this gives the shell a truncated appearance. 
Post-nuclear whorls moderately well-rounded, rather wide between the 
sutures, and somewhat shouldered at the summits; ornamented by 
strong, low, rounded spiral cords, which are separated by moderately 
deep, narrow, depressed channels. Six of these cords occur upon the 
first, 7 upon the second to the penultimate whorl between the sutures; 
the posterior cord is a little broader and less elevated than the rest, 
while some of those on the penultimate turn show a tendency to 
divide, that is, a faint spiral line is apparent on the middle of some of 
these cords. Sutures well impressed. Periphery and base of the last 
whorl well rounded, the latter ornamented by 8 rounded spiral cords 
similar to those between the sutures. The spaces between the spiral 
ridges on the base and between the sutures are marked by closely 
placed, exceedingly slender, raised axial threads. Aperture pyriform, 
somewhat effuse anteriorly, posterior angle acute; columella short, 
curved, reenforced by the attenuated base, free only at. its extreme 
anterior end, with an oblique fold near its insertion; parietal wall 
covered by a thin callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 107440, U.S.N.M.) was dredged by Dr. C. F. 
Newcombe, in 10-15 fathoms, at Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte 
Island, British Columbia. It has 4 postnuclear whorls, which measure: 
Length 2.2 mm., diameter 0.9 mm. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDE—DALL AND BARTSCH. 521 


ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) HARFORDENSIS, new species. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 5. 


Shell elongate-ovate, bluish-white. Nuclear whorls smooth, obliquely 
immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, only two-thirds of the 
last volution projects above them. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, 
and somewhat inflated, marked by numerous incremental lines and 5 
equally strong, but irregularly distributed, punctate, incised, spiral 
lines between the sutures. The two near the summit are placed closer 
to each other than any of the others, the space between the summits 
and the second line being about equal to the space inclosed between 
the first and second supra-peripheral lines. The third line falls on 
about the middle of the exposed portion of the whorls and is a little 
nearer to the second line than the one anterior to it. In addition to 
these 5 strongly incised lines there are numerous very fine and closely 
spaced spiral strive which cross all parts of the surface of the shell. 
Periphery and base of the last turn inflated, the latter marked by lines 
of growth and 8 strongly incised, punctate spiral lines, which are a 
little less strongly impressed and a little more closely spaced at the 
umbilical area than at the peripheral part of the base. These lines 
equal those of the spire in strength. Sutures constricted. Aperture 
very large, somewhat effuse anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer 
lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella curved, reen- 
forced by the attenuated base and provided with a strong fold and its 
insertion; parietal wall covered by a thin callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 196299, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Mrs. Merri- 
hew, at Port Harford, California. It has 5 post-nuclear whorls and 
measures: Length 3.2 mm., diameter 1.8 mm. 


ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) EXARA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 6. 


Shell elongate - ovate, subdiaphanous. Nuclear whorls smooth, 
deeply immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, only a part of 
the last one appearing above it.  Post-nuclear whorls somewhat 
inflated, well rounded, marked on the first whorl by 8, on the second 
by 12, on the third by 14, and on the penultimate between the sutures 
by 20 subequal and equally spaced, low, depressed spiral cords which 
are separated by narrower channels. Periphery and base of the last 
whorl inflated, sculptured like the spire by probably 20 spiral cords. 
In addition to the spiral sculpture the entire surface is marked by fine 
incremental lines which are best marked in the spaces between the 
cords. Aperture oval, somewhat effuse anteriorly; posterior angle 
acute; outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella 


022 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIIl. 


decidedly curved, reenforced by the attenuated base, free only at its 
anterior extremity, where it is somewhat revolute, provided with a 
prominent fold at its insertion which appears as the thickened inflec- 
tion of the columella; ‘parietal wall covered by a thin callus 

The type (Cat. No. 196250, U.S.N.M.) comes from Pacific Grove, 
Monterey, California. It has 5 post-nuclear whoris and measures: 
Length 3.9 mm., diameter 2.1 mm. 


Subgenus EVALEA A. Adams. 


Evalea A. Apams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1860, p. 22; +Ondina Dr Four, 
Fonds de la Mer, 1870, p. 214; + Auriculina Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 
159; + Ptychostomon Locarp, Prod. de les Moll. de France, 1886, p. 228. 


Odostomias having the surface marked by fine incised spiral lines. 
Type.— Evalea elegans A. Adams. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF EVALEA. 


Shell: umibulicated ss tess Sts ee see eer Sere rh eee eee tillamookensis. 
Shell not umbilicated. 
Periphery of the last whorl decidedly angulated...................-- angularis. 
Periphery of the last whorl subangulated. 
Spiralisculpture:wmifommys Ses 50) pos oe ee ee eee Jewetti. 
Spiral sculpture consisting of weak.and strong lirations ........._..- inflata. 


Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. 
Shell elongate-conic. 
Adult shellmore-than) Simm. long 225-2 2-2) ee eee eee columbiana. 
Adult shell less than 5 mm. long .....___.........- ee eee deliciosa. 
Shell ovate. 
Spiral sculpture uniform over the entire surface. 


Diameter of/adult shelle2:5 mnie ere eee tacomaensis. 
Diameterotadulltt shell@le smi eae ee raldezi. 
Spiral sculpture strongly developed on the early whorls, obsolete on 
the last. 
Shell white, porcellanous S252. S255 2- sess. ae phanea. 
Shell’straw-colored =e see as ee ee eee tenuisculpta. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) TILLAMOOKENSIS, new species. 
Plate XDV Ute Ae 


Shell elongate-conic, thin, yellowish-white. Nuclear whorls sur 
rounded by the first of the succeeding turns and so immersed as to 
give the apex a broadly truncated appearance. Post-nuclear whorls 
inflated, evenly strongly rounded, very slightly shouldered at the 
summit, separated by well-marked sutures. Periphery and base of 
the last whorl well rounded, the latter inflated, narrowly openly 
umbilicated. Entire surface marked by numerous fine, wavy, sub- 
equal, weakly incised spiral lines, of which about 35 oceur between 
the summit and the periphery of the last whorl and about an equal 
number on the base. Aperture oval; outer lip thin; columella 
slender, evenly gently curved, and slightly revolute, free, not reen- 


xo.1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA—DALL AND BARTSCH. 528 


forced at the base, provided with a slender fold at its insertion, which 
is not visible when the aperture is viewed squarely. 

The type (Cat. No. 196244, U.S.N.M.) has four post-nuclear whorls, 
and measures: Length 4.1 mm., diameter 2.2 mm. It was dredged 
by the U..S. Fisheries steamer A/batross, at Station No. 3346, off 
Tillamook, Oregon, in 786 fathoms, green mud, bottom temperature 
37°.3. 

ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) ANGULARIS, new species. 


Plate XLVIL, fig. 2. 


Shell very regularly elongate-conie, subdiaphanous to milk-white. 
Nuclear whorls small, deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the 
succeeding turns above which the tilted edge of the last turn only is 
visible. Post-nuclear whorls slightly rounded, separated by constricted 
sutures, marked by numerous slender, wavy, subequal and subequally 
closely spaced spiral striations, of which about 33 occur upon the last 
turn between the summit and the periphery. Periphery of the last 
whorl marked by a slender raised keel, decidedly angulated. Base 
short, moderately rounded, narrowly attenuated anteriorly to reen- 
force the columella, sculptured like the posterior portion of the whorls. 
Aperture ovate, very broad, slightly effuse anteriorly; posterior angle 
acute; columella very slender, evenly curved, closely appressed to the 
attenuated base, with a strong fold at its iusertion which is barely visi- 
ble when the aperture is viewed squarely. 

The type has 7 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 5.6 mm., 
diameter 2.8 mm. It and four additional specimens (Cat. No. 150565, 
U.S.N.M.) were collected by Rev. G. W. Taylor at Nanaimo, British 
Columbia. 

Five other lots are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum; 
Cat. No. 159474, one, collected by Doctor Dall at Sitka Harbor, Alaska; 
Cat. No. 126664, three specimens collected by Dr. C. F. Newcombe at Vic- 
toria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Cat. No. 43384, one speci- 
men from Puget Sound; Cat. No. 161624, four from Port Harford, Cal- 
ifornia, collected by Mrs. Merrihew; Cat. No. 196300, one, dredged by 
the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at Station No. 3194, off the 
California coast, in 92 fathoms, gray sand, bottom temperature 45°.9; 
18 specimens were determined for Mr. 8. 8. Berry from 12 fathoms 
off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, California. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) JEWETTI, new species 
Plate XLVI, fig. 3. 
Odostomia inflata CARPENTER, part, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1865, p. 394. 
Shell elongate-ovate, white. Nuclear whorls very small, smooth, 


obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above which 
only the last one is visible. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, a little 


594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


more abruptly so on the posterior third between the sutures. Sum- 
mits very narrowly flattened which renders the sutures well marked. 
Periphery of the last whorl slightly angulated. Base slightly con- 
tracted, moderately rounded between the periphery and umbilical area, 
narrowly produced to reenforce the columella. Entire surface marked 
by numerous somewhat wavy, subequal and subequally spaced minute 
slender spiral lirations, of which there are about 35 between the sum- 
mit and the periphery and an equal number between the periphery 
and the base on the last turn. Aperture large, patulous anteriorly; 
posterior angle acute, outer lip thin at the edge, thick within; colu- 
mella curved, somewhat reflected, reenforced by the attenuated base, 
and provided with a strong oblique fold at its insertion. 

The two cotypes (Cat. No. 15521c, U.S.N.M.) were collected by 
Colonel Jewett at Santa Barbara, California. One is a young speci- 
men consisting of the nucleus and three post-nuclear whorls; the other 
has lost the nucleus and probably the first two post-nuclear turns; the 
five which remain measure: Length 6.1 mm., diameter 3.3 mm. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) INFLATA Carpenter. 
Plate XLVII, fig. 8. 


Shell ovate, white. Nuclear whorls decollated. Post-nuclear whorls 
inflated, gently curved over the anterior two-thirds of the whorl 
between the sutures and more strongly so on the posterior third, this 
portion forming an evenly curved shoulder. Extreme summit of the 
whorlsslightly flattened and narrow, rendering the sutures well marked. 
Periphery of the last whorl subangulated. Base attenuated, rather 
suddenly contracted below the periphery, which gives the space 
between the periphery and the umbilical area a concave aspect. Entire 
surface marked by fine lines of growth and many fine, closely placed 
spiral lirations, five of which are a little stronger than the rest and 
divide the space between the sutures into subequal areas. There are 
about 30 of these threads upon the last turn between the summit and 
the periphery and about 60 on the base. Aperture very large, patulous 
anteriorly; outer lip thin at the edge but very thick within; columella 
decidedly curved, and revolute, reenforced to the very edge by the 
attenuated base, provided with a strong oblique fold at its insertion. 

The type and a young individual (Cat. No. 155216) were collected 
by J.G. Swan at Neah Bay, Washington. It has the last four whorls 
(the nucleus and probably the first post-nuclear turn being lost) and 
measures: Length 6.2 mm., diameter 3.8 mm. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDAZ—DALL AND BARTSCH. 525 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) COLUMBIANA, new species. 
Plate XLVI, fig. 9. 


Shell large, elongate-conic, white. Nuclear whorls small, vitreous, 
planorboid, deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding 
turns, above which only the tilted edge of the last volution is visible. 
Post-nuclear whorls increasing regularly in size, well rounded, very 
narrowly roundly shouldered at the summits, which renders the sut- 
ures well marked. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated. 
Base well rounded, attenuated anteriorly to reenforce the columella. 
Entire surface covered by numerous somewhat wavy, subequal and 
subequally closely placed spiral lirations, of which about 40 occur 
between the summit and the periphery and about an equal number on 
the base of the last whorl. Aperture large, decidedly patulous ante. 
riorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin at the edge, very thick 
within; columella curved and strongly reflected, free only at its ante- 
rior extremity, provided with a strong oblique fold at its insertion. 

The type and 5 specimens (Cat. No. 126658, U.S.N.M.) were col- 
lected by Dr. C. F. Newcombe at Victoria, Vancouver Island, British 
Columbia. It has6 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 8.3mm., 
diameter4+.2mm. Three other specimens(Cat. No. 196245, U.S.N.M.) 
were dredged by the Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/hatross at Station 
No. 4213, off Port Townsend, Washington, in 23 to 25 fathoms, gray 
sand and broken shell, bottom temperature 51°. Another (Cat. No. 
196246, U.S.N.M) at Station No. 4203, at Fort Rupert, Vancouver 
Island, British Cotumbia, in 25 to 30 fathoms, voleanic sand and gravel 
and broken shell and sponge, bottom temperature 49. 1°. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) DELICIOSA, new species. 
Plate XLVI], fig. 5. 


Shell small, elongate-conic, translucent to milk-white. Nuclear 
whorls small, deeply immersed in the first of the succeeding turns 
above which only a portion of the last turn is visible. Post-nuclear 
whorls moderately rounded, very weakly roundly shouldered at the 
summit, separated by strongly marked sutures; a narrow band appears 
about the summit showing its junction with the preceding turn. 
Periphery and base of the last whorl inflated and well rounded. 
Entire surface of base and spire marked by very fine lines of growth 
and numerous microscopic wavy spiral striations. Aperture rather 
large, somewhat effuse anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip 
thin; columella rather stout, strongly curved, and revolute, reenforced 
by the attenuated base, and covered with a strong fold at its insertion. 
This fold can be seen through the transparent shell as a quite strong 
lamella on the pillar of the turns. 


526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


The type (Cat. No. 46492, U.S.N.M.) is from Monterey, has 6% 
post-nuclear whorls and measures, length 4 mm., diameter 1.9 mm. 
Another specimen (Cat. No. 196301, U.S.N.M.) also comes from Mon- 
terey, California. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) TACOMAENSIS, new species. 
Plate XLVII, fig. 10. 


Shell ovate, yellowish. Nuclear whorls small, deeply immersed in 
the first of the succeeding turns. Post-nuclear whoris well rounded, 
faintly roundly shouldered at the extreme summits. Periphery of the 
last whorl rounded. Base inflated, well rounded, somewhat attenuated 
anteriorly. Surface covered by numerous equal and equally closely 
spaced slender wavy spiral striations of which there are about 40 
between the summit and the periphery of the last whorl. Base marked 
like the space posterior to it. In addition to the spiral sculpture the 
entire surface of the shell is crossed by numerous fine lines of growth. 
Aperture moderately large, oval, well rounded anteriorly; posterior 
angle acute; outer lip thin; columella curved, slightly reflected, 
reenforced, except at its extreme anterior end, by the attenuated base 
and provided with a strongly oblique fold at its insertion. 

The type (Cat. No. 159267, U.S.N.M.) has 5 post-nuclear whorls, 
and measures: length 4.3 mm., diameter 2.5 mm. It was collected by 
Mr. Fisher at Tacoma, Washington. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) VALDEZI, new species. 
Plate XLVILII, fig. 2. 


Shell small, thin, very elongate-oval, subdiaphanous to milk-white, 
having the entire surface marked by rather strong lines of growth 
and numerous microscopic spiral striations. Nuclear whorls deeply 
obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above which 
only the tilted edge of the last turn is visible. Post-nuclear turns 
rather high between the sutures, well rounded, with narrowly roundly 
shouldered summits. Periphery and base of the last turn inflated and 
well rounded, the latter with a very narrow umbilical chink. <Aper- 
ture moderately large, oval; posterior angle acute; columella strongly 
curved, reenforced by the attenuated base and provided with a moder- 
ately strong fold opposite the umbilical chink. 

The type has 5 post-nuclear whorls, and measures: length 3 mm., 
diameter 1.3mm. Itandanotherspecimen (Cat. No. 196249, U.S.N.M.) 
were collected by Mr. 8. S: Berry in 12 fathoms, off Del Monte, Mon- 
terey, California. Two additional specimens from the same station 
are in Mr, Berry’s collection. 


al 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDEZ—DALL AND BARTSCH. 527 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) TENUISCULPTA Carpenter. 
Plate XLVI], fig. 6. 


Odostomia tenuisculpta CARPENTER, 2nd Rept. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1864, p. 659; 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1865, p. 30. 

Shell elongate-ovate, yellowish, with the early whorls spirally lirate 
and the hoe ones only obsoletely so. Nuclear whorls small, smooth, 
obliquely almost completely immersed in the first of the succeeding 
turns. Post-nuclear whorls evenly well-rounded with appressed sum- 
mits. The first three marked between the sutures by many subequal 
liree of which there are about 15 on the second turn. On the last two 
turns these lirations become quite obsolete. Periphery and base of 
the last whorl inflated and well-rounded, marked by very feeble spiral 
striation and lines of growth. Aperture moderately large, oval; 
somewhat effuse anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; 
columella strongly curved, reenforced partly by the attenuated base, 
moderately reflected anteriorly bearing a strong fold at its insertion 
which appears as if it were the inflected termination of the columella. 

Doctor Carpenter’s type (Cat. No. 15520, U.S.N.M.) isa young indi- 
vidual. It was collected by J. G. Swan at Neah Bay, Washington, 
has 3 post-nuclear whorls, and measures: length 2.3 mm., diameter 
1.7 mm. The adult characters were described from two epecmene 
(Cat. No. 46483, U.S.N.M.), collected by J. G. Swan at Neah Bay, 
Washington. One of these, the one figured, has 6 post-nuclear 
whorls and measures: length 5.3 mm., diameter 2.9 mm. A specimen 
collected by Merrihew (Cat. No. 196247 , U.S.N.M.), at Port Harford, 
California, bears a slender raised cord on the periphery of the whorl. 

The large series of specimens in the U. S. National Museum proves 
conclusively that QO. straminea Carpenter is the smooth southern rep- 
resentative of the species. 


The U. S. National Museum has the following material: 


Specimens of Odostomia ( Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter. 


No. of | 
speci- Locality. Collector. Catalogue No. 
mens 
1 | Neah Bay, Washingion....... JGR OW ADs terres teen ae 15520 U.S.N.M. 
2s |e GORr Sa ee ee ee. eee ael (Soe a ee ee ae een ee 46483 U.S.N.M. 
75 | Little River, Mendocino Coun- 
ty Caliionniaess =). e eee GeAWVe Ea riond ets- a0 etn cance 46486 U.S.N.M. 
6 | Gualala, Mendocino County, 
Caliorniassses eer eee Stearns collection ..........-. 101945 U.S .N. M 
2 | San Francisco Bay, California.’ Doctor Hewston.............. 74006 U.s 
30 | Monterey, California.......... Stearns'collection ............ 46482 L .M 
a) Eee [0 C0 Pear re ee a Sa BOE LOR sates eee ky ee 46485 U.S.N. 2 
ait) |[Sesee (0 (0 Dee artis, eee a ett GORACS ee ears Sooteee 46493 U.S.N.M. 
2 kal ene GO eases ee eee oat ae COS ote eee ---| 46489 U.S.N.M. 
oes oe Ome 5 kee Leiter: Beers (04S ken te ates Seana ie eee 46491 U.S.N.M. 
A | COR eae ee ee ee P. P.C ARDENT Ao se sek Sac 46476 U.S.N.M. 
11 emer WO ae ae es ee ae eee WiirkineD) allie menor ets tte LL: 159475 U.S.N.M. 
Th | eee GOs sa bs aes eestor meee (ClO eae Arey oe eee ee 159477 U.S.N.M. 
Dyllsases LOTSA Ree a Nee eee eee LORI eens Se sti ans a | 159478 U.S.N.M. 
Seas Oeste ace ere. Beat seen eset OO} ea mee St eer er ae | 159479 U.S.N.M. 
ally Neer GOR ce 8s octets | Tasso eusisler ne wi alas reteset ae Soke wie | 159480 U.S.N.M. 


528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


ODOSTOMIA (EVALEA) PHANEA, new species. 
Plate XLVIII, fig. 7. 


Odostomia (Evalea) gouldi Dati and Bartscn, Mem. Cala. Acad., 1903, p. 282, 
pl. 1, fig. 15, not Odostomia (? var.) gouldii CarpEntEeR, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., 3d ser., XV, 1865, p. 30 (—Odostomia (Amaura) gouldi CARPENTER, 
of the present paper). 

Shell elongate-ovate, subdiaphanous to milk-white, stout and shin- 
ing. Nuclear whorls small, deeply immersed in the first of the suc- 
ceeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls rather high between the sutures, 
well rounded with scarcely an indication of a shoulder at the summit, 
separated by well-marked sutures. Periphery and the rather long 
base of the last whorl well rounded. The first two whorls are regu- 
larly closely spirally striated, in the third the striation becomes enfee- 
bled and on the penultimate decidedly obsolete, while the base is 
smooth. About 18 of the striae are visible on the third turn. Aper- 
ture large, oval, somewhat effuse anteriorly; columella decidedly 
curved and reflected, reenforced by the attenuated base, provided 
with a strong oblique fold at its insertion. 

The type has 5 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 4.8; diam- 
eter 2.6 mm. It and another specimen (Cat. No. 464038, U.S.N.M.) 
belong to the Stearns collection and come from Monterey, California. 

There are 4 other lots in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, 
all from Monterey. Cat. No. 46496, one-specimen belongs to the 
Stearns collection; Cat. Nos. 46474 and 46479, one specimen each col- 
lected by Doctor Canfield, and Cat. No. 159459, two collected by 
Doctor Dall. 

Subgenus AMAURA Moller. 


Amaura MouuEr, Index Moll. Groenlandica, 1842, p. 7. 


Very large, usually inflated Odostomias, the sculpture of which con- 
sists of very fine lines of growth and still finer wavy closely placed 
spiral striations. 

Type.—Amaura candida Moller. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF AMAURA. 
Shell umbilicated: 
Adultshell larces lO smmas lone enema ee ee ee ae ae eee eee kennerley?. 
Adult shell medium’ size, 7mm: or lessilongs2292 5-2-2242 42 see satura. 
Shell not umbilicated: 
Whorls with the summit appressed— 


Shell shortly ovate. .o5....22s50.0e5- Se she as =e eee eee nuciformis 

Shell elongate-ovate . 22236282 22oce eee ae avellana 
Whorls with the summits shouldered— 

Adult shell more than 9'mm. long#7222-2)-22. 5-5-2 eee eee montereyensis. 


Adult shell less than 7 mim: long: 222. 2--= “ses. >see = eee eee gouldi. 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLID.E—DALL AND BARTSCH. 529 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) KENNERLEYI, new species. 
Plate XLVIII, figs. 8, 8a. 


Shell large, very thin, broadly conic, umbilicated, yellowish-white; 
marked by subobsolete, subequal, and subequally spaced spiral 
wrinkles, about 15 of which may be seen on the body and base of 
the last whorl. In addition to these wrinkles, many faint, closely- 
placed spiral and vertical striae are present. Nuclear whorls small, 
about 24 forming a depressed spire which is deeply immersed, the axis 
of which is almost at right angles to the axis of the latter whorls. 
Post-nuclear whorls very wide, inflated, well rounded, faintly shoul- 
dered at the summit. Sutures well marked, simple. Periphery and 
base of the last whorl inflated, well rounded, the latter decidedly con- 
tracted and narrowly umbilicated. Aperture large, suboval, some- 
what effuse anteriorly; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin; colu- 
mella straight, obliquely inserted, revolute, not reenforced by the 
base, with an oblique weak fold near its insertion; parietal wall 
apparently without a callus. 

The type (Cat. No..150564, U.S.N.M.) was collected by Rev. G. W. 
Taylor at Nanaimo, British Columbia. It has 6 post-nuclear whorls 
which measure: Length 10.2 mm., diameter 6 min. 

Two other specimens (Cat. No. 44932, U.S.N.M.) were collected by 
Doctor Kennerley at Puget Sound, Washington, and another (Cat. 
No. 129121) by Prof. O. B. Johnson, at Seattle, Washington. 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) SATURA Carpenter. 
Plate XLVITI, figs. 5, 5a. 


= Odostomia satura CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XV, 1865, p. 29. 
+ var. pupiformis CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XV, 1865, p. 29. 
Shell of medium size, broadly conic, white. Nuclear whorls at least 
two, forming a depressed spire, the axis of which is almost at a right 
angle to the axis of the later whorls, and which is deeply, somewhat 
obliquely immersed in the first post-nuclear turn. Post-nuclear whorls 
moderately well rounded, faintly shouldered at the summit, marked 
all over by irregular rough, low, tumescenses, which simulate obso- 
lete vertical ribs. Sutures simple, well marked. Periphery of the 
last whorl well rounded. Base quite short, decidedly rounded, and 
umbilicated. Umbilicus partly covered by the revolute columella. 
Aperture large, very broadly oval, somewhat effuse anteriorly; pos- 
terior angle obtuse; outer lip thick; columella moderately strong, 
oblique, decidedly curved, with a decided oblique fold, situated consid- 
erably anterior to its insertion: parietal wall covered by a fairly thick 
callus. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——34 


530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM." vou. xxxu. 


T he type (Cat. N Yo. 1552 Pig S. N. M.) was collected by ii ce Swan 
at Neah Bay, W eee "tg has 53 whorls which measure: Length 
6.4 mm., diameter 3.5 mm. 

The specimen upon which Doctor Carpenter fixed the name pupi- 
formis (Cat. No. 15520a, U.S.N.M.) collected by J. G. Swan at Neah 
Bay, Washington, is not worthy of a varietal name. It is a freak, 
having the spire less elevated, which is, perhaps, due to some injury 
received at an early date, evidence of which seems present. It agrees 
perfectly in every detail with the type of satura excepting the shape 
of the spire. 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) NUCIFORMIS Carpenter. 
Plate XLVIII, figs. 3, 3a. 
Odostomia nuciformis CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XV, 1865, p. 30. 


Shell large, shortly ovate, yellowish to milk-white. Nuclear whorls 
deeply immersed; only half of the last turn is seen in tilted position 
when viewed from above. Post-nuclear whorls increasing rapidly in 
size, well rounded, having their summits closely appressed to the pre- 
ceding whorl. Sutures moderately well impressed. Periphery and 
base of the last whorl well rounded. Aperture rather large, ovate, 
white within; posterior angle acute; outer lip moderately thin at the 
edge, thicker within; columella short, strongly curved, with a strong 
oblique fold at its insertion; reenforced by the attenuated base; parie- 
tal wall covered by a weak callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 15517a, U.S.N.M.) comes from Neah Bay, Wash- 
ington. It has 5 post-nuclear whorls which measure: Length 7.7 mm., 
diameter 4.4 mm. 

Odostomia (Amaura) nuciformis Carpenter differs from its sub- 
species in having the spire more depressed than either of them. It is 
a short, stubby inflated, ovoid shell, having the summit of the whorls 
closely appressed. 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) NUCIFORMIS AVELLANA Carpenter. 
Plate XLVIII, figs. 1, la. 


Odostomia (? var.) avellana Carpenter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XV, 
1865, p. 30. - 

Shell large, elongate-ovate, yellowish to milk-white. Nuclear whorls 
deeply see ree only part of the last volution is visible 
when viewed from above, their axis evidently being at a right angle 
to the axis of the later whorls. Post-nuclear whorls increasing rapidly 
in size, early ones well rounded, later ones less so, their summits being 
closely appressed to the preceding whorl. Sutures well impressed, 
simple. Periphery and base of the last whor! well rounded, the latter 


no. 1574. WEST AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDX—DALL AND BARTSCH. 581 


somewhat elongated. Aperture large, ovate, somewhat effuse ante- 
riorly, milk-white within; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin at the 
edge, thick within; columella short curved, reenforced partly by the 
attenuated base, having a strong oblique fold at its insertion; parietal 
wall covered by a moderately strong callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 155174, U.S.N.M.) comes from Neah Bay, Wash- 
ington. It has 5 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 8.3 mm., 
diameter 4.3 mm. 

The present subspecies differs from (. (A.) nuciformis Carpenter 
chiefly in having the spire much more elongated. 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) MONTEREYENSIS, new species. 
Plate XLVIII, figs. 6, 6a. 


Shell large, similar in form to (. (l.) 2. avellana,; white, shining. 
Nuclear whorls 3, helicoid, quite elevated, deeply immersed in the first 
ot the succeeding whorls, having their axis at a right angle to the axis 
of the later whorls. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, with a beveled 
shoulder at the summits. Sutures well marked, simple. Periphery 
and base of the last whorl well rounded and inflated, the latter some- 
what elongated. Aperture subovate, somewhat etfuse anteriorly; pos- 
terior angle acute; outer lip thin at the edge, thick within; columella 
curved and somewhat revolute, having a prominent oblique fold near its 
insertion; parietal wall covered by a thin callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 46473, U.S.N.M.) is from Monterey, California. 
It has 6 post-nuclear whorls which measure: Length 9.6 mm., diameter 
5.1 mm. 

In addition to these others have been named for the University of 
California from Monterey; for Mr. 8. S. Berry from 12 fathoms off 
Del Monte, Monterey Bay; for Mrs. Oldroyd from San Pedro, and 
for Mr. Kelsey from San Diego, California. 

This species resembles O. (A.) 2. avel/ana Carpenter, but differs 
markedly from that form by having the summits of the whorls 
shouldered. . 


ODOSTOMIA (AMAURA) GOULDII Carpenter. 
Plate XLVIII, fig. 4. 


Odostomia (? var.) goulditi CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XV, 1865, 
p. 29. 


Shell of medium size, elongate-conic, yellowish-white, the exterior” 
surface marked by irregular tumescences, giving it a much worn 
appearance. Nuclear whorls three, deeply immersed, having their 
axis at about a right angle to the axis of the succeeding turns. Post- 
nuclear whorls moderately well rounded, faintly shouldered at the 


532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


summit. Sutures simple, well marked. Periphery and base of the 
last whorl well rounded, the latter somewhat elongated. Umbilicus 
faint. Aperture quite large, pyriform, posterior angle obtuse, outer 
lip moderately thick; columella very oblique, fairly strong, revolute, 
with a strong fold somewhat anterior to its insertion; parietal wall 
covered with a fairly strong callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 22821, U.S.N.M.) comes from Neah Bay, Wash- 
ington. It has 6 post-nuclear whorls and measures: Length 6.1 mm., 
diameter 3.1 mm. 


SXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


In some instances the very fine, closely crowded striation has been omitted, while 
in other cases where shown it has been exaggerated by the artist. Attention is 
called to this under the explanation of the figures. The measurements cited after 
the names refer to the axial length of the specimen. 


PuaTE XLIV. 


Fig. 1. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) vancouverensis Baird; 6.2 mm.; p. 495. The fine 
spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. ; 
2. Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides, new species; type; 3 mm.; p. 495. The 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
2a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
3. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) valdezi, new species; type; 5.6 mm. ; 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
3a. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 
4. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) lyalli, new species; type; 5.7 mm.; p. 500. The 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
4a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
5. Turbonilla (Turbonilla) gilli, new species; type; 3.6 mm.; p. 493. 
6. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) victoriana, new species; type; 7mm.; p. 501. The 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
7. Turbonilla ( Turbonilla) gilli delmontensis, new subspecies; type; 3.4mm. ; p. 494. 
8. Turbonilla (Strioturbanilla) serrex, new species; type; 7.7 mm.; p. 497. The 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
8a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
9. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) taylori, new species;. type; 11.45mm.; p.499. The 
fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
9a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
10. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) berryi, new species; type; 8 mm.; p. 500. 
10a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
11. Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stylina Carpenter; 6.5 mm.; p. 497. The fine 
spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
lla. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 


p. 502. The 


— 


PLATE XLV. 


Fig. 1. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) morchi, new species; type, 6.4 mm.; p. 509. 
la. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
2. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) oregonensis, new species; type; 8.5 mm.; p. 503. 
The fine spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 
3. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula Gould; 6.1 mm.; p. 508. 
3a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
4. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) antestriata, new species; type; 9.7 mm.; p. 506. 
4a.‘ Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
5. Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) aurantia Carpenter; type; 6.2mm.; p. 502. The 
spiral markings have been exaggerated in this figure, 
Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) newcombei, new species; type; 5.4 mm.; p. 503. 
Turbonilla (Mormula) lordi Smith; 21 mm.; p. 510. 
a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
8. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) eucosmobasis, new species; type; 11.2 mm.; p. 507. 
8a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 
9. Turbonilla (Mormula) tridentata Carpenter; 12.8 mm.; p. 511. 
10. Turbonilla(Mormula) eschscholtzi, new species; type; 13.3 mm.; p. 513. 


~J “I > 


noo 
OO 


Fia. 


Fia. 


idives 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Puate XLVI. 


1. Odostomia (Chrysallida) astricta, new species; type; 2.9 mm.; p. 515. 

2. Odostomia (Ividia) navisa, new species; type; 2.9 mm.; p. 517. 

2a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 

3. Odostomia (Ividia) navisa delmontensis, new subspecies; type; 3.2 mm.; p. 518. 
3a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 

4. Odostomia (Chrysallida) montereyensis, new species; type; 3 mm.; p. 516. 
5. Odostomia (Menestho) harfordensis, new species; type; 3.2 mm.; p. 521. 

. Odostomia ( Menestho) exara, new species; type; 3.9 mm.; p. 521. 
7. Odostomia (Chrysallida) cooperi, new species; type; 3.1 mm.; p. 514. 

8. Odostomia (Menestho) pharcida, new name; type; 2.2 mm.; p. 520, 

9. Odostomia (Iolaea) amianta, new species; type; 4.5 mm.; p. 519. 

9a. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 

10. Odostomia ( Chrysallida) oregonensis, new species; type; 3.3 mm.; p. 516. 
10a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 


(on) 


Puate XLVIL. 


1. Odostomia (Evalea) tillamookensis, new species; type; 4.1 mm.; p. 522. The 
spiral sculpture is somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 


2. Odostomia ( Evalea) angularis, new species; type; 5.6 mm.; p. 523. The spiral 
sculpture is somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 
3. Odostomia (Hvalea) jewetti, new species; type; 6.1 mm.; p. 523. The spiral 


sculpture is somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 

4. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) canfieldi, new species; type; 6.38 mm.; p. 504. 

4a. Nucleus of same, lateral view, much enlarged. 

5. Odostomia (Evalea) deliciosa, new species; type; 4 mm.; p. 525. The fine 
spiral markings have been omitted in this figure. 

6. Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter; 5.31mm.; p. 527. The fine spiral 
markings have been omitted in this figure. 

7. Turbonilla ( Pyrgiscus) castanea, new species; type; 13.5 mm.; p. 509. 

8. Odostomia (Evalea) inflata Carpenter; type; 6.2mm.; p.524. The fine spiral 
sculpture has been somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 

9. Odostomia ( Evalea) columbiana, new species; type; 8.8mm.; p.525. The fine 
spiral sculpture has been somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 

10. Odostomia ( Evalea) tacomaénsis, new species; type; 4.3 mm.; p. 526. The fine 

spiral sculpture has been somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 


Puate XLVIILI. 


1. Odostomia (Amaura) nuciformis avellana Carpenter; type; 9.1 mm.; p. 530. 

la. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 

2. Odostomia( Evalea) valdezi, new species; type; 3 mm.; p. 526. The fine spiral 
sculpture has been omitted in this figure. 

3. Odostomia (Amaura) nuciformis Carpenter; type; 7.7 mm.; p. 530. 

3a. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 

4. Odostomia (Amaura) gouldii Carpenter; type; 6.1 mm.; p. 53]. 

5. Odostomia (Amaura) satura Carpenter; type; 6.5 mm.; p. 529. 

5a. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 

6. Odostomia (Amaura) montereyensis, new species; type; 9.6 mm.; p.d31. The 
fine spiral sculpture is somewhat exaggerated in this figure. 

6a. Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 

7. Odostomia (Evalea) phanea, new species; type; 4.8 mm.; p. 528. 

8. Odostomia (Amaura) kennerleyi, new species; type; 10.2 mm.; p. 529. 

8a, Nucleus of same, seen from above, much enlarged. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLIV 


10 11 


9 
WeEsT AMERICAN TURBONILLA. 


E 533. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII! PL. XLV 


WEST AMERICAN TURBONILLA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 533. 


URES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXIII PL. XLVI 


©) (ee 


9a 10a 


WEST AMERICAN ODOSTOMIA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 534. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLVII 


West AMERICAN PYRAMIDELLIDA. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 534. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLVIII 


WEST AMERICAN ODOSTOMIA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 534, 


° 


1 “i . , 0 - 


* 


4 


LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED IN THE RIVER AT BUYTEN- 
ZORG, JAVA, BY DR. DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL. 


By Davip Srarr Jorpan and ALVIN SEALE, 
Of Stanford University. 


In the summer of 1906, Dr. Douglas Houghton Campbell, professor 
of botany in Stanford University, made a visit to the famous botanic 
garden at Buytenzorg, in Java. While there he obtained a small but 
finely preserved collection of the river fishes, recorded in the present 
paper. <A series of specimens is in the United States National 
Museum and in the museum of Stanford University. One species is 
apparently new to science, Glossogobius cam pbellianus. 


Family MONOPTERIDL. 


1. MONOPTERUS ALBUS (Zuieuw). 


Length of head, 10.20 in distance between tip of snout and vent; 
length of tail, 2.50 in distance anterior of vent; eye 8 in head, midway 
between tip of snout and angle of mouth; teeth small, conical, in 
bands tapering toward angle of mouth; palatine teeth similar to those 
of jaw; tail tapering and narrow; origin of dorsal above vent; color in 
spirits, greenish above, lighter below, some small dark specks on head. 

One specimen, length 12.50 inches. 


Family CLARITD. 
2. CLARIAS MAGUR (Buchanan-Hamilton). 
Macropteronotus magur BucHANAN-Hamtiiton, Fishes, Ganges, pp. 146, 374, 
pl. xxv, fig. 45. 
Clarias magur Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XV, p. 283.—GUNTHER, Cat., 
Wie penlide 


Clarias batrachus Burexer, Atl. Ich., II, p. 103, pl. xevim, fig. 2; Java (not 
Silurus batrachus Linneeus, which is Clarias fuscus Lacépeéde). 


-Head 5 in length to base of caudal; depth 6.50; eye 9 inhead. D.64; 
A. 52; dorsal fin not attached to caudal; vomerine teeth in united 
band; maxillary barbel extending to posterior third of pectoral or 
beyond. 

Four specimens, length, 2.5 to 8 inches. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1575. 


536 PROC 'EEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Family SILURID. 
3. OMPOK BIMACULATUS (Bloch). 


Silurus bimaculatus Buocu, Ausl. Fisch., VIII, p. 24, pl. cccuxty (Malabar). 
Ompok siluroides LACEPEDE, Poiss., V, p. 50. 
Callichrous bimaculatus Burneker, Atl. Ich., p. 84, pl. txxvu, fig. 3 (Java).— 
Day, Fishes of India, p. 476, pl. cx, figs. 4 and 5—Gtntuer, Cat., V, p. 45. 
Head 4.60; depth 4.50; eye 5.50 in head; snout 4; D. 4; A. 62; 
V., 8; bands of fine, sharp-pointed teeth in jaws; vomerine teeth in a 
single small patch on each side; maxillary extending to anterior mar- 
gin of eye, lower jaw projecting; a single maxillary barbel on each 
side, the tip of which extends to near posterior end of pectoral fin; 
origin of dorsal fin directly above origin of ventrals; distance from 
tip of snout to origin of dorsal, 2 in distance from origin of dorsal to 
end of caudal vertebre. 
Color in spirits, a dull grayish, a round dusky spot on anterior of 
body slightly posterior to origin of lateral line. 
Two specimens, length 7.20—-8.20 inches. 
The name Ompok has priority over Callichrous. 


4. HYPSELOBAGRUS MACRONEMUS (Bleeker). 


Bagrus macronemus, singaringan, and heterurus BuEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXI, 
1 Silur., 1846, p. 22 (Java). 
Hypselobagrus macronema BuEEKER, Atl. Ich., II, p. 58, pl. ux xi (Java). 
Head 4.50; depth 4.20; eye 4 in head; snout 2.40; interorbital 3; 
D.; I. 7; A. 11; adipose fin very long, its base 2.14 in length with- 
out caudal; 4 barbels to each side, the maxillary barbels extending to 
origin of anal fin; vomerine teeth united in a single band, similar to 
teeth in jaws; origin of ventrals on a line with origin of adipose dorsal ; 
first spine of pectorals slightly serrate. 
One specimen, length 8.20 inches. 


5. HEMIBAGRUS PLANICEPS (Kuhl and Van Hasslt). 


Bagrus planiceps Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Nat. Hist. Poiss., XIV, p. 421 
(Java). 

Hemibagrus planiceps Bueeker, Atl. Ich. Silur., p. 56, pl. uxx1 (Java). 

Macrones planiceps GUNTHER Cat., V, p. 81 (Java and Sumatra). 

Head 4; depth 6.10; eye 6 in head; snout 2.75; interorbital 3; D-I, 
8; A., 13; base of adipose fin, 1.50 in head; barbels, 4 on each side, 
maxillary barbels extending to dorsal fin; vomerine teeth in a united 
band; first spine of pectoral serrate; first dorsal spine slightly serrate. 

Color in spirits, grayish, an indistinct dusky spot on sides near 
origin of lateral line. 

Six specimens, length 5 to 9.75 inches. 


no. 1575. FISHES FROM BUYTENZORG, JAVA—JORDAN AND SEALE. 5387 


Family COBITID™. 
6. NEMACHEILUS FASCIATUS (Kuhl and Van Hasselt). 


Nemacheilus fasciatus Kuni and Von Hassett, Algem. Konst. Letterb., XI, 1833, 


lod 


p. 133.—Buieerxer, Atl. Ich., p. 70, pl. cm, fig.7.—Gtnruer, Cat., VII, 
p. 349 (Java). 
Cobitis fasciata CuvreER and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVITI, p. 18. 

Head 4.50; depth 5; eye 4.10 in head; snout 2.45; interorbital 
2.45; D. 12; A. 7; barbels 5, the maxillary pair scarcely reaching 
opercle; origin of dorsal in line with origin of ventrals. 

Color in spirits, body with 15 to 20 vertical yellowish bands; base of 
caudal with dark blotch or band; some specimens with a dusky spot 
on anterior of dorsal. 

Twenty-six specimens, length 1.25 to 2.50 inches. 


7. LEPIDOCEPHALICHTHYS HASSELTII (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


Cobitis hasseltti Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVIII, p. 56. 
Lepidocephalichthys hasseltti Burexer, Atl. Ich., ITT, p.13, pl. cmt, fig. 2 (Buyten- 
zorg, Java). . 
Head 5; depth 5.25; eye 3.50 in head; snout 2.75; D. 8; A. 7; 
caudal truncate; barbels present. 
Color, in spirits, yellowish, mottled with brownish blotches above; a 
narrow dusky median line on sides; dorsal and caudal with fine dots; 
a dusky line on side of snout. 


Family CYPRINID. 
8. CYPRINUS CARPIO (Linnzus). 


Three specimens of the common carp. <A second specimen seems 
to belong to the variety called Cyprinus flaripinna by Doctor 
Bleeker.4 

Head 3.20; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 2.85; interorbital 2.85; 
D. 20; A. 8; scales 6—34-5. 

Color in spirits, yellowish, darker above. 


9. HAMPALA MACROLEPIDOTA (Kuhl and Van Hasselt). 


Capoeta macrolepidota Cuvirr and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVI, p. 280, pl. 
CCCCLEKVEL, 

Hampala macrolepidota BueEKER, Atl. Ich., III, p. 112, pl. xxxvui, fig. 2 (Java). 

Barbus hampal GUNTHER, Cat., VIT, p. 139. 


Head 3.50; depth 4; eye 4.85 in head; snout 3.30; interorbital 
3.50; scales 4-28-5; D.12; A. ITT, 5. 


@ Atl. Ich., III, p. 74, pl. cvuu, fig. 3. 


538 


Color in spirits dull yellowish; upper and lower margin of caudal 
black; front margin of dorsal black; a large dusky blotch on sides 
below anterior portion of dorsal. 

Three specimens, length 3 to 7.50 inches. 

This species belongs to the genus or section Hampala, distinguished 
by the form of the mouth, which is larger than usual in Puntiws and 
Capoeta. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XT. 


10, BARBODES RUBRIPINNIS (Kuhl and Van Hasselt). 


Barbus rubripinnis (Kunuand Van Hassexr), Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., 
XVI, p. 149.—GUtnrtu_er, Cat., VII, p. 116. 
Puntius rubripinnis BLeexer, Atl. Ich., III, pl. cxxxry, fig. 3. 

Head 4.20; depth 2.60; eye 4.50 in head; snout 3.40; interor- 
bital 2.10; D. 11; A. 9; third dorsal ray strong and serrate 
behind; scales 5-32—5; barbels 4; the upper pair one-half length of 
lower; lips smooth. 

Color in spirits, yellowish, slightly darker above; an indistinct 
dusky blotch on caudal peduncle. 

Two specimens, lengtl® 3.25 to 7 inches. 

Barbodes is distinguished from Puntius (Systomus) by the presence 
of four barbels. 


11. BARBODES OBTUSIROSTRIS (Van Hasselt). | 


Barbus obtusirostris (VAN Hassett) Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Nat. Hist. Poiss., 
_ XVI, p. 167 (Java).—Gtnruer, Cat., VII, p. 121 (Java). 
Puntius obtusirostris BLEEKER, Atl. Ich., IV, p. 106, pl. cxxx1m, fig. 1. 

Head 4.10; depth 2.60; eye 3.25 in head; snout 3.30; inter- 
orbital 2.75; D. 11; A. 12; scales 5-26-3; origin of dorsal on a 
line with origin of ventral; third dorsal ray strong and denticulate. 
Color in spirits, yellowish, slightly darker above tip of dorsal and 
margin of caudal dusky. 

Four specimens, length 4.25 to 5 inches. 


12, BARBODES BINOTATUS (Kuhl). 


Barbus binotatus and B. maculatus CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVI, pp. 
168-195 (Java). 


2 


Barbus maculatus GUNTHER, Cat., VII, p. 123. 
Barbus microps GUNTHER, Cat. VII, p. 124 (Java). 

Head 3.10; depth 3.10; eye 3in head; snout 4; D. 11; A.8; scales 
5-22-3; barbels 4; origin of dorsal over origin of ventrals. 

Color in spirits, yellowish white, darker above; a round black spot 
on middle of caudal peduncle, another at anterior base of dorsal, and 
one at anterior base of anal; a broken indistinct dusky line along 
middle of sides, this line made up of more or less numerous black 
dots. These markings disappear more or less completely with age. 

Numerous specimens, length 14 to 3 inches. 


no. 1575. FISHES FROM BUYTENZORG, JAVA—JORDAN AND SEALE. 539 


There seems to be no important reason for separating the Java 
species, Barbodes microps (Gimther), from the common East Indian 
species of this type, for which the oldest name seems to be binotatus. 


13. ANEMATICHTHYS APOGON (Kuhl). 


Barbus apogon Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVI, p. 392 (Java).—Giin- 
THER, Cat., VII, p. 150 (Java). 
Cyclocheilichthys apogon BLEEKER, Atl. Ich., III, pl. exxxt, fig. 3 (Java). 

Head 3.50; depth 2.80; eye 3.30 in head; snout 3.30; interor- 
bital 3; D. 12; A. 8; scales 34; origin of dorsal behind origin of ven- 
trals; osseous dorsal ray serrate, its length about equal to head; no 
barbels. 

Color in spirits, yellowish, indistinct dusky streaks on back and 
indistinct dusky blotch on caudal peduncle. 

Numerous specimens, length 1—5 inches. 

Anematichthys differs from Cyclocheilichthys in having no barbels. 


14. OSTEOCHILUS HASSELTII (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 


Rolara hasselttt Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Poiss., XVI, p. 274.-—BLEEKER, Atl. 
che ae p66, eple oxy. te ells (lana) 
Osteochilus hasseltti GUNrHER, Cat., VII, p. 41 (Java). 
Head 4.25; depth 3; eye 4 in head; snout 2.75; interorbital 2; D. 
17; A. III, 5; scales 6-35-5; barbels 4; lips fringed. 
Color in spirits, yellowish, a dusky line along each row of scales, a 
round dusky spot on caudal peduncle. 
Two specimens, length 3.75—5.50 inches. 


Fig. 1.—RASBORA LATERISTRIATA. 


15. RASBORA LATERISTRIATA (Van Hasselt). 


Leuciscus lateristriatus VAN Hassevr, Konst. Allg. Letterb., 1823, IT, Pals2 
Rasbora lateristriata BuerKer, Atlas Cyprin., p. 121, pl. xvu, fig.2 (Java and 
Sumatra).—GutnrueEr, Cat., VII, p. 195. 
Head 4.50 in length to base of caudal; depth 3.75; eye 3.30 in head; 
snout 3.50; iterorbital 2.40; D.9; A. 7; scales 5-30-2; lateral line 
low; mouth oblique, the maxillary scarcely extending to eye; no bar- 


° 


540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL M USEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


bels; gill rakers short, less than 10 on lower limb; origin of dorsal 
behind ventrals, slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; 
longest dorsal ray 2.50 in distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; 
origin of anal nearer to origin of ventral than base of caudal; base of 
anal 2.50 in head; ventrals midway between posterior margin of oper- 
cles and origin of anal, their length 1.30 in head; pectorals about equal 
to length of head; caudal emarginate, slightly longer than head. 

Color in spirits, yellowish white, a brown stripe on middle of sides, 
broad and distinct on posterior half of body and fading out anteriorly, 
scarcely showing on anterior third of body; fins uniform. None of 
our specimens show any trace of a dark spot above the vent. This 
is probably to be seen on adults only. Nineteen specimens, length 
1.25 to 3.75 inches. 

Family P@CILIIDA. 
16. APLOCHEILUS PANCHAX (Buchanan-Hamilton). 


Esox panchax BucHANAN-HamizTon, Fishes, Ganges, pp. 211, 380, pl. m1, fig. 69. 

Panchax buchanani CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, Poiss. XVIII, p. 283.—BLEEKER, 
Atl. Ich., III, p. 141, pl. xum, fig. 3 (Buytenzorg, Java). 

Haplochilus panchax GUNTHER, Cat., VI, p. 311. 

Head 3.10; depth 4; eye 3.10 in head; snout 2.50; interorbital 
2: D.7; A. 14; scales 24; fine teeth in jaws; snout flat and some- 
what spatulate. 

Color in spirits, yellowish brown, a large distinct black ocellus on 
base of dorsal, caudal rounded. 

Numerous specimens, length 1—1.40 inches. 


Family EXOCTID/. 
17. DERMATOGENYS FLUVIATILIS (Bleeker). 
Hemirhamphus fluviatilis Buenxer, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind., I, p. 95.—Gtn- 
THER, Cat., VI, p. 275. 


Head 4; depth 7.50; eye 4 in head; snout 2.50; its length 
greater than width, length of the projecting under jaw from tip of 
upper 1.75 in head; D. 9; A. 14; origin of dorsal over 5th ray of 
anal. 

Ten specimens, very young, length 1 to 2 inches. 


Family OPHICEPHALID. 
18. OPHICEPHALUS STRIATUS Bloch. 


Ophicephalus striatus Buocu, Ichth., p. 359.—BireKer, Atl. Ich., XS = ple 
cccxcix, fig. 1.—Ginruer, Cat., III, p. 474 (Java). 
Head 3.10; depth 5.75; eye 8 in head; snout 5.50; interorbital 
nos 


? 
4; D.42; A. 27; scales 5-57-8. 


no. 1575. FISHES FROM BUYTENZORG, JAVA—JORDAN AND SEALE. 541 


Color in spirits whitish below, brow nish { gray above; a dusky 
stripe back from angle of mouth; vertical fins with more or less dis- 
tinct oblique stripes. 

Three specimens, length, 5 to 8.25 inches. 


19. OPHICEPHALUS GACHNA (Buchanan-Hamilton). 


Ophicephalus gachna BucHANAN-HaAmitton, Fishes Ganges, p. 68, pl. xx, fig. 
21.—GUNTHER, Cat., III, p. 471 


Head a soe 6; eye 7.50 in head; snout 5; interorbital 3.20; 
D. 33; A. 22; scales 5-43-6. 

Colon in oe brownish, indications of darker bands over back; 
vertical fins margined with white; pectorals with dusky stripes. 


Six specimens, length 2.25 to 6 inches. 


Family ANABANTIDA. 
20. ANABAS SCANDENS (Daldorff). 


Perca scandens Dauporrr, Trans. Linn. Soc., III, p. 62. 
Anabas scandens GUNTHER, Cat., III, p. 375.—Day, Fishes of India, p. 370, pl. 
LCVIII, fig. 3. 
Head 3; depth 3; eye 4.10 in head; snout 5; D. XVII, 8; A. IX, 
9; scales 30. 
Color in spirits, brownish, black at posterior margin of opercle. 
One specimen, length 4.50 inches. 


Family OSPHROMENID. 
21. OSPHROMENUS STRIATUS (Bleeker). 


Trichopus striatus BLEEKER, Batav. Gen., XXIII, p. 11. 
Osphromenus striatus GUNTHER, Cat., III, p. 386. 

Head 2.50; depth 3; eye 3.30 in head; snout 3; D. III,6; A. VII, 
25; scales 28; outer rays of ventrals aati prolonged. 

Body with four longitudinal dusky bands; in some specimens the 
two median bands are more distinct than in others, the bands broad- 
ening into a dusky blotch at upper part of opercles, a dusky spot on 
caudal peduncle. 

Fifty-seven specimens, length 1 to 2 inches. 


22. OSPHROMENUS TRICHOPTERUS (Pallas). 
Labrus trichopterus Pauuas, Spicilegia, VIII, p. 45. 
Osphromenus trichopterus GUNTHER, Cat., III, p. 384 (Java). 


Head 3.50; depth 2.60; eye 3.50 in head; snout 4; interorbital 
2.75; D. VII, 6; A. XI, 36; scales 40; ventrals consisting of two long 
filaments which extend to caudal fin, 


542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


Color in spirits, yellowish brown, a black spot on middle of sides, 
another on sides of caudal peduncle; caudal anal soft; anal with 
white spots. 

Ten specimens, length 1.50 to 3.25 inches. ‘This is the variety called 
koelreuterr by Cuvier and Valenciennes.¢ 


Family GOBITD AS. 
23. GLOSSOGOBIUS TAMBUJON (Bleeker). 


Gobius tambujon BLEEKER, Banten, p. 319 (Java). 
fobwus tambujon GUNTHER, Cat., III, p. 32. 

Head -3.30; depth 4.75; eye.3 in head; snout 4; D. VI-7; A. 7;- 
scales 24; head naked; maxillary extending to a line with anterior 
part of eye; tongue emarginate; width of head greater than its depth; 
depth of head 1.50 in its length; interorbital space equal to width of 
pupil; teeth minute. 

Color whitish, with five indistinct dusky bands over back—equal in 
width to the interspaces, five dusky blotches on sides alternating with 
the bars of back, dusky lines radiating from eye. 

Forty-one specimens, length 1—1.50 inches. 


Fic. 2.—GLOSSOGOBIUS CAMPBELLIANUS. 


24. GLOSSOGOBIUS CAMPBELLIANUS (Jordan and Seale, new species). 


Head 3 in length to base of caudal; depth 5; eye 4 in head; D. VI-— 
6; A. 7; scales 23; tongue notched; cheeks tumid; maxillary about 
2 in head, extending to posterior margin of eye; interorbital narrow; 
head naked, its width 1.20 in its length, its depth 2; mouth wide, 
oblique, lower jaw slightly projecting; lips narrow; snout blunt, its 
length 4.20 in head; isthmus very narrow, teeth small, sharp-pointed, 
no canines; the gill openings wide; 2 longitudinal rows of small warts 
on cheeks, about 3 vertical rows on opercles; top of head smooth and 


aNat. His. Poiss., pl. cxcrx. 


0.1575. FISHES FROM BUYTENZORG, JAVA—JORDAN AND SEALE. 548 


flat; origin of dorsal shghtly posterior to axis of ventral; second dor- 
sal spine long and thread-like, extending to behind second dorsal; 
base of second dorsal 2.50 in head, its longest ray 1 in head; origin 
of anal midway between posterior end of maxillary and base of caudal, 
its longest ray 1.75 in head; tip of ventral scarcely reaching origin of 
anal, its longest ray 1.20 in head; pectoral 1.15 in head, no free rays; 
caudal rounded, its length 1.10 in head. 

Color in spirits, greenish; five dusky bars over back which extend 
obliquely forward on sides, a row of five dusky elongate spots on 
median line; three or four short dusky lines radiate from eye; caudal 
with about six dusky vertical lines, other fins washed with dusky. 

Two specimens, length 1.10 to 1.50 inches. 

The type is No. 61051 U.S.N.M. Cotype is No. 20160 Stanford 
University, from Buytenzorg, Java, collected by Dr. D. H. Campbell. 

This species seems to belong to Glossogobius, having the large 
mouth, notched tongue, and narrow isthmus of Glossogobius brunneus 
and G. giuris. The scales are, however, much larger than in the 
latter species, and the soft dorsal and anal shorter. Gobius melanurus 
Bleeker, scantily described by Bleeker, agrees with this species in 
scales and fin rays. The color is different, however, and the mouth 
is not described. 


A NEW GECKOID LIZARD FROM THE PHILIPPINE 
ISLANDS. 


By LEONHARD STEJNEGER, 


Curator, Division of Reptiles and Batrachians, U. S. National Museum. 


During a visit to some of the islands north of Luzon, composing 
the Babuyan group, Mr. R. C. McGregor, of the Science Bureau, 
Manila, collected on the islands of Fuga and Calayan a series of 
lizards whicn he kindly donated to the United States National 
Museum. As might be expected, they belong to the families 
Gekkonide and Scincide, the latter being represented by numer- 
ous specimens of Mabuya multicarinata, Dasia smaragdina, and 
Sphenomorphus jagorii from both islands, besides a single Emoia 
atrocostata from Fuga. Of the geckos the collection contains Hemi- 
dactylus frenatus from both islands, Gekko monarchus from Calayan, 
and an undescribed species from the latter island. This new species 
evidently belongs to the genus Luperosaurus, and I take great pleas- 
ure in dedicating it to its discoverer, who has contributed so much to 
our knowledge of Philippine zoology. 


LUPEROSAURUS MACGREGORI, new species. 


Diagnosis.—No cutaneous fold along the sides of the body and 
very slight ones along the legs; tail not keeled laterally, nor flattened 
underneath. 

Hatbitat.—Calayan Island, Philippine Archipelago. 

Type-—Cat. No. 36191, U.S.N.M.; Calayan Island, Babuyan 
group; R. C. McGregor, collector. 

Description of type specimen.— Male. Eye nearer the ear than the 
tip of the snout, its diameter about two-thirds of its distance from 
the latter; forehead shghtly concave; ear-opening small, obliquely 
elliptic; digits half webbed; a very narrow dermal fold on each side 
of the legs, slightly better developed along the posterior side of the 


@ For an account of the trip and the islands see The Birds of Calayan and Fuga, 
Babuyan Group, by Richard C. McGregor, in Bull. Philippine Museum, No. 4, May 
15, 1904, pp. 3-6. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1576. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 35 545 


546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


femur, but not a trace of fold on sides of body or tail; tail not longer 
than body (without head), narrow, slightly depressed, not more 
flattened underneath than above; body and extremities above and 
below covered with minute granules, those on the underside of the 
tail slightly larger; rostral broad, rectangular, with a median triangu- 
lar process above, in touch with a small median internasal between 
two wide supranasals; nostril between rostral, first supralabial, one 
small postnasal and two supranasals, the anterior of which are very 
wide and nearly meeting behind the rostral; 15 upper (14 on right 
side) and 14 lower labials; mental small, not distinguishable by size 
or shape from the other labials; no chin-shields, but the throat gran- 
ules increase gradually in size toward the labials; a transverse group 
of somewhat enlarged granules a short distance in front of the vent, 
the posterior row bearing an uninterrupted series of 16 pores; tail 
above slightly annulate, each annulus marked posteriorly on the 
side by a slightly enlarged spine-like scale. Color (Gn alcohol) ‘above 
dull russet clouded with indistinct dusky markings which are more 
or less longitudinal; underside whitish, slightly washed with russet. 


Dimensions. 

: Min 
Totalileneth, (tailbrokem)...2 <2 .fssei so Sees eee ig ee ree 50 
Mp Of SnOUtitO eye. . 2). gesckine ke eg e e ee 4.5 
Tip Ol shout sto vearsst 242 os 2 hae ee eee ee ee 10 
Pip Otsnout: to went s. 0.2.2 ke eine a ee eae a 35 
Diameter of eye.s es. Tak Se 5 a8 see ens acne ep ereree ae 33 
Tail from vient (broken): = ses oe eee ae ee reer 15 
Foredleg is. Sas5 a Pend a Ree Eh ee ree 8 
Hind Tepe 38 S57 See st eee ee i cee oe oe a ee eee ila 


Remarks.—Besides the one described above, Mr. McGregor cap- 
tured in the same place a very young specimen which in all essentials 
agrees with it. The tail is complete and equals the distance between 
the head and the vent. The chief difference in the scutellation 
consists in the large anterior supranasals being abbreviated by the 
separation of a small scale at the inner end, there being thus three 
internasals in touch with the rostral mieten of one. The color is 
also essentially the same, but the russet color of the upper side, 
instead of gradually fading into a pale wash on the abdomen, invades 
the latter in the form of well-defined, but narrow, transverse, and 
somewhat wavy lines. 

The present species seems to differ from the type of the genus 
Luperosaurus cumingii chiefly in the differently shaped tail and the 
total absence of a fold along the sides of the body. The latter is not 
specifically mentioned by Boulenger in his description (Cat. Liz. Brit. 
Mus., I, p. 181), but it is plainly shown in the figure (Plate XV, fig. 2). 


sakaiam R. 


Pulo Bluagi 


L 
S 
a 
= 
.-¢ 
Ea 
oI 
o 


alld 
RO 


ue lle 
lle 


uUIS 


SKETCH MAP OF LOWER KAPUAS RIVER, WESTERN BORNEO. 


MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO BY DR. 
Wc, ABBOTT: 


By Marcus Warp Lyon, JR., 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals, U.S. National Museum. 


INTRODUCTION. 


From about the middle of June until the end of September, 1905, 
Dr. W. L. Abbott occupied himself in exploring western Borneo, 
where some three hundred specimens of mammals were collected, all 
of which he presented to the United States National Museum. <A 
few preliminary notices “ of these have been published, but the col- 
lection as a whole is treated of for the first time in the following pages. 

After collecting in the vicinity of Pontianak and along the Sungei 
Sama, Doctor Abbott ascended the Landak River to about Ngabong, 
making collections along the shores as he returned down that stream. 
He next ascended the Kapuas River as far as Sanggau, where the 
Sakaiam River, or Sungei Sakaiam, flows into the Kapuas. From 
Sanggau Doctor Abbott ascended the Sakaiam for 105 miles, reach- 
ing Mrowi, near the Sarawak frontier. As this trip was made in a 
small boat, no attempt was made to collect animals, his efforts being 
directed toward securing ethnological objects from the Dyaks. Col- 
lections of mammals were, however, made on the trip down the 
Kapuas from Sanggau. 

The maps published on the region of western Borneo show that the 
lower courses of the Landak and Kapuas rivers pass through an area 
of lowland swamps, as would be inferred from the tortuous courses 
of the rivers and their numerous mouths. The upper courses of the 


a Pigmy Squirrels of the Nannosciurus melanotis group, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- 
ington, XIX, pp. 51-56, May 1, 1906. 

Notes on the Slow Lemurs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX XI, pp. 527-538, pl. x11, 
November 9, 1906. 

Mammals of Banka, Mendanau, and Billiton, islands between Sumatra and Borneo, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, pp. 575-612, December 18, 1906. Mention of Rusa 
brookei, Muntiacus pleiharicus, Nannosciurus borneanus, and Cynopterus brachyotis. 

Notes on some squirrels of the Sciurus hippurus group, with descriptions of two new 
species, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., L, Pt. 1, pp. 24-29, April 8, 1907. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1577. 547 
a) 


548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL.MUSEUM. you, xxxut. 


rivers traverse a country, characterized by low hills. See map, frontis- 
piece, where most of the points visited by Doctor Abbott are shown. 
Doctor Abbott’s remarks on the places visited by him follow: 


The Sungei Sama is one of the two branches of the Ambawang which flows into the 
Landak River, 2 miles above Pontianak. This river is inhabited by Dyaks, who have 
been accustomed to shoot for naturalists at Pontianak, and that is the reason for my 
comparative success during my short stay. I stayed at the Kampong of the Mankoh 
(headman), 18 miles from Pontianak. The district is all swampy, and the big jungle 
is cleared immediately along the river for a half mile back. There are many sago plan- 
tations. Beyond a half mile from the river bank is heavy forest. The headwaters of 
the Sama are onsome hills,and here is where the two Orangs were shot. The Dyaks 
live in the regular long houses (Rumeh Panjong) of the Dyaks, but are otherwise much 
Malayified. 

The country along the Landak River for the lower 50 miles of its course is swampy 
and still mostly heavy forest. The last kampong (village) is about 14 miles from Pon- 
tianak, and from here,to Batu Ampar the banks are mostly heavy forest. Above this 
point the banks become higher and the country largely covered with scrub jungle and 
lalang, and is inhabited by a considerable population of Dyaks. A good many Malays 
inhabit the district about Ngabong and along the river. 

About Sanggau the country is mostly rolling, with low hills. Not much heavy forest 
is left, mostly scrub jungle and lalang with small patches of heavier forest. The Sak- 
aiam River flows into the Kapuas at this point, coming down from the borders of Sara- 
wak. There is a considerable population of Malays along the bank and many Dyaks 
in the district. I went up the Sakaiam as far as Mrowi, about 105 miles. Scarcely 
any heavy forest is left near the river; all scrub and lalang. A good deal of heavy 
forest remains along its affluent, the Kumbaiang River. Along its upper course, but 
not upon its banks, are many hills which are still forest clad, especially near the Sara- 
wak border. I was told much rimba (virgin forest) exists along the Jangko, the first 
branch of the Sakaiam abave Sanggau. 

What I saw of Borneo up the Kapuas was a poor place for collecting. Down the river 
in the swampy forests there were some animals, the inhabitants being Malays or 
Dyaks who did not eat monkeys. But every Dyak has a gun in Borneo, and up 
river everything having fur, fin, or feather is devoured. Sarawak being a native State, 
the natives are allowed firearms, and as a consequence guns and ammunition drift across 
the frontier all over Dutch Borneo. The Dutch authorities complain very much about 
it. In Sumatra one may occasionally see an old gun, but ammunition is almost 
unobtainable. 


SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES. 


The mammals collected by Doctor Abbott represent thirty-eight’ 


species or subspecies, five of which were previously unknown to 
science, two of them being here described for the first time. <A 
systematic list of all the species collected, accompanied by tables 
giving the precise localities and measurements of the individual 
specimens, with Doctor Abbott’s field observations, follows: 


MANIS JAVANICA Desmarest. 
1822. Manis javanica DesmMAREsStT, Mammalogie, Pt. 2, p. 377. 


Two specimens from Pontianak, a young and an adult male. The 
skull of the adult appears to be the oldest Manis skull in the United 
States National Museum. The zygomatic arch is complete and bony 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 549 


on each side, and is formed by the Pron | seas aS 
backward extension of the maxilla |aeinqarpuew | § = 
meeting the forward extension of ~yoo auneen| ES = & S 
the squamosal. The skull is shorter [‘ssaqududsyo | ow « 5 ~ 
and heavier, especially about the | “09. Sages fe 
rostrum, than somewhat younger OA ae Oy na eae ee 
skulls from the Malay Peninsula. = ao 
The scales of the adult are large and ieeeaar aera se 3 3 
heavy, with the markings conspicu- ecemnclc )e2 228 
ous. Many of the scales are scarred Pees okt Sse 
and broken. -yyBuoy Tes et | Se = - z 
Measurements of the adult male, = Sr Tee 
Gates Nos d42460--U.S:NM.; head $s |seq@ounuon | EE & = 8 |e 
and body (to anus), 500 mm.; tail 5 ae | aaa | a 
(from anus), 510; greatest length of “2 | ,,J™S30,.,| £g 3448/7 
skull, 104.3 mm.; zygomatic width, 3 | oS |e a 
39. The weight was 164 pounds & ee ral Deter or 
[7.48 kilos]. S Sel eee 
TRAGULUS HOSEI (Bonhote). - sooppm | §: : 2 2 
1903. Tragulus kanchil hosei BoNHoTE, = | Peay etn 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XI, s Nieaae scaewrptureiear ee 
p. 239. March 1903 (received at .“* |. aes 
library of U. S. National Museum, “S /OPPINPIH| ge: ; * * 
March 16, 1903). = | p 
1903. Tragulus virgicollis Mier, = | & | Bees 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVI, = | ; Efe bot 
p. 37. March 19, 1908. S : af es 
Skin and skull of anadultfemale, 5 | 5 Bee geal 
from the Kapuas River below Tyan. 3 | Soe : 
In point of color and markings this . | pega? 
specimen is indistinguishable from epee a a re 
Tragulus kanchil of Sumatra, differ- = 222 :|% 
ing from that species only in the * = Be leases 
greater length of the hind foot and & Bd eines 
somewhat greater size of the skull. ae a : 
In most respects, it resembles the is ones es 
type of T. virgicollis (= T. hosei), 5 oe 2 8 
but differs from it conspicuously in : Go = d 
the absence of the narrow, well- 8.8.2 oe 
defined nape stripe. With but one oe 
skin from the Kapuas River, it does | Peotone 
not seem advisable, for the present 
at least, to recognize two distinct Hote 
races of the kanchil group on Borneo. z Sosy 
(For measurements, see table here- A Reais S 
with.) z & 


550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


TRAGULUS BORNEANUS Miller. 


1902. Tragulus borneanus MiuuER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 174, 
August 6, 1902. 

Two skins with skulls and one skeleton, from the Kapuas River. 
The skins are practically indistinguishable in coloration from speci- 
mens of Tragulus napu from Sumatra. The Bornean animals are 
somewhat smaller. (For measurements, see page 549.) 


RUSA BROOKE! (Hose). 


1893. Cervus brookei Hose, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XII, p. 206. 
1906. Rusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX XI, p. 585, December 18, 
1906. 

Two specimens from along the Kapuas River, the antlers of an 
adult male, Cat. No. 142356, U.S.N.M., and the skull of a nearly adult 
male, Cat. 142357, U.5.NM. 

Measurements of these specimens respectively: Length of antler 
along convexity of curve, 462, 325; burr to tip of frontal tine along 
convexity, 160, 136; circumference of antler above frontal tine, 132, 
84; tip of apical tine to its angle with main trunk of antler, 50, 33. 
The basal length of the skull of Cat. No. 142357, U.S.N.M., is 
332 mm., maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 105 mm. 


MUNTIACUS PLEIHARICUS (Kohlbrugge). 
1896. Cervulus pleiharicus Kontpruece, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlan- 
dsch-Indié, LV, 1896, p. 192, plate facing p. 260. 
1906. Muntiacus pletharicus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, p. 583, Decem- 
ber 18, 1906. 

Represented by the frontlet and antlers of an adult male from the 
Sakaiam River, Cat. No. 142358, U.S.N.M. 

Measurements: Burr to tip of antler along convex curve, left 
112 mm., right 97; tip of frontal tine to angle with main trunk of 
antler, left 26, right 27; distance between the angles of the pedicles 
with skull, 56; distance from angle of pedicle with skull to posterior 
edge of burr, left 83, right 83. 

SUS BARBATUS Miiller. 
1839. Sus barbatus MiuuER, Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschied. en Physi- 
ologie, V, p. 149. 
1906. Sus barbatus, Minter, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 739, June 13. 1906. 

Six skulls, without skins, obtained from the natives along the 
Landak River. Cranial measurements are given in the table below, 
the points between which they are taken being the same as those used 
by Miller in his Notes on Malayan Pigs.* Of the six skulls, five are 
evidently males and one a female. They are all skulls of adult or 


aFroc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 755, 766, June 13, 1906. 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. ayaa | 


nearly adult animals. Cat. No. 142355, U.S.N.M., is the youngest, 
the last upper molar is just through the alveolus, and is entirely 
unworn. Cat. No. 142353, U.S.N.M., is of about the same age. 
Cat. No. 142350, U.S.N.M., the female, is a little older than the two 
preceding, as the last upper molar is beginning to show wear. The 
last upper molar in Cat. No. 142354, U.S.N.M., shows more wear than 
any of the foregoing, but not so much as the remaining two, Cat. Nos. 
142352 and 142351, U.S.N.M., which are fully adult boars. The 
teeth of No. 142351, U.S.N.M., show considerable wear. The lower 
jaw sent in with this specimen evidently came from another indi- 
vidual, as it does not fit the skull accurately. However, it is the 
lower jaw of a male of about the same age, or perhaps a trifle older, 
and from an animal about the same size. 


Cranial measurements of Sus barbatus from western Borneo. 


| 
| 


i} 
| 


ise es + 5 a | oof a 
ee | 8s 18s | 8. | 8, | 8. 
a3 35 a ah ae a = 
Bee Se) Sere eae 
Dimensions. las ae og ao gS a8 
3 4H As Az Ze Ax Zk 
= Le fe oe lo] 3 
Aa: ) mae! Sits! -& .28 g 
Sie eae alee Sr ea lieees alereu 
SH Wwora hee. ts owe 
mm mm mm mm mm mm 
Wiysy oer leread ee Pn a ee ee ee eee 395 480 418 AT SieN soso oes | 487 
IBSENS pI Taye i a SS Pe na ee et es aid) Mleaaeesesllesennoar AQT) Heese J. eee nee 
Basilamilength. 22 se...) 5.20557. ope Dab te S Wen mine SOON Meter eer |r acces IBS 77am | as eee cp eR 
alabalelen a hice soe awake <2 es gawk Gay, Roe oie 278 294 284 323 312 333 
Widthvotmpalateratypml sac. oes ase a ease 40 42.5 32. 2 45 | 40 43 
Width of palate, including m3 _.......... Peo RENN 68. 2 79. 3 66. 6 67 69} 75 
Least width of palate at front of m*............-.... 25 27 Seay By Piper) Rul 
EY FOUN SLC BOLD CUE es eens Se je 9 eee eS aac: 128 155 138 | 160 158 is 172 
ikeastunterorbital breadth. =.---22-...--.-5-.--4--.-- 58 69 66 65 76.5 | ° 69 
ATI SuAleCOMSUnC LOM eas tase emer ce ack Homan ece sere W468) Loe 17.7 10.5 ieron| 20.8 
Nasal breadth at posterior extremity of premaxillary-| 30.2 3250 32. 4 30. 7 33.6 | 36 
ILivaredilnn OW IGM) Sane eee das ease sea otae wean eee 200 299 2127250 leet eee | 267 
Occeipitalidepthstobasion=-- 5-4 -2225----4.2--e2- es ee 1 ea Reveal | eee ne [leas | oe Sessesoe 
Mandible......-... Soeesas Sf Piss see Se eee Swine 315 =| 327 306 =| 350 349 | 386376 
MiaallsrvetOouunoyy (@lveOli) ss. o- se. sec occ ece ceo 120.5) 129 | 126.4) 129 | 1382 | 138 
| 23 24.5 23 ean 22850 |e saon) 25 
Second upper molar..... See Ae eh a aS eS x x x |i xX x x 
| 20 20 1.5] 185] 195] “20 
j 34 33 33. 5 Bhi 35. 5 36 
IMauiol ioe Woe) ie eke ooene -aneauoee apese Beane tee x SS RK x xX | X 
| 90.5] 21.5| 20.5] 90.5] 1 20.5 
Mandibular toothrow (alveoli)..-.....-.......--.... 127 123 128 | 125 136 138 
22.5 23. 5 22 23 23 25 
Second lowemmolansse 9245 2-2 -eesse st ee eaeeeaee oes AX x x x x al) x 
(Soa 16 15 15 aah) meligs 
| 38 36 | ~2S88 27D 41 | 45 
PPhindelowenrimmolare oe. me ses acc see eea sone eee ce +. xX x x x | x 
ase 75 lbaeMiebel size || 19 ar 20 


« Palatal length measured from the most anterior portion of the posterior edge of the lateral halves 
of the palate, and not from the notch between the two halves of the palate. The latter point seems to 
be variable and becomes pushed farther backward with advancing age. 

[I did not see a single live pig in Borneo. Judging from the tusks, 
the Dyaks keep the lower jaws only, some of the boars must be 


enormous.—W. L. Abbott.] 


552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XX XIII. 


SCIURUS BORNEOENSIS BORNEOENSIS (Miller and Schlegel). 


1839-44. Sciurus rafflesii var. borneoensis Mtiter and ScuiEeGcren, Verhandl. 
Natur. Geschied. Nederland. Overz. Bezitl. Leiden, p. 86. 


Ten of the prevostw squirrels collected by Doctor Abbott in western 
Borneo may be referred to this form. For a list of them, with exact 
localities, see table of measurements, page 556. Sciurus borneoensis 
appears to be a very variable species, inhabiting western Borneo 
north of the Kapuas River. South of that river a very different 
prevostii squirrel occurs, which is described on page 554. The squirrels 
north of the river fall into two distinct forms, the typical red-shoul- 
dered borneoensis, apparently confined to the uplands, and a dark- 
bellied black-shouldered form, described below as a new subspecies, 
confined to the swampy lands near the mouths of the rivers. Above 
Tanjong Putus, on the Landak River, and above Pulo Saparo, on 
Kapuas River (see map, frontispiece), Doctor Abbott collected the red- 
shouldered form, while below these points the specimens all have 
blackish shoulders. Three skins from Tanjong Putus, collected on 
July 15, are referable to the typical form, while two others also 
marked Tanjong Putus, collected on July 16, are referable to the 
dark-shouldered variety. As Doctor Abbott collected while descend- 
ing the rivers, the two skins obtained on July 16 are probably from a 
slightly lower point on the river than the three taken on the previous 
day. 

While visiting the Leyden Museum, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., made 
the following notes on the cotypes of Sciwrus borneoensis. 

Cotypes, three [lettered: 0, p, and q], all from Pontianak. They are very uniform 
in color, all showing the strongly grizzled sides above the pale lateral stripe, the clear 
black area on shoulders being reduced to 20-25 mm. Most of the caudal hairs, except 
at base and pencil, with cream buff tips about 10 mm. long. In one specimen the 
feet are red, in the others they are black sprinkled with red hairs. Red area rufous, 
darkening to chestnut. Cheek and sides of neck a mixture of black, red, and white, 
each color slightly predominating in one specimen. Whitish spot below eye distinct 
but very small; whitish patch at base of whiskers conspicuous. Measurements: 
o (300) [head and body] 250 [tail vertebrze] 60 (55) [hind foot with and without claws], 
d (280) [head and body] 250 [tail vertebrze] 58 (53) [hind foot with : eral without claws], 

(290) [head and body] 280 [tail vertebra]. 

The three specimens taken on July 15 at Tanjong Putus, on the 
Landak River, about 25 to 30 miles above Pontianak, agree very well 
with the above account. Cat. No. 142307, U.S.N.M., from the north 
bank of the Kapuas at Sanggau, agrees most closely with the published 
figure* of S. borneoensis in respect to general coloration. It lacks 
the conspicuous white spot at base of whiskers, however, and the 
white lateral stripe is not subtended by a conspicuous black stripe. 
None of the squirrels of this species collected by Doctor Abbott 
ewher of the typical form or not, has a conspicuous white patch at 


a Nederland. Tijds. Dierkunde, I, pl. 1, fig. 3. 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 5538 


base of whiskers, but some of the nontypical forms do show small 
whitish areas at base of whiskers. The present material indicates that 
Sciurus borneoensis is a very variable species. Including in the 
species the lowland form described: below, the following are some of 
the more striking variations, but all sorts of intermediate conditions 
are found between the extremes: 

Base of whiskers whitish to bright ferruginous; cheeks and sides of 
neck and shoulders black with slight grizzling of whitish, to conspicu- 
ous grizzling with buffy and reddish, to almost a clear bright ferrugi- 
nous; area above pale lateral stripe pure black grizzled with white 
or ochraceous or both in varying mixtures; feet, pure black, « 
bright rufous or various mixtures ‘of these, or black with slight griz- 
zling of buffy; underparts bright rufous to a general effect of seal- 
brown, the latter caused by a mixture of dark chestnut and blackish. 


SCIURUS BORNEOENSIS PALUSTRIS, new subspecies. 


Type.—Adult male, skin and skull, Cat. No. 142330, U.S.N.M. 
Collected on the north bank of the Kapuas River, below Pulo Lim- 
bang, western Borneo, September 22, 1905, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. 
Geral number 4467. 

Magnostic characters.—Similar to Sciurus borneoensis borneocensis, 
but no red or rufous color appearing on cheeks, sides of neck, or shoul- 
ders. 

Color.—Top ee head, top of neck for a width of about 20 mm., back 
for a width of 25-30 mm. over shoulders, 50-60 mm. in the idee 
portion, narrowing to 20 mm. on the rump, base of the tail above and 
terminal hairs of the tail above and below, black; lateral stripe, about 
100 mm. Jong, extending from behind the shoulder where it is 5 mm. 
wide, to front of thigh, where it is 15 mm. wide, and an inconspicuous 
spot under the eye, white; sides of neck, shoulder, outer side of upper 
arm, side of body between the white lateral stripe and the black back, a 
fine and equal grizzle of black and white, becoming a coarse grizzle of 
black and white, the latter color in excess, on the sides of the rump 
above the thigh; sides of head, upper surface of feet, outer side of 
forearm, and ears, black, finely grizzled with inconspicuous white; 
base of whiskers and area around lips, buffy; underparts of body 
and inner sides of legs, an equal grizzle of black and ferruginous; 
underside of tail, between the black basal portion and the black 
pencil, a coarse mixture of black and white. 

Variations from the type-—Some specimens have more black in the 
underparts, so that the general effect is almost seal brown. One 
skin from Pulo Saparo, Cat. No. 142324, U.S.N.M., and one from 
Pulo Kanchil, Cat. No. 142319, U.S.N.M., have more extensive black 
backs and no grizzling appears between the pure black back and the 
white lateral stripe. The amount of light grizzling above the shoulder 
is variable. Two skins, Cat. No. 142321, U.S.N.M., opposite Pulo 


554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sav <a 


Jambu, and Cat. No. 1 142322, US.N: M. opposite Pulo Saparo, how 
very slight traces of the red about the shoulder, which becomes such 
a conspicuous feature of Sciurus borneoensis borneoensis. In about 
half the specimens the white side stripe is subtended by a fairly well, 
marked black stripe. This black stripe is not very evident in the 
type. The white is often so arranged on the tail that in certain 
lights it appears black and white ringed. 

Skull and teeth.—These show no characters by which they may be 
distinguished from those of the typical form or other species of the 
same size. 

Measurements.—¥or measurements of the type and series see table, 
page 556. 

Specimens examined.—Fifteen. See table, page 556. 

Remarks.—Sciurus borneoensis palustris appears to be a dark- 
shouldered, dark-bellied form of S. borneoensis confined to the low 
swampy lands near the sea. No single specimen in the present 
series shows a complete intergradation with the typical form, but by 
picking out various specimens in the two series and using only 
homologous characters complete intergradation may be found from 
any style of one to any style of the other form. 


SCIURUS SANGGAUS, new species. 


Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, Cat. No. 142296, U.S.N.M. 
Collected at Sanggau, western Borneo, south bank of Kapuas River, 
August 21, 1905, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 4357. 

Diagnostic characters:—A member of the Scvurus prevostii group, 
most like Sciurus carimate Miller,* but shoulder darker, a grizzle of 
black and buff, and the white area of thigh finely mixed with black. 

Color of type.—Nose, top of head, entire upper parts of body, and 
entire tail, black; entire underparts, inner side of legs, and upper 
surfaces of feet, ferruginous to orange-rufous; base of whiskers, 
small spot under eye, lateral stripe 100 mm. long by 10 wide, from 
just behind shoulder to front of thigh, white; outer side of bheene 
coarse grizzle of black and white; sities of Hed and neck a fine 
erizzle of black and white, the black in excess; region of shoulder 
a grizzle of bkack and pale ochraceous or buff blending in with the 
ochraceous of the upper arm. 

Variations in the series—With the exception of two specimens 
from Pulo Kubu (opposite Pulo Limbang), no noteworthy variations 
in color are found in the series. In some individuals the cheeks 
are grayer than they are in the type. One or two specimens show 
the shoulder area nearly clear gray while in others a light ochraceous 
predominates. Compared with the series taken on the north bank of 
the Kapuas, the seein soma of that river are remarkably Ca ea 


PProe. Wiens: Nat. Nee, XXXI, p- _ BY, ime 23, 1906. 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 905 


The two skins from Pulo Kubu (Cat. Nos. 142327, and 142328, 
U.S.N.M.) differ from the rest of that series in being slightly larger 
and in having the shoulder area tawny-ochraceous and the white 
on the thighs with scarcely any admixture of black. 

Skull and teeth—Apparently there are no constant differences 
by which skulls of Sciurus sanggaus may be distinguished from 
those of related species. 

Measurements.—See table, page 556. Sciurus sanggaus averages 
slightly smaller than S. borneoensis. 

Specimens examined.—Twenty-one; see table, page 556. 

Remarks.—Ilt is possible the two specimens from Pulo Kubu may 
represent a race distinct from the typical form. They average slightly 
larger than the rest of the series and differ somewhat in color as 
already noted. Except for a slightly smaller size they are practically 
indistinguishable from specimens of Sciwrus bangkanus. 

[The Sciurus raffles: [or prevostii] class was particularly interesting 
and there is a large series. All those from the left bank of the 
Kapuas (facing sea) have black tails and all from the right bank 
and its adjacent islands have gray tails and are much more variable.— 


W. L. Abbott.] 


SCIURUS DULITENSIS (Bonhote). 
1901. Sciurus vittatus dulitensis Bonnorr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VIT, 
May, 1901, p. 451. 

Doctor Abbott secured nine plantain squirrels in western Borneo 
which may be referred to this species. I have seen no examples 
from Mount Dulit, but Doctor Abbott’s’ specimens do not differ 
essentially from plantain squirrels from Sarawak, though they 
apparently have less yellow on cheeks, sides of neck, and forearm. 
In color of the underparts, size and distinctness of the lateral stripes, 
the west Borneo squirrels show considerable variation, but it does 
not seem to be correlated with definite areas as in the case of the 
prevostw. group of squirrels. For measurements see table, page 557. 


556 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL, XXXIII. 


Measurements of the squirrels of the Sciurus prevostti group in western Borneo. 


oH ' 4 
: = pela pee 
Sep Seales. Iles 3 
S| Be |e: | oneal eed Ieee 
u a5 37 || eS Q 
e : Num- Pp aes er tary eat lees 2 
Name. Locality. ipaee Sex and age. = @ |°F eh Se. || 
; Ea Pec e euz | -S 
sh tees mn 
s | ¢ ele" | Belg 
mo |. Sel Wa ale 3 
Srl o| Ee |e ames po 
= ES 
| mm.) mm.| mm.| mm. | mm. | mm. 
S. sanggaus....| Pulo Kubu, south bank | 142327 | Male adult...--- 245 | 252 | 61 | 57.0 | 20.6 | 33.8 
of apne: 
D Oe cee dsc tO eee jae sictenemece 142328 | Female adult...) 270 | 240 | 63 | 57.5 | 23.1 | 34.6 
DOM 2A. Op. Palo Saparo, south | 142313 | Male adult... .--. 245 | 235 | 61 | 53.4 | 22.6 | 33.8 
side of Kapuas. 
DOs see eeeees DO Be ache ceo sees 142314 |....-. dossaes.eee 250 | 248 | 621] 56.0 | 21.9] 34.0 
1D Yoyo es ail ere GOs: Sah5-22 cee ee 142315 |....- Os Scacersee 235 | 245 | 61 | 54.9 | 21.8] 32.9 
DOs ep een alan ae dO? 2csaie eee 142316 |... .. GOs ate 253 | 230 | 61 | 55.7 | 21.9] 34.6 
1D Yoyees Sieeery earn dol. ..2)222 22.22.25 5) 142317 | Female adult 2 = -|) 255) 255.) 62) | 57-4 | 23840) 34a9 
Doss eae Sanesau south bank of | 142293 | Male adult-....-.- | 255 | 195 | 64) 54.5 | 21.4) 3338 
Kapuas. 
Dey eS eer on Seal) 2a) | 2AM Ue ss one 2052 Woeeaes 
142295 |....- dO sac csas5a5 240 | 220 | 61 | 53.0 | 21.6 | 32.0 
1422960, Female adult...) 244 | 288] 60 | 56.3 | 23.5 | 35.8 
142297 ese (Clo ees ee 241 | 235 | 60] 55.6 | 21.5 | 34.0 
142298 |_.... Gl \Gacuaaeees 245 | 235 | 60) 54.6 | 22.2 | 33.3 
142299 |_...- COs tea ess 240 \eace- 62 | 54.9 | 20.8 | 32.4 
142300 |....- Gone cct eases 245 | 240 | 61 | 53.9 | 20.9 | 32.3 
1423010 Eee (o oye ater as 251 | 238 | 63 | 55.6 | 23.5 | 34.2 
142302 |....- dO messes 55: 280 | 225 62 | 55.8 | 21.7 | 34.0 
142303 | Male adult.....- 245 | 245 | 60] 55.2 | 21.6 | 33.0 
142304 |..... dota: rear 240 | 225] 61} 55.4] 23.2 | 34.4 
142305 | Female juv.-...-| 228 | 224] 60] 53.1] 20.2| 31.7 
142306 | Female adult -.-.-| 250 | 240 | 64 | 54.9 | 22.6 |_...-- 
S. borneoensis | Sungei Sama, near Pon- | 142286 |___.. dow titers se 265 | 255 | 64] 58.8 | 24.3 | 35.9 
palustris. tianak. 
ID apes Gee ap Putus, Landak | 142290 | Male adult..-.--- 255 | 240 | 65] 54.5 | 24.4] 35.0 
iver. 
IDO. cones \Beeee dO tec ea eee 4229 1uee ee GOsteeesceee 248 | 253 | 64 | 54.6 |...... 32.4 
i) Oe eae Below Pulo Limbang, | 142329 |__... Goin ssa see 268i aoe 65 | 57.5 | 22.0 | 33.7 
north side of Kapuas. | 
Lea eA ascot dose t eee see 1423306]... .. GOs cnseekes 260 | 270 | 65 | 58.7 | 22.6 | 34.6 
DOR eect cine eanere GO Sid... doses sae soe 1493305 eee COPE re eee 255 | 245 65.| 58.6 | 23.3 34.8 
DOW sees se Op. Pulo Jambu, north | 142320 |_.._. GOS. 28 sashe BI OHTA X61) Noe oc | 23.2 | 33.5 
side of Kapuas. 
DO ae eh celeoose GOs Saco ter -seees 142321 | Female adult 263 | 257 | 64] 58.0 | 23.3 | 35.6 
DOr aS 22 2) Baek: OR URGE. = Sences ass | 142323 |... dOntee sea 260 | 245 62 | 57.5 | 23.0 34.9 
D Osseo | Op. Pulo Saparo, north | 142322 |..... Gosaseeeetiae 260 | 260 | 64 | 59.3 | 22.3) 35.4 
| side of Kapuas. | 
DOs caste | Pulo Saparo, north side | 142324 |.....do.......... | 255 | 260 | 63 | 56.2 | 21.2 | 33.8 
of Kapuas. | 
DOR Saori eae aoc (OKO ees gene Sees | 142325 |....- dOnseecee ass 265 | 255.| 65 | 56.16} 21.5 | 3308 
Doli beet eee ORs epee set eeeete | 142326: |)2. = dowige a oe32 | 265 | 247 61 | 57.6 | 22.0 34.5 
DO Re ss ace Pulo Kanchil, north side} 142319 |.__.. dO.s2 esac 243 | 237 | 62 | 54.9 | 21.7] 32.8 
of Kapuas. | 
Dome ewes ikea QOMS Saeco ee seees 142318 | Male adult.....- 238 | 250 | 62 | 56.9 | 23.7 | 35.5 
S. borneoensis | 10 miles below Tyan, | 142309 |__... dol sscietete | 240 | 250 | 60/ 53.8 | 21.4] 32.3 
borneoensis. north bank of Kapuas. 
DORA Saeco GOs acs Slee ater 142310 |....- GOts.-2-2e.e 240 | 260 | 63 | 58.0 | 22.2] 39.0 
DOs es 22S Ae GO veeecae sees ee | 142311 Bemale adult 235 | 240 | 60} 54.3 | 21.0] 33.9 
Oise sss s8zloeees dO eee eee 142312 Nee One ease aase 2254 W24aSilh (64) | bees 22032 ees 
IDO ee eens Sanggau, north bank | 142307 nae edule Soeae O37) || 285: |) 5D | Obaou|e2or4 al eoteo 
of eoeuae | | 
D OMe 5 Gaal Goo GO seas sree eer | 142308 |...-- GOint Serene 240 | 240 | 55 | 54.0] 21.0] 33.0 
DO sa. ee cee Suinge’ Ny *, Landak | | 142292 | Female adult 240 | 225) 60 | 54.5 | 22.7] 33.9 
iver. 
DOxS rca: Tee Pane s. Landak | 142287 | Male adult...-..| 250 | 235.|' 64° | 56.51] 21.7 |) 30.0 
River. - 
DOs ssee-te|eanee DOs Ses accor mca 142288 |...-- dOse 25-82 245 | 245 | 62 | 57.0 | 22.0| 34.7 
Doss aseete se Gene (0 Ko Ree ae ee ee it 142289 |... .- dost ceS sete 245 | 250!) (63) || 54.10) 2229) e222 
| | 


a Collector’s measurements, 


b Type. 


i 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. DDT 


SCIURUS HIPPURELLUS Lyon. 
1907. Sciurus hippurellus Lyon, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., L, p. 27, April 8, 1907. 


Three specimens, two from the Landak River and one from the 
Kapuas River below Tyan. For measurements, see table below. 


Measurements of squirrels from western Borneo. 


8 ra a | 4 
> Sh {a= con ie S 
col eller (Seat a pea 
Sey SE | esol [eee Olle age 
i hel bras S 2 Sa 
Name. Locality. Sue Sex and age. Be} RS PES || aga MN mee | aS 
| br eT. st =) a mn 2 BS as 
Sel) of ON ers Ba oso 
eye hea il, Oe loaves 
le) eS | fee: @ © | eu 
ea) a | S N [A 
mm.) mm.| mm.) mm. | mm. | mm. 
S. dultiensis....| Pontianak.............. 142275 | Male,immature.| 205 | 195 bp | fie: Lt er Ul Oe 17.4 
1D) a a sscene Sungei Sama...-......- 142276 | Male, adult.-.... 210 | 208! 51 | 49.0 | 29:0 | 17.5 
DO ete oes Shia Fetea bee ea Soe ake Py | eee GORE eeneees 213.1182"), 53) 5022) 28285 |" 1657, 
DOR esas sakes oe CORE R eA ea ao 142278 |... .- MOP ese hase 200 | 195 52 | 49.4 | 29.9 17.3 
1D Xo eae Kapuas River below | 142279 |..... dai Sar eee 225 | 195 | 55 | 52.3 | 30.0 | 17.3 
Pulo Limbang. | | 
WD OMeee once. Kwala Pontianak...... 142280 | Female, adult...) 217 | 180 | 53 | 51.0 | 31.7| 18.3 
IDO er see eee COS aston one tee: 142981 | Female, young -| 190 | 180 | 50 | 48.4 | 27.8 | 16.6 
IDO Gen ceee SungeiSamae.acce- ssn. 142282; |. .2. dowsee acess! 195 | 195 | 52 | 48.7 | 28.3 17.4 
IDR aaa eee SSNS P aS eeeen see eae 142283 |....- does as. 201 | 145 | 52 | 49.0/ 29.0] 16.0 
S. hippurellus..| Kapuas River below | 142272 | Male, adult..... 200 | 250 | 61) 55.7 | 34.2 | 18.2 
Tyan. 
DOR ee ee we Landak River, Nga- | 142273 | Female, adult..| 240 | 260 | 61 | 56.1 | 34.2 19.5 
bong. 
DONS erase ae | Landak River, Batu | 142274 | Female, old... . 250 | 280 | 63 | 58.5} 35.7 | 19.7 
Ampar. 
Raephippium. =| SaAnpeaul............<c- 142332 | Male, adult....- 345 | 425 | 88 | 65.5 | 43.4] 28.3 
ID) OR Bes oe North bank of Kapuas.| 142333 |... .. dose Et ase 330 | 385 | 83 | 64.4] 40.4| 25.7 
DD) Ose nists Sanggau district, Sun- | 142334 | Female, adult..| 370 | 445 | 90 | 68.0] 42.0] 290 
gei Sakaiam. 
Doess cso Kapuas River, opposite | 142335 | Female, nearly | 320 | 415 | 82 | 63.9} 38.4] 25.1 
Pulo Jambu. adult. 
| 


aCollector’s measurements. 


® 


RATUFA EPHIPPIUM (Miller). 
1838-39. Sciurus ephippium MiuueEr, Tijds. Natuur. Geschied. Physiol., V, p. 147. 


Four specimens collected by Doctor Abbott in western Borneo 
agree fairly well with the original description, with the published 
figure,? and with notes made on the type in Leiden in 1904 by Mr. 
Gerrit S. Miller, jr., who remarks: ‘‘No locality can be given beyond 
southeastern Borneo in the low country,’ and further: ‘‘The plate 
is a good representation of this specimen, except that color is a little 
too light, especially on. cheeks, neck, feet, and along the sides, and 
the dark dorsal area does not come down far enough on the hips.’’ 

Of Doctor Abbott’s specimens, Cat. No. 142334, U.S.N.M., from 
Sungei Sakaiam agree best with Miiller’s figure as modified by Mr. 
Miller’s statement. The other three specimens are lighter and duller 
colored; especially along the sides and thighs, where they are even 
lighter in color than Miiller’s figure. The skulls show no essential 
differences from Miiller’s figures, although in general the rostrum is 
less pointed; but this may be accounted for by a certain degree of 
immaturity in the skull figured by him, which shows a distinct 
fronto-parietal suture which is always lacking in fully adult skulls. 


# Verhandl. Natuur. Geschied. Nederl., 1839-1844, p. 91, pl. x1. 


558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII 


Thus Cat. No. 142335, U.S.N.M., a nearly mature female, has a much 
more pointed rostrum than No. 142334, U.S.N.M., an old female. 
For measurements, see table, page 557. 
NANNOSCIURUS BORNEANUS Lyon. 
1906. Nannosciurus borneanus Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIX, p. 54, 
May 1, 1906. 

Thirteen specimens as follows: One skin:and skull from Sungei 
Sama; five skins and skulls and one alcoholic from Tanjong Putus, 
Landak River; five skins and skulls and one alcoholic from the 
Kapuas River. (For table of measurements of these and related 
species, see Lyon, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 594.) 


NANNOSCIURUS EXILIS (Muller). 


One skin and skull, an adult male, from Sanggau. Collector’s 
measurements: Head and body, 77 mm.; tail vertebra, 50; hind 
foot, 25. 

MUS EPHIPPIUM Jentink. 
1880. Mus ephippium JentiINK, Notes Leyden Museum, II, p. 15. 
1894. Mus ephippium, THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XIV, p. 453. 

Nine small rats, most of them immature, from various localities, 
may be referred to this species. They are somewhat smaller and 
have darker bellies and narrower audital bulle than a specimen that 
seems to be Mus ephippium from Tarussan Bay, Sumatra, but the 
material is not sufficient to determine their status satisfactorily. 

For measurements see table below. 

[Caught in Dyak houses.—W. L. Abbott.| 


MUS RAJAH Thomas. 


1894. Mus rajah THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XIV, p. 451. 


One specimen, a young adult male, from the Kapuas River below 
Tyan. The single specimen is somewhat smaller than specimens of 
Mus rajah in the U. S. National Museum from the Natuna Islands, 
perhaps owing to its immaturity. 

For measurements, see table below. 


Measurements of Mus from western Borneo. 


| io} Pn ] pa 

| cg (oe: ° 
| | 8 .. a a On . 
Name. Locality. | Number. Sex. | Age. sols lg @ 2 we 
| 28 | a SSeS a 

a H |HE|S 

| |mm.,mm.)mm. mim. 
Mus ephippium..| Sungei Sama. --.-----| b 142250 | Male...... | Young adult...) 115 | 112} 23); 27.6 
DD On ease Neer OC cee ares oe | 6142251 | Female ...| Adult.......-. 1231250) Zo 29. 5 
DOr ee see cloeees (6 Koes Eee et ee b 142252 | cs oes doteee tes dora 125 121 | 24] 30.0 
D ¢ 142253 |... -- do ....| Young adult..| 110 | 115 | 24 | 28.5 
1 CHADID Tn | eee dom. 4 |e dome ree Wate ST ye OM es 
Mus rajah.....-.- Kapuas River below | ¢c142248 | Male...... eeoee do. 22 2-n | 162) 158) 42) 41.7 

ce coe alee 
aCollector’s measurements. b Alcoholic. ¢ Skin and skull. 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 559 


FELIS BENGALENSIS of Authors. 


One specimen from Ngabong, Landak River, a young female, with 
none of the permanent teeth in place. 

Measurements: Cat. No. 142343, U.S.N.M.; head and_ body, 
387 mm.; tail, 158; hind foot, 88; greatest length of skull, 69; 
zygomatic breadth, 47.5. 


ARCTOGALIDIA STIGMATICA (Temminck). 


An adult male from the Landak River. Cat. No. 142341, U.S.N.M. 

Measurements: Head and body, 555 mm.; tail, 660; hind foot, 96; 
weight, 7{ Ibs. (3.29 kgs.); greatest length of skull, 110; basal length, 
105.6; basilar length, 103.5; zygomatic width, 67.7; interorbital con- 
striction, 13.7; front of canine to back of last upper molar, 41. 


PARADOXURUS PHILIPPINENSIS Jourdan. 
1885. Paradoxurus philippinensis, BLANFoRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 800. 


Two specimens of Paradoxurus, collected by Doctor Abbott in 
western Borneo, do not appear essentially different from two skins 
collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns in the Philippe Islands. 

Measurements: Adult male, Pontianak, Cat. No. 142338, U.S.N.M., 
and adult male, Sanggau, Cat. No. 142339, U.S.N.M., head and body, 
500, 470 mm.; tail, 443, 375; hind foot, 85, 84; greatest length of 
skull, 101.4, 100.5; basal length, 95.7, 92.4; basilar length, 93.5, 91.5; 
front of canine to back of last upper molar, 36.5, 35:7. — 

[Brought alive by a Malay, very thin. —W. L. Abbott.] 


HERPESTES SEMITORQUATUS Gray. 


1846. Herpestes semitorquatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X VIII, 1846, p. 211. 
1879. Herpestes semitorquatus, ANDERSON, Zool. Western Yunnan, p. 191, pl. 1x, 
figs. 1, 2. 

I refer a young male mongoose from Sanggau to this species with 
some hesitation. It is avery immature individual, and while the char- 
acters of the skin answer in a general way to the description of that 
of Herpestes semitorquatus, the appearance of the skull suggests that 
at maturity it would more nearly resemble that of /Z. vitticollis. 
The light area on the sides of the neck is not at all conspicuous, as 
the description of H. semitorquatus indicates. The back and upper 
sides are not ‘‘finely marked with yellow,” but most of the long hairs 
of those regions have a rather wide yellow subterminal band. 

_ Measurements: Cat. No. 142340, U.S.N.M., immature male, head 
and body, 370 mm.; tail, 235; hind foot, 82; greatest length of skull, 
78; zygomatic width, 43. 


# Anderson, Zool. West. Yunnan, p. 191, pl. 1x, figs. 3, 4. 
Proc. No Mi. vol. xxxii1—07———36 


560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


LUTRA LOVII Gunther. 


1876. Lutra lov GtxtruErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 736. (Type-locality, 
Borneo, opposite island of Labuan.) 

1905. Lutra lovii, Wirerinx, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlandsch Indié, 
LXV, p. 222. 

Two small hairy-nosed otters may be referred to this species, which 
is almost an exact miniature of the large Lutra barang of the Malay 
region. The color of Lutra lovii is generally darker throughout, 
both above and below. The light area on the throat is more restricted 
and more contrasted with the general dark color of the animal. The 
tail is relatively much larger than it is in the Lutra barang and con- 
siderably longer (about 4 inches=100 mm.) than the published 
measurements (11 inches) of Lutra lovii. The skull of Lutra lowia 
has about the same general size as that of the clawless otter, Aonyx 


A, LAST TWO MAXILLARY TEETH (RIGHT SIDE) OF LUTRA BARANG, ADULT FEMALE, Cat. No. 104437, 
U.S.N.M., PuLO LANKAWI, x 12. B. LAST TWO MAXILLARY TEETH OF LUTRA LOVII, ADULT 
FEMALE, CAT. No. 142337, U.S.N.M., PULO SAPARO, IN KAPUAS RIVER, WESTERN BORNEO, X 1}. 


cinerea, but in shape and in relative proportions it is almost an 
exact counterpart of that of Dutra barang. In addition to the dif- 
ferences in size between the skulls of Lutra lowii and L. barang may 
be mentioned the enlarged bulle of the smaller species, the dis- 
tinctly smaller foramina along the inner side of the bulle and the 
reduction of the inner segment of the upper carnassial tooth. 

The marked differences between the carnassial teeth of the small 
Lutra lovw and the large L. barang are well shown in the figure 
above, and require no detailed description. They may indicate 
more than a specific difference. 

The two adult females collected by Doctor Abbott measure as 
follows: Cat. No. 142336, U.S.N.M. (near Pontianak), and No. 
142337, U.S.N.M. (Pulo Saparo); head and body, 615, 575 (585) * mm; 
tail, 385, 375 (280); hind foot with claws, 107, 103; greatest length 


acclinetananieat et i 


yo. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 561 


ranout 90];¢ eid eine 51. 4,53 lehoube Sols zye een atic breeder 
58, 58.9[—]; interorbital constriction, 11.4, 13.7 [—]; upper tooth 
row to front of canine, 30.5, 30.7 [32.4]; lower tooth row to front of 
canine, 38, 38 [42.4]. 

Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., writes that the type of Lutra lovii in the 
British Museum is ‘‘a young hairy-nose with milk canine and next 
to last premolar in place. Skull broken away behind.’”’ It will be 
seen from the above measurements that Doctor Abbott’s two small 
otters have much longer tails than has the type of ZL. Jovi, and slightly 
smaller skulls; and it is not at all unlikely that they represent a 
different race. As the type of ZL. lovii is young and of the opposite 
sex from Doctor Abbott’s two specimens, it does not seem advisable 
for the present to name the Bornean form. 


HELARCTOS EURYSPILUS Horsfield. 


1826. Helarctos euryspilus Horsrrevp, Zool. Journ., 11, pp. 221-234, pl. vi. 


A single skull, Cat. No. 142344, U.S.N.M., without lower jaw, 
from the Landak River, may be referred to Helarctos euryspilus, 
which most authors have regarded as a synonym of HH. malayanus, 
and not without reason, for Horsefield’s description of Helarctos 
euryspilus was based on a living example in London, and no char- 
acters are given to differentiate the two forms. In 1903 Doctor 
Abbott collected a full-grown male of the Sumatran Helarctos malay- 
anus along the Kateman River, eastern Sumatra. A comparison 
of its skull with the Bornean skull shows well-marked differences 
between the two insular forms. It should be noted, however, that 
the type of H. malayanus came from Bencoolen, some little distance 
from the Kateman River, and that no locality in Borneo is men- 
tioned for H. euryspilus, so that the following comparison may not 
be made between typical examples of the two species. Both skulls 
are fully adult and of nearly equal age, although the Sumatra one 
is the older. The sex of the Bornean skull is unknown, but judging 
from the large size of the canine and other teeth it is without ques- 
tion not different in sex from the Sumatran skull. 

In addition to the difference in size shown in the following table 
may be mentioned the greater relative size of the maxillary teeth in 
the Bornean bear, which are actually as large as in the Sumatran 
species; the relatively wider palate and its greater posterior exten- 
sion behind the toothrow in Helarctos malayanus, relatively larger 
bulle in H. euryspilus, and the very large expansion of that portion 
of the mastoid applied to the posterior aspect of the auditory canal 
in the Sumatran species. 


a4 Measurements in parentheses are those given in the original account of Lutra 
lovit (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 736), and those in brackets measurements of 
the type skull of Lutra lovvi made by Mr. Gerrit 8. Miller, jr, 


562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Cranial measurement of Sumatran and Bornean sun-bears. 


Helarctos 


Helarctos 
Te euryspilus 
Dimensions. 123138, Kate- Cat No. 
man River, a ae 
eastern Su- aa LEE, 
matra. oEnee. 
z mm. mm. 
Basal lengths. :2.2:. sake ten ce deseo ce soe coos ee oe te ee sae eee eee eee 215 189.5 
‘Baisilarilengthisy sce sot oe cee eee oe eee rere ae eee ope eater tee ore nee 210 186 
Gondylo-basal length... 2 -25.+-<as2 2c 2h le eee Cerise eee eee tea oes 234 205 
Ralatallength 2224 2s kins doe. eee ta cn ae eee eee ee Cee ne ees ud yy | 102.3 
Greatest length 2.22 co 5s eda oe Sener cease rae a eee ee eee | 256 222 
EY ZOUIAIC WIGUD 423 oo ah ac = Bae bcc = are ele aaa iain le wrote te = nciaisaee etes -e 208 | 176. 4 
iMastoidiwidth 2 4s..cc Jase een e Sop eee ard ease tee erase eaters 156 | 134.5 
Widith-of braincaseabove zygomatar es s-.-- 2 oe sae] eee ete eee 104 | 91.8 
WidthratipostorbitaluprocesseSessessceaee te ae eee see ae oe eee 87.5 | 74.6 
eastinteronbitalinwidthises-ce- ccc ener raat cee eee eae ia 69 60 
Least width of palate between last upper molars............-------------- Als i) 36 
Posterior edge of last upper molar (alveolus) to palation........-- Pere 36 28 
Posterior edge of last upper molar (alveolus) to tip of pterygoid........-- 66 60 
Alveolar length of last three upper cheek teeth combined.......-..---.----| 44 44.5 
Antero-posterior diameter of canine at alveolus........-.---.------------- 25 22.5 


TUPAIA DORSALIS Schlegel. 


1857. Tupaia dorsalis Scurecer, Handl. beoef. Dierkunde, Pt. 1, p. 59, pl. m, 
fig. 31. 
1890. Tupara dorsalis, Juenvinx, Notes Leyden Museum, XII, p. 228. 
Skin and skull of adult female from the Kapuas River opposite 
Pulo Saparo. Region of that river is the type-locality. 
Measurements, Cat. No. 142247, U.S.N.M.: Head and body, 175 
mm.; tail vertebre, 145; hind foot 43; greatest length of skull, 49; 
zygomatic width, 22.4; imterorbital constriction, 12.8. 
[Snared by Malay.—W. L. Abbott.] 


TUPAIA SPECIOSA (Wagner). 


1840. Clladobates| specuosus WAGNER, Schrebers Satigthiere, Supptementband 
von J. A. Wagner, II, p. 43. 


Two specimens, an adult male from the Kapuas River opposite 
Pulo Jambu and a young male from the Tyan district. Owing to 
the general distinctness of species in related groups from Borneo and 
Sumatra, I have used the name Tupaia speciosa (type-locality, Bor- 
neo) in preference to the usual name 7. tana (type-locality, Sumatra). 
The adult, Cat. No. 142247, U.S.N.M., measures: Head and body, 
229 mim.; tail, 196; hind foot, 55; greatest length of skull, 64; zygo- 
matic width, 29.3; interorbital constriction, 16.6. 

CYNOPTERUS BRACHYOTIS (Miller). 
1839. Pachysoma brachyotis Mituer, Tijdschrift Natuur. Geschied. Physiol., 
V, p. 146. 

Twenty-five specimens, 2 skins with skulls and 23 in alcohol, all 
from the Kapuas River, Sanggau district. 

For external measurements of ten adults see table, page 564, 
Nearly all of the specimens are pregnant females. 


No. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 563 


RHINOLOPHUS TRIFOLIATUS Temminck. 
1835-1841. Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, Monogr. Mammalogie, II, p 27, 
pl. xxxt. (Java, type-locality.) 
1878. Rhinolophus trifoliatus. DoBson, Cat. Chirop. British Mus., p. 106, pl. vi, 
fig. 3. 
“1905. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, ANDERSEN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XVI, 
August, 1905, p. 249, and table opposite p. 256, and figs. 2 and 2a, p. 245. 

One specimen, an adult male, Cat. No. 142384, U.S.N.M., preserved, 
in alcohol from Pulo Kanchil, Kapuas River. The type of Rhino- 
lophus trifoliatus came from Java, but I quite agree with Andersen, 
in the absence of specimens, in using Temminck’s name for the Bor- 
nean animal, although, as Andersen has pointed out, there are some 
discrepancies between Temminck’s natural-size illustration and Bor- 
nean specimens. The example secured by Doctor Abbott is a large- 
sized individual, agreeing in most respects with Andersen’s maximum 
measurements. 

For external measurements see table, page 564. The principal 
cranial measurements are: Total length, 24.9 mm.; mastoid width, 
11.1; zygomatic width, 12.4; width of nasal swellings, 6.5; maxillary 
toothrow, 9.4; mandibular toothrow (not including incisors), 9.9. 


MYOTIS MURICOLA (Hodgson). 


Seven specimens from Sanggau, an adult male, four adult fe- 
males, and two young, all in alcohol. 

For external measurements see table, page 564. 

[Caught roosting in the plantain leaves.—W. L. Abbott.] 


.GLISCHROPUS TYLOPUS (Dobson). 


1875. Vesperugo (Glischropus) tylopus Dosson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 473 
(type-locality, northern Borneo). 
1907. Glischropus tylopus, Mituer, Bull. 57, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 205, June 29, 1907. 
Doctor Abbott secured 56 specimens of this interesting bat, all 
preserved in alcohol from the following localities: Sungei Sama, near 
Pontianak, 38; Kapuas River opposite Pulo Jambu, 11, and on Pulo 
Jambu, 7. 
For external measurements see table, page 564. 
[Caught in banana leaves, caught in a hollow bamboo.—W. L. 
Abbott.] 
KERIVOULA HARDWICKII (Horsfield). 


One specimen, an adult female, from along the Kapuas River. For 
external measurements see table, page 564. The skull of this speci- 
men is a trifle smaller than two Javan skulls of Kerivoula hardwickii in 
the U.S. National Museum collection, but one of the latter is almost 
as much smaller than the other as the Bornean skull is smaller than 
it. There are no appreciable differences externally. 


=| 
Lon | 
# 
‘s 
# 


VOL. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


564 


AN NID 1D 


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no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 565 


TARSIUS TARSIER (Erxleben). 


Four specimens of Tarsiers from western Borneo may be referred 
to this species provisionally. The only skin preserved, a female, is 
practically indistinguishable from a Philippine skin (Cat. No. 105475, 
U.S.N.M.), from Mindanao. The skulls of the Bornean specimens are 
larger, with heavier teeth and more inflated bulle than has the 
Philippine skull. 

{ Dyak name Lingseng.—W. LL. Abbott.] 


Measurements of Tarsius tarsier from western Borneo. 


Greatest 


| | Head | ‘ Greatest | Greatest ae 

Locality. No. | Sex and age. | and Tail. ee length width ie poate 

| body. | of skull. | of skull. Rese 

| | | case. 

| mm. | mm. mm. mm. | mm. mm. 
Pontaimakis----. - 142243 | Female, adult .....- a145 | @208 a67 39.5 35.5 235i 
1D Sa saree 142244 | Female, young -..-. a95 | @125 a52 GUS rece seetaae 21.6 
Sakaiam River ..| 142241 | Male, adult......... @155 | @215 a7 38.8 | 3553 23.4 
Landak River... 142242 | Female,immature..) ®120| 65190 b 69 36.5 | 30 23.8 


a Measurements by writer from alcoholic specimens. 
» Measurements in the flesh by collector. 


NYCTICEBUS BORNEANUS Lyon. 


1906. Nycticebus borneanus Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 535, Novem- 
ber 9, 1906. 

Five specimens from Sanggau, one from Tyan, one from the Lan- 
dak River, and two from the Sakaiam River. For measurements of 
this and other species see Proceedings of the U. S. National Mu- 
seum, XX XI, page 537. In his notes Doctor Abbott says: ‘Brought 
in alive by Malays. Many of these animals are caught at this sea- 
son (August) when the jungle is being felled for /adangs (clearings 
for paddy).” 


MACACA FASCICULARIS (Raffles). 


One skin and skull of an adult male, Cat. No. 142225, U.S.N.M., 
from Sungei Sama, near Pontianak. 

Measurements: Head and body, 445 mm.; tail, 570; hind foot, 140; 
greatest length of skull, 119; zygomatic width, 77; maxillary tooth 
row, 37.5; mandibular tooth row, 41.3. 


MACACA NEMESTRINA (Linnezus). 


It is with much hesitation that I refer three skulls, without skins 
to Macaca nemestrina. They were obtained by Doctor Abbott from 
the natives, one from the Landak and two from the Sakaiam River. 
Either the species is represented at these two places by two forms or 
else the range of individual variation is considerably greater than the 
jee studied by Mr. Miller* would indicate. 


a@The Saiene af the Macaca nemestrina group, Boe. U.S S. Nat. Rien S XOXEXE pp: 
565-563, pls. xuI-xx, February 3, 1906. 


566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. yOu. xceumr! 


The two skulls from the Sakaiam River are almost exactly alike 
and show no appreciable differences from skulls of Macaca nemes- 
trina from Sumatra. See table of measurements below, and the 
measurements given by Mr. Miller, place cited, page 562. The skull 
from the Landak River more nearly resembles the type skull of 
Macaca broca Miller (page 558, place cited), but the zygomatic width 
is not as great (see table below), and the angle of the plane of the 
orbits with the plane of the nasals is not so well marked. In many 
ways the Landak skull is an intermediate between the type skull of 
Macaca broca and the Sakaiam skull or skulls from Sumatra, but rather 
nearer the Macaca broca type. It is possible that more than one form 
of the Macaca nemestrina group should occur in Borneo, but at present 
specimens are too few to determine this fact satisfactorily or to 
map out their ranges. For the present it seems best to consider the 
three skulls from western Borneo as being Macaca nemestrina, or 
very near that, and still consider that Macaca broca Miller, from 
northern Borneo, is a well-marked form. 

It may be noted in this connection that the description of the color 
of Macaca broca, quoted by Mr. Miller from Hose’s Mammals of Borneo, 
was not written by Mr. Hose, but copied by that author verbatim 
from the account of Macaca nemestrina as written by Anderson in 
his Western Yunnan Report in 1878. Many of Hose’s descriptions 
seem to have been taken from earlier writers, such as Anderson and 
Blanford. 

[On one occasion, at Sintass, a Dyak Kampong away up the Sakaiam 
River, near Sarawak frontier, I saw 21 broks (Macaca nemestrina), 
all brought in together one evening and eaten. A drove was sur- 
rounded in a clearing, and all killed —W. L. Abbott.] 


Measurements of five skulls belonging to adult males of the Macaca nemestrina group. 


. o | o4 ao aU ~ 
Ae Aa easy Ames Asie, || 3872 2 
“a PS vi) = - do Bede SSS 2] 
ABM | Sus | SHES | SHES | Gusg 
BE eH Vieesie 85-8 ead Sel HH 
SPY ipa eet a) PRH SP ar 
: ; SSeS ) SH See | SP as Sail es 
Dimensions. BOO |e SA) | Sree es On| eed 
Tor acl on Os OM > ° E 
Ant Zoe Zi 22 | .4 4 | An 
BT mG | 8 LO Ko |] 8 'oo!138 
1) a L OE IS 8 ay Co NS SERS 
Spm SHAQ SCpN BpArH Spm 
SOG. | Sade | Sate] sade] Ssus 
SOmo | FOr oa BsOno | FOne Sona 
oa x = = 5 
=a ee = | aa SES 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
Condylo-basilar length....... JB sicrote een eee Se 111.0 112.5 121.0 121.0 115.0 
Basilar length... v2 esse: ses sesns seen ee eee 100. 0 104. 0 108.0 107.0 103. 0 
Greatestilength: sos. acc ene eee et oan eee eee 145. 6 153. 0 160. 0 154.0 153.0 
Palatilarilencthe ecm asiaceemone aeetic ee secs cece 60. 0 62.0 64.0 66. 0 62. 0 
Orbititovenathioneese ee eeee eee see eee eee cee 59. 0 68. 5 68.8 68. 0 66.8 
Front of orbit to posterior point of brain case...._. 96. 0 96. 0 100. 0 96. 0 100. 0 
ZAVCOMoatiCibred athe cerca oe seem ae eee eee 104. 0 96. 0 95. 0 96. 0 102.0 
Breadth of brain case above roots of zygomata.... 71.0 74.3 70.0 68. 0 73.0 
Depth of brain case from posterior extremity of 
frontal to lower edge of occipital condyle-.-.....-- 63.0 63.0 58.0 57.0 a62.0 
Maxillary toothrow (alveoli) -......-.---.---.----- 47.4 | 49.0 Gi) 50. 7 48. 5 
Mandible, back of condyle to front of symphysis. - -- 110. 4 111.0 115.4 114.0 110. 0 
Mandibuler toothrow (alveoli) .......-.....------- 54. 4 Oa 58. 8 56.8 58.9 


a This measurement in Cat. No. 123143 U.S.N.M. from Kateman River, Sumatra, is only 56 mm. a 
trifle less than in the two flat-headed Bornean skulls. 


eh Pe et ae th ett 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 567 


PRESBYTIS CHRYSOMELAS (Schlegel). 


1838-39. Semnopithecus chrysomelas ScuteGEn, Tijdscrift Natuur. Geschied. 
Physiol., V, p. 138. (Type-locality, Pontianak, western Borneo.) 

1839-1844. Seninopithecus chrysomelas, Miter and ScuiEGEL, Verhandl, 
Natuur. Geschied. Nederlandsch Bezittingen, p. 71, pl. x, figs. 1 and 2: 
pl. :x1, figs: 2; 3. 

Nine specimens, seven skins with skulls, one skin without skull, 
and one skull without skin, all of them practically topotypes of Pres- 
bytis chrysomelas (Schlegel). For list of the specimens and measure- 
ments see table on page 568. In addition to the eight mentioned 
in the table is Cat. No. 143628, U.S.N.M., adult male, skin without 
skull, no measurements taken by collector, from 10 miles below 
Pulo Limbang. 

The color of these specimens is very similar to that of the figure of 
the male shown in Miiller and Schlegel’s plate (fig. I, pl. x, volume 
cited) except that the underside of the tail for its basal half or three- 
quarters is white or whitish in Doctor Abbott’s series, instead of 
yellowish, as in the plate. Doctor Abbott’s series shows no difference 
in color between the two sexes. The white on the underside of the 
tail is a very conspicuous marking, so that the basal portion of that 
organ is sharply bicolor. The lower belly, a narrow line down the 
inner side of the thigh and legs, are whitish, while a spot on the 
breast, a line on the throat, and a line down the arms and forearms 
are gray. The rest of the animal, whether male or female, is black 
or blackish. 

The chief difference in color between Presbytis chrysomelas and P. 
sumatranus appears to be in the clearer and more contrasted white 
markings of the Bornean form. The skulls of the two species appear 
to have slight if any differences, the most conspicuous being the 
greater inflation of the cranium, just below the lambdoid suture in 
P. chrysomelas, and slightly narrower opening of the anterior nares 
in P. sumatranus. 

[The commonest Semnopithecus along the Kapuas was a black one 
with whitish belly and under the tail. The black was deep and dull, 
not like swmatranus, and entirely different from Semnopithecus hosei 
and everetti, both of which are in the museum here [Singapore]. I did 
not meet with the red form [Presbytis rubicundus], but the natives 
said it was common in the hills—W. L. Abbott.] 


568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


VOL. XXXIII. 


External and cranial measurements of Presbytis chrysomelas (Schlegel). 
Yy 


oO Pel aa | 2° 
| BO jem 
=I | S} | & . |O8 re 
3k md | AS lye lag 
ae ' Bete ene tS: BS eae o apes 
Locality. | Number. Sex and age. | 3S A aS 2 | | a [,c a 2 
| SO zy i oo oO Ss ROR we 
2 Ftee ere @ | Bo |S-aul > 
jan) iz aa) 5 S Q BEN 
mm. \|mm.|mm.| lbs. | kilos. | mm. | mm. | mm 
Near Pontianak-.-.....-. | 142203 | Male adult.....- | 490 | 695] 175 14 | 6.350 | 61.9 | 28.0 | 71.1 
DOgsa See c oo aeee a 142204 |....- dO: Ceres | 460 725 180 14 | 6.350 | 64.2 | 29.6 | 71.0 
Landak River, at Batu 142205)|- ee = Kos eae | 460 | 765 | 184 14 | 6.350 | 62.0 | 28.7 | 69.8 
Ampar. | | 
Mand alkeRiver--2cccaces 142206 |....- dost ts SUSE) 7D0)) ela 153] 7.144 | 61.2 | 28.6 | 70.0 
Kapuas River below 142207 |----- dome aes neee 470 | 695 | 170 | 5.897 |. 58. 8.),27.5 | 67.5 
Tyan. | 
Kapuas River below | 142208 |-....- dogs: sae 480 | 725 | 185 153] 7.031 | 64.5 | 30.8 | 71.4 
Pulo Limbang. < | | | 
Near Pontianak......-. 142209 | Female adult...| 465 | 695 | 173 153) 6.917 | 58.4 | 26.5 | 67.7 
Kanuas Rivers oeeee-. = | O42 2 It) eee LOSERS ease eee soc Ore lees | eo | eee 63.3 | 29.7 | 67.2 
| | 


aCollector’s measurements taken in the flesh. 


b Skull only, no skin. 


PRESBYTIS CRISTATA (Raffles). 


1822, Simia cristata Rarrues, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII. p. 244. (Type- 


locality, Sumatra). 


There seems to be no essential differences between specimens of 
Presbytis cristata from Sumatra, Banka,“ and Borneo, as is so often the 


case with other groups of species of mammals. 
These specimens with their measure- 


secured two skins with skulls. 


Doctor Abbott 


ments are: Cat. No. 142212 U.S.N.M., adult male, from Kwala 
Pontianak, and Cat. No. 142213 U.S.N.M., an adult female from 
Sanggau; head and body, 540, 530 mm.; tail 760, 660; hind foot, 
174, 152; weight 143 lbs. (6.577 kgms.), 134 lbs. (6.124 kgms.); basal 
length of skull, 72, 65; front of canine to back of m’, 33, 30; zygomatic 
width, 74, 68.7. 

As most of the writers on monkeys have paid but little attention 
to the skull characters and devote considerable attention to the 
physiognomy it may not be without interest to pomt out some of 
the rather striking cranial differences between the Presbytis chrys- 
omelas and P. cristata groups of monkeys, which may be tabulated 


thus: 


Presbytis cristata. 


Anterior nares gradually tapering to a 
point antero-inferiorly. 

Supercilliary ridge well marked. 

No well-marked arch under malo-max- 
illary suture. 

Constriction behind orbits consider- 
able. 

No prominent swelling of braincase just 
beneath lambdoid suture. 

Palate longer. 

Rostrum more pronounced. 

Ramus of mandible deep, and angular 
process enlarged. 


4 \,yon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 607. 


Presbytis chrysomelas. 


Anterior nares suddenly contracted to a 
point antero-inferiorly. 

Supercilliary ridge barely indicated. 

A well-marked arch under malo-maxil- 
lary suture. 

Constriction behind orbits less well 
marked. 

A well-marked swelling of braincase 
just beneath lambdoid suture. 

Palate shorter. 

Rostrum less pronounced. 

Ramus of mandible shallow, and angular 
process not unusually enlarged. 


enti ac 


— ee 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. 569 


NASALIS LARVATUS (Wurmb). 


Of this handsome and strikingly marked monkey, Doctor Abbott 
secured nine skins with skulls. and one odd skull. The skins are 
quite uniform in color and markings. Cat. No. 142418, U.S.N.M., 
has the legs grayer than the average and is slightly more gray across 
the shoulders than the majority of specimens. Cat. No. 142219, 
U.S.N.M., an adult male, is distinctly gray across the shoulders, and 
is further different from the other specimens in having the diamond- 
shaped rump patch smoky gray instead of cream color, as have all 
the other specimens except Cat. No. 142222, U.S.N.M., an immature 
female, where the color is likewise smoky gray. In Cat. Nos. 142221 
and 142224, U.S.N.M., adult females, the rump patch is interme- 
diate in color between cream color and smoky gray. The dorsal 
neck stripe is most pronounced in the adult males. 

Compared with a mounted specimen in the United States National 
Museum, from northern Borneo, the present series is distinctly 
brighter in color, but the pattern is everywhere the same. This 
difference is probably due to fading in the mounted specimen, or to 
the action of pickling fluids. For external and cranial measure- 
ments see table below. The difference in size between the two 
sexes is very marked. The skins of the females have the hair softer 
and more immature looking than do the skins of males. The 
oldest female has less than half the weight of adult males which are 
not quite so old. 


External and cranial measurements of Nasalis larvatus from western Borneo. 


| | Ss S) i) 

| ~ | = — Fo 

iS lives | d= | ak 

Locality. | & *| Sex | Age. S 5 | ss 7 5 AS | ‘Sa 

to} a] Sosa | eres ) He! —_ © 5 ~~ S 

g TOES. esau) O08 a .80 E wo” | 85 

g s\/8/3/3/ 8 a rere 

a jack I jae [er 1s ss jaa) N ar 

| mm. mm. |\mm. | lbs. | kilos. | mm.) mm. | mm. 
Sungei Sama _ near | 142214 | Male....| Adult....... | 690 | 220 | 670 | 38 | 17.24} 91.0 | 92.0] 42.3 

Pontianak. 

DOM Fae: te oe | NCO PANGS | oe AC ay elles eye Ose 700 | 240 | 660 44 | 19.95 | 92.3 | 94.9 40.4 
Sungei Nya....._..... | 142216 |....do...| Immatured.|..... [Sacto Eee 74.7 | TS ae 
Kapuas River below | 142217 |....do...| Adult....... 705 | 232 | 725 | 52 | 23.58 | 93.2 | 93.3 | 40.8 

yan. 
IDOE e se eee ADDS) ey Cl Oveetiee re Gozsscs- 700 | 235 | 675 | 46 | 20.86 | 91.9 | 91.7 43.5 
Bulopkanchil ese | IC bPAL) eee Saleen GOneeeee 700 | 225 | 700} 45 | 20.41 | 91.8 | 94.0] 42.3 
Kapuas River below | 142220 |....do...|..... dom 700 | 235 | 675 | 48 | 21.77 | 94.0 | 90.0 | 40.0 
Pulo Limbang. | | 

Sungei Sama near 142221 | Female .} Old........- 605 | 203 | 620) 23 | 10.43 | 79.0 | 77.7 | 35.0 
Pontianak. | 

Kapuas River below | 142224 |....do...| Adult....... 540 | 182 | 570 | 22)| 9.98 | 72.8 | 77.0 37.0 
Tyan. | | | 

ID) Oe See 1 D2 | Peee CLOn sae | Seer is Sn 505 | 175 | 530 16 DOO cet tae eel ane ee 

| | 


aCollector’s measurements. 
> Skull only; milk teeth all shed but permanent teeth not quite fully in place. 


2 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXxXilt. 


HYLOBATES LEUCISCUS (Schreber). 


1800. Simia lencisca ScureweR, Satigthiere Suppl., pl. mt B. No description 
or locality. For date of this plate see Sherborn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891, 
p. 590. (The locality of the specimen frem which the plate was made is given 
by Matschie as northwestern Borneo, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch, 
Freunde, Berlin, 1893-1894, pp. 60-62.) 
1876. /Tylobates concolor ScuLEGEL,® Mus. d’hist. nat. Pays-Bas. Simiz, p. 20. 
1904. Hylobates leuciscus, TRouESSART, Catalogus Mammalium, Suppl., p. 5. 
Six skins with skulls and one odd skull from the Landak and Kapuas 
rivers. In point of color the six skins agree remarkably well with 
Schreber’s plate of this species. The general color is a drab or smoke 
gray. On the rump this color becomes lighter and has a buffy cast. 
On one individual, Cat. No. 142178, U.S.N.M., the greater portion of 
the body is of this lighter color. The underparts of the body are 
lighter in color than the upper parts, except for a narrow collar of 
about the same color as are the upper parts, extending from one axilla 
to the other. The naked or nearly naked portions of the face are 
blackish, as well as a narrow band of hair adjoining the naked portion. 
This ill-defined blackish band is succeeded by a narrow, not very well 
marked band, lighter and more buffy in color than the rest of the 
head. The naked portions of the hands and feet are black, and in a 
few specimens the hair on the backs of the fingers is somewhat darker 
than the color of the arm. 


External and cranial measurements of Hylobates leuciscus from western Borneo. 


| 


| eel | o |o 
| | mB | 7 4 | 5 & 
| g | 8 | = 3 . | Ses 
A ; S| 3 Sia | zt ans |S 
Locality. | i 5 | c) s 2 | 2 5S | es 
eI ¢ (2 lo | em ee eee 
i) i op S| CD Ae Olle aes a> ie 
Ses = ‘ees | 2 | =e eee |— 
| mm.|mm.| lbs. | kilos. | mm. mm. mm. 
Landak River, Sungei Nya-..} 142172 | Male...-.. Adult. .| 497 | 152 | 14.25 | 6.463 | 73.2 | 67.0 | 33.0 
DOP eG cee eh ee ee ee 142173) .2 dO. = =--|-...-0)2..| 460) | L454 6. 350 16.3} 70.7 | 36.5 
Kapuas River below Tyan. .| 142174 |....do-.--- Old....| 475 ) : 77.5 | 72.6 | 35.3 
DOr eos nase ee eee see PANG) Sane O Waa alias. do. .| 480 7.33) (O0nls |aoaeuh 
Roniibiamalkes oe nee sere ta ae 142176.) Female. .| Youngs)...--|:---- PBhOnt bE lacoste 
Kapuas River below Tyan. .| 142177 |....do..... Adult. .| 465 : 73.2 | 69.0 | 31.0 
DOS ea eee 478i ea Omerey | Olde. -=)\ 465 73.0 | 68.3 | 32.2 
| 


a Collector’s measurements. 
b Skull only, very young, last teeth in place are the first permanent molars. 


[Only one sort of Gibbon was seen, //. lewciscus, common all along 
the river except in the islands of the Delta. Some of the specimens, 


4Not of Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. V, 1827, p. 231, which was evidently 
a young Symphalangus. Containing only its milk dentition it was almost as large as 
adults of Hylobates leuciscus. 


no. 1577. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN WESTERN BORNEO—LYON. Dil 


particularly one female, had the second and third toes joined in the 
manner of Symphalangus, but neither in voice nor appearance was 
there any other resemblance.—W. L. Abbott.] 


PONGO PYGMZZUS PYGMZUS (Linnzus). 


1763. Simia pygmexus LInN&us, Amcenitates Academic, VI, p. 68. 
1904. Pongo pygmxus pygmexus, Roruscuiyp, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, IT, 
p. 438. 

Twenty-six specimens, namely, three skins with skulls from Sungei 
Sama, and twenty-three skulls without skins from along the Sakaiam 
River. The odd skulls were obtained from the dwellings of natives 
(Dyaks) who had used the animals for food. This collection of skulls 
has been very carefully studied by Dr. AleS Hrdléka,¢ Assistant 
Curator, Division of Anthropology, United States National Museum, 
and no remarks on them are here necessary. The general color of 
the skins is nearest Ridgway’s chestnut or burnt sienna, darkest on 
the head and back; in places, as at the extremities, and especially 
around the buttocks, the color passes into ferruginous. The secant 
hairs on the underparts are not different in color from those of the 
back. Cat. No. 142170, U.S.N.M., has the hairs under the chin fer- 
ruginous. The three skins are somewhat darker in color than are 
skins from Sumatra in the United States National Museum. The 
hair is long, coarse, and shaggy, attaining its greatest length (120-130 
mm.) on the back. External measurements of the two adult females, 
Cat. Nos. 142169 and 142170, U.S.N.M.: Head and body, 720, 785 
mm.; hind foot, 290, 283; weight, 70 lbs. (31.75 kg.) ‘‘gutted,”’ 
75 lbs. (34 kg.). 

[It was apparently the wrong time for orangs along the lower 
Kapuas. No wild fruit, but the natives said there were plenty 
during the rains of January, etc., and especially when the durians 
and rambutans were ripe, said they were close to the kampongs 
[villages]. Up the Sakaiam they were scarce. I saw many old 
sarongs up the Landak, about 50 miles above Pontianak, but no orangs. 
Was afterwards sorry I did not make a longer stay there, as the 
country thereabouts was magnificent forest, with scarcely any inhab- 
itants.—W. L. Abbott.] 


a Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, pp. 539-568. 


< a? 
=. aa 
— 
r] a 
‘ ‘ 
es ¥ a 
a eS 7 
5 ca 5, = 5 7 
7 ’ 
= :: 7 7 
: ‘ ‘ 
_ 7 \ - 7 
7 - 
' 
. 
‘ . 
’ 
- 
= . > 
; . 
! 
7 « 
5 
‘ 
t 
= * z X Fr 
= Fl 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF TOADS FROM THE PHILIPPINES. 


By LEONHARD STEJNEGER, 
Curator, Division of Reptiles and Batrachians, U. S. National Museum. 


Among the batrachians collected by Dr. EK. A. Mearns in the Philip- 
pines there are two small engystomid toads which apparently belong 
to the genera Kalophrynus and Phrynixalus, the latter hitherto not 
known from the archipelago. 

The type speciesof Phrynixalus is said to have asharp, doubly-arched 
ridge across the palate formed by the palatine bones, but I do not 
feel justified in forming a new genus on the absence of this character 
in the Philippine species, as it may be due to the age of the specimen. 
The shape of the pupil is almost round, but in one eye it is more nearly 
elliptic in shape with the longer axis horizontal. In all other respects 
it agrees with the original diagnosis of the genus. Even the “ /ralus- 
like habitus’ is very pronounced and before I had examined the inte- 
rior of the mouth and the underside of the digits I suspected that I 
had an undescribed species of Cornufer before me. 

The genus Kalophrynus has been diagnosed as possessing “‘a den- 
ticulated dermal ridge across the palate between the choanz, and 
another in front of the a@sophagus.”’ This characteristic was evi- 
dently drawn up from specimens of Kalophrynus pleurostigma only, 
and the fact that the dermal ridges are somewhat differently arranged 
in the species to be described below does not seem to necessitate the 
establishment of a new genus for its reception. As it has a perfect, 
though slender, precoracoid parallel with the broad coracoid, and in 
other respects also conforms to the characters assigned to Kalophry- 
nus, its reference to that genus seems warranted. 


oe 


PHRYNIXALUS ANULATUS, new species. 


Diagnosis.—Toes entirely free; first finger very much shorter than 
second, only slightly dilated at tip; imterorbital space nearly twice as 
wide as upper eyelid; tympanum about half the diameter of eye. 

Habitat.—Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 


PROCEEDINGS UJ, S, NATIONAL Museum, VOL, XXXIII—No. 1578. 


574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Type.—Cat. No. 35399, U.S.N.M.; Davao, Mindanao; Dr. E. A. 
Mearns, collector. 

Description of type-specimen.—No vomerine teeth; no ridge be- 
tween or behind the choane which are large, but nearly concealed 
by the overhanging lip; an indistinct, smooth dermal ridge between 
the eustachian tubes, and. a well-marked denticulated one behind 
them; tongue large, rounded behind, extensively free (about one- 
half) behind and on sides; snout somewhat acuminate, projecting; 
nostrils much nearer tip of snout than eyes; distance from tip of 
snout to eye greater than diameter of latter; interorbital space nearly 
twice as wide as upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; lores con- 
cave; tympanum rather distinct, its diameter about one-half that of 
the eye; fingers free, club-shaped, first very much shorter than sec- 
ond, much less widened at the tip than the others, the tips of which 
are nearly truncate; toes entirely free, the tips dilated, but not quite 
so much as the fingers; no subarticular tubercles and no metatarsal 
tubercles; outer metatarsals united; skin smooth above; upper eye- 
lid granular with a larger and more prominent tubercle near the 
middle of the palpebral edge; underside smooth, except belly, which 
is faintly areolated, and the preanal region, which is granular. Color 
(in aleohol) dark brown above, with an indistinct pale band between 
the anterior half of the upper eyelids followed by a dusky cross-bar; 
on the shoulders a large, indistinct, W-shaped, dusky mark, the outer 
arms of which anteriorly reach to the posterior corner of the eyes; 
an indistinct, large, pale spot on each side of the sacrum; an oblique, 
pale, dusky-edged line from eye to fore leg; underside paler brown, 
minutely dotted with whitish; limbs like the body, faintly mottled 
with dusky, but without distinct cross bars; fingers and toes with a 
very distinct dusky ring behind the expanded t*p or disk, followed 
by an equally distinct ring of whitish color. . 


Dimensions. 
mm. 


Total length, tip of\snout:to ventie: 2-3-2522 ee ee eee 14.5 
Tip’ of snout. toctympanuml Saas oe ee se a ee ee 4.5 
Width of hese A4%cees et er SS ice oe ped pee te ge ae 5.0 
Weneth! of fore leg 2. st ae a oe ee er ee re 8.5 
Length of hind leg from vent to tip of longest toe...........--.---- 20.0 


Length of tibia 


Remarks.—Another specimen, very much smaller, and apparently 
just through its transformation was collected by Doctor Mearns at 
Todaya, Mount Apo, Mindanao, about 4,000 feet altitude, during 
the early part of July, 1904. As far as can be made out it agrees 
in all essential features with the type. 

The color pattern of Phryniralus anulatus, although somewhat 
obscure on account of the dark ground color, is essentially that of 
Oreophryne celebensis. The toes of the latter are described by Bou- 


ee 


a 


No. 1578. TWO NEW SPECIES OF TOADS—STEJNEGER. 575 


lenger as being free, and if so the only external distinction between 
the genera Phrynivalus and Oreophryne would seem to vanish. 
An examination of the skull of the type is impracticable, so that the 
reference of this species to the genera of this group as based by 
Méhely on the osteological characters must be delayed till further 
material becomes available. 


KALOPHRYNUS STELLATUS, new species. 


Diagnosis—Tympanum distinct; tongue elliptic; subarticular 
tubercles strong; fingers well developed, fourth much shorter than 
second; toes less than one-third webbed; a smooth ridge behind the 
choanex, and two ridges between the eustachian tubes, the posterior 
one strongly denticulated; a round black spot on each side of the 
sacral region. 

Habitat.—Basilan, Philippine Islands. 

Type.—Cat. No. 37375, U.S.N.M.; Basilan; February, 1906; Dr. 
EK. A. Mearns, collector. 

Description of type-specomen.—No vomerine teeth; an almost con- 
tinuous, nearly straight, smooth, dermal ridge across the palate 
behind the choane, which are large, very lateral, almost concealed 
under the overhanging maxilla; a very distinct and strongly denticu- 
lated, straight ridge in front of the csophagus between the very 
lateral eustachian tubes, and a less elevated, smooth, arched ridge, 
with the convexity forward, in front of the denticulated ridge; tongue 


elliptic, entire and extensively free behind; interorbital space nearly 
twice as wide as upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; lores ver- 
tical; tympanum very distinct, exceedingly close to the eye and 
about two-thirds the diameter of the latter; fingers free, first slightly 
shorter than second, which is much longer than the very short fourth 
finger; toes webbed at base, less than one-third; tips of digits not 
swollen, or dilated; subarticular tubercles very strongly developed; 
the inner metatarsal tubercle weak, elliptic; tibio-tarsal articulation 
of adpressed hind leg reaches eye; skin above and below granular, 
more coarsely on lower abdomen and under the thighs; no dorsal, 
dorso-lateral, or supratympanic glandular ridges. Color (in alcohol) 
above pale raw umber, darker on the flanks, densely sprinkled with 
small star-shaped pale or whitish dots; a dark brown line from lores, 
through eye, above tympanum, and along the sides to the groin; along 
its upper edge the whitish dots are more numerous, so as to almost 
form a continuous line; a round black spot as large as tympanum 
and surrounded by a line of similarly crowded light dots on each 
side of the sacral region; underside pale brown, with obscure mar- 
blings of darker, formed by innumerable minute, dust-like specks of 
dark brown; no definite cross bands observable on the legs; under- 
side of foot and metatarsus dark brown. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——37 


576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII 
Dimensions. 

mm. 
Motal Tenet, tipcolsnOMtsCORVe lies. eee eee 24 
Widthvotithead: 2.72) Sat2e meee eeatee cecal es es ees, ae ee 9 
Length ob tore deo. Ret. & pei Gan ae ee ee eens ore 13 
Length of hind leg from vent to tip of longest toe.........-.--.. 31 
Length oltibiarcese sash eee get ee ee ee ee 10 


Remarks.—The differences in the arrangement of the palatal ridges 
as pointed out above as well as the much smaller amount of web 
between the toes easily distinguish this species from Aalophrynus 
pleurostigma. K. acutirostris differs in the subcircular tongue, the 
pointed snout, the shorter hind legs, and the absence of the sacral 
spots. The other two species are still further removed by the dif- 
ferent proportions of their digits, besides other important character- 
istics. 


On 


te 


ee 


THE PULQUE OF MEXICO. 


By Watrer Hoven. 


Assistant Curator Department of Anthropology, U.S. National Museum. 


Pulque is a fermented liquid made from the sap of the maguey, or 
agave, commonly known to English speaking people as the century 
plant. The production of the beverage is confined to Mexico and 
to those parts of that country where species of the agave suitable 
for making pulque are found. 

Some years ago the writer, at the instance of Dr. G. Brown Goode, 
began a study of the beverages of mankind, and one paper, relating 
to kava drinking,“ has been published. 

The study of pulque was prosecuted during an extended journey 
through Mexico in 1899 in company with Dr. J. N. Rose, who was 
engaged in the collection of botanical data of the agaves. This 
field work was supplemented by an examination of the specimens 
in the United States National Museum, collected by Dr. Edward 
Palmer, to whom the writer is much indebted for information con- 
cerning them. 

The agaves flourish in the warm southwestern portions of the 
United States and range from the temperate to the tropical zone in 
Mexico. There are numerous species, distributed in diverse situations 
with regard to elevation, temperature, moisture, and soil. Originally, 
it appears, the cultivated agave was a desert form, inhabiting rocky, 
sterile places or dry sandy plains, as shown by the fleshy, thorn- 
armed leaves having chitinous epidermis which resists evaporation. 

Botanically, the species are difficult of classification, this genus 
being easy of modification through change of environment and 
cultivation. It is perhaps impossible to determine accurately the 
original forms of the highly cultivated species, which may have 
differentiated as much as maize from its wild ancestor. It is likely 
that the ancestor of the pulque agave is represented by a wild form 
growing in the mountains of Mexico; but taking the cultivated agaves 
as a whole, they are derived from a number of species. Most of 
the agaves, both wild and cultivated, have many uses other than 


@ Kava Drinking as Practiced by the Papuans and Polynesians. Smithsonian 
Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly issue), XLVII, Aug. 6, 1904, pp. 85-92. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1579. 
577 


578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the preparation of a beverage. The agave is a wonder of the vege- 
table kingdom, ranking with the palm as a foster mother of tribes 
struggling upward with her help. When one recognizes the benefits 
the agave confers on man, there seems good ground for the generali- 
zation that without this plant the great population and the civiliza- 
tion of the high plateau of Mexico would have been impossible; for 
with the agave a civilization without cereals was feasible which was 
attended with economics of the highest value for promoting advance- 
ment. What wire is to modern civilization the fiber of the agave 
was to ancient Mexican culture. No country had a greater variety 
of material for cordage or textiles than was furnished to the Mexican 
tribes by the agave and related indigenous plants. With every step 


Fic. 1.—REGION NEAR TUNOL, DURANGO, MEXICO; AGAVES IN FOREGROUND, PRICKLY PEAR IN MIDDLE 
GROUND. : 


in advance this plant became more useful, and in the stage of the 
cultivation of cereals to which the Mexicans had attained, the agave 
was, as it Is now, indispensable to the well-being of Mowices “The 
benefits of the agave require too much time to enlarge upon in this 
place, however interesting, and must be hinted at by examples during 
the course of this paper. 

While the agaves are, as a rule, scattered as solitary ‘mdi als or 
exist in groups of mek nel ins among other vegetation, there are 
in some localities vast natural fields, self-planted and_ self-perpetua- 
ting. Such fields may be observed around San Luis Potosi and in 
Durango, where the Agave, Opuntia, Echinocacti, and Mamillaria 
form a remarkable characteristic vegetation. There, primitive fields, 


Gn ee eg Ee ee Pee 


No. 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 579: 


especially where they le contiguous to markets, are now utilized to 
some extent for pulque, fiber, fruit, and confections of the tuna or 
prickly pear, etc., and are very profitable. In these natural fields 
began the utilization of the agave, their abundance rendering them of 
ereat economic value; but the products of the wild plants are inferior 
to those of the cultivated. The selection and cultivation of the eco- 
nomic variety appears to have begun with the agave grown for family 
use around the native jacals, where conditions of fertilization and care 
led to the development of large, thrifty, quick-maturing specimens, 
and this is the history of the adoption of valuable vegetal forms by 
man. Many of the native pueblos of Mexico still present this early 


Fic. 2.—NATURAL GROWTH OF AGAVE, PRICKLY PEAR, AND CACTI ON HILLS NEAR TUNOL, DURANGO, 
MEXICO. WORKMAN WITH LEVER ON SHOULDER. 


stage of plant domestication. They consist of numerous contiguous 
house plots, bounded by hedges of useful plants or loosely laid up 
stone walls, and in these gardens plants were tested and modified, and 
here were the early steps in agriculture. Within the first generation 
after Cortez conquered Mexico the Spaniards sought the commercial 
exploitation of the country, and the large grants of land made for 
various services to the crown were put to a wider use under a more 
compact organization of labor and transportation than had ever been 
accomplished by the native tribes.“ (Figs. 1-2.) 


«The Humboldt Codex has a representation of the pulque industry under Spanish 
management. Selerin Bull. 28, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1904, p. 210. 


580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


To European business methods we must attribute the vast tracts 
of cultivated agave, whose strange appearance excites the wonder of 
travelers. One sees on every hand prosperous haciendas devoted 
to the production of pulque. (See fig. 3.) 

The haciendas in the pulque districts are indeed models of careful 
agricultural methods. The enormous and sure returns from pulque 
manufacture and the abundance and cheapness of the resident labor 
are apparent in the great and expensive buildings of the hacienda. 
For laborers there are a church, a school, a store, and a village of bar- 
racks; for the owner, an elaborate villa; and for the industry, a great 
tinacal, or vat house and various stables, grain houses, and storehouses, 
together forming an imposing group of buildings located among the 
fields of agave. 


Fic. 3 —AGAVE PLANTATION NEAR CITY OF MEXICO; CHAPULTEPEC IN THE DISTANCE. 


There is not space here to enter upon a detailed description of agave 
culture. In general, plants two years old are taken from the “seed 
beds” (as the close set plantations of suckers are called) and set out 
8 or 10 feet apart, and for several years the spaces between the rows 
are sown with other crops. At times irrigation is required, but there 
is division of opinion as to its effect on the quality of the pulque. In 
about seven years the more forward plants, sometimes attaining a 
weight of 2 tons, are ready to bloom, and there are certain signs by 
which those who are skilled may detect the approach of this period. 
The size and age of the individuals, the brown spots which appear on 
the basal leaves, and the erect and bristling central leaves are prime 


————— 


a 


No, 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 581 


indications—the maculation appearing a year or more before the 
plant is ready to bloom. The workman, having selected the matur- 
ing plants, performs upon them the operation of capar. He attacks 
the chevaua-de-frise of the great agave by cutting the outer leaves 
with a pointed knife or a ma- 
chete, taking out long slices 
and bending them over and 
away. One leaf near the 
ground he truncates, leaving 
the stump for a step, and he 
clears off the spines where 
they are in the way. When 
the cone of close-folded 
leaves in the 
center is un- 
masked, he 
drives in his 
knife at the 
base and 
strips off the 
new white 
leaves, por- 
tions of which 


he impales on Fic, 4.—LARGE AGAVE PLANT PREPARED FOR INCUBA- 
TION. NEAR CITY OF MEXICO. 


the adjoining 
terminal thorns to act as bandera, or indicators. The 
plant is now left for a year, when a cavity is scooped 
out in its heart for the collection of sap. Descriptions 
of this operation usually fail to mention the year of in- 
cubation following capar, and give the impression that 
the collection of sap is begun at once. (Fig. 4.) 

The dexterity of the workmen in preparing the plants 
with the aid of a medium size knife is remarkable. In 
Durango a stout oak palanca, or lever (see fig. 2), 54 
inches long, is used to pry away the leaves in order to 
get at the heart of the plant, and the machete (see fig. 
5) is used to cut the leaves. The lever probably points 
vis, sMacuern, 9 period before the introduction of the iron machete 

HaNpieornorn (Such an implement being necessary to manage the 
en) fully-armed plant). Generally, the old leaves standing 
against the prevailing wind are left untouched, to fur- 

nish a screen against the dust which might otherwise blow into the 
cavity when the sap collects. Two or three hours after the cavity 
has been prepared, it fills up with a clear sweet liquid having some- 
what the taste of milk from a young cocoanut. This fluid is called 


582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


aguamiel. 'The sugar-secreting quality of the agave, greatest at the 
time of flowering, renders the sap at once available for fermentation. 


Fic. 6.—HUGE AGAVE SHOWING BANDERA IMPALED ON POINT OF A LEAF. COLLECTOR AT WORK WITH 
SIPHON AND SKIN SACK. 


The reason for the flow of sap is that the plant juices secreted in 
order to build up the large flower stalk (sometimes 25 feet in height 


Fig. 7.—COLLECTOR OF AGUAMIEL AT WORK WITH SIPHON. IN THIS CASE TRANSPORTATION IS 
BY BURRO, 


and 6 inches in diameter) are diverted into the cavity excavated in 
the heart. Wherever in Mexico the agave is grown for the produc- 


a ee ae 


No. 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 588 


tion of pulque, a curious apparatus is used in drawing the sap from 
the cavity, called “milking” the agave. It is a long, slender gourd, 
bulbous at one extremity, having the small end cut off and a small 
orifice at the summit of the bulb or in the side. It is placed, small 
end down, in the liquid, and the collector applying 
his lips to the orifice in the larger end and suddenly 
exhausting the air from the gourd, draws up the 
sap into it, closes the tube with his finger before 
the mouth is removed from the upper orifice, and 
turns the sap into a skin sack which he carries on 
his back. The gourd, which is called ococote, or 
venencia (meaning ‘“siphon”’), is mainly grown near 
Pachuea, whence it is dis- j 
tributed to the agave 
plantations. The “si- 
phon” differs in various 
regions In Mexico. Gen- 
erally the orifice is at the 
apex instead of on the 
side of the bulb. In Du- 
rango the tubular end is 
shod with horn, and 
sometimes “siphons” 


FIG. 8.—GOURD SIPHON 
SHOD WITH HORN. 
MusQUITEC INDIANS. 


made of tin are employed. 
After emptying the cavity, 
the gatherer takes an im- 
MGs =, BON MADE plement of iron called ras= 
OF TIN. DURANGO, 
Merk. pador, shaped somewhat 
like a spoon, but with a 
deep bowl and sharp rim, and pares off a thin 
slice from the interior surface of the basin for the 
= purpose of causing a renewal of the flow of the 
Fig. 10.—Scraper or liquid. It is necessary to repeat this after each 
et oN Be collection. (iies46—105) 
RANGO, MEXICO. B 
The method of making the sack (fig.11) employed 
in transporting pulque is very interesting, as it illustrates an ancient 
industry and the preparation of a vessel still used in the East as well 
as in some European countries. A full-grown goat is killed; the 
head, feet, and tail are removed; the skin is loosened from the neck 


584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


with a knife, which is used only for this purpose. A wedge-shaped 
piece of horn about 4 inches long and 2 inches broad, with a sharp 
edge, is held in the fingers of the right hand and rapidly thrust between 
the flesh and the hide. When the legs are reached, they are separated 


TM AY 7 
Uf iii} Wi! 


Fic. 11.—SKIN SACK FOR TRANSPORTING AGUAMIEL. IT IS USUALLY CARRIED IN A NET MADE OF 
AGAVE CORD. CHAUTLA, PUEBLA, MEXICO. 


from the hide and pulled inside. In a short time the carcass can be 
drawn out at the neck, though sometimes one leg is cut off and the car- 
cass drawn through that opening. Studs of willow wood are tied in 


FIG. 12.—COLLECTORS OF AGUAMIEL, ZUMPANGO, MEXICO. SKIN SACK CARRIED IN A NET. 


the orifice and the hide turned. A tube is now fastened in the neck 
and the skin is filled with air and by kneading is inflated to its utmost 
capacity. While in this state it is allowed to dry in the shade. These 
skin vessels are used for transporting other liquids besides pulque. 


ee 


No. 1579. 


THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 


585 


When the sack is full the collector transports it either on his own back 
or upon a burro to the brewery. (See figs. 7,12and13.) Many hacien- 


das, however, have lines of tram- 
ways running through the fields, 
over which the aguamiel may be 
brought in more expeditiously. 
The majority of owners of agave 
plantations have the sap gathered 
three times daily, at sunrise, 
noon, and sunset. The yield 
continues for three months, when 
the plant dies and becomes only 
useful as fuel. A large plant will 
yield 45 gallons of sap during the 
season. Humboldt says: “A 
very vigorous plant occasionally 
yields the quantity of 454 cubic 
inches in a day for four or five 
months.’’* This seems to be an 
overestimate. A single man may 
-attend 300 plants three times 


Fic. 14.—VAT HOUSE AND WORKMEN, HACIENDA DE SAN 


ANTONIO. OMETUSCO, MEXICO. 


the fields. 
litter from the aguamiel. 


Fic. 13.—TRANSPORTATION OF AGUAMIEL IN-JARS 
SLUNG ON THE BACK. TEPEACA, MEXICO. 
daily and receives 15 to 20 
cents wages, with corn for 

his sustenance. 

The chief building in 
which all of the interests of 
the hacienda center is the 
tinacal (tina, a vat; hacal 
Mexican, calli, a house). It 
is of one story, with numer- 
ous windows, and is usually 
of great extent filled with 
rows of shallow leather vats 
formed by stretching the 
hide of a bullock over a 
square frame supported on 
four short posts. Tormerly, 
small owners laced a_ bul- 
lock’s skin by its edges to 
four stout poles forming a 
frame. These were set up 
under a shelter in or near 


A sieve made of horsehair is used to remove insects and 
(See figs. 14-16). * 


a Travels. 


Edinburgh, p. 330. 


586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


Perhaps the most important spot in the pulque hacienda is the cool 
and clean darkened room where the semilla is kept. Semilla is the 


‘ =—— we ee F 
TNE SN a \ one es) Bae eee ee 
TA 2h VOOR Tae a a a 
Wea Pagans Me ee es i, Mt Any eth fli tisteen : y RY EL 
eit ye ~ nw bon Un SS Sy 
woes AS ih CA 4 (ote ty feet us SS 
f = Sey —s UN 
WGA a 6 ( Ci \ itteae Shee a, 
Ge os ANN (7 
PAVIA 7 
Ta kane 


i h f aH 
LN |i 
AMG ha 


Fig. 15.—FIELD VAT FOR PREPARATION OF PULQUE. THE PULQUE IS DRAWN OFF BY MEANS OF 
HOLES IN THE SKIN. 


yeast for fermenting the aguamiel, prepared by “setting” in a vat 


aguamiel to which has been added a pure culture of the ferment. This 
slowly ripens and is prevented 
from souring by the addition from 
time to time of fresh aguamiel. 
Portions of the semilla are added 
to the vats of aguamiel in the 
tinacal, or vat room, to produce 
strong steady fermentation. Se- 
milla is thick and white and is 
made ,up of glistening globules 
like small tapioca. It is true 
that the yeast germs remaining 
in the pores of the hide vats and 

Fic. 16.—SIEVE ne earns 4 ape aw DURAN- in the air of the tinacal will suf- 
fice to ferment fresh aguamiel 

poured into the vat, but in practice the process is too slow and uncer- 
tain. The fermentation is regulated and watched with great care 


hy ee 


sel pion cogs 


a 


a eee ee ee 


No. 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 587 


and corrected by the addition of fresh aguamiel when required. In 
a few hours the fermentation has gone through its various stages to 
the finished product, ready for the market, consisting of a turbid 
whitish liquid smelling like very old sour milk. It is barreled and 
hurried to the points of consumption with the greatest dispatch, since 
the liquid is perishable and the supply must be received daily. Spe- 
cial trains on the railroads in the pulque region are run for the distri- 
bution of this beverage, and transportation by wagon, mule back, 
canal boats, bearers, etc., is thoroughly organized. 

While the present pulque industry is pursued on practically the 
same lines as in ancient times, the apparatus has changed in some 
respects since the Conquest. In the aboriginal period skins of large 
animals for vats and collecting bags were lacking and the fermentation 
and collecting was in pottery vessels and large gourds, as the writer 
has observed among the Indians of San Luis Potosi. Iron also was 
lacking and the knife and rasp were supplied by flakes and chipped 
implements of obsidian, and the great leaves of the plant were pried 
away with a heavy pole having a sharpened end like a chisel. ‘It is 
not known whether the “siphon” was anciently used—a gourd or pot- 
tery dipper may have served for that purpose. Since the industry 
was local and domestic, there may have been other modifications of 
apparatus and processes due to environment and custom as there is 
at present in isolated portions of Mexico. 

The pulquerias, which exist in great numbers, open up another 
phase of the question, full of interest to the student of sociology. The 
pulquerias (fig. 17) are foul-smelling resorts decorated in barbaric art, 
with a patronage of the lowest order hanging about in various stages 
of stupefaction. Pulque is the drink of the masses, and there is con- 
nected with it in the minds of the people much folk-lore and custom, 
and among these may be found survivals of cult beliefs and practices. 

Pulque is very perishable, and various methods for preserving it 
have been tried, such as freezing, compression, and bottling, but with 
no practical success. Adulteration is frequent, and in this connec- 
tion the roots of Acacia filicina, sold in the markets under the name of 
tumbe (Mexican: opactli) has caused no little discussion. In the 
Leyes de Indias, Mexico, 1794, there is an old Jaw (lib. VI, Tit. I; Ley 
37; f. 192) prohibiting the adulteration of pulque, and it is there 
stated, “they mix with it certain roots, boiling water and lime, which 
gives it such force that it takes away the senses.’’ <A long list of the 
deleterious effects of the beverage follows, but timbe is not specifically 
mentioned. Bundles of the root are figured on plate 73, of the Book 
of Life of the Ancient Mexicans, edited by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, and 
published by the University of California, in 1903.  Timbe or ocpatli 
is described as “ Raiz con que gozian el vino que se llama ocpatli.”’ 
The late Dr. José Ramirez was of the opinion that the tannic acid of 


588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


the timbe is an efficient aid in stopping fermentation and that that is 
the cause of its use. There is no question, however, that this root 
was anciently used, and the impression has been that its purpose was 
to supply a ferment and make the liquid stronger; but Doctor Rami- 
rez has here advanced what seems to be a scientific and adequate 
explanation. Pulque is the basis of a number of compound drinks, 
and various means are employed to modify its flavor. Pulque pre- 
pared with special care for use of the haciendas is quite palatable com- 


Fic. 17.—PULQUE SHOP NAMED FOR QUEEN XOCHITL. CUERNAVACA, MEXICO. 


pared with the commercial product sold in the cities. It has a sub- 
acid taste lke the juice of an apple, a heavy body, and a very slight 
alcoholic flavor. In this form it is an agreeable and apparently nour- 
ishing beverage. Taken in large quantities pulque is intoxicating, 
but the effect of habitual stimulation with it is not worse than that 
produced by lager beer. The repellent odor and taste of the liquor, 
however, take it out of the category of beverages which appeal to the 
higher gustatory sense and mark it as one solely drunk for its after 


No. 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 589 


effect. When the agave sap is mixed with water and sugar and allowed 
to ferment, a more agreeable beverage called tepache results, which is 
sold ina characteristic way. (Fig. 18.) 

To a certain extent, distillation has been practiced in connection 
with the pulque industry. Pulque distilled yields mescal de pulque, 
a spirit of little value and not to be compared with mescal like that 
of Tequila, which is distilled from the fermented saccharine product 
of the roasted agave. Largely because the distillation of pulque 


SSS 
Mi = —— 


ep Wa 
NEA , SS 
Yh /) ips y \ N 


| AGEN 
ii / SX 


=n" 


E 


— 


{ 


Fic. 18.—TEPACHE VENDOR’S OUTFIT CONSISTING OF AN OLLA, OLLA RING, AND TWO CUPS. DURANGO, 
MEXICO. 


low in alcoholic content is not profitable, and because roasted agave 
and highly fermented fluids of different classes yielding better spirit 
are common, mescal de pulque is not often made. The fact, however, 
that pulque was distilled is interesting in connection with the distilla- 
tion of palm wine. Like wines, pulque is distinguished by the regions 
in which it is produced, and the output of a certain hacienda often 
enjoys a reputation for flavor and quality. The pulque of Apan 
in Tlaxcala, on whose vast plain agave fields stretch away as far 


590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


as the eye can reach, is classed as pulque fino, and is the stand- 
ard of excellence. That produced in the valley of Mexico, Toluca, 
and other parts, is known as pulque coriente, or tlachique in the 
Nahuatl tongue. The larger part of the pulque produced in Mexico 
is tHachique, which differs chiefly from the pulque fino in that it is 
sweet and has little flavor. At the hacienda de San Antonio de 
Ometusco, through the courtesy of the proprietor, the writer had 
every facility for studying the manufacture of the highest grade of 
pulque, and the description above is largely the result of observations 
made there, at least in so far as reference is made to the modern 
organized pulque industry. 

Much has been said concerning the nourishing qualities of pulque. 
An analysis shows that, while aguamie/ contains 12 per cent of nour- 
ishment, pulque contains only 2 per cent and about 34 per cent of 
alcohol, the remainder being water. A substance called agavin, 
which is supposed to have medicinal properties, has been isolated 
from pulque. An analysis of aguamiel and pulque shows: 


Constituents. Aguamiel. | Pulque. 

Albiminod substances. cums smd Snes ima er eye oe er ore es 2. 54 | 1. 26 
SULA Ss SS Se a ae are ses Ra, Ces ET. eee Ms eee ee nega 9. 55 | ~ 82 
SS SG Sas eevee Se te re ee A eth oA thom Le pe he Re ee ws eee aS 73 | =22 
ATCOW OL ee ie re Se Sia EE ee ae IU a wey Bac een a AR pa None. 3. 68 
Water, 2as;, amd OSs r/o. secs ome oie ee aeons no sek seep ete ere oe Reece eee 87.18 94. 02 
100. 00 100. 00 


Tribes in the lowest known stages of culture are found to have at 
least a rudimentary understanding of the process of fermentation, 
which may have been occasionally used in the period when man 
lived upon the natural products of the earth. The juice of sweet 
fruits, either of fruit gathered and stored for a short time or pre- 
pared by cooking or pulping, might easily reveal the working of 
fermentation, which is one of the steps toward decay. An intimate 
acquaintance with the vegetable world was one of the first lessons of 
mankind and it brought to him many useful arts bearing the seeds 
of development for subsequent periods. In turn came the cultiva- 
tion of root crops and grain crops, a knowledge of fermented bever- 
ages spread widely and, in course of time, though much later, this 
branch of domestic chemistry was completed by the invention of 
distillation. Side by side with these arts that sprung from agricul- 
ture were retained the earlier valuable arts growing from the economic 
uses of plants, as exemplified by pulque and palm wine. 

The legend of the origin of pulque, according to Lobato, is as fol- 
lows: About the year 1042, when Tepancaltzin became chief of the 
Toltecs—the eighth among those who held that office—there came to 


a 


a ee wee 


No. 1579. THE PULQUE OF MEXICO—HOUGH. 591 


visit him a prominent man named Papantzin, accompanied by his 
beautiful daughter Xochitl. The maiden presented to the chief a jar 
of pulque, of which he and his attendants drank and were pleased 
with the effects which followed. Xochitl told Tepancaltzin that the 
beverage was obtained from the maguey plant, from which a whitish 
and sweet juice was extracted and on fermentation became pulque. 
Tepancaltzin, intoxicated by the pulque prepared by Papantzin’s 
daughter, and infatuated with her beauty, fell in love with her and 
married her. Thus Xochitl became queen of Tollan, and she bore 
Tepancaltzin a child who was called Meconetzin, “the son of the 
pulque,”’ a name given him to commemorate the discovery and inven- 
tion of the pulque made by his mother, Xochitl. It is said that Tepan- 
saltzin and Xochitl] were killed in a battle when the Toltecs were 
destroyed, and Meconetzin, the last chief, never came to his own.¢ 

Like most aboriginal legends, it may contain a kernel of truth and 
refer to some historical event, long subsequent, however, to the actual 
knowledge of the fermented sap of the agave, which was acquired at 
some stage of the utilization of the plant. 

There was great scarcity of animal food on the plateau of Mexico, 
and to satisfy the craving for such food, fly larve from the lake, liz- 
ards and the like, were eaten. Especially prized and sought were the 
larvee of an insect which bores the fleshy leaves of the agave, a fat 
white grub about 1 inch long whose scientific name is Acentrocneme 
kollari Felder, called by the Mexicans guson, and in Nahuatl mescuillin. 
It is figured in the Troano manuscript? (fig. 19), and its characteristic 
is seen to be the gnawing apparatus by which it tunnels the agave. 
Gusones to this day are collected in April, 
boiled, wrapped in the epidermis of the agave, 
sold on the streets of Mexico and are eaten 
with avidity. To all appearances they are 
nourishing and palatable, and it is said that 
connoisseurs prefer them to oysters or swal- 
lows’ nests. 

The writer believes that the discovery of 
the sap-yielding quality of the agave was ie. 19—Gusono GNAWING 
through search for these larve. EES Ae eae 

The search for fiber also no doubt brought about an early acquaint- 
ance with the agave, which may have led to the knowledge of its stores 
of sap. The finest whitish fiber is found in the young unsheathed leaves 
of the central spike, and the removal of these previous to the flower- 
ing under certain conditions might have taught the important lesson. 


@Extracted from Etudio Quimico Industriel de los Varios Productes del Maguey 
Mexicano. Jose G. Lobato, Mexico, Government, 1884. 
b Cyrus Thomas, Maya Codices, 6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., p. 351. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 38 


5g? PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Another conjecture is that the Mexican tribes were instructed in the 
method of tapping the agave by some one who was familiar with the 
art of tapping the palm, which has been practiced in the Orient from 
time immemorial. This seems going rather far afield for an explana- 
tion. If there is anything the Indian understands it is his plants, 
and in a multitude of ways he proves this familiarity and illustrates 
their nearness to him above all other things in nature. Still, since the 
tapping of the agave is a complicated operation not likely to have 
been arrived at in a haphazard manner, it is possible that the idea 
may have come from a foreign source. 

It is interesting in this connection to mention that the beverages 
of the tribes of mankind include but two prepared by fermenting the 
sap obtained by tapping plants—pulque and palm wine—and that 
with them is connected primitive distillation. 


NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC COPEPODS: NEW GENERA 
AND SPECIES OF CALIGIN. 


By Cuartes Brancn WILSON, 
Department of Biology, State Normal School, Westfield, Mass. 


During the summer of 1905 it was the author’s good fortune to 
enjoy two months’ study of the parasites which infest our Southern 
fishes. The work was carried on during the months of July and 
August at the laboratory of the Bureau of Fisheries at Beaufort, 
North Carolina. 

For this valuable opportunity the author is indebted to the courtesy 
of the Hon. George M. Bowers, U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fish- 
erles, to whom acknowledgment is gratefully made. 

Thanks are also due to Dr: Caswell Grave, the director of the 
laboratory, for placing at easy disposal every facility which the 
laboratory afforded. 

A good idea of the value and abundance of the material thus 
gathered may be obtained from the present paper, which includes 
only those forms belonging to the subfamily Caligine, the others 
being reserved for future publication. This paper may be con- 
sidered as the supplement of the more extensive one already pub- 
lished upon the same subfamily.@ 

It also represents the first collected work upon the copepod para- 
sites of our Southern fishes. Isolated forms have been reported 
from the middle Atlantic by Leidy in 1855; from the southern 
Atlantic by Say in 1818; by Dana in 1854, and by Rathbun in 1884, 
and from the Danish West Indies by Kréyer in 1863. But all of 
these accounts include scarcely a dozen species, fully two-thirds of 
which were described by Kroyer alone. 

While his descriptions are nearly always accurate enough for 
purposes of classification, yet they were all made from preserved 
material, and therefore of necessity give us nothing in regard to 
the coloration or habits. And only one or two of the species have 
ever been seen since their original description. 


@ Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, p. 479. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MuSeEuM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1580. 


594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


These are sufficient reasons to warrant a pedeeerieer of any of 
the species on obtaining fresh material. Two such redescriptions 
are here included, those of Caligus haemulonis and Lepeophtheirus 
monacanthus, and others will follow in future papers. 

The other five species are new to science, and are particularly 
interesting because two of them are the types of new genera which 
stand as connecting links between some of the older forms and serve 
to emphasize their close relationship. A third species, Parapetalus 
occidentalis, is a new representative of a genus which previously had 
but a single species, and it changes the old generic diagnosis in many 
important particulars 

The drawings are all original and made from living material. 

CALIGUS HAZMULONIS Kroyer. 
Plate XLIX. 
Caligus haemulonis KROYER, 1863, p. 48, pl. iv, figs. 3a-d.— Basse TT-Smitu, 1899 
Daa40. 

Female.—Carapace orbicular, as wide as long, somewhat narrowed 
anteriorly, considerably less than half (0.4) the entire length. 
Frontal plates distinct, half as wide as long, with an emarginate 
frontal border and a deep incision at the center. Lunules orbicular 
and occupying the entire width of the plates, but not projecting 
anteriorly. Eyes large, with prominent lenses, and situated well 
forward. Posterior sinuses broadly U-shaped and comparatively 
deep. Median lobe three-sevenths as wide as the carapace, squarely 
truncated posteriorly and not projecting beyond the lateral lobes. 
Thoracic area large, its outline almost a perfect half circle; digestive 
glands large and horseshoe shaped, filling the entire width of the 
median lobe. 

Free segment three-fifths as wide as the genital segment and com- 
paratively long, showing a strong constriction anteriorly where it 
joins the carapace. | 

Genital segment oblong, half the width of the carapace, its width 
to its length as 5 to 7. Its posterior corners are evenly rounded and 
without lobes; its posterior margin is slightly concave. 

Abdomen narrow and elongate, one-jointed, less than half the width 
of the genital segment, its length 2.4 times its width. 

It is widest at the center and slightly narrowed toward each end; 
anal laminz small, each carrying three large terminal sete, and a 
short spine on the outer margin. 

Egg strings as wide as the abdomen and reaching but little beyond 
the tie of the sete; eggs large and only 15 or 18 in each string. 

Of the appendages ce seen antenne are small, with the terminal 
claw but slightly curved; the basal joint is armed posteriorly with a 
blunt spine half as long as the terminal claw. 

First maxilla as long as the claw of the second antenne and bent 
sharply at a right angle near their center, 


NO. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGIN A— WILSON. 595 


Mouth tube three-fifths as wide as long, with a bony framework 
considerably like that in Caligus rapax. 

Second maxille only about half the length of the mouth tube, 
simple, slightly curved, and blunt; exopod papilla comparatively 
large, with a spine actually longer than the endopod. 

Furea large; branches stout and a little curved like parentheses 
marks. Second maxillipeds with a weak terminal claw about half 
the length of the basal joint. 

The first swimming legs carry a short, stout spine on the posterior 
border of their basal joint and a long, slender one at its anterior distal 
corner. Terminal joint with the usual three claws and a spine, but 
without any trace of the plumose setx on the posterior border. 
Spines on the exopods of the second legs very long and slender, those 
at the tip of the terminal joint with a wide, membranous flange along 
both sides. 

The seta next to these claws also has a narrow membranous flange 
along its outer side. 

Rami of the third legs well separated; claw at the base of the exo- 
pod large, shghtly curved, and blunt. 

Fourth legs stout and three-jointed, with five claws, the terminal 
one at the inner corner about twice as long as the others. Fifth legs 
invisible dorsally and almost so ventrally, consisting of very small 
papille, each with a single seta and situated on the ventral surface 
at the posterior corners of the genital segment. 

Oviducts not very densely coiled inside the genital segment; cement 
glands comparatively large and inclined somewhat away from the 
central axis, the cellular portion wide and club-shaped. 

Total length, 3.75 mm.; carapace, 1.6 mm.; genital segment, 
1 mm.; abdomen, 0.86 mm.; width of carapace, 1.6 mm.; egg strings, 
1.2 mm. 

Male.—Carapace more than half the entire length, but otherwise 
as in the female. Free segment very short and as wide as the genital 
segment; the latter oblong, one-half longer than wide, and only one- 
fourth the width of the carapace. 

Abdomen four-fifths as long as the genital segment, two-jointed, 
the terminal joint twice the length of the basal. 

Second antenne small with a broad and spathulate terminal claw, 
which is bent in a half circle. These antennx are not branched as in 
most Caligus males, but the base of the claw is armed with a knob of 
corrugated chitin on its inner surface. 

First maxille actually longer than the second antennex, slender and 
acuminate, and like the antenne bent in a half circle. 

Second maxillz as long as the entire mouth tube, their base broadly 
triangular and carrying a large exopod papilla tipped with two short 
spies. Branches of the furca curved considerably more than in the 
female, leaving an elliptical sinus in the center. Base of the second 


596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


maxillipeds armed with a long and stout spine which overlaps the tip 
of the terminal claw. Body of the semen receptacles in the genital 
segment of medium size, situated close to the posterior margin of the 
segment, with a tube running the whole length of the segment and 
intricately convoluted. Fifth legs visible dorsally and appearing on 
the lateral margins of the genital segment about one-third the distance 
from its posterior end. ° 

Total length, 2.2 mm.; carapace, 1.2 mm.; genital segment, 0.5 mm. ; 
abdomen, 0.4 mm.; width of carapace, 1.1 mm. 

Color of both sexes a uniform yellowish pink, thickly penciled on 
both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body and the two median 
pairs of swimming legs with spots and lines of a bright rust-colored 
pigment. The eyes are exceptionally clear, so clear in fact that they 
stand out plainly to the naked eye in spite of the minute size of the 
copepod. They areassisted in this by their deep reddish-brown color, 
which contrasts strongly with the pink of the body. 

The species is readily distinguished by these large eyes and by the 
absence of any plumose sete on the first swimming legs. 

(hemulonis, the generic name of their host.) 

Several males and females of this species were obtained, some from 
the mouth of the blackfish, Centropristes striatus, others from the 
mouth of the catfish, Hexanematichthys felis and still others from the 
mouth of the seacat, Felichthys marinus. Those from the blackfish 
are Cat. No. 32816, U. S. N. M. collection, those from the catfish are 
Cat. No. 32815, U. S. N. M., and those from the seacat, Cat. No. 
32813, Us. Naw 

Kroyer obtained only three specimens, two females and a male, all 
from Hzmulon elegans Cuvier in the Danish West Indies. 

The finding of the present specimens, therefore, adds three new hosts 
and extends the habitat of the species well up along the Atlantic 
coast. There can be no doubt that this is Kréyer’s species, since it 
agrees in every essential particular with the description he has given 
except in the shape of the frontal plates and the genital segment. 
With reference to the latter it is enough to say that the females 
obtained by the present author were smaller (and younger?) than the 
one whose dimensions he has given. And the discrepancy is no 
greater than would ordinarily be expected between such different 
stages of maturity. 

In regard to the projecting frontal plates the case is different. 
Kroyer had two females which presumably agreed in this particular, 
but they had both been preserved for some time while the present 
specimens were examined while alive. 

We can only conclude that the absence of plumose setze on the first 
legs is of more specific value than the shape of the frontal plates. 

With reference to the habits of the species it may be said that their 
activity is in inverse ratio to their size. Both sexes, but particularly 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGIN.&— WILSON. 597 


the male, are very lively, moving about rapidly on the inside of the 
fish’s mouth, so that they are difficult to catch uninjured. When 
transferred to an aquarium they swim about as constantly and as 
restlessly as Caligus rapax. But so far as observed neither sex man- 
ifested any desire to crawl up out of the water like so many other 


species. 
CALIGUS RUFUS, new species. 


Plates: 


Types.—Cat. No. 32812, U. S. National Museum. 

Female.— Body elongate and narrow in all its parts; carapace 
elliptical, considerably narrowed anteriorly and_ posteriorly, six- 
elevenths of the entire length, and nearly one-half longer than wide; 
frontal plates exceptionally wide and prominent; lunules large, 
widely separated, and not projecting; frontal margin with a slight 
curve and a shallow incision at the center, in which can be seen the 
remains of the frontal filament. 

Posterior sinuses narrow, triangular, and shallow; median lobe 
five-eighths the width of the carapace and projecting far behind 
the lateral lobes, its sides tapering rapidly, its posterior margin 
evenly rounded; thoracic area nearly half the entire length, with 
a wide and squarely truncate anterior margin; eyes comparatively 
large and situated far forward, close to the frontal plates. 

Free segment short and only half the width of the genital segment; 
the latter oblong with straight sides and evenly rounded corners; 
fifth legs invisible dorsally. 

Abdomen one-jointed, two-fifths as wide and two-thirds as long 
as the genital segment, tapering considerably; anal lamine long 
and narrow and inclined toward each other; terminal setz nearly 
as long as the whole abdomen; egg strings about three-fourths 
as wide as the abdomen and three-fifths of the entire body length; 
30 to 40 eggs in each string. 

Second antenne rather small, three-jointed, the basal joint carry- 
ing a large spine on its ventral surface, the terminal claw stout and 
strongly curved; first maxille small and rudimentary, consisting 
principally of a swollen base on which are borne two papille, each 
tipped with two setw, in addition to the short, slender, and nearly 
straight terminal portion. 

Second maxille slender and elongate, with a triangular base carry- 
ing on its anterior corner a large papilla armed with two sete. These 
maxillze curve outward slightly and reach nearly to the end of the 
mouth tube. 

This latter, the mouth tube, is of an unusual pattern for the 
Caligine and resembles that found among the Pandarinse more 
than in any species thus far described. It is narrow and fully four 


598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


ae as “one as wide, with a very simple bony amore ine 
tinetly jointed near the center. The framework consists of four 
long bones, one on either margin of the upper and under lips. These 
bones are jointed to other short oblique ones, which are fastened 
to the ventral surface at the proximal end of the mouth tube. At 
the distal end they are connected by a series of transverse bones very 
similar to those found in Caligus curtus. The mouth opening is 
terminal and reaches nearly the whole diameter of the tube. It is 
surrounded with the usual fringe of long hairs. 

The terminal claws of the first maxillipeds have a narrow mem- 
branous fringe along both margins. The second maxillipeds have 

stout and swollen basal joint, while the terminal claw is much 
shorter, but strong and well curved. On the inner surface of the 
basal joint near its proximal end there is an elevation, at the top of 
which is a circular cup or pit, as though it were for the reception of 
the terminal claw, but the latter is not long enough to reach it. The 
furca is entirely lacking. 

The first legs are small and weak, the basal joint with a small 
spine on its posterior border, the outer terminal claw twice as long as 
the other two. The second legs are large and stout with especially 
long and strong plumose sete. The spine at the tip of the basal 
joint of the exopod is toothed along its inner margin, while the one 
on the second joint is toothed along both margins. The apron of the 
third legs is much longer than usual, making with the long sete of 
the second legs powerful swimming organs. The rami of these third 
legs are very widely separated, the exopod three-jointed and approxi- 
mated closely to the margin of the apron, but even then it does not 
cover half the distance to the two-jointed endopod. 

The fourth legs are small and weak, three-jointed with five spines, the 
four outer ones about the same length, the one at the inner corner 
somewhat longer. The fifth legs are near the posterior margin of the 
genital segment on the ventral surface, and each shows two distinct 
papille standing side by side, the outer one carrying a single seta, the 
inner and larger one carrying two 

In fig. 24, showing the ventral surface of the genital segment, the 
oviducts are just beginning to coil, and their entire contents are 
eranular. This specimen, therefore, is a young female which had 
never borne eggs. The cement glands are narrow, parallel to each 
other, and close to the mid line. The cellular part extends nearly-to 
the base of the glands, leaving only a very short and inflated duct. 
The semen receptacles are of the usual spindle shape, comparatively 
small and slender. 

On the external surface can be seen two spermatophores dis- 
charging their contents into the sperm receptacles through the sexual 
openings. - 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 599 


The ovaries and musculature of the carapace are peculiar, as is 
shown in fig. 25. The ovaries (0) are narrow and semilunar, the 
convex sides facing each other and almost touching at the mid line; 
they are somewhat narrower at the center and enlarged at either 
end, their posterior third lying within the thoracic area. The muscles 
of the carapace, instead of being narrow and separate, as in most 
species, are fused into broad sheets. 

This fusion necessarily modifies the direction in some instances; for 
the fused sheet can extend in but a single direction, while the sep- 
arate muscles nearly always diverge or may even be curved. 

This is particularly true in the thoracic area. In the present 
species we find but four of these muscle sheets on either side, very 
simply arranged, in place of the complicated pattern assumed by the 
numerous (twelve or more) individual muscles in Caligus curtus® and 
allied species. 

The muscles which run from the thoracic area back into the free 
and genital segments, as well as those in the two latter segments, are 
of the usual pattern. 

Total length, 4.4 mm.; carapace, 2.35 mm.; genital segment, 
1.1 mm.; width of carapace, 1.7 mm.; width of genital segment, 
1 mm. 

Color, a bright orange yellow, thickly penciled above and below 
with lines and spots of a brilliant reddish-brown or rust color. 

In some specimens the color is confined to separate spots without 
any penciling. By transmitted light this is the most highly-colored 
Caligus thus far described, since a wash of the rust-colored pigment 
fills the tissues of the carapace in the immediate vicinity of the spots 
much as though the color had ‘run.’ This bright color, which 
appears upon the ventral surface and the appendages as well as 
upon the dorsal surface, is alone enough to differentiate the species. 

(rufus, rust colored). 

Chalimus.—Carapace elliptical, one-fifth longer than wide; second 
and third thorax segments not yet fused with the head, but free, 
and, with the fourth segment, diminishing regularly in size. 

Eyes large and of a deep brown color with prominent reddish 
lenses; situated about in the center of the carapace. 

Genital segment and abdomen still united and comparatively short; 
anal lamine large, and each of them armed with six sete. First 
antenne fully developed; second pair with a weak and nearly straight 
terminal claw. Mouth parts like those of the adult in miniature; 
mouth tube already very long and narrow. 

Swimming legs rudimentary, the first and second pairs better devel- 
oped than the third and fourth. First two pairs biramose, the rami 
simple and armed with nonplumose sete. 


aSee Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 518, fig. 24. 


600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


The endopod of the first pair is much shorter than the exopod and 
is without sete. The rami of the second pair are about equal in size. 
The third pair have no endopod but only a slight swelling where it 
will later appear. The fourth pair are simple and very short. — 

Total length, 1 mm.; length of carapace, 0.56 mm.; width of 
carapace, 0.47 mm. 

Groundwork colorless but with the entire dorsal surface thickly 
sprinkled with rust-colored spots and lines. This fact, together with 
the shape of the mouth tube, is sufficient to identify the chalimus, 
since in other species this stage has a very limited amount of pigment. 

This species was found upon the outer surface and in the gill cavity 
of the sea catfish, Helichthys marinus, the chalimus being found fas- 
tened to the pectoral fin. The female is lively, swims about actively, 
and lives a long time in captivity. It is singularly free, for a Caligus, 
from the pernicious habit of crawling up out of the water and remain- 
ing there till dried. 

The distinguishing characters are the color, the long and narrow 
mouth tube, the weak first and fourth legs, and the wide separation 
of the rami of the third legs. The toothed spines on the exopods of 
the second legs are also peculiar. 


LEPEOPHTHEIRUS MONACANTHUS Heller. 
Plate bt. 


Lepeophtheirus monacanthus HELLER, 1865, p. 183, pl. xvi, fig. 3—BassETr-SMITH, 
1896, p. 456, 

Female.—Carapace ovate, considerably more than one-third the 
entire length and a trifle wider than long. Anterior margin of the 
frontal plates nearly straight and incised but little at the center. 
They are also not distinctly separated from the carapace but the two 
are fused more than in other species. 

Posterior sinuses narrow, shallow, and inclined considerably toward ° 
the central axis. Median lobe about half the entire width, not pro- 
jecting beyond the lateral lobes, and emarginate posteriorly. Tho- 
racic area small, two-fifths of the length of the carapace, its outline 
the are of an almost perfect circle. 

Digestive glands small, shaped like a beehive, with the rounded 
ends inclined inward toward each other. Eyes small and placed far 
forward, with inconspicuous otocysts. 

Free segment as long as wide, half the width of the genital segment 
with both ends convex and projecting into the carapace and genital 
segment, respectively. 

Genital segment ovate, six-sevenths as long as the carapace, with 
evenly curved sides and short rounded lobes at the posterior corners. 
Fifth legs not visible in dorsal view. Abdomen conical, about the 
same width at its base as the free segment, but tapering rapidly 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 601 


toward the tip. In preserved specimens there is a constriction on 
either side just back of the center, but living specimens show no joint 
here. 

Anal lamine fairly large, inclined toward each other, each tipped 
with three short sete. Kgg strings wide and considerably longer 
than the entire body, with 50 or 60 eggs in each string. 

Of the appendages the second antenne are long and slender, with 
the terminal claw bent in a half circle near the tip. No first maxille 
could be found but there is a small spine on either side in just about 
the position of these maxille which may be their rudiment. 

The second maxille are close to the mouth tube, with a broad and 
swollen base and an abruptly narrowed, slender, and acuminate tip. 
Upon the base is borne a papilla armed with two sete, representing 
the rudimentary endopod. 

The first maxillipeds are of the usual pattern; the second pair are 
long and slender, the two joints about the same length, the terminal 
claw bent in a half circle which embraces its entire length. The furea 
is long and narrow, the central sinus U-shaped, the branches slender 
and slightly enlarged at their tips. 

The first swimming legs are peculiar in having only a single terminal 
claw, which, however, is longer than the entire terminal joint and two- 
thirds as wide, with a blunt tip. 

The basal joint carries a spine on both the anterior and posterior 
margins at the distal end. The second joint has a single small spine 
at the distal end on the anterior margin. 

The spines on the exopods of the second legs are unusually large. 
The rami of the third legs are close together and chiefly noticeable on 
account of a lack of plumose sete, each ramus having but three. In 
addition the endopod carries two spines while the exopod has five. 
The fourth legs are three-jointed with five spines, the four on the ter- 
minal joint being nearly in a row at the end and all about the same 
size. 

Total length, 4 mm.; carapace, length, 1.55 mm.; free segment, 0.5 
mm.; genital segment, 1.15 mm.; abdomen, 0.80 mm.; width of car- 
apace, 1.66 mm.; width of genital segment, 1 mm. 

Color, a transparent horn color, sometimes quite yellow, with small 
dark purple spots evenly distributed over the dorsal surface. 

(monacanthus, “#ovos one and aKxavéy a spine, in allusion to the 
single spine at the tip of the first legs.) 

Young female.—Carapace nearly half the entire length, broadly 
ovate, wider than long, narrowed considerably anteriorly. Frontal 
plates wide, distinct, and very prominent; frontal margin with a slight 
incision at the center, its lateral ends showing a broad curve sweeping 
forward almost to the edge of the transparent border. The latter is 
corrugated in fine lines on either side of the curve and apparently acts 


602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


as a sort of sucker, like the lunules in Caligus. Nothing like this has 
ever been noticed in other species of Lepeophtheirus. 

About half way between this lateral curve and the central incision 
is a single flagellum on either side, which reaches beyond the edge of 
the transparent border and is evidently sensory. The median sucker 
on the ventral surface at the base of the frontal filament seems espe- 
cially well developed in this young form. The remainder of the cara- 
pace is similar to that of the adult. The free segment is relatively 
larger than in the adult, being three-quarters as long as the genital 
segment, and at the center, through the bases of the fourth legs, once 
and a half its width. 

The genital segment is a narrow oblong, only one-fifth as wide as the 
carapace and two-fifths as long, with parallel sides. At the posterior 
corners where it joins the abdomen the beginnings of the sexual organs 
can be plainly seen. On the dorsal surface at either side is the os uteri, 
or opening of the oviduct to the exterior. This takes the form of a 
large, broad, and blunt papilla projecting from the angle of the geni- 
tal segment, on a level with and alongside the dorsal surface of the 
abdomen. 

Inside the genital segment can be seen the posterior end of the 
oviduct, coiled irregularly, enlarged somewhat, and easily mistaken 
for the semen receptacles of the male. 

On the ventral surface can be seen the fifth legs as a pair of large 
and blunt papille, with tiny sete at their tips. Just in front of 
these legs a joint can be plainly seen extending across the ventral 
surface of the genital segment, as though the fifth legs were to be 
separated from the rest of the segment. This joint also appears 
indistinctly upon the dorsal surface, but would never be noticed if 
it were not first discovered on the ventral surface. In front of the 
fifth legs on the ventral surface may be seen the cement glands, 
already well formed and with the division of the central lumen into 
cells plainly visible. In the posterior portion of the abdomen the 
respiratory muscles extending from the abdomen wall to the cloacal 
portion of the intestine show that this mode of respiration persists 
at least for a time after the molt from the chalimus into the adult 
form. 

Several interesting facts may be learned from this study of the 
young female. Perhaps the most important one is the necessity for 
great care in distinguishing between young females and males. The 
specimens under consideration were judged at first to be males; they 
were of the right size; the proportions of the body regions were those 
of ordinary Lepeophtheirus males, and the coiling of the oviducts 
at the posterior end of the genital segment looked much like a pair of 
semen receptacles. But on examining them under high magnifica- 
tion, in order to explain the curious structures in the genital segment, 


NO. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 6038 


well-developed cement glands were found which proved the sex 
beyond a doubt. A second fact, therefore, would be that these glands 
develop first in the growth of the sexual organs and furnish a sure 
method of distinguishing the sexes. 

A third inference is in regard to the so-called fifth legs; if there is a 
joint extending across the genital segment in front of them then they 
must be the rudiments of the sixth rather than the fifth pair of legs. 
When two pairs are visible upon the genital segment we call the 
posterior pair the sixth and the anterior pair the fifth. But this 
young female would seem to show that when only one pair are present 
they are as likely to be the sixth as the fifth pair. A genital segment 
which shows no signs of division in the adult may have been divided 
in the young with sufficient clearness to indicate beyond a doubt 
which pair of legs it is that are present. 

Total length, 3.3 mm.; length of carapace, 1.7 mm.; length of 
free segment, 0.5 mm.; length of genital segment, 0.7 mm.; length 
of abdomen, 0.7 mm.; width of carapace, 1.7 mm.; width of genital 
segment, 0.4 mm. 

Nauplius—Body ovate, evenly rounded anteriorly but quite 
squarely truncated posteriorly between the balancers. Appendages 
proportionally longer than usual, but otherwise of the ordinary 
form. The entire center of the body filled with a mass of opaque 
yellowish yolk granules, which extend forward in three lobes the 
median of which is wider and blunter than the two lateral ones. 
The balancers are long, cylindrical, and quite strongly curved; they 
start out from the posterior corners at an angle of 45 degrees, but 
curve forward so much that their terminal halves are in the same 
straight line which is at right angles to the body axis. The pigment 
is of a peculiar deep Prussian blue and is distributed in the form of 
spots along either margin of the body outside the yolk. There is a 
large spot at the base of each balancer, and the two fuse across the 
mid line. The eye spot is also large and covers the entire space 
between the bases of the first antenne. 

Total length, 0.22 mm.; width of body, 0.12 mm. 

This species was established by Heller in 1865 from specimens 
found on the gills of “ Pimelodus maculatus,’ a catfish common in 
Brazil. The species has not been seen since, or at least has not 
appeared in any published writings. In the redescription as here 
given many interesting details have been added. 

The present specimens were obtained from two species of the same 
family of catfish, namely Heranematichthys felis Linneus and Felich- 
thys marinus Mitchill. The former lot of specimens is Cat. No. 32804, 
U.S. N. M., the latter Cat. No. 2800, U.S. N. M. On both fish the 
copepods were found in the gill cavity and on the inside of the 
operculum, rarely more than three or four on the same fish. But 


604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


they were fairly common and every haul of the fish yielded several 
specimens. Heller did not find any males and the most persistent 
search in the present instance throughout the entire summer also 
failed to yield any of that sex. There must be something peculiar 
in their habits or in the conditions by which they are surrounded to 
account for such a widespread disappearance of the males immedi- 
ately after the breeding season. 

The females, especially the young and such of the adults as are 
without their egg strings, are very lively when placed in an aquarium. 
They swim about rapidly and persistently, and rival the most per- 
nicious of the Caligus species in crawling up above the surface of the 
water. They also move about over the skin of their host more 
rapidly than is usual in a Lepeophtheirus. 


LEPEOPHTHEIRUS LONGISPINOSUS, new species. 
Plate LIT. 


Types —Cat. No. 32810, U. S. National Museum. 

Female.—Carapace orbicular, about as wide as long and half the 
entire length. Frontal plates wide and distinct, their anterior mar- 
gin nearly straight with a shallow incision at the center, in the bottom 
of which can be seen the remains of the frontal filament. Posterior 
sinuses wide and U-shaped, inclined somewhat toward each other. 
Median lobe half the entire width and projecting half its length 
behind the lateral lobes, with a slightly concave posterior margin. 
Thoracic area semicircular, but much less than half the entire length, 
owing chiefly to the shortness of the median lobe. Eyes large and 
situated far forward. 

Free segment short and less than one-third the width of the genital 
segment, with concave sides and scarcely any thickening through the 
bases of the fourth legs. 

Genital segment orbicular, with very evenly curved. sides, the pos- 
terior lobes short, wide, and blunt, the posterior margin concave. 

Abdomen the same width as the free segment, one-jointed, and 
about four-sevenths as long as the genital segment. Anal laminee 
large and oblong, tipped with three long plumose sete, with two 
shorter ones on the outer margin. Egg strings wider than the abdo- 
men and three-quarters the entire length of the body, each with 25 
or 30 eggs. 

Second antenne with an unusually long and slender terminal claw, 
sharply bent near the tip; the basal joint is armed with a slender 
spine two-thirds as long as the terminal claw. 

The first maxille have a swollen circular base on which are two 
papillae armed with spines, the rudiments of the endopod. The tips 
of these maxille are slender, slightly curved, and nearly as long as 
the terminal claw of the second antenne, which is exceptional even 
in a male of this genus, 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 605 


The second maxille are elongate and triangular, the base but 
little enlarged, opposite the center of the mouth tube, and some lit- 
tle distance from it. Their tips are slender, straight, and simple, 
the entire appendage being somewhat longer than the mouth tube. 
The mandibles are slender with a curved terminal joint, armed with 
coarse rounded teeth on the concave margin and fine pointed teeth 
on the convex margin, another exceptional feature in this genus. 

The mouth tube is short, two-thirds as wide as long, with a bony 
framework very similar to that in Lepeophtheirus hippoglossi, the 
soft flap at the tip of the upper lip being relatively wider, and the 
fringe of hairs around the mouth opening longer and denser. 

The first maxilipeds are long and slender, and the basal joint is 
but little swollen; the terminal joint, including the claw, is twice 
the length of the basal and ends in a single claw which is strongly 
curved near its tip. At the base of this claw are two medium sized 
spines, one on the inner and the other on the ventral margin. The 
claw itself is branched, giving off two small accessory spines on its 
outer margin; so far as known this has never before been reported 
in this genus. 

The second maxillipeds are large and stout and of peculiar struc- 
ture; the basal joint is swollen and of normal form, the terminal 
claw is short and not much curved. From the base of this claw on 
the inner margin arises a stout conical spine, half the length of the 
claw and as wide at the base as it is long. The use of this spine is 
problematical, since from its size and position it must prevent the 
terminal claw from closing down on the basal joint in the usual 
manner. 

The furea is large and relatively the longest of any yet described; 
its base is in the usual position, but when closed down against the ven- 
tral surface the tips of its branches reach beyond the posterior mar- 
gin of the first legs. 

These branches are wide and stout, with spathulate tips, and 
they diverge in the shape of a broad V. Each carries a slender, 
pointed secondary branch upon its inner margin near the base. 
These secondary branches are two-thirds as long as the primary ones, 
are parallel with each other, and leave the central sinus of a broad 
U-shape. 

The basal joints of the first legs are each armed with two spines 
on the posterior margin, the outer one wider and longer than the 
inner. The second joint carries a short and blunt spine at its distal 
anterior corner. The terminal claws decrease regularly in size from 
in front backwards. 

The second legs are of the ordinary pattern; the rami of the third 
legs are so close together as almost to touch on their adjacent mar- 
gins. Each ramus is two-jointed; the basal spine on the exopod is 
large and nearly straight. The fourth legs are three-jointed with 


606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIiI. 


four spines, the basal joint slender and one-third longer than the 
two terminal joints. The second and third joints are the same 
length; the inner terminal claw is slender and two and a half times as 
long as the others, equaling the combined length of the second and 
third joints. The fifth legs are entirely lacking. 

The oviducts are rather loosely coiled in the genital segment, 
and very small compared with the size of the external egg cases. 
The cement glands are short and wide, somewhat club-shaped, and 
they reach scarcely beyond the center of the genital segment. Their 
constituent cells are thin, while the duct is enlarged and bent abruptly 
just as it leaves the cellular portion. The semen receptacle is nar- 
row, about the same width throughout, and curved slightly forwards. 

Total length, 3.2 mm.; length of carapace, 1.65 mm.; length of geni- 
tal segment, 1 mm.; length of abdomen, 0.55 mm.; width of carapace, 
1.6 mm.; length of egg strings, 2.15 mm. 

Color a uniform light gray without pigment except in the eyes. 

(longispinosus, longus, long and spinosus, armed with spines.) 

This species was found on the gills of the Hammer-head shark, 
Sphyrna zygena. It is chiefly remarkable for the length and slender- 
ness of its spines and maxille, and also for the form and length of its 
furca. Specimens were secured from two sharks taken at different 
times and in different localities. These were all the sharks of this 
species that were obtained, and of course are not enough to decide 
whether the parasite is common or not. 


Genus PARAPETALUS Steenstrup and Lutken. 


New diagnosis.—First three thorax segments united with the head 
and covered by a-rounded and shield-shaped carapace. Frontal 
plates with lunules as in Caligus. Fourth segment free, much nar- 
rower than the genital segment, and without dorsal plates or proc- 
esses. 

Genital segment enlarged nearly to the size of the carapace; its 
ventral surface produced on either side into a large membranous wing 
which reaches well beyond the lateral margin of the segment and 
curls up dorsally at the edge. Each wing is also produced posteriorly 
into a broad rounded lobe which reaches nearly to the tip of the abdo- 
men. The genital segment is also produced on its ventral surface 
posteriorly into two short flattened lobes lying side by side at the 
median line between the bases of the wing lobes and under the origin 
of the egg tubes. 

Abdomen narrow and elongate; its dorsal surface produced on 
either side into a wide membranous wing similar to those on the geni- 
tal segment, but which curls downward at the edges around the egg 
strings. First and fourth swimming legs unicamose; second and third 
pairs biramose. Fused median eye and furea as in Caligus. Anal 
lamine medium size with short sete, 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 607 


PARAPETALUS OCCIDENTALIS, new species. 
Plate LJII. 


Types.—Cat. No. 32808, U. S. National Museum. 

Female.—Carapace one-third the entire length, ovate, consider- 
ably wider than long, and quite squarely truncated posteriorly. 
Frontal plates wide and prominent, with a slight incision at the cen- 
ter; lunules medium sized, widely separated, and projecting half 
their «tameter. Posterior sinuses broad and shallow, the median 
Jobe al. -ost exactly one-third the entire width and not projecting 
behind the lateral lobes. The latter are squarely truncated poste- 
riorly and slightly curved inward. Thoracic area less than one- 
fourth the entire length and semicircular in outline. Eyes small 
and fused on the mid line. 

Fourth (free) segment two-fifths as wide as the carapace, and nar- 
rowed anteriorly where it joins the latter. It is entirely without 
dorsal plates, processes, or appendages except the fourth legs. Geni- 
tal segment orbicular and only five-sixths as long as wide, while it 
is three-quarters the width of the carapace. It is produced on its 
ventral surface into two large membranous wings, which project 
well beyond the lateral margin on either side and curl up dorsally 
at the edges. 

Each wing is considerably thickened at its base, where it also pro- 
jects in front of the genital segment and comes up against the side 
of the fourth segment; but it thins rapidly and becomes very delicate 
and pliable toward the margins. Each wing, furthermore, is pro- 
longed posteriorly into a well-rounded lobe, which reaches backward 
nearly to the posterior end of the abdomen. Between the bases of 
these large lobes the genital segment itself is prolonged backward 
into very much smaller, flattened lobes, which lie side by side at the 
median line under the bases of the egg strings. In young females 
the two are entirely separate, but later they often fuse into a single 
semicircular and laminate flap or lobe. 

The abdomen is half as long again as the genital segment, and its 
dorsal surface for the entire length on either side is produced into a 
membraneous wing which extends outa little beyond the lateral mar- 
gin of the genital segment and then curls over ventrally around the 
egg strings. These two wings also project posteriorly a little beyond 
the tips of the anal lamine. 

On the posterior margin there is quite a deep incision at the middle 
for the anus. The anal lamanex stand close to this incision, are of 
medium size, somewhat enlarged at the tip, and terminate in four 
short sete of about the same length. | 

The egg strings are wide, a little longer than the combined genital 
segment and abdomen, and each contains 60 or 70 eggs. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 39 


608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


The second antenne have a stout basal jomt with a long and 
slender terminal hook. The mouth tube is about twice as long as 
wide, with the mouth opening circular, subterminal (a little more on 
the ventral side), and surrounded with a fringe of long hairs. The 
tube is constricted somewhat sharply on either side at about the cen- 
ter. The details of the bony framework supporting the lower lip are 
shown in Fig. 58, and of course differ from those shown in other genera 
of the Caligine. 

There are first at the base a pair of long and wide bones (a) flat- 
tened dorso-ventrally, lying side by side along the mid line. 

At their proximal ends these bones articulate with the ventral 
surface of the carapace, at their distal ends with two other pairs of 
bones (6) much smaller and. cylindrical, also lying along the median 
line. The distal ends of this last pair articulate with the curved 
bones (c) surrounding the mouth. Outside the first pair are two 
irregular bones (d) on either side along the lateral margin; outside 
the second pair a single triangular bone (e) on either side, its broad 
base articulating with the distal ends of the first median pair and the 
marginal bones outside of them, its apex joining the bony framework 
around the mouth close to the distal ends of the second median pair. 

Still outside of these triangular bones and along the lateral margin 
of the distal portion of the lip is a long bone curved outward quite 
strongly (f). The proximal end of this bone articulates with the outer 
proximal angle of the triangular bone just at the constriction in the 
lateral margin of the lip. Its distal end is bifid, the two branches 
joining the sides of the bony circle around the mouth. 

The entire bony framework of the lip is thus definitely jointed along 
a line joining the constrictions in the lateral margins of the lip. This 
jointing constitutes the most essential difference between the structure 
of the tube in the present genus and that in Caligus and Lepeophtharus. 

The mandibles inclosed within the tube are similar to those in the 
two genera named. They are curved in toward each other at their 
tips, with coarse teeth along the inside of the curve and finer ones 
along the outside. 

The first maxillz are close to the tips of the second antenne; they 
are rather small, with swollen bases and narrow, elongate, and blunt 
tips. The second maxille le close to the mouth tube; they are 
simple and triangular, with broad bases and short, stout tips, slightly 
curved. From the ventral surface of the base arises a stout papilla, 
representing the endopod and tipped with two setz. The outer of 
these is three times the length of the inner one and is jointed once 
near its base. 

The first maxillipeds are like those usually found in the Caligine; 
the second pair have a large and stout basal joint furnished with pow- 
erful muscles and a long, slender, and strongly curved terminal claw. 
There are upon the inner surface of the basal joint a pair of stout 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 609 


chitin knobs, one on either side of the mid line, and the tip of the ter- 
minal claw shuts in between these when it is closed. Between the 
bases of these second maxillipeds and the first pair of swimming legs 
is the furea. Its branches are broadly U-shaped, its base the shape 
of an ox yoke extending transversely across the median line. 

The base of the U is connected with the center of the yoke by a 
narrow stem or petiole. 

The first swimming legs are of the usual pattern with a stout blunt 
spine on the posterior margin of the basal joint; the plumose setz on 
the terminal joint are short and weak. 

In the second legs the basal joint of the endopod is very broad and 
overlaps the exopod considerably, while the spines on the exopod are 
also large and curved. The rami of the third legs are close together 
and stand out prominently; the claw at the base of the exopod is very 
large and stout and strongly curved. 

The fourth legs are four-jointed with five spines; the basal joint is 
stout and as long as the other three; the spines are all of the same 
length, except the inner terminal one, which is half as long again as 
the others. 

The digestive canal is similar to that in the other genera of this 
family, but the reproductive organs present marked differences. 

The shell glands are comparatively large and of the usual club-shape, 
the distal three-fifths twice the diameter of the basal two-fifths; but 
the lumen of the glands shows no signs of a division into cells; on the 
contrary, it is milky white in color, rather opaque, and homogeneous 
throughout. 

The semen receptacles and the arrangement for the reception of the 
spermatophores are also peculiar, as can be seen in fig. 67. 

The semen receptacles are situated at the bases of the median lobes 
of the genital segment. Each is much enlarged into a flask shape at 
its inner end next to the median line, the posterior margins of the flasks 
being connected across the mid line bya narrow tube. Each flasks 
also sends out posteriorly into the lobe of the genital sezment a wide, 
nipple-shaped process. 

From the tip of the nipple a slender, thread-like tube runs back to 
the posterior margin of the lobe. The spermatophores are fastened 
to the posterior ends of the lobes, and their contents are discharged 
through these tubes into the semen receptacles. 

Total length, 6 mm.; length of carapace, 2 mm.; width of carapace, 
2.3 mm.; length of genital segment, 1. 5 mm.; length of abdomen, 2 
mm.; width of ventral plates on genital segment, 3 mm.; length of 
egg strings, 5 mm. 

Color a milky white, the plates on the genital segment and the lat- 
eral wings of the abdomen showing mottled by transmitted light, 
due to opaque spots in the inner tissues; egg strings showing spots 
of reddish purple when approaching maturity. 


610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


(occidentalis, belonging to the Occident or Western Hemisphere, 
the only other species being from the Indian Ocean and bearing the 
name P. orientalis.) 

Nauplius.—Body an elongated ellipse, more than twice as long as 
wide, with evenly rounded ends. Pigment a beautiful reddish pur- 
ple, distributed in a large irregular eye spot at the anterior end, a 
narrow line along either side halfway between the margin and the 
mid line, and a row of irregular spots across the posterior end. 
Balancers long and of the usual spathulate form, the cylindrical base 
being fully two-fifths of the entire length. 

Total length, 0.4 mm.; width of body, 0.16 mm. 

This new species was found upon the inside of the operculum of 
the cobia, Rachycentron canadus Linneeus. They seem to prefer the 
dorsal angle, four or five individuals being found there on either 
side, huddled close together. In addition to the types recorded 
above, a second lot, Cat. No. 32809, U. S. N. M., was obtained from 
the gill cavity of the same fish. 

On being removed and placed in water they are found to be quite 
active, swimming about freely, though not with the rapidity of 
Caligus or Lepeophtheirus. They have a very marked propensity 
for coming to the surface of the water and lying there for hours at a 
time. They seem to hold themselves in position by getting a little 
air under the edges of the membranous wings and thus buoying 
themselves up. These wings are so thin and pliable, however, that 
they are constantly getting wrinkled and snarled up; and if left 
for any time in an aquarium the chances are that the wings will 
require considerable straightening before preservation. 

This is the first species that has been obtained since Steenstrup 
and Liitken founded the genus in 1861. They did not succeed in 
finding any males, and a most careful search for them in the present 
instance was alse without success. 

There are now two clearly defined species of this genus, each of 
which is represented by females only. 

Heller (1865) and Bassett-Smith (1899) noted the genus, but the 
account which each of them gives is evidently taken directly from 
the original description without the examination of any specimens. 

The discovery of a second species would ordinarily modify the 
original genus diagnosis somewhat, but in the present instance it 
makes such radical changes that only a little of the original is left. 

Steenstrup and Litken evidently had a limited supply of spec- 
imens, all of which had been preserved in the East Indies and sent 
home. 

They therefore content themselves with a genus diagnosis of two 
lines and a half, and a species description of only ten lines in length. 
Their diagnosis simply states that this genus differs from Caligus 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 611 


and its near relatives in having the genital segment ‘‘girded with a 
membranous wing and the tail (really the abdomen) furnished with 
two elongate, retrovert wings which are in the form of a half moon.”’ 

Heller records the finding of the parasite on a new host in the 
Indian Ocean, but makes not attempt at a description. 

Bassett-Smith, the most recent authority, gives the following 
genus diagnosis, presumably made up from Steenstrup and Liitken’s 
text and figures: 

Carapace rounded, scutiform. Frontal border with lunule. First and fourth pairs 
of thoracic limbs uniramose, second and third biramose. Genital segment of large 
size, covered over by two dorsal plates; also with two elongated flattened processes 
projecting backwards from the posterior border and origin of abdominal portion, 
which latter is biarticulate, terminating in two small caudal plates. (1899, p. 445.) 

There are at least five serious errors in this diagnosis, brief as it 
is, besides some equally serious omissions. 

The genital segment is not ‘‘covered over’’ by anything; its 
dorsal surface is uncovered except at the posterior end where the 
abdominal wings overlap it somewhat. Furthermore the covering 
of its ventral surface can not be called ‘‘plates;” they are rather 
membranous wings like those on the abdomen, as Steenstrup and 
Liitken call them. The most noticeable thing about them is that 
they are turned up dorsally at the edges in a perfect saucer shape, 
the genital segment lying in the bottom of the saucer. Nothing is. 
said of this by any of the previous authors. 

Again the “‘elongated flattened processes projecting backwards”’ 
are a part of the ventral wings and not a portion of the segment 
itself, as can be plainly seen in Steenstrup and Liitken’s figure as 
well as in those here given. Their size, their shape, and above all 
their attachment prove this beyond a doubt. 

The genital segment of the present species does have two flat- 
tened processes, but they are very short instead of elongate, ventral 
instead of dorsal, and they are not mentioned at all by Steenstrup 
and Liitken. In their preserved material, however, these tiny proc- 
esses could have been easily overlooked. 

Another error is in the statement that the abdomen is ‘‘biarticu- 
late.” Steenstrup and Liitken neither in their figures nor in their 
text give it as such; but they make no definite statement with refer- 
ence to it. In their figure, however, as in the present species it is 
certainly one-jointed. 

And, lastly, Bassett-Smith’s diagnosis neglects to notice the large 
wings on either side of the abdomen, which are one of the chief char- 
acteristics of the genus. 

Steenstrup and Liitken speak in their species description of the 
wings on the genital segment as “a thin marginal border, consider- 
ably widened posteriorly.”” This, taken in connection with the fact 


612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


that their figure is not shaded so as to show the relative positions of 
the two pairs of wings, and that they make no definite statement in 
this respect, leaves it not only possible but even probable that the 
arrangement in their species was just like that in the present one. 
Both species are transparent enough to show most of the details 
right. through the wings. 

And if their figure be compared with the one here presented it 
will be seen that a little shading would make the two identical as 
regards this wing arrangement. The absence of such shading made 
possible the errors in Bassett-Smith’s diagnosis. 


ABASIA, new genus. 


Genus diagnosis.—Body elongate, with regions distinctly marked; 
first three thorax segments united with the head and covered by a 
rounded carapace. This latter is deeply notched on either side ante- 
riorly, the portion between the notches being produced into a sort 
of broad rostrum one-third as long as the rest of the carapace. Fron- 
tal plates borne on the anterior end of this rostrum, distinct, and 
without lunules. Sides of the carapace folded over ventrally, as in 
Lernanthropus. Cephalic and thoracic portions more strongly arched 
and much thicker than the lateral areas. Fourth segment as in 
Caligus, small and without dorsal plates. Genital segment elongate 
acorn-shaped, nearly as large as the carapace, and without lobes or 
appendages. Abdomen two-jointed, the first joint many times larger 
than the second; anal laminz minute. Second antenne in the 
female and second maxille in both sexes ruidmentary; first maxilla 
and furea entirely wanting. Thoracic legs as in Caligus. Eggs com- 
paratively large. 

Type of genus.—Abasia pseudorosiris. 

(Abasia, from Abas, the son of Metanira, changed by Ceres into a 
lizard because he mocked the goddess.) 


ABASIA PSEUDOROSTRIS, new species. 
Plate LIV and Plate LVI, fig. 100. 


Type- —Cat. No. 32811 U.S. National Museum. 

Female.—Carapace orbicular, less than one-third the entire length 
as wide as long; deeply notched on either side close to the anterior 
margin. The portion on the mid line, included between these 
notches, forms a broad rostrum, one-third the entire width of the - 
carapace, and projecting considerably in front of the latter. Fron- 
tal plates distinct, but short and narrow, the two together only as 
wide as the rostrum. Frontal margin deeply notched at the center 
and showing at the base of this notch the remains of a frontal fila- 
ment; no lunules. 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 6138 


Central portion of the carapace, including the cephalic and tho- 
racic areas, strongly arched and raised considerably above the lat- 
eral areas. To increase this difference the sides of the carapace are 
folded over ventrally around the appendages as in Lernanthropus. 
Posterior sinuses broadly triangular and shallow; median lobe only 
one-third the entire width and not projecting behind the lateral 
lobes. Thoracic area the smallest yet observed in any of the Calig- 
ine, only one-third the width and one-fourth the length of the cara- 
pace; cephalic area correspondingly large. Free segment short and 
less than one-third the width of the carapace, without plates or 
processes. 

Genital segment the shape of an elongated acorn, not quite as 
wide as the carapace but longer, thus making its area about the 
same. Its sides are evenly .curved and its posterior margin is 
squarely truncated without lobes or processes. 

The abdomen is seven-eighths as long as the genital segment and 
two-jointed. The basal joint is elliptical, two-thirds as wide as the 
genital segment, and more than four times as long as the terminal 
joint, with evenly-curved sides. The terminal joint is less than half 
the width of the basal, and carries a pair of small and widely sepa- 
rated anal lamin, each tipped with four short sete. The egg 
strings are the same width as the terminal abdomen joint and two- 
thirds as long as the entire body; eggs comparatively large, 40 to 50 
in each string. 

The first antenne are two-jointed like those in Caligus and rela- 
tively as large, but the second pair are rudimentary. They are 
situated at the base of the rostrum, are three-jointed, the last joint 
terminated by a minute claw, and the whole appendage is only half 
the size of the terminal joint of the first antenne. 

The first maxille and furea are entirely lacking; the second max- 
ille are reduced to mere points and are situated close to the sides 
of the mouth tube at its base. They are so small as to be easily 
overlooked. 

The mouth tube is short and wide, with a framework similar to 
that in Lepeophtheirus hippogiossi. The mouth opening is terminal 
and surrounded by a fringe of long hairs. The mandibles are 
inclosed in the mouth tube and are of the same general shape as in 
the other Caligine, with teeth along both margins. 

The first maxillipeds are comparatively large and stout, and are 
situated far forward, their bases anterior to the center of the mouth 
tube and close to it. In fact, they occupy nearly the position usu- 
ally taken by the second maxille. (See fig. 74.) 

The two joints are about the same length, the terminal one ending 
in two claws, of which the inner is more than twice the length of 
the outer. 


614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


The second maxillipeds are much enlarged,* the terminal claw 
about the same length as the basal joint and strongly curved near 
the tip, with a minute accessory seta on the ventral surface near 
the base. Both joints are very strong and plentifully supplied with 
powerful muscles. 

The swimming legs are similar to those in Caligus, but much 
reduced in size. The first pair have a comparatively small basal 
jot carrying one large spine on its posterior border; the middle 
joint is of the same size as the basal with a small spine at its ante- 
rior distal corner; the terminal joint is only two-thirds as large and 
tipped with the usual three claws and the long spine at the inner 
distal corner, but there are no plumose setz on the posterior margin 
of this joint. 

The second legs are of the usual pattern, with large and prominent 
spines on the exopod. The apron of the third legs is so reduced as to 
be smaller than the second pair. Hence in a ventral view the third legs 
do not project behind the second but are covered by the latter. Their 
rami are so close together that they overlap; the exopod is three- 
jointed with a relatively large basal spine, but with very few plumose 
sete; the endopod is two-jointed, each joint with a single plumose seta. 

The fourth legs are three-jointed, with four spines; the basal joint 
about as long as the other two; the inner terminal spine one-half 
longer than the other three, which are about equal. The fifth 
legs are entirely wanting in this species. The reproductive organs 
and muscalature are similar to those in Caligus. The oviducts are 
coiled somewhat differently in the genital segment, as can be seen in 
fig. 80. The cement glands are rather large and extend well up 
toward the anterior margin of the segment. The cellular portion is 
somewhat club-shaped, with twelve to fifteen cells; the duct is 
enlarged into a sort of reservoir at its base where it leaves the cellular 
portion, and also bent outward, terminating very close to the base of 
the egg tubes. The semen receptacle is peculiar in that it is enlarged 
at either end instead of at the center. 

There is also apparently a large accessory lobe connected with the 
enlargement at either end, a condition which has not been reported 
for any other genus. 

Total length, 5.22 mm.; length of carapace, 1.67 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 1.8 mm.; length of abdomen, 1.6 mm.; width of 
carapace, 1.67 mm.; length of egg strings, 3.55 mm. 

Color, a transparent cartilage groundwork beautifully penciled on 

the dorsal surface and the appendages with dichotomously-branched 
lines of wine-red. Pigment most conspicuous in the thoracic area, the 
genital segment, and at the posterior end of the abdomen. 


an Plate LIV these maxillipeds are signed Gale half as much as Ee Ras 
appendages. 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 615 


Male. Carapace orbicular as in the female, but slightly longer than 
wide and fully three-fifths the entire length. Rostrum and carapace 
areas as in the female. Free segment short, five-ninths as wide as 
the genital segment; the latter elliptical, a little longer than wide, 
with evenly rounded sides; fifth legs not visible dorsally. 

Abdomen only two-thirds the length of the genital segment, the 
same width as the free segment and two-jointed. But the joints are 
not as distinct as in the female and the basal one is only one-fourth 
as long as the terminal. The anal lamine are large, widely separated, 
and each is armed with two long plumose setz and three short spines. 

Appendages as in the female, except that all, and particularly the 
swimming legs, are larger and better developed. But the chief dif- 
ference lies in the second antennx; in the female these were degen- 
erated to mere stumps, entirely useless. But in the male we find a 
pair of large and strong organs tipped with powerful pinchers, and 
evidently used for clasping organs. They are not only nondegenerate, 
but are actually better developed than in the males of other genera. 
They are three-jointed, the basal and second joints about the same 
size, the latter with a sharp projection on the inner margin at the 
distal end which forms a chela with the small and strongly curved 
end claw. 

Reproductive organs as in Caligus, the testes rather small and 
situated far back, just in front of the groove separating the cephalic 
and thoracic areas. The vas deferens can be easily followed back 
to the semen receptacles which fill nearly the whole of the genital 
segment on either side of the intestine. 

Inside the receptacles can be seen the large spermatophores, with 
their short coiled tubes through which the contents are emptied into 
the semen receptacles of the female after the spermatophores have 
been fastened to the outside of the female’s genital segment during 
coition. 

Total length, 2.34 mm.; length of carapace, 1.4 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 0.55 mm.; length of abdomen, 0.36 mm.; width of 
carapace, 1.5 mm. 

Color as in the female, the reddish pigment rather more prominent. 

Nauplius.—Body wide, spindle shaped, the frontal margin broad 
and but slightly curved with prominent lateral angles. Posterior end 
narrowed considerably more than the anterior, but with prominent 
angles at the bases of the balancers. Eye spot large and projecting 
from the anterior margin, deep wine-red in color. (Fig. 100.) 

Pigment rust-colored with the red prominent, arranged in a nar- 
row line parallel with either side of the body close to the margin, 
and extending from the balancers almost to the eye spot. 

The outer margins of these lines are quite regular, but the inner 
margins are broken and ragged. Lach line is enlarged at the anterior 


616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


end, while at the base of the balancers it forms a well-defined and 
quite regular ring just inside the margin. 

The posterior half of the body inside of the pigment lines is filled 
with semiopaque yolk granules of a pale yellow color. 

The balancers are one-fourth the length of the body, slightly 
curved outward, cylindrical at the base, with a flattened spathulate 
tip. 

Total length, 0.4 mm.; width of body, 0.23 mm. 

The colors of this nauplius blend finely and make it one of the 
most beautiful yet seen. 

(pseudorostris, pseudo, false and rostrum.) 

This new genus was obtained from the mouth of the lizard fish, 
Synodus fotens Linneus. The frontal plate, rostrum, and anterior 
portion of the carapace were buried just beneath the skin of the roof 
of the mouth, while the large second maxillipeds were sunk through 
the skin and into the underlying tissue. This method of fastening 
is significant, taken in connection with the fact that the sides of the 
carapace are folded over ventrally as in Lernanthropus, and the apron 
of the third legs is so much reduced that it can not fill the gap at the 
posterior end of the carapace and thus function as a sucker. 

It means that we have here a genus undoubtedly belonging to 
the Caligine, but one which has so far degenerated as to have given 
up those structures which in the other genera function as organs of 
adhesion. The lunules on the frontal plates, the thin pliable margin 
around the carapace, and the large apron of the third legs have all 
disappeared. And what is still more remarkable, in view of these 
facts, the second antenne, which play such an important part in 
the other genera as grasping organs, have practically disappeared 
in the female. And the creature is thus thrown back upon the sec- 
ond maxillipeds alone for retaining its position upon its host. This 
is a condition obtaining only in the lower families of parasites, and 
furnishes an excellent example of a reversal of ordinary develop- 
ment. In many of the specific problems of development which 
have been so admirably worked out by various scientists, we find 
prophecies of future advancement. Old organs take new forms, new 
organs appear, or there is a different arrangement of the various 
parts of the body which amounts to very little in the creature under 
immediate consideration, but which in subsequent development, or 
in other and higher animals that appear later, becomes an important 
and essential character. Feathers did not mean very much to the 
flying lizards upon whose tails they first appeared, but they play 
an important part in the life of an ordinary bird. So here in degen- 
eration or the reversal of development we find similar prophecies 
of future disappearance and loss. 

The habits of the genus are very different from those of the rest of 
the Caliginez, as would be expected from its structure. 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 617 


The female can not swim, nor does she move about ordinarily on the 
body of the host, but remains fixed in one place. 

The male, on the other hand, can swim a little and contrives to wrig- 
gle about over the fish’s skin by a sort of Jump-and-catch method, 
using the second maxillipeds and swimming legs. 

Both sexes, when placed in an aquarium, lie most of the time upon 
their backs, with the swimming legs vibrating rapidly back and forth 
like the abdominal appendages of the Phyllopods. But in the present 
instance this is probably not a respiratory movement, for even the 
adults show distinctly the set of muscles used for cloacal respiration, 
as already described in other genera. The females have also the habit 
of raising the carapace or bending it to one side till it stands nearly at 
right angles to the rest of the body, the flexure taking place between 
the carapace and the genital segment. So constantly is this practiced 
that it is difficult to get one killed with the body straight. There is 
also more or less folding and unfolding of the sides of the carapace, 
very different from Lernanthropus, in which the carapace sides seem 
incapable of much voluntary motion. 


UXO PHORWS Wey Genus: 


Genus diagnosis.—First three thorax segments united with the 
head and covered by a shield-shaped carapace. Frontal plates promi- 
nent and furnished with lunules as in Caligus. Eyes small with promi- 
nent lenses. Second antenne small and weak. Second mavxillee 
articulate at the base, the rudimentary endopod borne on the basal joint. 
Thé other mouth parts and the mouth tube asin Caligus. Furca com- 
pound, its terminal branches bifid. Swimming legs as in Caligus. 

Free segment short and wide, covered by two dorsal plates, which 
overlap the genital segment and project outward over the bases of the 
fourth legs. Genital segment enlarged, without plates or processes. 
Abdomen narrow, one-jointed; anal laminz large and well armed 
with setze. Ege tubes wider than the abdomen and nearly as long 
as the entire body. Eges and development as in Caligus. 

Type of genus.— Tuxophorus caligodes. 

(tuxophorus, 7TV&, a plate and ¢opé@ to bear.) 


TUXOPHORUS CALIGODES, new species. 
Plate LV and Plate LVI, figs. 93-99. 


Types.—Cat. No. 32805, U.S. National Museum. 

Female.—Carapace ovate, narrowed but little anteriorly, as wide as 
long, and about half the entire length. Frontal plates prominent and 
furnished with large hemispherical lunules similar to those on Caligus. 
These lunules are widely separated and project hardly at all from the 
anterior margin. Posterior sinuses narrow and shallow; median lobe 
a little less than half the entire width, projecting only a trifle beyond 
the lateral lobes and quite squarely truncated posteriorly with promi- 


618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


nent corners. Lateral lobes broad and curved inward at the tips. 
Thoracic area in the shape of a spherical triangle about half the entire 
length of the carapace, with a blunt rounded point at the median line 
anteriorly. Eyes small with prominent lenses, situated about one- 
third the distance from the anterior margin. 

Free segment short and relatively wide, covered by a pair of broad 
wings which extend outward to a level with the lateral margins of 
the genital segment and backward for some distance over the base 
of the latter. Their anterior margins are straight and inclined 
slightly backward, while the posterior margins are strongly curved 
and do not meet at the midline, leaving a space between them two- 
thirds of their own diameter. These wings are thus very similar to 
those on Alebion and Gloiopotes, except that in the latter the two are 
fused on the midline. 

Genital segment acorn-shaped, considerably narrowed anteriorly 
where it joins the free segment, with short, wide, and well-rounded 
lobes at the posterior corners. On the ventral surface of these lobes 
are the rudimentary fifth legs, whose tips project a little beyond the 
posterior-margins of the lobes, so as to be visible in dorsal view. 

Abdomen at its base one-fourth the width of the genital segment; 
tapering toward the tip; one-jointed. Anal lamine long, narrow, 
and well-rounded at the ends, each carrying three long terminal 
setee and two small spines on the outer margin. Egg tubes wider 
than the base of the abdomen, three-fourths as long as the body, each 
containing about 50 eggs. 

Of the appendages the first antenne are two-jointed, the basal 
joint longer than the terminal, and both joints heavily armed with 
setz and spines. The lunules are huge, semicircular, projecting well 
in front of the bases of the antenne, and reaching back nearly to the 
groove between the frontal plates and the carapace. The second 
antenne are rather small and weak, with a slender but strongly 
curved terminal claw. This claw carries on its inner margin near the 
base two accessory spines close together and borne on small basal 
papille. 

The basal joint carries a broad laminate spine on its posterior 
outer corner. The first maxille are comparatively large and pushed 
forward until their base is actually in front of that of the second 
antenne. The whole maxilla is wide and stout and is curved strongly, 
especially near the tip. It is as large as the terminal claw of the 
second antenne and bears on its ventral surface near the center two 
small knobs or papilla, one on either side. 

The second maxille are also much larger than in Caligus and 
Lepeophtheirus. They are simple like those of the former, broad, 
stout, and curved away from each other, with blunt ends and a small 
flange on the convex margin. Each is jointed to the ventral surface 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINE— WILSON. 619 


about opposite the tip of the mouth tube, so as to be freely movable, 
which is not the case in the genera just named. Moreover, the large 
papilla tipped with two spines and representing the rudimentary 
endopod, is in this case borne, not on the base of the exopod, but 
on the ventral surface of the carapace anterior to the joint. We have 
in these maxille, therefore, a basal joint fused to the surface of the 
carapace upon which is borne a freely movable exopod, the maxilla 
itself, and a rudimentary endopod much larger than usual. 

The mouth tube is similar to that found in Caligus. As will be 
seen from fig. 83 the bony framework is more nearly like that of 
Lepeophtheirus hippogloss: than of any other species yet described, 
while the mouth opening itself is like that in Caligus rapax. There 
are rods running along either side of the mouth tube, with their 
proximal ends turned downward and outward toward the ventral 
surface just as in L. hippoglossi.c To these are attached near the 
base of the tube a pair of short rods arranged like the sides of the 
letter V, with the point turned toward the tip of the tube instead 
of toward the base as in C. rapax. Between the tips of these lateral 
rods in the lower lip is a series of small transverse rods similar to 
those in C. curtus. And the upper lip also ends in a soft flap like that 
in C. curtus and L. edwardsi, but not of the same shape. 

Inside the mouth tube may be seen the mandibles, which are nar- 
row, curved strongly at the tip, and toothed along the concave margin. 
The first maxillipeds are of the usual pattern, the two joints about 
the same length, the inner terminal claw twice the length of the outer, 
and both claws well curved. The second maxillipeds are com- 
paratively weak, smaller, or at least no larger, than the second anten- 
ne, with a terminal claw little more than half the length of the basal 
joint. This claw is not much curved and carries a slender accessory 
seta on the inside near its base. 

The furcea is peculiar in two respects; the furca itself is double and 
its branches are bifurcate. Kréyer reports a species of Caligus (C. 
fallax) in which the furca is double, while there are at least three 
species of Lepeophtherrus in which the branches are bifid (LZ. hippo- 
glossi, robustus, and bifurcatus). 

The present species, so far as known, is the first to show a combi- 
nation of the two. But it does not show two complete furex, as 
Kroyer figures for C. fallax, neither is the division of the branches 
anything like that of the three Lepeophtheirus species named. The 
median sinus of this furca is broadly U-shaped; each branch is divided 
for about half its length, the inner branchlets parallel and forming 
the sides of the U, the outer one turned almost at a right angle. Both 
pairs of branchlets are broad, of the same diameter throughout, and 
with bluntly rounded ends. On either side of the base of the furca 


@ Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 500, fig. 6a, 


620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


another pair of branches are given off at right angles to the median 
axis. These are the same size and shape as the branchlets at the tip. 
The first legs are three-jointed, the basal joint carrying a small spine 
on its posterior border, a much larger one at the anterior distal cor- 
ner, and a broad spathulate spine in the middle of the ventral surface 
at the distal end. The terminal joint has three short and stout ter- 
minal claws and the usual plumose sete on its posterior border. 

The second legs are like those of Caligus, the spines on the exopod 
being rather stout. The rami of the third legs are so close together 
that they almost touch, the exopod three-jointed, the endopod two- 
jointed. There is the usual large spine at the base of the exopod, a 
very small one at the outer distal corner of the second joint and three 
along the outer border of the terminal joint. 

The fourth legs are four-jointed with five spines, the inner terminal 
one somewhat longer than the others, which are all about the same 
size. The basal joint is stout and longer than the other three, which 
are rather slender. 

Both the fifth and sixth legs are visible at the posterior margin of 
the genital segment, the former on the vental surface a little in front 
of the posterior end, the latter dorsal to them, but farther back at 
the extreme tips of the posterior lobes. 

The reproductive organs and muscular system are similar to those 
in Caligus. The ovaries are paired and situated over the cesophageal 
portion of the digestive tract. The oviduct leads back to the gen- 
ital segment, where it is coiled similarly to the condition in all the 
Caligidee, but the coils are shorter than is usual in Caligus and 
Lepeophthevrus. 

In the young females obtained from the pilot fish the condition 
and coiling of these oviducts is peculiar (see fig. 91). 

In the posterior portion of the fourth or free segment the oviducts 
enlarge more abruptly and to a greater diameter than is usual in the 
Caligide. In fact, on entering the genital segment the two oviducts 
fill nearly its entire diameter for the anterior third of its length. They 
then narrow considerably, so that in the posterior half of the segment 
there is room for three coils on either side. These oviducts are filled 
for their entire length with a black granular and homogeneous mass 
which is wholly opaque. Anteriorly the mass is divided into short 
and wide segments, corresponding to the future eggs, while posteriorly, 
where the oviducts are much narrower, the segments at the same*time 
increase in length. Their cubical contents are thus approximately 
the same throughout the entire oviducts. The cement glands are 
white in color, situated far forward in the genital segment, and quite 
strongly curved parallel with the margin of the segment, thus giving 
them the shape of ordinary parentheses marks. The glands them- 
selves are wide, and the ducts leading from them are considerably 


NO. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINZA— WILSON. 621 


enlarged just before their entrance into the oviduct. Both glands 
and ducts are surrounded by a thick envelope which reaches forward 
nearly to the anterior margin of the genital segment and which covers 
a large portion of the oviduct coils. 

The gland cells are wide and extend well back toward the posterior 
end, leaving a comparatively short and wide duct. In some of the 
young females the grooves separating the cells are invisible in the 
living animal, and the entire duct and gland have a uniform white 
color. 

The semen receptacle is at the extreme posterior margin of the 
genital segment and of the usual spindle shape. 

Total length, 5.67 mm.; length of carapace, 2.67 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 1.8 mm.; length of abdomen, 1 mm.; width of 
carapace, 2.65 mm.; length of egg strings, 4.33 mm. 

Color a light gray, spotted on the dorsal surface along the ridges 
and grooves with a rich red-brown pigment. In young females the 
color is that of transparent cartilage, sprinkled over the entire dorsal 
surface, and on the ventral surface around the bases of the append- 
ages with profusely branched blotches of a pale indigo blue. 
Sparsely scattered amongst these on both surfaces are smaller and 
less-branched spots of rose purple, the whole appearing, however, a 
uniform gray to the naked eye. 

(caligodes, caligus, and the ending é:d0s denoting likeness or 
similarity.) 

Male.—Carapace elliptical, slightly longer than wide, and not much 
narrowed anteriorly. Frontal plates prominent, but narrow; lunules 
as large as in the female and widely separated; front border emargi- 
nate. Posterior sinuses shallow, U-shaped, their sides parallel to the 
median axis; the median lobe not projecting and with sharp posterior 
corners. 

Thoracic area relatively smaller than in the female and nearly 
semicircular. 

Free segment short, but with rudimentary wings covering the bases 
of the fourth legs, which make it wider than the genital segment. 

Genital segment ovate, with a concave posterior border and show- 
ing both the fifth and sixth legs plainly in dorsal view, the former on 
the lateral margins one-third the distance from the posterior end, 
the latter at the tips of the posterior lobes. 

Abdomen less than half the width of the genital segment, but con- 
siderably longer; anal laminz large, almost as long as the abdomen 
proper and each tipped with three long plumose sete and carrying a 
smaller one on the outer margin. 

Appendages as in the female, the only differences of note being 
the second antennz and second maxillipeds. The former are much 
enlarged with a swollen basal joint, a still larger second joint, and a 


622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


short but stout terminal claw bent into a half circle. The distal end 
of the basal joint and the whole ventral surface of the second joint 
are covered with a corrugated network of chitin ridges. At the 
distal end of the corrugation on the second joint a wide triangular 
spine extends downward on either side from the ventral surface and 
curves over toward its fellow on the opposite side until their tips 
almost meet. This is evidently the clasping organ used during the 
breeding season. The second maxillipeds are also somewhat larger 
and stouter than in the female. ) 

The fifth and sixth legs are as plainly differentiated as in Homovotes 
palliata (fig. 96). The former are large papille on the sides of the 
genital segment extending on the ventral surface well in toward the 
mid-line. The latter include the entire posterior lobes, and their 
inner margins extend forward nearly to the center of the genital 
segment. 

The semen receptacles are of medium size and situated in the 
bases of the posterior lobes. The ducts leading to them are excep- 
tionally large, in fact, nearly the diameter of the receptacles them- 
selves, and much convoluted, and they fill the entire cavity of the 
genital segment outside the intestine. 

Total length, 3.6 mm.; length of carapace, 2.16 mm.; length of 
genital segment, 0.75 mm.; length of abdomen, 0.74 mm.; width of 
carapace, 1.98 mm. 

Color similar to the female, but paler, a light brownish gray to the 
naked eye, but showing under magnification the spots of blue and 
purple. . 

Chalimus.—Body elongate and spindle-shaped, the entire anterior 
margin of the carapace prolonged into a wide, triangular rostrum 
which projects in front of the first antenne a distance equal to two- 
thirds of the length of the carapace behind the antenne. 

From the apex of this triangle extends the attachment filament, 
which is wider and stouter than in any chalimus yet examined, and 
its surface is wrinkled or corrugated transversely. 

The sides of the triangular rostrum are slightly concave and at its 
base where it joins the carapace proper there is a deep reentrant 
angle on either side, out of which project the first antenne. In 
consequence of the elongate rostrum the eyes appear back of the 
center, three-fifths of the length from the anterior end. But judged 
with reference to the first antenne they are in about their usual 
position. 

The posterior margin of the carapace is slightly concave. 

The second and third thorax segments are fused together and con- 
siderably narrowed. The fourth segment is still narrower, and at its 
posterior corners may be seen the rudiments of the future dorsal 
lobes. With these lobes it is a little wider than the last segment, 
which is a fusion of the genital segment and abdomen, The future 


oe 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 623 


separation of these two is indicated by a shallow constriction on either 
side. This fused segment tapers posteriorly and terminates in a pair 
of small anal lamina, nearly twice as wide as they are long. Each is 
armed with five sete, one of which, the second from the inner edge, 
is several times longer than the others. The first antenne are two- 
jointed, the joints of the same size, the terminal one only with sete. 
The second antennez are three-jointed, the terminal claw being slen- 


der and weak. The mouth parts are practically the same as in the 


adult; the terminal joint of the second maxille is separated from 
the basal even thus early by a well defined groove, and the rudimen- 
tary endopod is carried on the basal joint. 

There are only two pairs of legs present, both biramose, with the 
rami one-jointed. The endopod of the first pair is much smaller 
than the exopod and destitute of seta; the two rami of the second 
pair are the same size, but the endopod carries only a single seta. 
Rudiments of the third and fourth legs appear as slight projections 
on the ventral surface behind the first and second pairs. 

Total length, 0.76 mm.; length of carapace, 0.5 mm.; greatest 
width, 0.3 mm. 

Color a pale brownish gray, spotted over the entire dorsal surface 
with brownish or purple pigment. The spots along the sides of the 
digestive tube are fused into two prominent longitudinal lines, which 
extend from the eyes nearly to the anus. 

This genus was obtained from the outside surface of the common 
cobia or crabeater, Rachycentron canadus, and the outside surface of 
the shark sucker Echeneis naucrates. The former specimens are taken 
as the types since they include both sexes. The latter specimens are 
Cat. No. 32806, U.S. N. M. 

Eight specimens of the chalimus were obtained from the fins of a 
silver gar, Tylosaurus marinus, and are Cat. No. 32807, U.S. N, M. 
The majority of these latter were on the tail fin, but one was taken 
from the dorsal fin, another from the anal, and a third from one of 
the pectorals. In each of these specimens the dorsal plates on the 
fourth segment were formed and projected from its lateral margins. 

The habits of the genus are quite similar to those of Caligus, with 
which the presence of lunules in the frontal plates still further allies it. 
But the females are not nearly as lively as those of Caligus and Lepe- 
ophtheirus, and swim about very little, preferring to lie quietly at the 
surface or near the bottom. The males, however, are very active and 
move about restlessly all the time. Both sexes are hardy and live well 
in confinement. 

The genus is of peculiar interest in that it forms ancther connecting 
link between the Caligine and the Euryphorine. 

The presence of lunules and the simple form of the second maxille 
are characters of the genus Caligus. The divided furca and the clear 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 40 


624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


differentiation of the fifth and sixth legs in both sexes are characters of 
the genus Lepeophtheirus. The presence of well developed plates on the 
dorsal surface of the fourth segment and their rudiments even in the 
male, the structure of the second antenne, and the jointing of the sec- 
ond maxille with the rudimentary endopod on the basal joint are 
characters of the Euryphorine. 

If we classify this genus with the Caligine it will be the only one pos- 
sessing any of these characters belonging to the Euryphorine. On the 
other hand, if we classify it with the latter subfamily it will stand 
equally alone in the possession of lunules and in the structure of the 
mouth tube. 

That it really belongs with the Caligine is clearly indicated when we 
come to consider its ontogeny. Both sexes show plainly, even in the 
adult, the glands and remains of the frontal filament by which the 
chalimus is fastened during its transition to the adult form. 

W ith the other characters somewhat evenly divided this would turn 
the decision, even if it did not possess greater value than they. We 
have here, then, a genus undoubtedly belonging to the Caliginz, as its 
development and general makeup clearly indicate, yet possessing sev- 
eral of the essential characters of the Euryphorine. W hile embraced 
within the first subfamily, therefore, it must be recognized as standing 
on the border line between the two. It is another of those instances 
which show that even the best efforts of the systematist can not hope 
to clearly differentiate all the forms that present themselves for con- 
sideration. 

In addition to the foregoing new and rediscovered species belonging 
to the Caligine, many others were found. 

The simplest method of recording these is to present an alphabetical 
list of the fish examined with the parasites found on each. They were 
all obtained in the immediate vicinity of Beaufort. 

Archosargus probatocephalus WatBauM. ‘The Sheepshead. 

An undescribed species of Bomolochus from the walls of the gill 
cavity, and an undescribed species of Lernanthropus from 
the gill filaments. 

Bairdiella chrysura LackrrpE. Mademoiselle: Yellow-tail. 

An undescribed species of Lernanthropus from the gills. 

Brevoortia tyrannus (LATROBE) GoopE. The Menhaden. 

Lernxenicus radiatus Rathbun, imbedded in the flesh, mostly 
along the back. Lernanthropus brevoortie Rathbun, fastened 
to the gill filaments. Anchorella scombri Kroyer, fastened to 
the gill arches. 

Carcharias obscurus LE Skur. Dusky Shark. 

Pandarus cranchii Leach, on the outside skin near the lips. 
Centropristes striatus Linnmus. The Blackfish. 

Caligus hemulonis Kroyer, on the walls of the mouth cavity. 


No. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 625 


Chilomycterus schepfi WaLBaum. The Swell-toad. 
Tucca tmpressa Kroyer, fastened to the fins. 
Coryphena equisetis Linn&zus. The Small Dolphin. : 
Caligus belones Kroyer, on the outside surface, and an unde- 
scribed species of Lernwenicus fastened to the fins. 
Echeneis naucrates Linn&/us. The Shark-sucker. 
Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson, on the outside surface. 
Epinephelus morio Cuvier and VALENCIENNES. The Red Grouper. 
Lepeophtheirus dissimulatus Wilson, on the outside surface. 
Felichthys marinus Mircnitit. The Sea-cat: Gaff Topsail. 
Lepeophtheirus monacanthus Heller, on the walls of the gill cavity 
and the mouth. Caligus rufus Wilson, on the outside skin. 
Caligus hemulonis Kroyer, on the walls of the mouth cavity. 
Fundulus heteroclitus Linnazxus. The Common Killifish. 
Argulus funduli Kroyer, on the outside skin and the fins. Cal/qus 
rufimaculatus Wilson, on the outside skin. 


Gymnosarda pelamys Linnaus. The Bonito. 
- Caligus bonito Wilson, on the wallsof the mouth and the gill cavity. 


Hexanematichthys felis LINNe%us. The Sea Catfish. 

Lepeophtheirus monacanthus Heller, on the walls of the gill cavity. 

Caligus hemulonis Kroyer, on the walls of the mouth. 
Leiostomus xanthurus Lackripr. The Spot or Goody. 
Lerneenicus radiatus Le Seur, imbedded in the muscles, usually in 
the vicinity of the fins. 
Menidia menidia Linna&us. The Southern Silversides. 
An undescribed species of Bomolochus on the gill filaments. 
Merone americana (GMELIN. The White Perch. 
An undescribed species of Lernanthropus on the gill filaments: 
This is the same as that found on the Mademoiselle. 
Micropogon undulatus Linna&zus. The Croaker. 
An undescribed species of Anchorella on the gill arches. 
Mugil cephalus Linnmus. The Common Mullet. 

Anchorella lize Kroyer, fastened to the gill arches. Brachiella 
oblonga Della Valle, fastened to the pectoral fins. Caligus 
curtus Miller, on the outside surface of the body. An un- 
described species of Bomolochus on the gill filaments. An 
undescribed species of Lernexenicus fastened to the outside of 
the operculum. 

Orthopristis chrysopterus Linnmwus. The Hogfish. 
An undescribed species of Lernanthropus on the gill filaments. 
Paralichthys lethostigmus JoRDAN and GILBERT. Southern Flounder. 
Lepeophtheairus edwardsi Wilson, on the outside surface, 


626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Prionotus tribulatus Cuvier. The Big-headed Gurnard. 
An undescribed species of Lernanthropus on the gill filaments. 
Pteroplatea maclura Le Seur. The Butterfly Ray. 

Argulus laticauda Smith, on the outside surface. 

Rachycentron canadus Linn&us. The Crab-eater or Cobia. 

Parapetalus occidentalis Wilson, on the inside surface of the 
operculum.  Zuwophorus caligodes Wilson, on the outside of 
the body. 

Scoliodon terre nove Richardson. ‘The Sharp-nosed Shark. 

Nesippus alatus Wilson, fastened to the inside of the gill arches. 
Pandarus cranchia Leach, on the outside skin and the fins. 
Perissopus communis Rathbun, on the outside of the body, 
especially around the lips. An undescribed species of Veme- 
sis on the gill filaments. 

Seriola lalandi Cuvier and VaLEeNcIENNES. The Amber Jack. 
An undescribed species of Lernanthropus on the gill filaments. 
Sphyrna tiburo Linnaeus. The Shovel-head Shark. 

Nesippus alatus Wilson, on the inside of the gill arches. Hudac- 
tylina nigra Wilson, on the gill filaments. An undescribed 
species of Lomolochus on the outside skin near the anus. 

Sphyrna zygena Linnmus. The Hammer-head Shark. 

Nesippus alatus Wilson, on the inside of the gill arches. Lepe- 
ophtheirus longispinosus Wilson, on the inside of the gill 
cavity. An undescribed species of WVemes¢s on the gill 
filaments. 

Synodus fetans Linnmus. The Lizard Fish. 
Abasia pseudorostris Wilson, on the walls of the mouth cavity. 
Trichiurus lepturus Linn&us. The Cutlass Fish. 
~ Caliqus chelifer Wilson, on the outside surface of the body.  Calr- 
gus rapax Milne Edwards, also on the outside surface. 
Tylosurus acus Lackphpr. The Hound Fish. 

Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson, a chalimus on one of the dorsal fins. 
Anundeseribed speciesot Lernanthropuson the gill filaments: 
this is the same as that found on the Garfish. An unde- 
scribed species of Bomolochus from the gill filaments. 

Tylosurus marinus WarBaum. The Garfish or Billfish. 

Lepeophtheirus edwardsi Wilson, on the outside surface. An unde- 
seribed species of Lernanthropus on the gill filaments. — Ziao- 
phorus caligodes Wilson, several chalimi on the fins. 

Upeneus maculatus Brock. The Red Goatfish. 

An undescribed species of Zernxen/cus fastened to the outside of 

the operculum and in the muscles along the back. 


NO. 1580. NEW SPECIES OF CALIGINA— WILSON. 627 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Plate XLIX. Caligus hemulonis Kroyer. 

Fig. 1, dorsal view of female; fig. 2, dorsal view of male; fig. 3, second antenna and 
first maxilla of female; fig. 4, same of male; fig. 5, mouth and second maxilla; fig. 6, 
furea; fig. 7, second maxillipeds of female; fig. 8, same of male; figs. 9 to 12, first, sec- 
ond, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 13, genital segment of female, ventral view; 
fig. 14, genital segment of male, ventral view. 

Plate L. Caligus rufus, new species. 

Fig. 15, dorsal view of female; fig. 16, second antenna and first maxilla; above and 
to the left is an enlarged drawing of the maxilla; fig. 17, mouth and second maxille; 
fig. 18, first maxilliped; fig. 19, second maxilliped; figs. 20 to 23, first, second, third, 
and fourth swimming legs; fig. 24, genital segment of female, ventral view; fig. 25, 
carapace of female, enlarged, showing ovaries and musculature; fig. 26, dorsal view of 
chalimus; fig. 27, second antenna of same; fig. 28, second maxilliped; figs. 29 to 31, 
first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs. 

Plate LI. Lepeophtheirus monacanthus Heller. 

Fig. 32, dorsal view of female; fig. 33, dorsal view of very young female; fig. 34, sec- - 
ond antenna; fig. 35, second maxilla; fig. 36, furea; fig. 37, second maxilliped; figs. 38 
to 41, first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 42, genital segment of female‘ 
ventral view; fig. 43, newly hatched nauphus. 

Plate LII. Lepeophtheirus longispinosus, new species. 

Fig. 44, dorsal view of female; fig. 45, second antenna and first maxilla; fig. 46, 
mouth tube; fig. 47, second maxilla; fig. 48, furca; fig. 49, first maxilliped; fig. 50, 
second maxilliped; figs. 51 to 54, first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 
55, genital segment of female, ventral view. 

Plate LIII. Parapetalus occidentalis, new species. 

Fig. 56, dorsal view of female; fig. 57, second antenna and first maxilla; fig. 58, 
mouth tube; fig. 59. second maxilla; fig. 60, furca; fig. 61, second maxilliped; figs. 62 
to 65, first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 66, genital segment of female, 
ventral view; fig. 67, posterior lobes of genital segment, enlarged, showing semen 
receptacle, ducts, and spermatophores; fig. 68, ventral view of genital segment and 
abdomen of very young female. 

Plate LIV. Abasia pseudorostris, new genus and species. 

Fig. 70, dorsal view of female; fig. 71, dorsal view of male; fig. 72, rostrum, first 
and second antennz of female; fig. 73, same of male; fig. 74, mouth tube, second 
maxille, and first maxilliped, showing relative position of latter; fig. 75, second max- 
illiped; figs. 76 to 79, first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 80, genital 
segment of female, ventral view. 

Plate LV. Tuxophorus caligodes, new genus and species. 

Fig. 81, dorsal view of female; fig. 82, second antenna and first maxilla; fig. 83, 
mouth tube and second maxillae; fig. 84, mandible; fig. 85, first maxilliped; fig. 86, 
furca; figs. 87 to 90, first, second, third, and fourth swimming legs; fig. 91, dorsal 
view of genital segment and abdomen of very young female; fig. 92, ventral view of 
genital segment of adult female. 

Plate LVI. Tuxophorus caligodes, continued. 

Fig. 93, dorsal view of male; fig. 94, second antenna and first maxilla; fig. 95, second 
maxilliped; fig. 96, ventral view of genital segment, enlarged; fig. 97, dorsal view 
of chalimus; figs. 98 and 99, first and second swimming legs of same; fig. 100, newly 
hatched nauplius of Abasia pseudorostris. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. XLIX 


THE MALE AND FEMALE OF CALIGUS H4MULONIS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


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THE FEMALE OF LEPEOPHTHEIRUS MONACANTHUS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. LIl 


THE FEMALE OF LEPEOPHTHEIRUS LONGISPINOSUS, NEW SPECIES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIlIIl PL. LIIP 


THE FEMALE OF PARAPETALUS OCCIDENTALIS, NEW SPECIES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIll 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


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THE MALE AND FEMALE OF ABASIA PSEUDOROSTRIS, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. LV 


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THE FEMALE OF TUXOPHORUS CALIGODES, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES. 


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PL. LVI 


PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXxXIll 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


THE MALE OF TUXOPHORUS CALIGODES, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 627. 


* 


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A REVIEW OF THE FLAT-HEADS, GURNARDS, AND OTHER 
MAIL-CHEEKED FISHES OF THE WATERS OF JAPAN. 


By Davip Srarr Jorpan and Rospert Kart RicHarpson, 
Of Stanford University. 


Tn earlier volumes of these Proceedings the Japanese represent- 
atives of certain families of Scleroparei, or Mail-cheeked fishes 
(Scorpenide, Hexagrammide, Cottide, Agonidx, Liparide, and Cy- 
clopteride), have heen described by Messrs, Jordan and Snyder and 
by Messrs. Jordan and Starks. In the present paper the remaining 
families of this group are considered. The specimens examined were 
collected in 1900 by Professors Jordan and Snyder. Series of these 
specimens are in the United States National Museum and in the 
museum of Stanford University. The accompanying illustrations are 
the work of Mr. William S. Atkinson. 


Family PLATYCEPHALID. 


THE FLATHEADS. 


Head flattened and more or less armed with spines and serratures, 
scaly posteriorly; body depressed anteriorly, subcylindrical pos- 
teriorly, covered closely everywhere with ctenoid scales; lateral line 
_ present; two dorsal fins, the first preceded by a short detached spine; 
ventrals I, 5, thoracic, aes wide apart, and well behind pectorals; 
lower rays of pectorals more or less free at tips; no pectoral append- 
ages; jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform teeth, some 
of the teeth sometimes enlarged and more or less canine-like; tongue 
free at tip; no air bladder; pyloric appendages in moderate number. 

Japan and the northwest Pacific, and all Indian, Polynesian, and 
Australian seas, to the eastern coast of Africa. Species about 40; 
genera 4, Three genera and 7 species found in the waters of Japan. 
ney are abundant market fishes and in common with the larger 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1581. 
629 


6380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


species of Callionymus, which they resemble in form, color, and habits, 
they are known as “ Kochi.” 


KEY TO GENERA. 


a. A stout antrorse spine on the lower face of the preopercle; margin of iris entire; no 

ocular cirri; scales 50; lateral line nearly smooth...........-...---- Rogadius #1 

aa. Preopercle without antrorse spine; ocular cirri present and margin of iris fringed 
in some species; scales 40 to 120. 

b. Head more or less strongly armed with spines and serratures; teeth in villiform 

bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the vomerine bands separate, paired, and 

set lengthwise of the shaft of the bone; scales 40 to 90; lateral line armed or 


TO be Ais pe SS ee ee Thysanophrys2 
6. OCU lar Cirrus Wanltingiie: fat sc ccc at nee Cee Or eae eee eee Insidiator 


bb. Head entirely or nearly smooth; vomer with small canine-like teeth, in a cres- 
centic band, set at right angles to the shaft of the bone; palatines with a 
single most prominent row of canine-like teeth; scales very small, usually 
more than. 100: lateral line: smoothes-..a2-4-1-seoee eee eee Platycephalus ¢3 


1. ROGADIUS Jordan and Richardson, new genus. 


Head rather longer and less depressed than in most species of 
Insidiator, and much more so than in Platycephalus, well armed with 
spines and small serratures; a stout antrorse spine on the lower face 
of the preopercle and 3 spines at the angle, directed backward; cornea 
without cirri or lappets; scales moderate, about 50 in lateral line, 
which is smooth except anteriorly; teeth as in Thysanophrys. 

A single species is found in the seas of China and Japan. 

(rogad, Arabian name of Platycephalus indicus.) 

Type of genus.—Rogadius asper. 


1. ROGADIUS ASPER (Cuvier and Valenciennes.) 


Platycephalus asper CuvinrR and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 257 
(Japan).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217 (Canton).— 
TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Faun. Japon., Pisc., 1843, p. 40, pl. xvi, figs. 4 and 
5 (after Cuvier and Valenciennes).—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 190 
(China).—IsHikawa, Cat. Fishes, Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Kagoshima). 

(?) Platycephalus macrolepis Nysvrém, Svensk, Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1887, p. 13, 
IV, No. 4, p. 26 (Nagasaki) (not of Bleeker): 


Halbitat—Sandy coasts of southern Japan and southern China. 


4 In addition to the single species (R. asper) found in the waters of Japyn. Platyce- 
phalus pristiger Cuvier and Valenciennes and P. polyodon Bleeker may be referred to 
this genus. 

b In addition to the Japanese species, the following may be regarded as belonging to 
the genus Thysanophrys: scaber Linneeus, neglectus Troschel, detrusus Jordan and Seale, 
malabaricus Cuvier and Valenciennes, isacanthus Cuvier and Valenciennnes, malaya- 
nus Bleeker, bosschet Bleeker, bataviensis Bleeker, rodericensis Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes, borboniensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, bobossok Bleeker, swndaicus Bleeker, 
macracanthus Bleeker, celebicus Bleeker, pristis Peters, cirronasus Richardson, etc. 

¢ The following extra Japanese species may be retained in the genus Platycephalus: 
P. fuscus Cuvier and Valenciennes, tasmanius Richardson, levigatus Cuvier and 
Valenciennes, inops Jenyns, grandispinis Cuvier and Valenciennes, bassensis Cuvier 
and Valenciennes, proximus Castelnau, richardsoni Castelnau, castelnaui Macleay, 
cinereus Giinther, grandis Castelnau. 


- 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 631 


Head 2.4 in length without caudal; depth 6.5; depth of head 3 in 
its length; width of head 1.9; eye 3.6; interorbital space 5 in eye; 
maxillary 2.5 in head; nose 3.3; D. I-VII—11; A. 11; scales 54; 
first 2 or 3 scales of lateral line with short spines. 

Head rough, angular; superorbital and suborbital ridges finely 
serrated for their entire length; a stout spine in front of each orbit; 
top of head with low spines; opercular, scapular, and humeral spines 
sharp; preopercle furnished posteriorly with 3 spines, the upper spine 
strong, reaching to the opercular margin; a stout curved spine on the 
inferior face of the preoperculum, directed forward; opercular mem- 
brane under preopercular spines entire; eye without tentacle or cirrose 
lappet; jaws with broad bands of villiform teeth; vomerine and pala- 
tine bands with many of the teeth sharp and longer than the rest, 
canine-like; tongue convex at tip. 

Spinous dorsal slightly lower than soft dorsal, the longest spine 2.75 
in head; anal inserted under third ray of soft dorsal; pectorals 2 in 
head; ventrals 1.75; caudal rounded behind, squarish at upper and 
lower corners. 


Fig. 1.—ROGADIUS ASPER. 


Color in spirits grayish brown, tinged with purplish; back obscurely 
banded with dusky; spinous dorsal mottled in the membranes; soft 
dorsal with spots on the rays, forming rows; caudal indefinitely cross- 
banded and mottled with dusky; upper pectoral rays specked with 
dusky; lower half of pectorals blackish with an outer whitish edge; 
ventrals pale toward base, blackish outwardly, with a narrow pale 
margin; anal pale. 

Here described from a single specimen, 5? inches long, taken at 
Swatow, China. It was not found by Jordan and Snyder in Japan. 

(asper, rough). 


2. THYSANOPHRYS Ogilby. 


Thysanophrys OctrBy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1898, XXIII, p. 40 (cirronasus). 
Insidiator JonDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 368 
(rudis—=meerdervoortir). 
Grammoplites FowiER, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., XIT, 1904, p. 550 (seader). 
Head broad and much depressed, although less so than in Platy- 
ephalus, well armed with spines and serratures; angle of preopercle 


632 PROCEEDINGS OF TRE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


with 2 or 3 spines, the upper of which is longest; no spine on lower 
face of preopercle; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and 
palatines, the vomerine bands 2, separate, and set lengthwise of the 
shaft of the bone; ocular cirri absent or present; scales large or 
small, 40 to 90 in the lateral line, which is variously smooth or armed, 
partially or for its whole length. 

Species numerous, in sandy bays in the East Indian, Chinese, and 
Japanese seas, five species found in Japan. This genus was origi- 
nally separated from Platycephalus by the minor character of 
the ocular cirrus. We are unable to separate from Thysanophrys, 
the subgenera /nsidiator, based on the large scales, and Grammo- 
plites based on the spinous armature of the lateral line. 

(evoaros, fringe; opsvs, eyebrow.) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS THYSANOPHRYS FOUND IN JAPAN. 


a. Insidiator, scales relatively large, about 40 in the lateral line; a small cirrose lap- 

pet on upper rim of cornea; preopercular spines 3; D. I-VIII-11 or 12. 

6. Lateral line armed; ventrals reaching past front of anal; color dark grayish brown, 

_the back crossed with about four indefinite broad bars; pectorals specked above, 

their lower half blackish; ventrals pale at base and tip, the middle blackish. 

spinosus, 2 
bb. Lateral line smooth; ventrals not quite to front of anal; color light yellowish 
brown, with vague dusky bars; pectorals and ventrais specked in the rays. 
macrolepis, 3 
aa. Scales smaller, 70 to 90 in lateral line. 

c. Preopercular spines 3; scales 75; lateral line smooth; D. I-VIII-11; A. 11; no 
cirri; color grayish, with small spots of dusky on head and trunk forward; 
caudal crossed by vague broad bars of dusky.......-...--- meerdervoorti, 4 

ce. Preopercular spines 2. 

d. Ocular cirri present. (Thysanophrys, Platycephalus longiceps Cuvier and 
Valenciennes) nematophthalmus Giinther, tentaculatus Riippell, cirron- 
asus Richardson, ete., of the East Indies.) 

dd. Ocular cirri absent. 

e. Lateral line armed for its entire length. (Platycephalus scaber Linnzeus, 
type of Grammoplites Fowler, and other East Indian species.) 
ee. Lateral line smooth, or armed only anteriorly. 
f. Opercular membrane under preopercular spines with a conspicuous 
tongue-like flap, behind which is an acute notch; scales 70-80; 
D. I-VIII-12; A. 12; color, reddish brown, with 6 vague cross bands; 
no spots; rays of both dorsals and of pectorals speckled, the membranes 
clear; caudal with numerous small spots ....------------- japonicus, 5 
ff. Margin of opercular membrane below preopercular spines entire; scales 
90; D. I-VIT or VITI-11; A. 11; color, dark purplish gray with 4 or 5 
broad cross-bands; back, sides; top of head, and muzzle with numer- 
ous small black spots; spinous dorsal blackish outward; soft dorsal 
with rather large spots, extending into the membranes; caudal with a 
few large spots and band-like splashes.........-....-..- crocodilus, 6 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 633 


2. THYSANOPHRYS SPINOSUS (Temminck and Schlegel). 


ONIGOCHI, Devil Kochi. 

Platycephalus spinosus TemMINCK and ScHLEGEL, Faun. Jap., Pisc., 1843, p. 40, 
pl. xv1, figs. 1, 2 (Nagasaki)—Rricnarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, 
p. 217 (Canton).-BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 77 (Naga- 
saki)—GtnruEr, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 190 (Japan).—Isnikawa, Cat. 
Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Izu). 

Insidiator macrolepis SmrtH and Porr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, 
p. 487 (Kagoshima; Yamagawa). (Not Platycephalus macrolepis of Bleeker.) 


Habitat.—Southern Japan from Suruga Bay to Southern China. 

Head, 2.6 or 2.7 in length without caudal; depth, 6.3; depth of 
head, 2.5; width of head, 1.3; eye, 4 to 4.2; interorbital space, 3 to 
5.2 im eye: maxillary, 2.5; nose, 3.5; D..I—-VIJI-I11 or 12; A. 12; 
scales, 40; scales of anterior third or half of lateral line armed with 
short but sharp spines. 

Head much roughened with spines and serrated ridges; supercil- 


iary ridges with about 12 close serratures extending their entire 


SS 
Qin 


Fic, 2.—THYSANOPHRYS SPINOSUS. 


length; a spine and 2 or 3 smaller serratures in front of each orbit; 
infraorbital ridges serrated closely for their entire length, being inter- 
rupted by a slightly deeper notch opposite pupil; post-orbital, 
parieto-occipital, opercular, scapular, and humeral spines well devel- 
oped; preopercular spines 3, the upper stout, reaching more than 
halfway to the opercular margin; a shallow notch in the margin of 
the opercular membrane under the preopercular spines; a cirrose 
lappet on cornea above pupil; teeth villiform, in bands on jaws, 
vomer, and palatines; vomerine bands set lengthwise; no canines; 
tongue trilobed (emarginate, with a secondary median convexity). 
First dorsal somewhat higher than second, the longest spine 2.1 or 
2.2 in head; anal inserted slightly behind soft dorsal; soft dorsal 
and anal margin scarcely notched between the rays; pectorals, 1.8 to 
2 in head; ventrals, 1.4; caudal subtruncate, but slightly rounded. 
Color in alcohol dark grayish-brown above, the back crossed with 
4 to 6 indefinite bands of darker color (there being typically 4 bands, 


634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the middle two of which are broader than the others and show a 
tendency to split up into narrower bars); belly yellow; soft dorsal 
and caudal with specks on the rays, forming rows; spinous dorsal 
with the rays specked and with the membranes clouded with dusky, 
especially posteriorly; ventrals pale at base and tips, with a blackish | 
band across the middle; upper half of pectorals specked in the rays, 
the membrane pale; lower half of pectorals blackish; anal pale. 

Of this species we have 34 specimens from Nagasaki, 2 to 44 inches. 

Here described from two specimens from Nagasaki, 44 inches long. 4 

(spinosus, spinous. ) 


3. THYSANOPHRYS MACROLEPIS (Bleeker.) 
ONESAGOCHI, Eldest Kochi. 


Platycephalus macrolepis BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 76, pl. 
Iv, fig. 1 (not good) (Nagasaki).—GUnrtuHer, Cat. Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 188.— 
STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, 
p. 260 (Tokyo). 

Insidiator hosokawae SmirnH and Porr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 
486, fig. 8 (Urado, island of Shikoku). 

Habitat.—Southern Japan, north to Tokyo. 

Head, 2.8 in length without caudal; depth 6.5; depth of head, 2.65 
in its length; width of head, 1.4; eye, 4.1 or 4.2; interorbital space, 
2.6; maxillary, 2.5; nose, 3.6; D. I-VITI-11 or 12; A. 12; seales; 
38 to 40; lateral line smooth. 

Head less strongly armed than in 7. spinosus; superciliary ridges 
serrated behind middle of eye; a short bluntish spine in front of each 
orbit; infraorbital ridges serrated closely for their whole length, the 
number of teeth about 12; a deep semicircular notch in the infraor- 
bital ridge under middle of pupil; two opercular spines terminating 
low, short ridges; two scapular spines, the anterior one highest; 
' post-orbital and parieto-occipital spines low; preopercular spines, 3, 
the upper reaching more than halfway from the notch under it to the 
margin of the operculum; lower preopercular spines short, the third 
often scarcely developed; lower margin of opercular membrane | 
entire; a cirrose lappet on cornea above pupil; jaws, vomer, and 
palatines with bands of villiform teeth; vomerine bands short, placed 
lengthwise; no canines; tongue emarginate, with a slight median 
convexity. 

First dorsal slightly higher than second, the longest spine 2.16 in 
head; anal inserted slightly behind soft dorsal; margin of anai and 
soft dorsal not noticeably notched between the rays; pectorals, 2.2 
in head; ventrals, 1.6; caudal subtruncate, scarcely rounded. 

Color in spirits light yellowish brown, the back crossed by 4 or 5 
indistinct dusky bars; belly yellowish; dorsals, caudal, pectorals, and 
ventrals with black specks on the rays, arranged more or less in 
rows; last membranes of spinous dorsal faintly clouded with dusky; 
anal pale. 


NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 635 


Of this species we have 55 specimens from Nagasaki, 2} to 4 inches 
long. . 

Here described from 2 specimens from Nagasaki, 4 inches long. 

(uaKkpos, large: emis, scale.) 


4. THYSANOPHRYS MEERDERVOORTII®¢ (Bleeker). 


ONAGOCHI (Woman Kochi, MAGOCHI Big-eyed Kochi). 

Platycephalus meerdervoortti BLEEKER, Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VIII, 1860, 
pl. 1, fig. 3 (Nagasaki; Yedo).—BLEEKEr, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 12 
(Nagasaki; Yedo; Tokyo). 

Platycephalus rudis GUNTHER, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 66, pl. xxix, 
fig. B (Yokohama).—STemnpACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische 
Japan’s, IV, 1887, p. 260 (Tokyo). 

Insidiator rudis JonDAN and Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 
368 (Tokyo). 

Habitat —Southern Japan, north to Tokyo. 

Head 2.8 in length without caudal; depth 7.75; depth of head 
3.25 in its length; width of head 1.5; eye 4.2; interorbital space 3 
in eye; maxillary 2.5; D. I-VIII-11; A. 11; scales 75; lateral line 
smooth. 

Head moderately armed; superciliary ridges each with about 6 
low and rather closely approximated serratures, in front of and 
behind each ridge a single higher spine; infraorbital ridges with 5 
distant spines, the last one just in front of the base of the long pre- 
opercular spine; two smooth ridges on upper part of opercle, each 
terminating behind in an inconspicuous spine; scapular ridges 
short, each with two spines; parietooccipital region with a pair of 
low ridges, each terminating in a moderate spine; post-orbital 
ridges ill-defined, each with two low spines; preopercular spines 3, 
the upper more than twice the length of the second, and reaching 
almost to the gill-opening, third spine about half as long as second; 
a shght but sharp notch on the opercular membrane, under the 
second spine; anterior nostril with a short dermal flap; teeth in fine 
villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the vomerine bands 
short, and disposed lengthwise, scarcely reaching past front of pala- 
tines; no canines; tongue emarginate, with a very slight median 
convexity. No ocular cirrus. 

Spinous and soft dorsals of about equal height; longest dorsal 
spine 2.2 in head; soft dorsal inserted slightly in front of anal; the 
margin of the fin notched to a depth (measured on ray forming hinder 
boundary of notch) equal to two-fifths of the diameter of the orbit; 
pectorals 2 in head, reaching to opposite sixth ray of spinous dorsal; 


@ A nominal point of difference between Bleeker’s figure of this fish and Giinther’s 
figure of P. rudis consists in the absence in the figure of Bleeker of the third (lowest) 
preopercular spine. In view of the perfect agreement of the figures in all other essen- 
tial particulars, it appears that the point may be waived with entire safety. 


636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


ventrals 1.4, their tips to a vertical from second ray of soft dorsal; 
caudal rounded posteriorly, with the upper and lower angles rather 
squarish. 

Color (in alcohol) grayish, with black dots on the sides forward 
and on cheeks and opercles; spinous dorsal clouded with blackish, 
being darkest behind, especially between the fifth and seventh spines; 
rays of soft dorsal specked with black; pectorals with the rays 
specked with black and also with some dusky in the membranes; ven- 
trals blackish except near base and at tips; anal pale; caudal crossed 
by broad bars of dusky, one near base, a narrower one midway, and 
a broad one across tip. 

Specimens: Wakanoura, 1 specimen, 22 inches; Shimizu, on 
Suruga Bay, 1 specimen, 5? inches. 

The above description is from a Suruga specimen, 5? inches in 
length. 

(Named for J. C. L. Pompe van Meerdervoort). 


5. THYSANOPHRYS JAPONICUS (Tilesius). 


(?) Silurus inermis @ Houttuyn, Verhandl. Haarlem, XX, 1782 (2), p. 450 (Naga- 
sak1). 

Platycephalus japonicus Tiuestus, Krusenst. Reise, 1812, pl. 11x, fig. 1 (Nagasaki).— 
CuviIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 256 (after Tile- 
sius).—(?) Ricnarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217 (Canton).— 
TEMMINCK and ScHLEGEL,® Faun. Japon., Pisc., 1843, p. 40, pl. xv, fig. 3 
(Nagasaki).—BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 78 (Nagasaki).— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 181 (China and Japan); Shore Fishes, 
Challenger, 1880, p. 55 (Hongkong).—Macteay, Cat. Austral. Fishes, I, 1881, 
p. 220 (Port Darwin).—STEINDACHNER 4 and D6DERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. 
Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, p. 260 (Tokyo).—Smirx and Pops, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 486 (Kochi; Kagoshima). 

Platycephalus crocodilus JORDAN and SnypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 
1900, p. 368 (Tokyo) (not P. crocodilus of Tilesius).—Scumipr, Pisce. Mar. 
Orient., 1904, p. 368 (Fusan, Korea). 


a We give here a cas onion of einen s description of Silur us inermis: No bar- 
bels or serrated pectoral spine. Body terete, scaled. Head very flat, with large eyes, 
close together, as in the Stargazer. Opercle with two fine spines. D. VII-11; P. 20; 
V. 6; A. 10; ©. 13. Caudal fin roundish, black and white spotted, like all the other 
fins. Body reddish. Jaws without teeth. Length, 6 inches. _It seems more prob- 
able that Houttuyn may have made a miscount (under) of the dorsal and anal rays 
than that he would have omitted mention of the spotting, if his specimen had been 
an 7. crocodilus. The description of the color fits well T. japonicus, and it a be 
that the species should stand as Thysanophrys inermis. 

b The fullness and accuracy of Doctor Steindachner’s description, together with 
the fact that he had a specimen of P. japonicus from Schlegel for comparison, seems to 
establish beyond serious question the identity of the specimens of Schlegel and 
Steindachner with P. japonicus of Tilesius. Certain essential points of Doctor Stein- 
dachner’s description follow (in translation): ‘Dorsal 1/8/12-18; scales 65-70, not 
100, as stated by Doctor Giimther; * * * a well-developed membranous flap 
below the preopercular spines; color gray, with obscure bands and blotches; dorsals 
and pectoral with rows of brown spots.”’ 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 637 


Habitat.—Southern Japan and China, north to Tokyo. 

Head, 2.8 in length without caudal; depth, 7.5 to9; depth of head, 
3.5 in its length; width of head, 1.6; eye, 4.6 to 4.8; interorbital 
space, 2.5 to 3 ineye; maxillary, 2.5; D. I-VIII-12; A. 12; scales, 
70 to 80; lateral line smooth except for the first 3 or 4 scales, which 
may bear small spines. 

Head moderately armed; superciliary ridges each with about 6 
low spine-like serratures, all behind middle of eye; a sharp spine in 
front of and behind each superciliary ridge; infraorbital ridges with 
two distant spines, one under middle of pupil, the other under back 
of orbit; an upper short and a median long, smooth ridge on opercles, 
each ending in a good spine; a short (anterior) and a long (posterior) 
scapular spine on each side of nape; parieto-occipital ridges low, 
beginning and ending with a rather low spine; 3 moderate post- 
orbital spines on each side, without a continuous ridge; preopercular 
spines 2 (with sometimes a minute third spine), both short, the 
upper being about twice the length of the lower and contained 3 or 


Fic. 3.—THYSANOPHRYS JAPONICUS. 


more times in the diameter of orbit; a sharp and deep notch on the 
edge of the opercular membrane directly under the preopercular 
spines,-the membrane in front of the notch produced in a V-shaped, 
tongue-like flap, which is as long as the upper preopercular spine; 
jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of fine villiform teeth; 
vomerine bands short, obovate, placed lengthwise and reaching 
scarcely past front of palatines; no canine teeth; tongue emarginate, 
sometimes with a very slight median convexity. 

Spinous dorsal noticeably higher than soft dorsal fin, the longest 
spine 2.3 in head and about 1.25 times length of highest ray; anal 
fin inserted under second ray of soft dorsal; margin of anal and soft 
dorsal moderately notched to a depth (measured on ray forming 
hinder boundary of notch) equal to nearly two-fifths of diameter of 
orbit; pectorals 2 in head; ventrals I.4, reaching a vertical from 
third soft dorsal ray; caudal rounded. 

Color in alcohol, grayish-brown above, the back crossed by 6 
obscure and ill-defined bands of darker; head obscurely and finely 
specked and vermiculated; cheeks below the suborbital ridge crossed 
transversely by alternating obscure light and dark band-like mark- 


638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


ings, which are continued for a short distance underneath; exposed 
upper edges of mandible finely banded and vermiculated with pale and 
dusky; under parts yellowish; dorsals and pectorals with the mem- 
branes pale, the rays being specked with black, the spots forming rows; 
caudal with dark spots in the membranes, the anterior ones small and 
roundish and forming indistinct rows; the spots toward back of fin 
larger and more or less in the form of elongate lengthwise splashes. 

Specimens.—Tokyo, 4 specimens, 75 to 8 inches; Misaki, 1 speci- 
men, 6 inches; Tsuruga, 1 specimen, 7 inches; Nagasaki, 34 speci- 
mens, 4 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 19 specimens, 4 to 64 inches. 

Here described from 2 specimens, 74 and 8 inches long, from 
Tsuruga arid Tokyo, respectively. 


The species is generally common in the markets of southern Japan. 


6. THYSANOPHRYS CROCODILUS (Tilesius). 
INEGOCHI, Rice Kochi. 


Platycephalus crocodilus Tinestus, Krusenstern’s Reise, 1812, pl. urx, fig. 2 (Naga- 
saki).—Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p. 256 (after 
Tilesius). 

Platycephalus punctatus CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, 
p. 243 (Hindustan, Voy. Peron).—GUnrueEr, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 180; 
Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 66 (Inland Sea of Japan).—Day, Fishes 
India, I, 1878-1888, p. 277, pl. Lx, fig. 3 (Indian seas).—Nystrom, Svensk. 
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4,°1887, p. 25 (Nagasak1).—STrEINDACHNER 
and DépERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, p. 259 (Tokyo).— 
SauvaGE, Poiss. Madagascar, 1891, p.307, pl. xx xv1, figs.5and 5a.—IsHikawa, 
Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Suruga).—Smirx and Porg, Proc. 


U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 486 (Yamagawa).—JorpDAN and SEALE, 


Bull. U. 8S. Fish. Comm., X XVI, 1906, p. 38 (Cavite, Philippine Islands). 

Platycephalus guttatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, 
p. 244 (Japan).—TemMinck and ScHLEGEL®, Faun. Japon., Pisc., 1843, p. 39, 
pl. xv, fig. 2 (Bay of Nagasaki).—(?) Rrcuarpson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 217 
(Canton).—Namrye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 104 (Tokyo). 


a In the figure of Temminck and Schlegel the number of dorsal bands is incorrectly 
represented, being 8 and not 5, as in specimens; and the number of soft dorsal 
rays is stated in the description to be 12, ‘‘and not 10, as said by Cuvier.’’ In all our 
specimens we find 11 soft dorsal rays, the last one being split fully to the base. Enu- 
merating, on the other hand, the points of agreement between our specimens (one 
of which is 14 inches long) and both the figure and description of Temminck and 
Schlegel, we find the following: 

(1) General eolor, grayish to reddish-brown, with purplish tinge. 

(2) Distribution of spotting: On back, top of head, interorbital space, muzzle, and 
under eyes. . 

(3) Spotting of spinous dorsal: The spots in three obscure series, and extending into 
the membranes. (The young have the outer half of the fin blackish. Schlegel’s speci- 
men was 20 inches long.) 

(4) Coloration of soft dorsal. 

(5) ‘“‘ Adipose,’’ club-like tips of anal rays. : 

In all of the points enumerated the present species differs markedly from 7. 
japonicus. 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 639 


Habitat.—Southern Japan to the East Indies north to Tokyo. 

Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 9; depth of head 3.5 to 4 
in its length; width of head 1.6 or 1.7; eye 4.5 to 5.2; interorbital 
space 2.5 in eye; maxillary in head 2.5 to 2.7; D. VII or VIII, 11; A. 
11; scales 90; lateral line smooth. 

Size and arrangement of spines on top of head about as in 7. japon- 
icus; 5 or 6 superciliary serratures, ail behind center of orbit; a sharp 
spine at the upper anterior corner of each orbit; infraorbital ridge 
with 3 distant spines, one under back of orbit, one below anterior third 
of pupil, and a third (not found in 7. japonicus) nearly opposite pos- 
terior nostril, upper part of opercle with two low smooth ridges, each 
ending in a short blunt spine; scapular ridges each with two spines; 
parieto-occipital ridges low, with two short spines; 3 post-orbital 
spines on each side, not connected by a continuous ridge; preopercular 
spines 2, longer than in T. japonicus, the upper contained less than 
23 times in the diameter of the orbit, the lower less than half the 
length of the upper; opercular membrane not notched nor provided 


Fic. 4.—THYSANOPHRYS CROCODILUS. 


with a flap under angle of preoperculum; bands of fine villiform teeth; 
vomerine bands short, as in 7. japonicus; no canine teeth; tongue 
emarginate, occasionally with a very slight median convexity. 

Highest dorsal spine 12 times height of longest soft ray; margin 
of soft dorsal and anai behind middle: of fins deeply notched, the fin- 
membrane joiming the anterior edge of the rays about midway of 
their length; free ends of soft dorsal rays expanded (by branching) 
and brush-like; anal rays similarly expanded outwardly, and cov- 
ered with rather thick skin; pectorals 2 to 2.2 in head; ventrals 1.4 
to 1.6; caudal margin convexo-truncate. 

Color (in alcohol) reddish-brown, tending to purplish, back, sides, 
back and top of head, muzzle, cheeks, and opercles with numerous 
small roundish black spots; similar spots between the eyes, below 
them, and on the upper third of each eye itself; back crossed with 4 
or 5 broad bars of dusky, the last three directed obliquely forward, 
and all subject to fading and disintegration with age; under parts 

Proc. N, M. vol. xxxiii—07——-41 


640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


whitish forward, dusky behind ventrals; spinous dorsal in young 
specimens with its outer half or third blackish; in adults (specimen 
14 inches) the darker color fading and breaking into more or less rec- 
ognizable black spots, which form indistinct rows, but are not con- 
fined to the rays as in 7. japonicus; soft dorsal with large spots, 
encroaching on the membrane, and forming, on the posterior half of 
the fin, 3 rows; membranes of anal blackish, in a broad and long 
splotch between each two rays, pectorals and ventrals dusky, the 
upper pectoral rays with the spots forming obscure rows; caudal in 
young with spots and wide longitudinal band-lke splashes of blackish, 
which break-up more or less in ole specimens. 

The color alone sufficiently distinguishes this species from J. 
japonicus. Other more or less important differences are: The absence 
in the present species of the tongue-like flap on the opercular mem- 
brane; the deeper notching of the margins of the soft dorsal and anal; 
the longer spines of the preopercle; and the thickened, ‘‘adipose”’ 
anal rays. 

Specimens.—Tokyo, 3 specimens, 6 to 84 inches; Onomichi, 1 
specimen, 44 inches; Hiroshima, 1 specimen, 7 inches; Nagasaki, 2 
specimens, 9 inches and one 14 inches; Wakanoura, 4 specimens, 7 
to 84 inches. 

Here described from measurements made on a specimen 8 inches 
long from Wakanoura and one 14 inches long from Nagasaki. 

It is common in southern Japan, and southward to India and the 
Philippines. 

(crocodilus, crocodile.) 


3..PLAT YORE PAAL Ws, Bloch: 


Platycephalus Buocu, Ichth., XII, 1795, p. 90 (spathula=insidiator=indicus). 
Calliomorus LAcEPEDE, Hist. Poiss., II, 1800, p. 343 (indicus). 
Neoplatycephalus CastELNAU, Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, I, 1872, p. 87, (grandis). 


Head broad and extremely depressed, being smooth or scarcely 
armed; angle of preopercle with 2 spines, subequal, or the lower one 
longest; eee face of preopercle without spine ; vomer with small 
canine-like teeth, in a crescentic band, which is placed at right angles 
to the shaft of the bone; palatines Sal a single most prominent row 
of canine-like teeth, teeth in jaws in broad villiform bands; no ocular 
cirri; scales very small, more than 100 in typical species; lateral line 
smooth. 

East Indies, Chinese and Japanese seas, Red Sea, Cape of Gaod 
Hope, and Australia. Species less numerous than those of Thysa- 
nophrys; a single one is known from Japan, the center of distribution 
of the genus being apparently Australia. 

(zAatUs, flat; Kedadn, head.) 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 641 


7. PLATYCEPHALUS INDICUS (Linnzus.} 
KOCHI, MAKOCHI (True Kochi), GINGOCHI (Silver Kochi). 

Callionymus indicus Linn.®uSs, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 250; 12th ed., 1766, 
p. 434; (‘‘habitat in Asia’). 

Calliomorus indicus LACEPEDE Hist. Poiss., II, 1800, p. 343. 

Platycephalus spathula Buocu, Ichth., XII, 1795, p. 90, pl. ecccxxiv (Tranque- 
bar). 

Cottus insidiator ForsKAu, Descr. Animal., Pise., 1775, p. X (Red Sea). 

Cottus rogad; insidiator ForsK&u, Descr. Animal., Pisc., p. 25. 

Platycephalus ‘usidiator, Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, 
p. 227 (Pondicherry; Moluccas) —Tremminck and ScuueceL, Faun. Jap., 
Pisc., 1843, p. 39, pl. xv, fig. 1 (Nagasaki) —Ricnarpson, Ichth. China and 
Japan, 1846, p. 216 (Canton) —GutnTuHER, Cat. Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 177 (China; 
Japan; India; Red Sea; Cape of Good Hope; N. W. Australia).—Shore Fishes, 
Challenger, 1880, p. 66 (Yokohama Bay).—Namrye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 104 
(Tokyo).—Day, Fishes India, 1878-1888, p. 276.—Nysrr6m, Svensk. Vet.- 
Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887, No. 4, p. 25 (Nagasaki) —SrTEINDACHNER and 
D6DERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s (IV) 1887, p. 259 (Tokyo; Kochi; 
Kagoshima). 

(2) Platycephalus angustus STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Ak. Wiss. Wien., LITT, 1866, 
p. 213, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Surinam, error in locality). 

Platycephalus indicus BueEKER, Atlas, IX, 1878, Platye., pl. 1, fig. 3.—SmirH 
and Porr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 486 (Kagoshima). 

Habitat —East Indies to India and the Red Sea, and north to Japan. 

Head 3.2 to 3.4 in length without caudal; depth 9 to 10; depth of 
head 3.7 to 4 in its length; width of head 1.5; eye 7 to 9; inter- 
orbital space twice diameter of eye, maxillary 2.6 in head, D. I-VIJ- 
13; A. 13; scales about 120, lateral line entirely smooth. 

Head smooth, except for the low superciliary, parieto-occipital, 
scapular and preopercular ridges, none of which is provided with any 
spines or serratures; a low blunt spine with a broad base in front of 
the upper anterior orbital angle; preoperculum ending in two robust 
spines, of almost equal length, both shghtly upturned, and the lower 
one reaching about half way to the margin of the opercle; a tongue- 
like flap on the opercular membrane under the preopercular spines; 
vomerine teeth canine-like, the bands bearing them semicrescentic in 
form and set nearly transversely to the vomerine shaft; palatines 
with a single most prominent row of canine-like teeth; jaws with 
villiform teeth in broad bands; tongue as a rule convex in front, 
sometimes (in large specimen) showing a very slight emargination. 

Highest dorsal spine scarcely equal to longest soft ray; posterior 
margin of soft dorsal and anal cleft deeply between the rays, the mem- 
brane joining the front edge of the rays below their middle; free ends of 
the rays well branched; pectorals 2 in head in young (2.4 in aspecimen 
143 inches long); ventrals 1.5 to 1.7; caudal subtruncate posteriorly. 

Color in spirits brownish, with 8 or 9 obscure dusky, cloud-like bands 
over back; back and top of head and muzzle everywhere vaguely 


642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


mottled in fine pattern, the spots on the head of a more or less round- 
ish form and encircled with a ring of pale; bars and mottlings tending 
to become obsolete in old specimens; underparts yellowish; fins, 
except caudal, with rows of dusky spots on the rays; caudal with a 
median longitudinal black band, above and below which are two 
oblique ones, the upper band being shorter than the other two. 

Specumens.—Nagasaki, 2 specimens, 7 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 3 
specimens, 9 to 103 inches; Tsuruga, 2 specimens, 84 inches; Tokyo 
and Misaki, 5 specimens, 8 to 9 inches. It was also seen at Tsuruga, 
Kobe, Hiroshima, and Onomichi. 

Here described from measurements made on a specimen 10 inches 
long from Wakanoura and one 14} inches long from Hongkong, 
China. This species is a common market fish from Tokyo southward, 
the largest member of the family in Japan, and by far the most 
abundant. It is known at once by the flat, smooth head, and by 
the coloration of the caudal fin. 

(indicus, Indian.) 

Family BEMBRIDA.4 


Head not greatly depressed, armed and scaly on the sides; body 
covered with scales of large or rather small size; a lateral line; 2 
dorsal fins, the first with 6 to 11 spines; ventrals thoracic, but 
inserted a little before the pectorals, I, 5; no pectoral appendages; 
villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on palatines; branch- 
iostegals 7; no air-bladder. 

Waters of Hawai? and Japan. Four genera and 4 species, 3 of 
these inhabiting waters of Japan. 

KEY TO GENERA. 
a, Anal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays. 


b. First dorsal of 11 spines; top of head with spines and ridges; lateral line trav- 


ersing middle of side; jaws subequal; scales 55...........-2----..- Bembras, 4. 

bb. First dorsal of 6 spines; top of head smooth; lateral ine (not described); lower 
jaw projecting (as in Parabembras); scales 40............----- .-Bambradon, 5 

aa, Anal fin short, of 8 rays, lateral line above middle of side, running parallel with 
the back; lower jaw projecting, scales about 47 (figure).......- Parabembras, 6 


4. BEMBRAS Cuvier and Valenciennes, 
Bembras Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p. 282 (japonicus). 
Dorsal spines XI; anal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays; lateral line trav- 
ersing middle of side; top of head with spines and ridges. Char- 
acters otherwise those of the family. 
A single species, from Japan. 


in Latin to omit one d in patronymics in which two d’s occur together, in the interest 
of euphony. Thus Liparidx should be preferred to Liparidide. 

bBembradium roseum Gilbert; D. IX-12; A. 11; scales 28; lateral line near middle 
of body; lower jaw included. Hawaii. 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 648 


8. BEMBRAS JAPONICUS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Bembras japonicus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., [V, 1829, p. 282, 
pl. uxxxmt (Japan, Coll. Langsdorf)—Trmminck and Scuiecen, Faun. 
Japon., Pisc., 1843, p. 41, pl. xvi, fig. 8 (Nagasaki).—RicHarpson, Ichth. 
China and Japan, 1846, p. 217.—GtnrnHeEr, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191 
(Japan, stuffed specimen).—BLEEKER, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 12 
(Nagasaki).—Isaikawa, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus., Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Boshu).— 
STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, 
p. 261 (Tokyo Bay).—Smiru and Pops, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, 
p. 488 (Susaki; Urado; Kochi). 

Hatitat.—South Japan and north to Tokyo. 

Head 3.5 in length; D. VI-12; A. 14; scales 55; muzzle longer 
than eye; jaws subequal; infraorbital ridge with 4 denticulations, 
directed backward. 

Color clear red, more or less mottled or spotted; the dorsal fins 
with greenish spots. 

We have no specimens of this rare species. The above descrip- 
tion is condensed from the accounts of Schlegel and Cuvier. The 
senior writer has, however, examined a specimen from Boshu in the 
Imperial Museum at Tokyo. It was brick red with distinct spots, 


IDs X-12, Ne 14. 


(japonicus, Japanese.) 
5. BAMBRADON Jordan and Richardson, new genus. 


Dorsal spines VI; anal rays 14 or 15; lateral line probably trav- 
ersing middle® of side, as in Bembras and Bembradium, with which 
this genus is apparently more closely allied than with Parabembras; 
top of head smooth, without spines or ridges. 

A single species, from the waters of Japan. 

(Bap Ppadwyv, a grasshopper.) 

Type of genus.—Bambradon levis. 


9. BAMBRADON LAEVIS (Nystrém.) 


Bembras levis Nystr6m, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887, No. 4, p. 26 
(Nagasaki). 

Upper part of head wholly without spines and ridges; body slen- 
derer than in Bembras japonicus; breadth behind head somewhat 
greater than the depth; D. VI-14; A. 15; P. 23; scales 40; eye 4 in 
head; snout 3 in head; lower jaw projecting considerably beyond 
upper; second dorsal spine longest, somewhat longer than body’s 
depth; anal slightly longer than soft dorsal; scales thin, ctenoid. 

Color brownish, with a row of dusky spots along body’s lower edge; 
under parts dirty white; a black blotch at front of spinous dorsal; 
anal pale, with a dusky band at base; pectorals brownish, without 
spots or bands. 


. 


« Direction of lateral line not stated by Nystrom. 


644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


=> 


This species has not been taken since originally described by 
Nystrém in 1887. The above description is condensed from the 
original description by Nystrém. 

(levis, smooth.) 


6. PARABEMBRAS Bleeker. 
Parabembras BuEEKeER, Versl. Ak. Amst. (2), VIII, 1874, p. 370 (curtus). 


Lateral line high, parallel with the back; anal fin short, of 2 spines 
and 6 rays (figure of P. curtus Temminck and Schlegel); lower jaw 
strongly projecting. 

A single species, known only from Japan. 

(wapa, near bembras.) 


10. PARABEMBRAS CURTUS (Temminck and Schlegel). 


Bembras curtus TEMMINCK and ScHLEGEL, Faun. Japon., Pisc., 1843, p. 42, pl. 
XVI, figs. 6, 7 (Nagasaki).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217 
(after Schlegel).—GitntuHeR, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191 (after Schlegel). 

Parabembras curtus BLEEKER, Versl. Ak. Amst. (2), VIII, 1874, p. 370. 

Habitat.—Island of Kiusiu. 

Head, 2 in length of trunk (figure of Temminck and Schlegel) ; 
depth 6; D. IX-9; A. 8; P. 21; scales about 47 (figure); muzzle 
short (shorter than eye in fig.); lower jaw projecting; opercular and 
subopercular spines feeble; teeth much finer than in Bembras japoni- 
cus; infraorbital ridge with 3 denticulations. 

Color uniform reddish in the dried specimen. 

This species appears not to have been taken since it was originally 
described by Temminck and Schlegel in 1843 from a dried specimen. 

(curtus, short.) 


Family HOPLICHTHYIDZ. 


Head broad and flattened, strongly armed, with upper surface and 
sides bony; back and sides covered with bony plates; belly and 
breast naked; two dorsal fins; ventrals I, 5 set at a moderate dis- 
tance apart, as in Trighdx, but somewhat in front of pectorals; 3 
detached pectoral rays, as in Triglide; jaws, vomer, and palatines 
with minute teeth; no air-bladder; pseudobranchiz present. 

Japanese and Hawaiian seas; a single genus known, with four 
species, two of which belong to Japan. 

The affinities of these fishes seem to be with the 7Triglid# rather 
than the Platycephalide. 


7. HOPLICHTHYS Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Hoplichthys Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. 1V, 1829. table of con- 
tents (langsdorfit). 

Oplichthys Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 266 
(langsdor fit). 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 645 


Characters those of the family. Two species known from Japan. 
(Onov, armature; iyOvs, fish.) 


KEY TO SPECIES. 


a Anal rays 16; longest pectoral appendage reaching tip of pectoral; a tuft of strong 
spines on the under side of the head at the outer posterior angle of each mandible; 
lateral facial edges rather strongly lobed and furnished with strong curved spines; 
color light grayish brown, the back with 4 obscure crossbars. ......- langsdorfii, 11 

aa Anal rays 17 or 18; longest pectoral appendage one eye-width short of tip of pec- 

toral; no spines on under side of head; lateral facial edges scarcely lobed, rather 
weakly serrated except posteriorly; color grayish, the back crossed by 4 dusky 
CROSS ATS xe tek eo ce te wate oe meen ae ees Nes ee ea ee gilberti, 12 


11, HOPLICHTHYS LANGSDORFII Cuvier and Valenciennes. 


Oplichthys langsdorfit CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 
264, pl. uxxxr (Japan). (Hoplichthys in table of contents; not Hoplichthys 
langsdorfii Temminck and Schlegel.) ¢—(?)® Smrru and Porg, Proce. U .S. 
Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 487 (Urado; Kagoshima). 

Hoplichthys langsdorfii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191 (China, Japan).— 
(?) IsHikawa, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Boshu; Tosa). 

Hoplichthys langsdorfii (?) Nystrém, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 18, IV, 1887, 
No. 4, p. 25 (Nagasaki).—(?) SreinDACHNER and D6DERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. 
Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, p. 261 (Tokyo Bay). 

Hoplichthys pusillus (?) BurrKer, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 13 (Nagasaki), 
(after Aspidophorus pusillus Langsdorff, mss.). 

Habitat.—Seas of Japan, north to Tokyo. ee 

Head, 3.7 in length to base of caudal; depth, 12.5, depth of head, 
3.75 in its length; width of head, 1.3; eye, 3.6; interorbitalspace, 
4.2 ineye; maxillary, 3 in head; nose, 3.6; D. VI-15; A. 16; lateral 
scutes, 28. _ 

Body without scales or plates except for an upper dorso-lateral 
row of keeled scutes on each side, the dorsal wings ot which overlap 
antero-posteriorly and extend inward nearly to the base of the dorsal 
rays, torming an almost complete coat of mail for the back; the keel 
of each scute terminating behind in a sharp, backwardly-directed 
spine, below which, on the free hinder margin of the scute, is a very 
small obscure spine; head roughened with a few short spines and 
many low serrated ridges; free lateral margins of preorbitals, sub- 
orbitals, and preopercles, forming a thin edge, which is notched into 
lobes bearing long, sharp, spine-like serratures; a noticeably broad, 
shallow notch in the suborbital edge under the front of the pupil, 
bounded by 2 curved spines, pointing toward each other; angle of 
preoperculum with 2 long curved spines, the inner and posterior one 


@ For a discussion of the identity of the specimen of Temminck and Schlegel see 
the conclusion of the present description. 

b The synonyms in this list which are preceded by an interrogation point are unac- 
companied by any descriptive matter, and may not refer to Hoplichthys langsdor fii 
uvier and Valenciennes. See conclusion of present description. 


646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXXII. 


twice as long as the outer and reaching to the base of the pectoral 
fin; a tuft of small curved spines on the under side of the head at 
each outer posterior angle of the mandibula; teeth in villiform bands 
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tip of ee convex. 

Spinous ‘keweal (in male ?) relatively high, the fin when depressed 
reaching to the second ray of the soft dorsal; longest dorsal spine 
1.6 in head; soft dorsal highest posteriorly, without filamentous 
rays, its longest ray 1.3 in head; soft dorsal and anal nearly opposite, 
both very long, the anal base being nearly twice head; pectoral, 
1.4 in head; 3 ‘eiveted pectoral rays, the longest extending fully to 
tip of pectorals, 1.3 in head; ventrals, 1.8; caudal rounded. 

Color in spirits yellowish brown, the back crossed with 4 obscure 
cross-bars of dusky, and with many fine punctulations in small, 
vaguely outlined clusters; belly pale; spinous dorsal with obscure 
spots of dusky, forming rows across both rays and membranes; soft 


Fig. 5.—HoOPLICHTHYS LANGSDORFII. 


dorsal mottled, the light color in roundish spots between the rays; 
caudal and pectorals with the rays specked and with the membranes 
clouded with dusky; anal pale except for a narrow outer edging of 
blackish. 

This species differs from Hoplichthys gilberti and from Hoplichthys 
citrinus Gilbert in having fewer (only 16) rays in the anal fin, in its 
much longer pectoral appendages, and in the presence of a tuft of 
spines on the under side of the head at the outer posterior edge of 
each mandible. The representation of two well-developed spines at 
the angle of each lateral scute in the figure of Cuvier and Valenciennes 
is doubtless fallacious, the figure correctly showing, however, practi- 
cally all of the remaining essential features of iris: s description 
and of our own specimen, including the tuft of spines under each jaw. 
The fins of Cuvier’s specimen were damaged and no certain value can 
be attached to the rendering of their form. The number of anal rays, 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 647 


figured as 17, but stated by Cuvier to be 16, is likewise 16 in our 
specimen, and was found by Doctor Ginther to be 16 in several 
specimens from China and Japan. The larger number of anal rays 
in Schlegel’s specimens, stated in the description to be 17 or 18, and 
the much lower spinous dorsal and shorter pectoral appendages, as 
shown in the figure, make it almost certain that it represents a species 
distinct from H. langsdorfii. Cuvier and Valenciennes, and probably 
identical with Hoplichthys gilberti, next described. 

Here described from a single specimen 5{ inches long, obtained at 
Kagoshima and presented to Stanford University by Professor 
Mitsukuri. 

(Named tor M. Langsdorf, who brought the first specimens from 
Japan. ) 

12. HOPLICHTHYS GILBERTI Jordan and Richardson, new species. 

Hoplichthys langsdorfii TemMinck and SCHLEGEL, Faun. Jap. Pisc., 1845, p. 156, 
pl. ux xx, fig. 2 (not Hoplichthys langsdorfii Cuvier and Valenciennes) (Naga- 
saki).—GiBert, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXITI, 1903, Pt. 2, p. 641 (Suruga 
Bay, off Ose Point). 

Hoplichthys langsdorfi JorvAN and Srarks, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 
p- 593 (Suruga Bay, off Ose Point). 

Halhitat.—Seas of Japan, north to Suruga Bay, in deep water. 

Head 3.4 in length to base of caudal; depth 13; depth of head 3.6 
in its length; width of head 1.3; eye 3.6; interorbital space 4 in eye; 
maxillary 3.2 in head; nose 3.3, longer than eye; D. VI-15; A. 17; 
scutes 27. 

Back and sides with an incomplete coat of mail formed of two rows 
of keeled scutes, as in Hoplichthys langsdorfii; each keel ending in a 
strong spine, below which is a small concealed one, as in that species; 
top of head with low serrated ridges; lateral facial edge less spinous 
than in Hoplichthys langsdorfii, and with much less distinct lobes, the 
notch under pupil scarcely noticeable, being nearly continuous with 
the weakly serrated edge in front of and immediately behind it; angle 
of preoperculum with 2 long curved spines, as in Hoplichthys langs- 
dorfii; spines on under side of head rather weaker than in Hoplichthys 
langsdorfii; villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; 
tip of tongue slightly emarginate. 

Spinous dorsal (in female) low, its longest spime 3 in head, the 
depressed fin falling well short of the second fin; soft dorsal long and 
low, without filamentous rays, its longest ray (anterior) 2.2 in head; 
soft dorsal and anal about opposite; pectoral 1.4 in head, the 3 de- 
tached pectoral rays much shorter than in Hoplichthys langsdorfii, 
the longest 1.7 in head, failing of reaching tip of pectoral by a distance 
nearly equal to diameter of eye; ventrals rather short 2.25 in head; 
caudal slightly emarginate. 


648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


Color in spirits grayish, with dark specks and small clusters of 
punctulations; back with 4 dusky cross bands; belly whitish; spinous 
dorsal dusky in the membranes posteriorly, the tips of the rays 
whitish; rays of soft dorsal specked at broad intervals with dusky; 
caudal rays specked outwardly, the base of the fin with a diffuse blotch 
of dusky; latter third of anal with a subedging of dusky, in the mem- 
brane; pectorals specked in both rays and membranes. 

(Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, of Stanford University.) 

This species differs from Hoplichthys langsdorfii in its greater number 
of anal rays, shorter pectoral appendages, shorter ventrals, longer nose, 
less lobed and less spinous lateral facial profile. The figure of Hop- 
lichthys langsdorfit in Temminck and Schlegel, which is evidently inac- 
curate in several particulars, whether it be intended to represent //. 
langsdorfir or the present species, may with some reservation be re- 
ferred to H. gilberti, with which it agrees in the short pectoral append- 
ages and in the larger number of anal rays. The fact that those 


Fic. 6.—HopLicHTHYS GILBERTI. 


authors say in their description that their specimen had 17 or 18 anal 
rays would alone seem to leave little question that they were at least 
not the same as Hoplichthys langsdorfii Cuvier and Valenciennes. 

Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert, recently described from Hawaii, is 
close to the present species, differing from it chiefly in the more marked 
lobing and spination of the lateral facial edges, and in the yet shorter 
pectoral appendages, the longest of which is contained 2.2 in head 
(female). 

Known and here described from 9 specimens, 3 to 6.50 inches long, 
taken by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in 
75 to 100 fathoms off Ose Point, Suruga Bay, in 1900, and one speci- 
men 5.25 inches long from station 5070, Suruga Bay, in 1906, Alba- 
tross expedition of 1906, in 108 fathoms. 

Type.—The last-named, Cat. No. 51271 U.S.N.M., is the type of the 
species. The figure is taken from it. 


, 


te) 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 64 


Family TRIGLID. 
THE GURNARDS. 


Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform, covered with scales 
or bony plates; head externally bony, entirely cuirassed with rough, 
bony plates, some of which are armed with spines; eyes high; mouth 
terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary. with- 
out supplemental bone, slipping under the preorbital; teeth very 
small, in bands in the jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; gills 
4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiz present; gill rakers 
various; gill membranes free from the isthmus; ventral fins thoracic, 
wide apart, separated by a flat area, their rays I, 5; spinous dorsal 
present, short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines; 
caudal narrow, few-rayed; pectoral large, with broad base, with 3 
lower rays detached, forming feelers, which are used chiefly in the 
search for food, in turning over stones, exploring shells, ete.; air 
bladder present; pyloric czca usually present, few in number.  Sin- 
gular looking fishes, found in all warm seas. Species about 40, some 
of them in rather deep water, these red in color, the others living about 
rocks; 3 genera and 7 species known from the waters of Japan. 


KEY TO THE GENERA OF JAPANESE TRIGLID. 


a. Lateral line unarmed; no teeth on palatines. 

b. Seales relatively large, about 50 to 65 in number: a row of spinous bucklers along 
BosCLOn GC ObSa latent come ees OF 2 Soke Ac c2!h soe ecee e sa tes Lepidotrigla, 8 

bb. Scales relatively small, more than 100 in the lateral line. 
c. Base of both dorsals with a series of shields, each ending in a sharp spine directed 
backward; opercular spine small; soft dorsal and anal long; dorsal rays 
Px Gana Lo: ono anal apine 3222 62)... ee eo eke ce es Sere Chelidonichthys, 9 
ce. Back with blunt shields along base of spinous dorsal gnly; base of soft dorsal 
unarmed; opercular spine very long; soft dorsal and anal short; dorsal rays 
VEE 0 anal ii canal/spine distinet.: 2. .2.. 2.2 2..<cle. sees. Otohime, 10 


8. LEPIDOTRIGLA Gunther. 
Lepidotrigla GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 196 (aspera=cavillone). 

Scales moderate, about 45 to 55 in number, being much larger than 
in Chelidonichthys; teeth on vomer; no teeth on palatines; a row of 
spinous bucklers along base of dorsal fin; characters otherwise those 
of the family. : 

Kast Indies, South Seas, and Japanese and Chinese seas; 5 species 
known from the waters of Japan. 

(Aemis, scale; tpiyha, Trigla, classical name for Mullus barbatus, 
the name 7'rigla transferred to these fishes, for no evident reason.) 

KEY TO SPECIES. 
a. Pectorals short, not reaching middle of dorsal. 
b. Nasal prominences long, pointed, and divergent, the distance between them at 
tips usually more than 13 times interorbital distance; dorsal IX—16 or 17; anal 
Peereoemn no Corset moteh: 92.5 2...405.Sh2.c5 Sol ee ee hinne oso alata, 13 


650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


bb. Neca prominences ies developed, meee or not, the notch hereon them shal- 
low and the distance between their outer tips little more than the interorbital 
distance, if any. 

c. Upper detached pectoral ray falling short of tip of ventral by a distance about 
equal to diameter of eye; dorsal VIII or [X—15 to 17; anal 15 to 17; scales 
more than 60; a dark blotch between fourth and seventh spines of dorsal 
dhe ee ee ee meer sont TS annde bose Soo beaoredee op oe microptera, 14 

cc. Upper detached pectoral ray reaching almost or quite to tip of ventral; spinous 

dorsal without a dark blotch. 

d. Second dorsal spine much elongated, its length 1} times that of third spine, 
and its anterior edge strongly serrate nearly to tip; dorsal VII-16; anal 16; 
scales 61; spinous dorsal without permanent blotch; though there may be 
Some specks) Present en <= ee se ie eta eepe ere eee giintheri, 15 

dd. Second dorsal spine but very little longer than third, its anterior edge 

smooth or very weakly serrate; dorsal VIII-15; anal 15; scales 56; no 


dorsally blotchtassseets ee sees aoc. see: ae eee abyssalis, 16 
aa. Pectorals very long, reaching nearly to end of dorsal; dorsal VITI-15; anal 15; 
enikes| aay! save) CKornseLiovkoWels Goose coac cone Goose eon ae Se scesodeases= japonica, 17 


13. LEPIDOTRIGLA ALATA (Houttuyn). 
KANAGASHIRA, Metal Head. 

Trigla alata Hourruyn, Verhandl. Hollandsch. Maatsch. Weetensch., Haarlem, 
XX, Deel 2, 1782, p. 320 (ca.), (Nagasaki). 

Trigla bung: TemMINcK and ScHLEGEL, Faun. Japon., Pisc., p. 35, pl. xrv, figs. 
1 and 2 (Nagasaki).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 218 
(coasts of China and Japan).—Ginruer, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 198 (Jap- 
anese and Chinese seas).—BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 73 
(Nagasaki); Enum. Poiss. du Japon, 1879, p. 13 (Nagasaki; Shimoda).— 
Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki).— 
SrEINDACHNER and DépERLEIN, Fische Japan’s, 1887, IV, p. 261 (Tokyo; 
Nagasaki).—Isuikawa, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 47 (Nagasaki). 

Lepidotrigla alata Jorpan and Srarks, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, p. 
596 (shores of southern Japan). 

Habitat.—South Japan, and north to Tokyo; China. 

Head 3.2 to 3.5; depth 4 to 4.3; D. IX-16 or 17; A. 16; scales 63; 
eye 3.2 to 3.3; snout 2.1 to 2.2; maxillary 2.5; interorbital space 3 to 
3.25; second dorsal spine 1.8 to 2; pectoral 1; ventral 1.2. 

Snout with two long, pointed, divergent processes, the distance 
between their apices nearly or quite twice the diameter of the pupil, 
and the depth of the emargination equal to or greater than the width 
of the pupil; interorbital space concave; pre- and postocular spines 
obsolete; an extremely small postocular cross groove; nuchal spine 
short; opercular spine barely crossing gill-opening, humeral spine 
quite long and sharp, reaching the vertical from “his sixth dorsal 
spine; second and third dorsal spines subequal, both shorter than in 
other Japanese Lepidotrigle; pectoral reaching vertical from third 
ray of soft dorsal; upper pectoral appendage reaching about to tip of 
ventral; dorsal scutes rather small, ending in sharp points. 

Color in life clear red, with pale edgings; ‘‘brick red * * *; 
belly, anal, and membranes of ventrals whitish; pectorals greenish 
yellow with reddish borders.” (Schlegel.) “‘ Pectorals for the most 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 651 


part milk-white externally, inside dusky violet with the exception of 
the upper and the three undermost rays, which show a yellow shade.”’ 
(Steindachner. ) 

This abundant species is readily recognized by its long, diverging 
nasal prominences, and short spinous dorsal. 

(alata, winged.) 


In the Museum of Stanford University are specimens as follows: 
Nagasaki, 40 specimens, 3 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 18 specimens, 
3 to 44 inches; Misaki, 1 specimen, 3? inches; Kobe, 5 specimens, 
24 to 34 inches; Tsushima, 1 specimen, 3 inches. It was also seen at 
Tsuruga and Onomichi. 

The above description is based on 2 specimens, 6 and 65 inches 


long, from Nagasaki. 
14. LEPIDOTRIGLA MICROPTERA Giinther. 


Lepidotrigla microptera GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875, p. 241 (Shang- 
hai).—GitinTuER, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1879, p. 67 (Inland Sea of Japan).— 
Namryg, Class. Cat., 188i, p. 101 (Tokyo).—SrEINDACHNER and DODERLEIN, 
Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s (IV), 1887, p. 263 (Tokyo; Hakodate; Shang- 
hai).—Jorpan and Starks, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., XXII, 1902, p. 595 
(localities at conclusion of present description). 

Lepidotrigla strauchi SretnpAcHNER, Ich. Beitr., V, 1876, p. 166 (Hakodate). 

Lepidotrigla serridens Hitgenvorr, Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, p. 107 (Tokyo).— 
Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, 1V, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki). 

Lepidotrigla smithii ReGan, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XV, 1905, p. 22, (Inland 
Sea of Japan). 


Habitat.—Japan, north to Hakodate; China. 
Head 73.43 deptiw4a5, Dye Vill or UX, 15° to: 17; AP1S to 17; 
scales’ more than 60 (as a rule about 65); eye 3.5; snout 2.25; 


aQf{ 15 specimens examined (various localities), three had VIII-15, five VIII-16, 
two VIII-17, one IX-16, three [X-17, and one IX~-18. 

bA. 17, Ginther; 16-18, Steindachner; 14, Regan (young specimens). Qf 14 
examined, three (young) had A. 15, five 16, and six 17. 

c¢Lat. line 75, Gitinther; 65-66 (adults), 59-60 (young), Steindachner; 658-63, 
Regan (young). 


652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


maxillary 2.3 to 2.6; interorbital space 3.4 to 3.6; second dorsal 
spine 1.4; pectoral 1; ventral 1.2. 

Snout moderately emarginate, the lateral prominences short and 
sharp, consisting typically of a single spine on each side, or Gn adults) 
of a single prominence (or two) longer than the rest; preocular spines 
very small, nearly obsolete; nuchal spine reaching past base of second 
dorsal spine ; opercular spine extending on anterior fifth of base of 
humeral spine; humeral spine long and sharp, reaching nearly to 
base of fifth dorsal spine; second dorsal spine but little (about one- 
eighth) longer than third and very weakly serrated, being as a rule 
smooth for the outer fourth of its anterior edge; pectoral to vertical 
trom fifth ray of soft dorsal; upper detached pectoral ray short, 
missing the tip of the ventral by a distance about equal to diameter 
of eye; dorsal scutes moderately developed, their spines short and 
not very sharp. 

Life color, bright brick red above, the belly abruptly white, the 
junction marked by a silver line; fins red, or with some creamy 
white; a black blotch on the spinous dorsal between the fourth and 
seventh spines; no blue. In preserved material the dorsal blotch 
shows most plainly in young specimens (under 4 inches). In adults 
it is sometimes almost wholly wanting.@ 

This species differs plainly from both L. giinthert and L. abyssalis 
in its shorter detached pectoral rays and in the presence of the 
(usually) prominent dark blotch between fourth and seventh spines 
of first dorsal. There appears to be no doubt that L. smithia Regan 
is the young of this species. Young specimens in our collections 
from Nagasaki and Wakanoura have D. VIII-15 and A. 15. In one 
of these the first (rudimentary) anal ray is but three-eighths of the 
second, and the second only two-thirds of the third. Regan’s figure 
shows the first spine fully five-sixths of the second, a condition we 
have not observed in any specimen. As his specimens were all small 
(7 to 9 em.) it seems not impossible that he may have overlooked a 
rudimentary spine. The dark longitudinal bar on the soft dorsal, 
described by Regan, is a characteristic of young specimens, appearing 
in two young individuals 43 inches long in our collection from Aomori. 

(41K 0s, small; wrepor, wing, i. e., fin). 

Specimens in the Stanford University Museum are from localities 
as follows: Tokyo, 3 specimens, 6} to 8 inches; Hakodate, 6 speci- 
mens, 34 to 74 inches; Kobe, 3 specimens, 3 to 4 inches; Waka- 
noura, 1 specimen, 3 inches; Nagasaki, 21 specimens, 3 to 4 inches; 
Aomori, 13 specimens, 3 to 74 inches; Hiroshima, 1 specimen, 3 
inches; Tsuruga, 115 specimens, 2 to 34 inches; Matsushima Bay, 
station 3770, in 42 to 45 fathoms, 1 specimen, 84 _inches; Suruga 


a Pe moscnnes says that ie pil was wanting in adult specimens described by him 
as L. strauchi. 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 6538 


Bay, station 3715, off Ose Point, in 64 to 65 fathoms, 1 specimen, 5 
inches. 

This is the commonest species of the genus in Japan, except about 
Nagasaki, where Lepidotrigla alata is more abundant. It extends its 
range well to the northward. It is commonest about the shores, 
although running also into deeper water. 

The above description is based on two specimens, 7} and 8 inches 
long, taken at Aomori and Tokyo. 


15. LEPIDOTRIGLA GUNTHERI Hilgendorf. 


Lepidotrigla giinthert H1tGENDORF, Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, p. 106 (Tokyo).— 
JORDAN and Srarks, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., XXII, 1902, p. 594. (Locali- 
ties given below.) 

Lepidotrigla longipinnis STEINDACHNER and DODERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische 
Japan’s, 1887, IV, p. 262, pl. iv, fig. 1 (Tokyo). 

Habitat.—Japan, north to Tokyo. 

Head, 3.25; depth, 4.4 to 4.6; D. VIII-15 or 16; A. 15 or 16; 
scales, 56-58; eye, 3 (young) to 3.4; snout, 2.2; maxillary, 2.4; 
interorbital space, 3.8 to 4; second dorsal spine, 1.25 (young) to 1.5; 
pectoral, 1.2; ventral, 1.3. 

Snout moderately emarginate, the lateral prominences rather broad 
and unevenly serrated; interorbital space quite concave in young, in 
adults the excavation forming a broad, almost flat-bottomed groove; 
two small preocular spines; a low post ocular spine with a cross fur- 
row behind it; nuchal spine reaching to base of second dorsal spine, 
its inner edge rather strongly serrate; opercular spine reaching but 
little past opercular opening, humeral spine sharp, reaching past 
fourth dorsal spine; pectoral reaching to vertical from base of fourth 
soft dorsal ray; upper detached pectoral ray extending nearly to tip 
of ventral; dorsal scutes strong, with long and sharp spines, these 
becoming increasingly sharp posteriorly. 

Color brown, with 3 brown cross shades, one under each dorsal and 
one at base of caudal, these becoming fainter. with age; young with 
a blackish bar at tip of caudal; pectoral black within; back mot- 
tled; no black dorsal spot, but sometimes a dusky cross shade on 
dorsal; no sharp line on side bounding the pale color of belly. 

This species is readily distinguished from L. microptera by its dif- 
ferent coloration, by its long, saw-edged second dorsal spine, better 
developed cephalic armature, longer and sharper dorsal scutes, and 
longer pectoral appendages. For the differences between it and 
L. abyssalis see the description of that species. 

(Named for Dr. Albert Ginther.) 

We have examined specimens from the following localities: North- 
west Pacific, station 5070, Suruga Bay (Albatross, 1906), 108 fath- 
oms, I specimen, 3 inches; Northwest Pacific, station 4876, Tsushima 
Strait (Albatross, 1906), 59 fathoms, 9 specimens, 14 to 43 inches; 


654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Tokyo 0, i specimen, 8 inches; Suruga Bay, off Ose Point, several 
specimens, under 5 inches, falcon in depths of from 60 to 500 fath- 
oms; Totomi Bay, station 3727, under 5 inches; Yokohama, market, | 
1 specimen, nearly a foot in length. 

Measurements used in above description made on two specimens 8 
and 5 inches long, taken at Tokyo and in Suruga Bay. 


16. LEPIDOTRIGLA ABSYSSALIS Jordan and Starks. 


Lepidotrigla japonica Nystrrém, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, 1V, No. 4, 1887, 
p. 23 (Nagasaki). . (Name preoccupied.) 

Lepidotrigla abyssalis JorvAN and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902, 
p- 595, fig. (Suruga Bay). 

Habitat. Japan, north to Tokyo, in rather deep water. 

Head 3; depth 4.2; D.VIII-15; A.15; scales 56; eye 3.16 in head; 
snout 2.5; maxillary 2.75; interorbital space 4; first dorsal spine 2.1; 
second ee spine 1.75; pectoral 1.1; ventral 1.25. 

Snout almost truncate at tip, a sharp spine slightly projecting at 
each angle; interorbital space rather deeply concave; a short narrow 
cross furrow above posterior margin of eye, as in L. giintheri; nuchal 
spines and ridges little developed; humeral spine moderately strong, 
reaching vertical from third dorsal spine; second dorsal spine some- 
what longer than third, but more slender and much less elevated than 
in L. guntheri; upper detached pectoral ray reaching tip of ventral, 
which reaches to base of second anal ray, pectoral reaching to vertical 
from base of fifth ray of soft dorsal. 

Color mottled red; pectoral bluish black, other fins without mark- 
ings; no traces of a spot on spinous dorsal. 

In its long pectoral appendages, postorbital furrow, and plain 
colored spinous dorsal this species resembles L. giintheri. From that 
species it differs, however, in its more slender dorsal spines and shorter 
second spine, which is also not strongly serrated. 

(aBvooos, an abyss; in allusion to the deep water habitat of this 
species.) 

We have examined specimens from the following localities: Station 
4904, Albatross, 1906, 107 fathoms. One specimen, 4 inches (head 
not as smooth as in type of Z. abyssalis; otherwise identical) ; Suruga 
Bay, station 5713, 50 to 60 fathoms, one specimen, 3% inches. 

The above description is condensed from the original description 
by Jordan and Starks, who first described it from Cat. No. 51440, 
U.S.N.M. This is apparently the species named japonica by Nystrém, 
but there was already a japonica in this genus. 


17. LEPIDOTRIGLA JAPONICA (Bleeker). 


Prionotus japonicus BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 75, pl. v, 
fig. 1 (Japan).—Gtnrn_er, Cat. 11, 1860, p. 196. 

Lepidotrigla japonica STEINDACHNER and DO6DERLEIN, Fische Japans, 1887, IV, 
p- 264 (Oshima; Kagoshima).—Jorpaw and Srarks, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com., 
XXII, 1902, p. 596, fig.; (Misaki). (Not of Nystrém). 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 655 


Hatitat.—South Japan, north to Tokyo. 

Head 3.3; depth 4.2; D.IX—15; A.14; scales 57; eye 3.25; snout 2.2; 
maxillary 2.3; interorbital space 3.75; first dorsal spine 1.4; second 
dorsal spine 1.5; pectoral 0.6; ventral 1.0. 

Snout moderately emarginate, with a small secondary notch at 
center, the angles without spine-like prominences; interorbital space 
deeply concave; pre- and post- ocular spines little developed; a deep 
postocular groove on each side; nuchal spine nearly to base of third 
dorsal spine; opercular spine scarcely crossing gill opening; humeral 
spine reaching past vertical from fourth dorsal spine; pectorals very 
long, reaching to the eleventh or twelfth ray of soft, dorsal; ventrals 
past fourth anal ray; pectoral appendages short, the upper one 
missing tip of ventral by a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; 
dorsal scutes moderately developed, with broad, flattish (not spine- 
like) points. 

Preserved specimens show a rather sharp line separating the upper 
(darker) part of side from the lower silvery portion; spinous dorsal 
with a diffused blotch between the fourth and seventh spines, and 
with more or less dusky shade forward, especially near margin of fin; 
soft dorsal with cross rows of faint dusky spots; pectoral black inside, 
with scattered lighter spots; pectoral appendages with some dark 
pigment midway of their length. 

(japonicus, Japanese. ) 

The long pectoral fins of this species separate it unmistakably from 
the other species of Lepidotrigla found in Japan. 

Specimens have been examined from the following localities: Naga- 
saki, market, 1 specimen, 4 inches (1906); Misaki, 1 specimen, 44 
inches; Wakanoura, 4 specimens, 3 to 4 inches. 

The above measurements were made on a Misaki specimen, 43. 
inches. 


9, CHE LIDONICHTHYS Kawp. 
Chelidonichthys Kaur, Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte 1873, p. 87 (hirundo). 


Scales small, no long shields along lateral line. 

Each dorsal fin with a series of spine-tipped shields along its base; 
opercular spine small; dorsal rays [X—16; anal 15; anal spine want- 
ing. This genus, like the next (Otohime) differs markedly from 
Lepidotrigla in the smaller scales. From the closely related European 
genus, Trigla, this genus differs in the unarmed lateral line. The 
American genus, Prionotus, has palatine teeth, these being wanting 
in the old-world gurnards. Characters otherwise those of the family. 

The numerous species abound on the coasts of Europe, Africa, and 
India; ranging north to Japan. 

(yehidw@v, swallow; iy@vs, fish.) 

42 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 


656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


18. CHELIDONICHTHYS KUMU (Lesson and Garnot.) 


HOKO (Sword), KUROHOBO (Black Gurnard). 


Trigla kumu Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Poiss., 1830, p. 214, pl. x1x 
(New Zealand, ‘‘le grande Baie des Iles’’).—Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 50 (advance printing of description of Lesson 
and Garnot).—JENyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, p. 27 (New Zealand; Bay 
of Islands)—Trmminck and ScuieGcet, Faun. Japon. Pisc., 1843, p. 37, 
pl. xiv (seas of Japan).—BLEEKER, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 74 
(Nagasaki).—GuUntTuHeR, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 204 (New Zealand to coast 
of China).—Namtye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 101 (Tokyo).—Macteay, Cat. 
Austral. Fishes, I, 1881, p. 225 (Port Jackson).—Nystr6m, Svensk. Vet.- 
Akad. Handl., 18, IV, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki).—SrEINDACHNER and 
D6vERLEIN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan’s, 1887, IV, p. 265 (no locality).— 
IsHikawa, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. (Tokyo), 1897, p. 47 (Tokyo). 

Trigla spinosa McCLELLAND, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 396, pl. xxn, fig. 2 
(China).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 218 (Chusan). 

(?) Trigla pictipinnis Kaur, Archiv. fiir Naturgesch., 1873, p. 87 (Barbados) (locality 
erroneous). 

Trigla kumu dorsomaculata StEINDACHNER, Ich. Beitr., V. p. 168, 1876 (Chi-fu). 


Habitat.—Japan, north to Aomori; China; also from Australia and 
New Zealand, where it is one of the common food fishes. 

Head, 3.3; depth, 5.25 to 5.60; D. IX—-16; A. 15 or 16; eye, 4.5 to 
4.6; interorbital® space, 5.8 to 6; snout, 2.2; maxillary, 2.3; second 
dorsal spine, 1.8; pectoral, 0.6 to 0.8; ventral, 1.2. 

A full comparison of Japanese and Australian specimens is shown 
in the following table: 


| Port Jack-| Misaki 
a Tokyo 
BI Ps ’ 
Dimensions. Son tea ee | 9 inches. 
io 2X6 Seen aie ae ee SO ee Fee Eee ee Lah eee eae 3.50 3.30 3.25 
Depth See. oe See eee ee ee ee See eee ae cone eee 5.00 5.25 5.60 
MD OMS Bes hess cake Shahar ies Sie re tahe ae oe aT oe TE Oe ge are ated oat rere | TX-15 1X-16 TX-16 
ENV) oer A a eae eS PONE ey Rm rier trp es nA no ate Ie gE | sil} 16 15) 
SCAlSS ee ate cieratanctelcie ere ee es ae ae re re a Se ee a Se eee [hk 2 aa 8c eee | ..28 ee 
De eae en ent Rete eae este Mince a nie RC! ea Es 3} 4.33 4.50 | 4.60 
Lnterorbitalis pace): caccms2 soca cSeece = sce ee a nan scien eeemneeiee 7.10 6.00 5.80 
SOULS soeoskiisdec coaches See ee ooo ee aye ee eae eerie 2.25 2.16 2.20 
With.lia ae aApaonoeosscoscoBee EE ee a ee, Ste ans ae a ee 2.20 2.30 2.30 
Second'dorsalispine®. 245.2, sche sseaceeceesesce se se ee eee eee 1.66 1.80 | 1.80 
Bectoralacse sso ee cease cicer eae cere ee ae ae Shits. RE ee 0.75 0.60 | 0.80 
Ventral te ke fe sb seesinsecn ace ters see neaie on eae en cacee ae eracer 1.16 Hels} 1.20 


Snout rather long, as a rule, with an evident emargination in front, 
the angles serrated and produced over the maxillaries a distance about 
equal to their width (toothed portion); interorbital space concave, 


a Japanese and Australian specimens varied as follows in width of interorbital space: 
Six specimens, Tokyo: 5.80, 6.10, 6.20, 6.30, 6.30, 6.50 (5 to 8 inches); 2 specimens, 
Port Arthur: 6.3: 6.6 (8 inches); 2 specimens, Tsuruga: 6.2, 6.3 (5 inches); 1 specimen, 
Misaki: 6.3, 6.6 (7 inches); 1 specimen, Port Jackson: 7.10 (84 inches); 1 specimen, 
Port Jackson: 7 (5 inches); 1 specimen, Port Jackson: 6.50 (64 inches). 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 657 


rather wider than in specimens of C. kwmu from Australia; two short 
but strong preocular spines, a low postocular spine, with a very shal- 
low cross-furrow behind it; nuchal spine not reaching to front. of 
dorsal; opercular spine barely crossing gill opening; humeral spine 
about to vertical from fourth dorsal spine; second and third dorsal 
spines subequal; posterior margin of spinous dorsal nearly straight; 
pectoral to tenth ray of soft dorsal; upper pectoral appendage missing 
tip of ventral by a distance equal to two-thirds diameter of eye; dor- 
sal scutes moderate, their points not long and sharp. 

Color in life olivaceous, the deep lustrous blue of the inner side of 
the pectoral fins very conspicuous; preserved specimens have the back 
(in adults) more or less coarsely mottled or blotched; a plain line sepa- 
rates the upper color from the paler whitish (silvery) of the belly; 
young specimens have the back crossed with three or four broad, 
obliquely disposed, and rather obscure cross-bands; spinous dorsal in 
adults with some dusky on outer margin; soft dorsal with its outer 
third dusky; caudal with a diffused dark blotch posteriorly; pectoral 
inky blue inside, with a narrow pale outer margin, and with its inner 
lower third, or entire lower half, darker in color than the rest of the fin 
and marked with from 6 to 20 light-colored spots. 

(kumu, the native Maori name of this fish in New Zealand.) 

We are unable to separate this common Japanese fish from the 
species Aumu, which is one of the best known food fishes of New 
Zealand and Australia. 

Specimens of this species from Port Jackson (Sydney) differ from 
the Japanese form in having the snout less emarginate and its angles 
less produced, scarcely extending over the retracted maxillaries; in 
Port Jackson specimens the interorbital space is slightly narrower (7 
to 7.10 in head) than in Japanese individuals; a single specimen 
from Sydney (6} inches long) has the interorbital space as broad as in 
some Japanese specimens (6.50 in head). The coloration of the pec- 
toral fins varies in’ these specimens, the one just noted and the 
small one from Port Jackson having only 8 to 12 spots, gathered in a 
dark blotch on the lower inner third of the fin, as in the figure of 
Lesson; while the larger Port Jackson specimen has the spots 18 or 20 
in number and scattered over the lower two-thirds of the fin. This 
amount of variation in the markings of Australian specimens would 
seem to break down the distinction between kumu and spinosus as 
made out by Gunther (Cat., I, p. 204), following McClelland. If a 
separate species or subspecies (spinosus) is to be made of the Japanese- 
Chinese form it is evidently impossible to establish it in color mark- 
ings. Nevertheless, we shall not be surprised if slight but perma- 
nent differences in form should be made out, in which case the 
Japanese species will stand as Chelidonichthys spinosus. 


658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


We have examined specimens from localities as follows: Kobe, 7 
specimens, 44 to 54 inches; Tokyo, 15 specimens, 5 to 84 inches; 
Tokyo, market, 6 specimens, 5 to 6 inches; Nagasaki, 4 specimens, 5 to 
6 inches; Kagoshima, 1 specimen, 6 inches; Kawatana, 1 specimen, 
54 inches; Misaki, 2 specimens, 6 to 7 inches; Aomori, 29 specimens, 
2 to 3 inches; Tsuruga, 6 specimens, 34 to 5 inches. 

Here described from two specimens, 74 and 9 inches long, from 
Misaki and Tokyo, respectively. Jordan and Snyder observed speci- 
mens also at Wakanoura, Hakodate, and Matsushima. 


10. OTOHIME Jordan and Starks. 


Otohime JorDAN and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 18, 
(hemisticta. ) ; 


Back with blunt shields along base of spmous dorsal; base of soft 
dorsal unarmed; opercular spine very long; dorsal rays VIII-10; 
anal 11; a distinct anal spine; scales small as in Chelidonichthys, 
with no transverse bony plates along lateral line; no palatine teeth, 
characters otherwise those of family. 

(Otohime, a goddess of fishes, in Japanese folk-lore.) 


19. OTOHIME HEMISTICTA (Temminck and Schlegel). 


KANADO, Metal Fish. 

Trigla hemisticta TeMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Faun. Japon. Pisc., 1847, p. 36, pl. 
xiv, figs. 3 and 4; pl. xiv B (Nagasaki).—RicHarpson, Ichth. China and 
Japan, 1846, p. 218 (Canton).—GUtntTuer, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 201 
(after Schlegel).—Nvystrr6m, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887, No. 4, 
p. 21 (Nagasaki). 

Otohime hemasticta, JoRDAN and Starks, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, 
p- 182, fig. (Misaki or Awa, outside bay of Tokyo). 


Head (without opercular or rostral spines), 2.75; depth at occiput 
4.50; eye 3 in head; maxillary 2; D.VIII-10; A.I,11; scales 105. 

General form of body as in the species of Chelidonichthys and 
Lepidotrigla, the scales being very small, as in the former genus; oper- 
cular spine very long; fourth dorsal spine longest; pectoral reaching 
to opposite base of third anal ray; longest detached pectoral ray not 
reaching to tip of ventral. 

Color, in alcohol, gray above, clouded or vaguely blotched and 
specked with dark; lower portion of sides and belly abruptly white; 
spinous dorsal with a large and well-defined dark spot between the 
fourth and sixth spines. 

This species has very recently been fully redescribed by Messrs. 
Jordan and Starks on the basis of a specimen brought from Yokohama 
by Mr. Pierre Louis Jouy, and probably caught at Misaki or Awa, 
outside the bay of Tokyo. Its generic characters, together with the 


No. 1681. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 659 


above brief description, which is condensed from that of Jordan and 
Starks, are sufficient for its recognition. 
(nyt, half; ori«70s, speckled.) 
A single specimen, from Misaki or Awa, 8 inches, Cat. No. 56432, 
U.S.N.M. 
Family PERISTEDIID. 


Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which 
is armed with a strong spine; head bony; each preorbital produced 
into a long, flat process, which projects more or less beyond the 
mouth; mouth small,. inferior, like that of a sturgeon; teeth none; 
lower jaw provided with barbels; gill membranes separate, narrowly 
joined to the isthmus anteriorly; gill rakers slender; dorsal fin con- 
tinuous or divided; pectoral fin short, with the 2 lower-most rays 
detached; ventrals I, 5, separated by a broad, flat area; air bladder 
simple; pyloric caeca about 10; color generally red. Deep-sea fishes, 
bearing some resemblance to young sturgeons. 

Two genera, with about a dozen species. Mediterranean, tropical 
Atlantic, East Indian, and Chinese and Japanese seas. One genus 
and 3 species known from Japan. 


11. PERISTEDION Lacépéde. 


Peristedion LacePEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III, 1802, p. 368 (malarmat=cataphrac- 
tum). 

Peristethus Kaur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 103 (cataphractus); amended 
spelling. 


Barbels large, forming large fringed tufts at angles of mouth and on 
lower jaw; dorsal fins 2; characters otherwise included above. 

(epi, around; otnGiov, diminutive of oT7H0s, breast; the breast 
being mailed.) 

Three species known from the waters of Japan. 


KEY TO SPECIES. 


a. No spine above muzzle or in middle of forehead; caudal peduncle with 2 series of 
plates underneath. 

b. Dorsal VIII-20; anal 20; head narrow, its width 2.2 in its length; nasal processes 
3.75 to 4.25 in head; longest barbel less than one-third of head; preopercular 
angle blunt, without spine; color reddish brown, the back with conspicuous 
blackish vermiculations; pectorals with 2 or 3 black cross bars; spinous dorsal 
poy exis} Aili oi] 9) Kel cee Ae A ee ee ortentale, 20 

bb. Dorsal VI-20; anal 22; head broad, its width 3.25 in the length to base of caudal; 

nasal processes 6.5; short; longest barbel two-thirds of head; preopercular 

shield ending behind in a long spine; color brownish (probably red in life), 
without black spots or marblings; pectoral and spinous dorsal black .amiscus, 21 

aa. A single spine in middle of forehead; under side of caudal peduncle with 4 series 
of plates; D.VI-19; A.17; head, back, and sides with small round dots; spines 

anc Trays ole dorsals dotted: with brOWM=-:--2-4-22<0 - -otsdccucec cnet rieffelu, 22 


660 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXMf. 


20. PERISTEDION ORIENTALE Temminck and Schlegel. 


KIHOBO (Yellow Gurnard), TSUNO KANAGASHIRA (Horned Metal-head). 

Peristedion orientale TemMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Faun. Japon. Pisc., 18438, p. 37, 
pl. xiv, figs. 5 and 6; pl. xiv A, figs. 1 and 2 (Nagasaki).—JorpaNn and 
Starks, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, p. 593, fig. — (Suruga Bay). 

Peristethus orventale Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 105, pl. vut, 
fig. 2—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 219 (after Schlegel).—Namrysn, 
Class. Cat., 1881, p. 101 (Tokyo).—Isuixawa, Cat. Fishes lnp. Mus. Tokyo, 
1897, p. 47 (Tokyo; Ajiro). 

Habitat.—Japan, north to Tokyo, in deep water. 

Head 2.66 in length without caudal; depth 6.5; width of head 2.2 
in its length; eye 4.8 to 5.2; interorbital space = eye; snout 1.66 in 
head; nasal processes 3.75 to 4.25 (adult); longest barbel 3.8; D. 
VIII-20; A. 20; pectoral 2.3 in head; ventral 2.16; plates in upper 
lateral series 34 or 35. 

Body about as wide as the head anteriorly, rather long, gradually 
tapering; 4 rows of long scutes on each side, each ending in a spine; 
spines of ventral and dorsal row of scutes becoming gradually smaller 
backward, those of the ventral series obsolete on the last 10 or 12 
scutes; head little wider than front of body; nasal processes always 
somewhat divergent, the distance between their tips sometimes 
nearly twice their distance apart at base, even when the opercles are 
completely closed; lower lateral rim of cephalic shield narrow, shelf- 
like, its margin nearly straight, except for slight serrations, from the 
base of the nasal process to the angle of the preopercle, which is 
rounded and wholly without projecting spine; opercle with a blunt 
spine, preceded by a low minutely serrated ridge; no spine in front of 
eye; two blunt postorbital points, and two short occipital spines, 
with blunt points; no spines on muzzle; each lower jaw with a 
branched, brush-like barbel at its outer angle, inside of and behind 
which are many shorter single barbels, in a tuft-like cluster; the 
branched barbel reaching half way to base of pectorals. 

Spinous dorsal beginning immediately behind first (fused) pair of 
dorsal scutes; the depressed fin reaching to base of second ray of soft 
dorsal; anal inserted under third ray of soft dorsal and extending 
about one plate behind it; pectoral reaching to tip of spine of tenth 
upper lateral scute; longest free pectoral ray extending slightly 
beyond pectoral; ventrals barely reaching vent; caudal emarginate. 

Body and head covered with vermiculations of dark brown; pec- 
toral with 2 or 3 dark cross bars and a blotch on the upper base; a 
dark marginal streak of blackish on spinous dorsal; soft dorsal with 
2 rows of dark dots, the upper row forming a more or less continuous, 
submarginal streak on both rays and membranes; lower parts pale, 
yellowish. 


No. 16581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 661 


(orientalis, eastern.) 

Of this species we have examined specimens from localities as 
follows: Misaki, 1 specimen, 7 inches; Tokyo, 1 specimen, 7 inches, 
and 1 specimen, 24 inches; off Tokyo Bay, 2 specimens, 7 inches; 
Station 3707, Suruga Bay, off Ose Point, 68 to 70 fathoms, 1 specimen, 
8? inches, and 4 specimens, 4 to 6 inches; Station 3708, Suruga Bay, 
off Ose Point, 65 to 125 fathoms; Station 3715, Suruga Bay, off Ose 
Point, 64 to 65 fathoms, 2 specimens, 4 to 6 inches; Stations 3716 and 
3717, Suruga Bay, off Ose Point, 65 to 125 fathoms; Station 5070, 
Suruga Bay (Albatross 1906), 1 specimen, 43 inches. 

Here described from measurements made on a specimen from 
Station 3707, Suruga Bay, 8? inches long, and 2 specimens, 7 inches 
long, from Tokyo and Misaki. | 


21. PERISTEDION AMISCUS Jordan and Starks. 


Peristedion amiscus JORDAN and Starks, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 
p- 093, pl. mm, figs. 1 and 2 (Sagami Bay). 


Habitat—Japan (Sagami Bay), in deep water. 

Head 2.5 in length to base of caudal; depth 5.5; width of head 
3.25; eye 4.25; snout 1.83; nasal prominences 6.5; longest barbel 
1.383; D. VI-20; A. 22; pectoral 1.83; ventral 2.5; plates 36. 

Body fusiform, tapering, with 4 rows of bony scutes on either side, 
each ending in a hooked spine; ventral row with spines much smaller 
except anteriorly; along posterior part of anal the spine is very low 
but evident; lower lateral row beginning just anterior to tip of pec- 
toral and ending at base of lower caudal rays; dorsal row beginning 
at nape just within the large parietal spine and ending at base of upper 
caudal rays. 

Head very broad, depressed, and expanded around the edges; 
anterior processes much divergent and tapering, the distance between 
their tips twice the length of one process; lateral wing of cephalic 
shield with two blunt spines, 1 opposite anterior and 1 opposite pos- 
terior orbital margin; preopercle with a long spine, two-thirds length 
of eye, preceded by a sharp ridge and extending posteriorly to all other 
parts of the head; opercle with a small, short, sharp spine, preceded 
by a low, sharp ridge; a small spine over front of eye, over posterior 
part of it a high spine; a very high and sharp occipital spine, two- 
thirds diameter of eye; no spines above muzzle; lower jaw with many 
barbels, the outermost a long, branched, brush-like appendage over 
two-thirds the length of the head and reaching nearly to the vent. 

Spinous dorsal beginning between second and third spines of dorsal 
series of plates; tips of dorsal spines when depressed reaching to base 
of second dorsal ray; anal extending posteriorly beyond soft dorsal, 
its origin opposite that of the latter; tip of pectoral reaching fifteenth 


662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


spine of upper lateral series of plates; ventrals reaching just past 
middle of vent; caudal concave, its length 2.75 in head. 

Color brown, probably red in life, with no black spots or marblings 
except a spot behind eye and a few dark edgings on ridges of head; 
pectoral black, pale-edged below; spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal, 
caudal, and ventral mottled; a dusky shade below last rays of soft 
dorsal; outer barbels of mouth black on distal half. (After Jordan 
and Starks.) 

One specimen, the type, Cat. No. 51428, U.S.N.M., from Station 
3698, off Manazuru Point, Sagami Bay, in 153 fathoms. 

(amucK0S, a diminutive of a7, shovel.) 


22. PERISTEDION RIEFFELI (Kaup). 


Peristethus rieffeli Kaur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 106, pl. vim, fig. 3 (Chi- 
nese insect boxes?).—GUtnTuHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 219. 

Peristedion rieffeli Smiru and Pops, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 488 
(Urado, Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima). 


Habitat.—Southern Japan, Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima, Urado, to 
China. 

Head 23; D. VI-19; A. 17; lateral line 32; preorbital processes 24 
in distance from their extremities to the anterior margin of orbit; a 
single spine in the middle of the forehead, a pair of obtuse ones above 
the posterior angle of the orbit, and another pair of larger ones on 
the posterior extremity of the occipital bones; anterior ventral plates 
irregularly shaped, longer than broad; lateral ridge of head (preop- 
ercle?) terminating posteriorly in a very long, flat spine; length of 
snout, without preorbital processes, equal to that of remainder of 
head; two pairs of barbels; lower side of tail with two additional 
series of plates, separated by the anal fin; pectoral reaching to fifth 
plate of dorsal series; ventral to third abdominal plate; very small 
round dots visible on the head, back, and sides; spines and rays 
of dorsal fins dotted with brown (condensed from description of 
Ginther.) 

This species should be readily distinguished from Peristedion orien- 
tale by the single spine on the upper surface of the snout (not shown 
in Kaup’s figure, however), by the difference in color, and by the 
presence of the two additional series of plates below the base of the 
caudal fin. 

We have no specimens of this rare species. Since the time of its 
original description by Kaup in 1859 no specimens came to the notice 
of ichthyologists until 1903, when Smith obtained a single specimen 
at Urado and found two othersin the Commercial Museum at 
Kagoshima. 

(Named by Kaup for “‘my true and excellent friend, De Rieffel.”’ 


NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 6638 


Family CEPHALACANTHID. 
THE FLYING GURNARDS. 


Body elongate, subquadrangular, tapering behind; head very blunt, 
quadrangular, its surface almost entirely bony; nasals, preorbitals, 
suborbitals, and bones of top of head united into a shield; nuchal 
part of shield on each side produced backward in a bony ridge, ending 
in a strong spine, which reaches past front of dorsal; interocular 
space deeply concave; preorbitals forming a projecting roof above the 
jaws; preopercle produced in a very long rough spine; cheeks and 
opercles with small scales; opercle smaller than eye; gill openings 
narrow, vertical, separated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudo- 
branchie large; gill rakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; 
jaws with granular teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales 
bony, strongly keeled; 2 serrated, knife-like appendages at base of 
tail; first dorsal of 4 or 5 rather high flexible spines, in some forms 
preceded by 1 or more free spines; an immovable spine between the 
dorsals; anal and second dorsal short, of slender rays; caudal small, 
lunate; pectoral fins divided nearly to the base, into 2 parts, the 
anterior portion about as long as the head, of about 6 rays, closely 
connected; the posterior and larger portion more than twice length 
of head, reaching nearly to caudal in the adult; much shorter in the 
young; these rays very slender, simple, wide apart at tip; ventral 
rays I, 4, the long fins pointed, their bases close together, the inner 
rays shortest; air bladder with 2 lateral parts, each with a large 
muscle; pyloric caeca numerous; vertebre 9+ 1322; myodome 
undeveloped, the cranial cavity mostly closed in front by expansions 
from the subtectals, suturally connected with corresponding expan- 
sions of the prootics and the parasphenoid; prosethmoid and anteal 
entirely disconnected, leaving a capacious rostral chamber opening 
backward mesially into the interorbital region; infraorbital chain 
with its second and third bones crowded out of the orbital margin 
by junction of the first and fourth, and leaving a wide interval 
between the suborbitals and preoperculum; the first very long and - 
extending backward, the second under the fourth, and the third 
developed as a small special bone (pontinal) bridging the interval 
between the second suborbital and the antero-interior angle of the 
preoperculum; post-temporal suturally connected with the posterior 
bones of the cranium, and with the upper surface forming a large 
part of the roof of the head; intermaxillaries with well-developed 
ascending pedicles gliding into the cavity between the anteal and 
prosethmoids; postero-temporal distant from the proscapula, and 
manifest as an ossicle on the edge of the post-temporal. 

Warm seas, in both oceans; 4 genera and 4 species known from the 
waters of Japan. 


664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


A KEY TO GENERA @ OF FAMILY CEPHALACANTHIDA. 


a. Lateral line wanting. 
b. Occiput without elongate ray-like free spine; continuous spinous dorsal pre- 
ceded by two semi-paired rays, which fold backward on either side of the fin. 
Cephalacanthus (Atlantic species) 
bb. Occiput with an elongate ray-like free spine. 
c. A detached finlet of one spine, between elongate spine at occiput and the spi- 
nous.dorsal’ properac.enco-ace eee ot eee eee Dactyloptena, 12 
cc. No detached finlet in front of spinous dorsal and behind occipital spine. 
Daicocus, 13 
aa. Lateral line developed; occipital spine and detached dorsal finlet present. 
Ebisinus (Species East Indian) 


«In view of the introduction of new generic distinctions in this paper, we here 
include reference to all the known genera and species of this interesting family. 


CEPHALACANTHUS Lacepede. 


Cephalacanthus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss, VI, 1802, p. 5 (spinarella=volitans). 
Dactylopterus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss, VI, 1802, p. 8 (pirapeda=volitans). 
Cephacandia RAFINESQUE, Anal. de Nat., 1815, p. 85 (substitute for Cephalacanthus). 
Head with its upper surface and sides entirely bony; the scapular shield and the 
angle of the preoperculum produced backward as long spine-like processes; body cov- 
ered with scales, those on the sides and back strongly keeled; lateral line absent; two 
dorsal fins, the first two rays of the spinous dorsal nearly detached and inserted paired- 
wise in front of the first true spine so that they may be folded backward one on each 
side of the fin; pectoral fins very long; no ray-like filament on occiput. 
(kepady head; akavba, a spine). 
Atlantic and neighboring seas; one species known. 


CEPHALACANTHUS VOLITANS (Linnzus). 


Trigla volitans LINN®us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, 1758, p. 296 (‘‘Mari Mediterraneo 
Oceanio, Pelago inter tropicos, in Asia ad Cap. b. Spei’’?).—Cuvrer and VatL- 
ENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 138. , 

Gasterosteus spinarella Linnm/us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., X, Pt. 1, 1758, p. 297 
(“habitat India” error in locality; should be Surinam. See Cuvier and 
Valenciennes, IV, p. 138). 

Cephalacanthus spinarella LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 1802, p. 5—CuvVIER 
and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 138, pl. uxxvi1.—STEIN- 
DACHNER, Ichth. Span. u. Portugal, IV, 1867, pp. 91-92, pl. m1, fig. 2; pl. rv, 
fig. 2. —LuTKEN, Spol. Atl., Fiske, 1880, pp. 417-428 and 590-591, pl.1, figs. 1-5 

Dactylopterus pirapeda LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 1802, p. 8. 

Dactylopterus volitans GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 221. 

Cephalacanthus volitans JorpAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 47, 
Il, 1898, p.. 2183) pl. ceexxmm, fige/78. 

Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean. 


EBISINUS Jordan and Richardson, new genus. 


Ebisinus Jorpan and RicHarpson, new genus of Cephalacanthidex (cheirophthal- 
mus). 

This genus differs from Cephalacanthus, Dactyloptena, and Daicocus in the presence 

of a well-developed lateral line. The spinous dorsal is preceded by a single detached 


No. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 665 


12. DAGCTYLOPLTENA Jordan and Richardson, new genus. 


This genus differs from Cephalacanthus* in having the spinous 
dorsal fin preceded by a detached finlet, consisting of one spine and 
a fully developed posterior membrane. With that genus and with 
Daicocus it agrees in possessing no lateral line. A long ray-like fila- 
ment behind the occiput. Characters otherwise those of the family. 

(Saxtvnos, finger; 7TEVv0s, winged.) 

Japan, Hawaii, and the East Indies; a single species known. 

Ih ‘ype of genus. —Dacetylo ptena orrentalis. 


spine ¢ and there is a long oce ipital ray as in Dactyloptenc na, to which the present genus 
seems most nearly related. 
(Ebisu, the Japanese fish-god, god of the fish markets, from Hoisw a barbarian or 
foreigner. ) 
East Indies and Philippines; a single species known; a second (as yet undescribed) 
taken by Gilbert and Snyder at Nagasaki. 
EBISINUS CHEIROPHTHALMUS (Bleeker). 


Dactylopterus cheirophthalmus BurEKker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VII, Oct. 1854, 
p. 494 (Banda Neira). 

Dactylopterus macracanthus BLEEKER, Bijdr. Ichth. Celebes, VI, Nov. 1854, 
p. 449 (Macassar in mari.—GUNTHER, Cat, Fishes, II, 1860, p. 223 (Molucce 
Sea) (after Bleeker). 


Fig. 8.—EBISINUS CHEIROPHTHALMUS. 
Dactylopterus chirophthalmus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 223 (Sea of Banda 
Neira) (after Bleeker). (Amended spelling). 
Cephalacanthus macracanthus, JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., X XVI, 
1906, p. 40 (Manila, Cavite, Panay). 
Molucca and Philippine Seas. 


a Characters of the genus to be found in footnote to key to genera of family Cepha- 
lacanthidee, preceding. 


666 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


23. DACTYLOPTENA ORIENTALIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes.) 


SEMIHOBO (Cicada Square-head, or Gurnard.) 

Dactylopterus orientalis CuvieR and VALENCIENNES. Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, 
p. 134, pl. pxxvi (Indian Ocean).—TremMinck and ScuieGcet, Faun. Japon. 
Pisc., 1843, p. 37, pl. xvA (seas of Japan and China).—RicHarpson, Ichth. 
China and Japan, 1848, p. 218 (Japanese and Chinese seas).—GitNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes, IT, 1860, p. 222 (China; Japan; Amboyna; Cape seas).—Shore Fishes 
Challenger, 1880, p. 42 (Arafura Sea).—Namryeg, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 101 
(Tokyo).—Isnikawa, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 47 (Kagoshima). 

Dactylopterus japonicus BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VII, 1854, p. 396 (Waka, 
Japan).—Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 72 (Nagasaki, in mari). 

Cephalacanthus orientalis JoRDAN and EverMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 
XXIII, 1905, Pt. I, p. 4738, fig. 208 (Hawaiian Islands). 

Habitat—South Japan, East Indies, and Hawaii. 

Head, 4.10 in length; depth, 5.50; snout, 2.75 in head; eye, 3,33; 
maxillary, 2.25; interorbital space, 2; D. I-I, V, 1-8; A., 7; P., 33; 
V. 5; scales, 47 in longitudinal and 21 in transverse series to edge of 
belly. 

Body elongate, depressed, the lower surface flattened, head broad, 
depressed, squarish in cross section; interorbital space concave, its 
depth at middle equal to the width of the pupil; eye slightly nearer 
to end of snout than to upper corner of gill opening; side of head 
above produced backward in a long bony shield, ending in a keeled 
point opposite the base of the second spine of the continuous spinous. 
dorsal; the distance between the apices of the scapular processes con- 
tained about 14 times in the depth of the notch between them, which 
forms an acute angle; preopercle with a backwardly directed spinous 
process, whose tip reaches barely to base of ventrals in‘ adults, but is 
somewhat longer in young; first (detached) spinous ray of dorsal fin 
originating just behind occiput, and greatly elongated, its tip reach- 
ing nearly to the back of the continuous spinous dorsal; second 
detached ray forming a spinous finlet with a well developed mem- 
brane, inserted directly in front of the contmmuous spinous dorsal, and 
of about half its height; spinous dorsal (the continuous fin) slightly 
higher than soft dorsal; a short keel-like spime in the space between 
the two fins; origin of anal about midway between base of caudal 
and gill-opening; caudal truncate; pectorals large and greatly elon- 
gated, their tips reaching past the base of the caudal and sometimes 
to its tip, the ends of the long median rays prolonged more or less as 
short filaments; caudal peduncle long and depressed, its length 
nearly equal to head; lower side of posterior part of trunk with 4 of 
the keel-like scales enlarged and movable, the first enlarged scale 
being opposite vent; base of caudal fin furnished with two pairs of 
movable keeled scales, one upper and one lower; lateral le wanting. 

Color in aleohol dull purplish brown, with rather large dark round 
spots on the back of about size of pupil, and with lower surface whit- 


No, 1581, FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 667 


ish; rays of spinous and soft dorsal and pectorals banded from the 
base outward with alternating pale and dusky; pectoral membranes 
blackish with irregular grayish spots; tips of pectoral rays whitish. 

Color in life (Hawai), drab above, white below; orange spots, 
smaller than pupil over top of head and back; caudal with 4 golden 
bands, pectoral covered with spots of dusky golden, larger posteri- 
orly; a yellow band on upper part of spinous dorsal, curved with the 
concave side toward base; spinous dorsal with spots of dusky golden; 
soft dorsal transparent, with alive shades on rays; ventrals golden; 
anal transparent, golden-shaded. 

(orientalis, eastern.) 

We have examined specimens from localities as follows: Nagasaki, 
9 specimens, 3 to 4 inches; Wakanoura, 4 specimens, 3 to 5 inches; 
Hawaii, 10 specimens. There seems to be no specific differences 
separating the latter from the Japanese form. 

Described from 3 adult specimens, 8 to 10 inches long, taken at 
Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 


13. DAICOCUS Jordan and Richardson, new genus. 


This genus agrees with Cephalacanthus and Dactyloptena in the 
absence of the lateral line, and with the last-named genus in possess- 
ing a long filamentous spine on the occiput. It differs from both of 
those genera in lacking a detached spine in front of the spinous dorsal. 
Characters otherwise those of the family. 

Seas of Japan; one species. 

(Named for Daikoku, the luck-god, the inseparable companion of 
Ebisu, the fish-god in Japanese folklore). 

Type of genus.—Daicocus petersent. 


24. DAICOCUS PETERSENI (Nystr6m). 


HOBO (Square-head.) 


Dactylopterus petersent Nystr6m, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4, 
p. 24 (Nagasaki). 

Habitat.—South Japan, Misaki to Nagasaki. 

Head 3.80 in length; depth 5; snout 2.60 in head; eye 3.60; max- 
illary 2.50; interorbital space 2; D. I-V-I-8; A. 6; P. 33; V. 5; 
scales 46-20. 

Body elongate, depressed, belly flattened; head broad and 
depressed, squarish in section; interorbital space less concave than 
in Dactyloptena orientalis, the depth in middle being only about two- 
thirds width of pupil; eye almost exactly equidistant between tip of 
snout and upper corner of gill opening; distance between apices of 
scapular shields contained 14 times in the depth of the notch between 
them, which is acute; tips of shields reaching to opposite second ray 
of spinous dorsal; preopercular process reaching scarcely past base 


668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


of ventrals; an elongated filament-like spinous ray on occiput, its tip 
reaching to the back of the continuous spinous dorsal; spinous dorsal 
not preceded by a short detached ray or finlet directly in front of its 
base; spinous and soft dorsals of about equal height, with a strong 
but short keel-like spine situated in the interval between them; ori- 
gin of anal fin slightly nearer to base of caudal than to gill opening; 
caudal lunate; pectorals elongated, their tips reaching base of caudal; 
the long pectoral rays free at tip, somewhat filamentous; caudal 
peduncle as long as head, depressed, and broad and flat above anteri- 
orly; 3 pairs of enlarged keeled scales along ventro-caudal edge, the 
first pair opposite middle of anal; base of caudal with an upper and 
lower pair of similar enlarged scales; no lateral line. 


Fic. 9.—DAICOCUS PETERSENI. 


Color in alcohol yellowish brown, the back and top of head with 
numerous roundish black spots, which are of smaller size than the 
spots of Dactyloptena orientalis; belly dirty white, the scales bearing 
considerable pigment in the form of fine punctulations; single rays 
of spinous and soft dorsal of alternating light and dark color from 
base to tip; pectoral membranes chiefly dark, but more or? less 
streaked and spotted with whitish; the rays mostly pale, but blotched 
or banded at intervals with dusky. Life colors not recorded. 

Here described from a single specimen 11 inches long, taken at 
Misaki. 

(Named by Nystrém for “J, V. Petersen 1 Japan.’’) 


No. 1581 FISHES OF JAPAN—JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 669 


SUMMARY. 


Family PLAaTyCcEPHALID. 


1. Rogadius Jordan and Richardson, 1908. 
1. asper (Cuvier and Valenciennes), 1829. 
2. Thysanophrys Ogilby, 1898. 
§ Insidiator Jordan and Snyder, 1900. 


spinosus (Temminck and Schlegel), 1843; Nagasaki. 
. macrolepis (Bleeker), 1857; Nagasaki. 


wo bo 


§ Grammoplites Fowler, 1904. 


. meerdervoortii (Bleeker), 1860; Wakanoura; Shimizu. 
japonicus (Tilesius), 1812; Tokyo; Misaki; Tsuruga; Wakanoura; Nagasaki. 
crocodilus (Tilesius), 1812; Tokyo; Wakanoura; Onomichi; Hiroshima; Nagasaki. 


D> oe 


3. Platycephalus Bloch, 1795. 


7 indicus (Linnzeus), 1758; Tokyo; Tsuruga; Wakanoura; Knoshima; Misaki; 
Nagasaki; Tsuruga; Kobe; Hiroshima; Onomichi. 


Family BemBrip®. 
4. Bembras Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. 
8. japonicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829; Boshu. 


5. Bambradon Jordan and Richardson, 1908. 


9. levis Nystrém, 1887. 
6. Parabembras Bleeker, 1874. 


10. curtus (Temminck and Schlegel), 1843. 
Family Hopricuriyip.s. 
7. Hoplichthys Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829. 
11. langsdor fii Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829; Kagoshima. 
12. gilberti Jordan and Richardson, 1908; Suruga Bay. 
Family Tricuipas. 
8. Lepidotrigla Giinther, 1860. 


13. alata (Houttuyn), 1782; Nagasaki; Wakanoura; Misaki; Kobe; Tsushima; Tsuruga; 
Onomichi. 

14. microptera Giinther, 1873; Hakodate; Aomori; Hiroshima; Tsuruga; Matsushima 
Jay; Suruga Bay; Kobe; Wakanoura; Tokyo; Nagasaki. 

15. giinthert Hilgendorf, 1879; Tokyo; Suruga Bay; Totomi Bay; Yokohama. 

16. abyssalis Jordan and Starks, 1902; Suruga Bay. 

17. japonica (Bleeker), 1857; Nagasaki: Misaki; Wakanoura. 


9. Chelidonichthys Kaup, 1873. 


18. kwmw (Lesson and Garnot), 1830; Aomori; Tsuruga; Misaki; Kawatana; Kago- 
shima; Nagasaki; Tokyo; Kobe, 


670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


. 10. Otohame Jordan and Starks, 1906. 
19. hemisticta (Temminck and Schlegel), 1847; Misaki or Awa. 
Family PrRISTEDIIDA. 
Ll. Peristedion Lacépéde, 1802. 


20. orientale Temminck and Schlegel, 1843; Misaki; Tokyo; Suruga Bay. 
21. amiscus Jordan and Starks, 1902; Sagami Bay. 
22. rieffeli (Kaup) 1859. 

Family CrEpHALACANTHID. 


12. Dactyloptena Jordan and Richardson, 1908. 
23. orientalis (Cuvier and Valenciennes), 1829; Nagasaki; Wakanoura. 
13. Daicocus Jordan and Richardson, 1908. 


24. petersent (Nystrém); Misaki. 


INFRABASALS IN RECENT GENERA OF THE CRINOID 
FAMILY PENTACRINITIDA. 


By Austin Hopart Cuark, 


Assistant, Bureau of Fisheries. 


Although so long ago as 1885 Wachsmuth and Springer showed 
that /socrinus and MJetacrinus are constructed upon the dicyclic prin- 
ciple, infrabasals have as yet never been detected in any species of 
Metacrinus nor in any recent species of Zsocrinus. Tt is now known 
that all recent crinoids, with the single exception of Zyocrinus, are 
dicyclic; but infrabasals have never been actually demonstrated 
except in two species, in Antedon bifida by Bury, and in Calamocri- 
nus diomedw by Alexander Agassiz. 

Dr. P. H. Carpenter in his monograph on the “ Comatule ” criti- 
cizes rather sharply the so-called law of Wachsmuth and Springer 
for determining by the orientation of the stem whether the infra- 
basals are present or not in a given species, and positively asserts that 
they do not exist in the recent Pentacrinitide, although he admits 
that they occur in the liassic genus Pentacrinus (i. e.,“ Extracrinus”). 

The discovery of infrabasals in /socrinus was made by the distin- 
guished palzontologist P. de Loriol who, in 1894, described a new 
species of the genus, /socrinus leuthardi, and published figures of it 
showing the five small radially situated infrabasals occupying a posi- 
tion in the center of the star-shaped figure formed by the elongate 
basals, 

With the idea of determining whether the condition shown by 
de Loriol in /socrinus leuthardi was repeated in the recent members 
of the genus and in J/etacrinus, preparations were made of /socrinus 
decorus and Metacrinus rotundus by carefully removing the upper 
stem joints so as to lay bare the entire dorsal surface of the basals, 
and it was with considerable surprise that in both species prominent 
infrabasals were revealed, those of Metacrinus. rotundus especially 
being so noticeable that it is considerable of a mystery how they could 
possibly have escaped the notice of such a careful worker as Doctor 
Carpenter. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1582. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——43 671 


672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxm. 


Two specimens of /socrinus decorus were dissected, one being a 
small, immature example, the other full grown, and apparently 
mature. 

In the former (fig. 1) the infrabasals are five small rounded plates, 
quite distinct from each other, set close together in a five-lobed 
rosette in the middle of the star-shaped figure formed by the basals, 
exhibiting practically the same condition as in the 
specimen of J. leuthardi figured by de Loriol.*. Their 
protrusion beyond the dorsal surface of the basals is 
relatively great; they have a strongly convex dorsal 
surface, and show no tendency toward degeneration 
or resorption, as is the case with the quinquelobular 
Fic.1—Rapiats, rosette representing the fused infrabasals of Cala- 

BASALS, AND IN-  gocrinus diomede. In the figure only the two infra- 

FRABASALS OF Iso- : : : 

crinus pecorus basals in the lower and lower left-hand portion are 

(4 youne sPEcI- shown entire, the others being more or less covered by 

aoe portions of the upper stem joints, which could not 
be removed without risking the specimen. 

In the adult example figured (fig. 2) the infrabasals are flatter, 
and appear as roughly triangular plates, with a marked depression 
forming a notch in the outer edge, the rounded ridge on each side 
of this depression being a continuation of the lateral ridges on the 
basals, which bear the dentate processes. 

In Metacrinus rotundus (fig. 3) the infrabasals are rounded tri- 
angular plates, with a flatter dorsal surface than in /socrinus decorus, 
so that their dorsal surface is even with that of the 
basals. As in the adult specimen of /socrinus de- 
corus, the petaloid markings are continued onto them, 
in the form of a prominent U-shaped ridge. 

The topmost columnar of this last specimen ap- 
pears to be much younger than any heretofore noticed : 
in the Pentacrinitide (fig. 4) ; it is composed of a deli- re. 2.—Rapvrats, 
cate calcareous network, approximately semicircular, B4S4t8: ANP IN- 

: : FRABASALS OF Iso- 
bearing two radiating lobes of unequal size, composed — crivs pecorvs 
of exceedingly delicate calcareous meshes. It was = etc 5 ae 
unfortunately impossible to discover the orientation 
(in reference to the plane of symmetry of the disk) of the larger lobe. 
Judging from the condition of this stem joint, the columnars arise 
at a point close to the axial cord, the growth being in each direc- 
tion around (and close to) the central opening; when this grow- 
ing calcareous band reaches the median line of a basal, a radiating 
lobe is formed which increases very rapidly in height, build- 
ing up with a much more open structure than the original 
band. Thus we get the condition shown by this first (i. e., top- 


4 Revue Suisse de Zool., II, 1894, pl. xxiv, fig. 12a. 


xo. 1582. INFRABASALS IN THE FAMILY PENTACRINITIDA—CLARK. 673 


most) columnar, which has two of the primitive lobes, which will 
eventually become the angles of the stem, well developed, while the 
primitive ring is as yet barely a semicircle. It is noticeable also in 
stem joints which have the lobes well developed that the ring imme- 
diately around the central canal is always much more dense than the 
extremely delicate lobes. This points to the conclusion that the 
pentagonal character of the stem, at 
least in the Pentacrinitide, is derived 
from an ancestral type, in which the 
stem is composed of circular columnars, 
as in Hnerinus,; for, were this not so, we 
should expect the lobes to be developed 
at the same time as the inner ring, in- 
stead of being merely a delicate net- 
work of delicate calcareous threads 
when the latter is well developed and 


composed of a comparatively dense de- 
posit. Fig. 3.—RADIALS, BASALS, AND INFRA- 
BASALS OF METACRINUS ROTUNDUS. 


The second columnar in this specimen 
consists of a calcareous ring, bearing five unequal lobes of very deli- 
cate structure, much more delicate than the comparatively solid ring 
upon which they are borne; the specimen figured by Doctor Carpen- 
ter“ on Plate xxm, fig. 1, is very similar, but is somewhat more ad- 
vanced in growth; the third columnar is similar, but shows a marked 
thickening all around (see same reference, Plate xxii, fig. 2), while 
the fourth has the lobes of almost equal size, and the raised edges of 
the sectors with the dentate processes are beginning to form (see same 
reference, Plate xxu, fig. 3). 

Encouraged by my success in the demonstra- 
tion of the infrabasals in /socrinus decorus (Wy- 
ville Thomson) and J/letacrinus rotundus P. Hi. 
Carpenter, I decided to carry my investigations 
still further, and to endeavor to point them out 
in all the species of both genera of which I could 
mie 4—Urrmamosr cor. Obtain material. I also wished to isolate the in- 

uMNAR or Meracrinus frabasals, if possible, and to determine their size 

neater and their relations to the basals. This I did not 
consider myself justified in doing before, and the specimens figured, 
therefore, were mounted on glass slides exactly in the state in which 
they were figured, and have now become part of the collection of re- 
cent crinoidea belonging to the U. S. National Museum, where they 
will be available for future study. 


f 
0) 
a SSeOKs ; 


t 
Ke SIS ORS... 
ag 31.208 


@ Challenger Reports, XI, Zoology, 18584. 


674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


In a large jar containing fragments of arms and stems of J/eta- 
crinus rotundus, M. angulatus, and M. superbus, all from the Eastern 
Sea near Kagoshima, I found the upper part of a stem of JZ/etacrinus 
superbus with part of the calyx attached, and it is on this specimen 
that the following observations have been based. 

The method used in disintegrating the specimen was this: The 
stem was chipped off as near the basals as possible, and then the stump 
pared down with a knife as much as could be done without danger 
of injury to the basals, so as to leave a minimum of work to be done by 
the caustic. A small cavity was scooped out of the small portion of 
the stem remaining, and the specimen was then dried. The drying is 
to insure localization of the action of the caustic; for if the specimen 
be wet the caustic will rapidly infiltrate through the sutures and 
articulations, weakening the specimen so that successful manipula- 
tion is rendered very difficult; in a dry specimen, on the other hand, 
the infiltration is comparatively slow, and the action of the caustic 
may be to some extent gauged by the amount of moistening (and 
consequent darkening) of the exterior of the specimen. ‘The interior 
infiltration appears to be more rapid than the spread of the moist 
area on the exterior, so that, by the time the basals are moistened all 
over, the specimen is ready for dissection. Dissection is accomplished 
under a dissecting microscope, using a lens of as strong magnification 
as can be employed without hindering the work by too great a dimi- 
nution of the working distance and field of vision. The caustic is ap- 
plied in the form of a small lump, and is allowed to deliquesce, the 
solution thus formed passing down the central lumen of the remain- 
ing stem joints and infiltrating out between them. When the disin- 
tegration is believed to have proceeded far enough, the specimen is 
soaked in water to remove the caustic, and is then ready for dissec- 
tion. It will be found that the first few stem joints, being large and 
thick, are quite difficult of removal, and must be broken up and taken 
out piecemeal; but the smaller interior joints are perfectly free. If too 
ereat difficulties are encountered, as much should be removed as is pos- 
sible without danger to the specimen, and the caustic applied again 
for a short time. There are two dangers to guard against; usually, 
after dissecting away the rapidly decreasing stem joints, until an ex- 
ceedingly small one is reached, which is also removed, apparently the 
entire dorsal surface of the basals is laid bare, showing no trace 
whatever of infrabasals. This, however, is not the case; the appear- 
ance is produced by a stem joint nearly full size, and so intimately 
connected with the basals along the edge that it is practically indis- 
tinguishable from them. By inserting the point of the needle into the 
central lumen and carefully prying upward, this jomt may be 
broken away, when another series of small joints will be exposed. 
The infrabasals are so patent that it is impossible to overlook them; 


no. 1582. INFRABASALS IN THE FAMILY PENTACRINITIDA—CLARK. 675 


if they are not seen, then it is a stem joint that is exposed to view, 
and not the true dorsal surface of the basals. I believe that it was 
this mistaking of a stem joint for the dorsal surface of the basal which 
prevented Dr. P. H. Carpenter from detecting the underbasals in the 
recent Pentacrinitide during his work on the Challenger collection. 
The other danger is that sometimes, when it 
appears to be a moral certainty that “ bottom ” 
has been reached, the infrabasals may be ob- 
scured or entirely hidden by a stem joint which 
is just beginning to form, and is composed of 
almost invisible limy reticulations, not invis- 
ible enough, however, to prevent the detec- 
tion of the infrabasals through it. After a 


eye ae: : ms Fic. 5.—SECTION OF CALYX 
stemmejoimbsnas im its growth completely encir- © 6, weracrrus surensve, 


cled the central lumen, it is obvious enough; — SHOWING THE INFRABASALS 


on ae . . IN POSITION. 
but joints consisting of merely two or three ex- 


ceedingly delicate lobes are very difficult to see. If Doctor Carpen- 
ter’s specimens were reexamined, I think it would be found that this 
was also a source of error, as well as the mistaking of a stem joint for 
the basals. I have found JJetacrinus much easier to 
handle than /socerinus; but all my specimens of the 
former are fresh and well preserved (taken in August, 
1906), while those of the latter are more than twenty 
years old, so that possibly the difference may be due to 
iweRABAgazts &@ Alfference in the state of preservation. 
orMeraceinus The infrabasals of Mfetacrinus superbus are appar- 
ec ently identical with those of J/. rotundus, so that the 
figure published of the latter (fig. 3) will also serve to show the con- 
ditions in the former. After a study of the dorsal surface of the 
basals and infrabasals in place, by very delicate manipulation three 
of the basals were removed, leaving the infrabasals in 
place adhering to the other two. <A sketch of the con- 
ditions found was immediately made, and is reproduced 
in fig. 5. The infrabasals themselves were then removed 
and figs. 6, 7, and 8 were made from them. 
The infrabasals are long truncated-pyramidal plates, Fic. 7.—v ey- 
equal in length to the entire height of the inner ends of | 0 No" 
the basals. A side view of the five infrabasals together — rranasazs or 
is shown in fig. 6: they form a truncated, dome-shaped, eer 
sharply angular mass, somewhat broader than high, the 
angles, of course, extending into the sutures between the basals. Near 
the bottom (1. e., the dorsal side) the sides curve in somewhat abruptly 
and the carination ceases, so that in a dorsal view (fig. 8) we get 
no suggestion of it, the outer edges of the infrabasals then appearing 
rounded. The sharp notch shown in the central infrabasal in fig. 6 


FIG. 6.—ISOLATED 


676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. xxx. 


is the end view of the U-shaped ridge and resulting central concavity 
formed by the extension of the petaloid sectors of the basals onto the 
infrabasals, as shown in fig. 8. The ventral (upper) end of the circlet 
of infrabasals is, in common with the adjoining surface of the basals, 
more or less honeycombed and disintegrated, but this condition does 
not extend very far down; most of the infrabasals is 
as solid in structure as the basals, and, so far from being 
degenerate, they are remarkably well developed, when 
the very large size of the basals in the specimens dis- 
sected is considered. 

Fig. 8.—DoRsaL A ventral view (fig. 7) shows that the edges of the 

VIEW OF ISO- . a 

tarep ixrra. ifrabasals are sharp and clear-cut, and the sutures very 

BASALS oF  istinct; the outer sides are raised into a sharp angle; 

METACRINUS : a : 

Sree the ventral surface is somewhat rough and irregular, 

while the central canal is comparatively small, and 
quinquelobate. 

The dorsal view (fig. 8) does not differ from that figured for the in- 
frabasals of J/. rotundus (fig. 3). The surface, while smooth, is 
raised into U-shaped ridges, forming an inward extension of the 
ridges on the basals, the outer edges are rounded, and the central 
canal is much larger than in the ventral view, and is round. 


A NEW SPECIES OF FLYING LIZARD FROM THE PHIL- 
LEPINE TStLANDS: 


By Lronuarp STESNEGER, 


Curator, Division of Reptiles and Batrachians, U. S. National Museum. 


The genus Praco, which constitutes a very characteristic part of the 
Malayan element in the fauna of the Philippine Archipelago, has 
hitherto been known to be represented there only by species hav- 
ing the nostrils lateral and turned outward. It is therefore very 
interesting to find in a shipment recently received from Dr. Edgar 
A. Mearns, U. S. Army, whose collecting has resulted in so many 
important additions to the Philippine biota, two fine specimens of 
a new species of Yraco belonging to the other section of the genus 


in which the nostrils are directed upward and perfectly vertical. 
DRACO MINDANENSIS, new species. 

Diagnosis.—Nostril directed upward, vertical; tympanum scaly; 
head-scales subequal, without a Y-shaped series of scales on fore- 
head; hind leg when adpressed forward extending beyond axilla; 
wing membranes pale brown above, without dark cross bands; male’s 
gular appendage, broad, triangular, slightly longer than length of 
head. 

Habitat—Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archipelago. 

Type.—Cat. No. 37388, U.S.N.M.; Datu Anib’s place, near Cata- 
gan, northwest Mindanao, at base of Malindang Mountain, 1,100 feet 
altitude; May 11, 1906; Dr. E. A. Mearns, collector. 

Description of type specimen.—Adult male. Snout as Jong as 
diameter of orbit; rostral wide and low, more than twice as. wide 
as high, bordered behind by seven subequal, nearly regularly pen- 
tagonal scales and slightly in contact with first supralabial; nostril 
directed upward, perfectly vertical, separated from rostral by three 
rows of scales and from supralabial by three or four scales; in- 
terorbital space narrow; scales on top of head small, more or less 
keeled, with a slightly developed median series of larger, keeled scales 
on top of snout, but without any posterior, diverging branches; about 
five small scales in a line across the middle of the interorbital space 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1583. 
677 


678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


almost granules, the median ones larger, irregular hexagonal; a 
small, blunt spine at posterior end of superciliary margin; occipital 
shield scarcely differentiated, surrounded by subequal, keeled scales; 
tympanum hidden by small scales; fifteen supralabials; mental large, 
nearly as wide as rostral, triangular; a nuchal fold, but no median 
series of enlarged scales; upper surface of body covered with small, 
keeled scales, largest on the middle portion of the back, becoming 
eradualy smaller on the sides toward the parachute, the larger about 
the same size as the ventrals; a few dorso-lateral enlarged scales 
barely indicated; the gular appendage broadly triangular, with pos- 
terior outline nearly straight, slightly longer than the head, the scales 
elongate, somewhat increasing in length toward the tip, where they 
almost reach the size of the ventrals; lateral neck fans very large, 
with rounded outline, the peripheral scales large and elongate above ; 
fore legs long and slender, the wrist extending to the tip of the snout; 
extended hind leg reaches to the shoulder; posterior edge of tibia and 
femur strongly serrate, with a group of three large scales at the 
upper end near the body; tail nearly twice as long as head and body 
together. Color (in alcohol) above dull grayish brown, almost sepia, 
with pale rounded spots; on the back about five transverse series 
of whitish round spots alternating with four transverse series 
of larger, more conspicuous spots consisting of a median nearly 
lozenge-shaped spot with a large circular spot on each side; upper 
side of parachute slightly paler than the back and somewhat more 
reddish especially posteriorly, with numerous longitudinal whitish 
lines narrow and of uneven width, like very elongate beads on fine 
threads; underside whitish; throat brownish gray with indistinct 
paler spots; gular appendage pale yellow, with a fine dusky line on 
each scale on the anterior margin; no spots on underside of para- 
chute: limbs and tail above cross-barred, dark grayish brown and 
whitish in strong contrast. 


Dimensions. 


mm. 
4 DYoyeeule lkevavea oe Se ee eee 261 
Tip of snout to vent2==== = fan eh Be AE ae Oe ee ee 90 
WGI THO) OV ONE, [ANUS Se ee ee iLfal 
Width, of ead? 282... es ee a eee 13 
Kore! legis... = ae es ea ee a St IP at 45 
ELM eee = ee he ee a ee a tf) 
Tip of snout to posterior end of (pie Soe eo ed + ale ae 19 
(@ioulthe sioyeraoubyyan 2 ek ee Se > 18 


Remarks.—Another specimen (Cat. No. 373887, U.S.N.M., same 
locality and collector), also an adult male, agrees in all essential re- 
speets with the type, but the occipital scale is much better differen- 


NO. 1583. A NEW FLYING LIZARD—STEJNEGER. 679 


tiated, being a rounded plate almost as large as the nasal. The gular 
appendix is also a few millimeters longer. The color is also nearly 
identical, but there is a very distinct whitish line on the middle of the 
forehead and another across the supraocular region, 

The present species is related both to Draco quinquefasciatus and 
to Draco maximus. It has the size of the former, and consequently 
is smaller than the latter. From the former it differs chiefly in the 
longer limbs, the differently shaped gular appendage of the male, and 
in coloration, lacking entirely, as it does, the dark cross bars on the 
parachute. From the latter it differs, besides in size, in the absence 
of the Y on the forehead, the fewer scales on the interorbital space, 
the shorter gular appendage, and in the paler color of the upper side 
of the parachute. 


A NEW FRESH-WATER BIVALVE (CORNEOCYCLAS) 
FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF ECUADOR. 


By Pau. Bartscn, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum. 


The species described herewith was collected by Dr. S. Austin 
Davis, of 61 Buena Vista avenue, Yonkers, New York, in the valley 
of the Chanchan River, Ecuador, South America, at an altitude of 
about 7,000 feet. Of the specific locality Doctor Davis says: 

The Chanchan cuts through the western Cordillera and empties into the 
Chimbo at the base of the western foothills, at a station on the Guayaquil 
and Quinto Railway called Bucay. The Chimbo, after about 55 miles, enters 
the Guayas River a short distance above Guayaquil. The Guayas waters flow 
to the Pacific Ocean. The tiny stream in which the mollusks were found falls 
into the Chanchan at about 4,000 feet elevation above the sea (20 miles above 
Sucay) and takes its rise high up the mountain side, some 3,000 or more feet 
above the entrance to the Chanchan. It is quite a stiff climb to get there from 
the valley bottom, and in its course there are two or three vertical falls. 


CORNEOCYCLAS DAVISI, new species. 


Shell of medium size, moderately oblique, well inflated, greyish 
horn-colored with straw-colored ventral margin, haying the nepionic 
portion somewhat constricted off from the post-nepionic part of the 
shell. Umbones scarcely projecting above the hinge line. Posterior ° 
dorsal margin sloping a little more abruptly than the anterior and 
only about two-thirds as long. Area below the posterior dorsal mar- 
gin well inflated, that below the anterior dorsal margin somewhat 
compressed. Posterior border well rounded and evenly curved. An- 
terior border somewhat produced in the middle and therefore de- 
cidedly less evenly arched than the posterior. Ventral margin form- 
ing an even sweeping curve. Entire outer surface marked by deeply 
incised concentric grooves which are somewhat variable in strength, 
those on the initial portion of the nepionie shell being finer than 
those on its margin. The post-nepionic part of the shell is divided 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1584. 
681 


682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


into a number of stages formed by the variation in the strength 
of the incised lines. In the type there are five, the first being im- 
mediately below the nepionic portion, while the rest divide the re- 
maining part into equal segments. The narrow darker bands, repre- 
sented by irregular stronger sculpture, may mark resting periods. In 
addition to the incised concentric sculpture the entire surface is 
marked by microscopic crinkling, especially in the erooves. Interior 
bluish-white. Hinge slight, long, curved. Ligament rather short, 
partly internal Cardinals: in the right vaive one, decidedly curved 
and much stronger and more elevated posteriorly where it bends 
downward over the hinge plate; in the left valve two, the upper slen- 


CORNEOCYCLAS DAVISI BARTSCH. MAGNIFIED §. 


der and obliquely curved and but slightly elevated, the lower small, 
somewhat triangular and a little more elevated than the upper. Lat- 
erals: double in the right valve, slender, curved, lamelliform, the 
ventral considerably more strongly developed than the dorsal; single 
in the left valve, the anterior one bearing a cusp-like projection on 
its middle, while the posterior one is best developed at its posterior 
extremity. 

The shells of fresh specimens, when viewed by transmitted light, 
appear uniformly very minutely dotted as if finely punctured. 

The type measures: Length 5.0 mm.; height 4.0 mm.; diameter 
2.7 mm. The largest specimen, a single valve, measures: length 6.0 
mm.; height 4.9 mm. 

The lot, consisting of the type and two complete specimens and two 
single valves, is entered as Cat. No. 198053, U.S.N.M. 


THE CRINOID GENUS COMATULA LAMARCK; WITH A 
NOTE ON THE ENCRINUS PARR OF GUERIN. 


By Austin Hopartr Ciark, 


Assistant, Burcau of Fisheries. 


In a previous paper “I published a preliminary notice of a revision 
of the unstalked crinoids, paying particular attention to the group 
called collectively “Antedon” by Dr. P. H. Carpenter. I had not at 
the time been able to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion in regard to 
the genus Comatula (=Actinometra P. H. Carpenter), but I have 
since taken up the question again and, after reexamining my old 
material, and studying a very considerable amount of new, have suc- 
ceeded in resolving Comatu/a into two apparently homogeneous 
component types. My study was based, so far as possible, upon ten- 
armed specimens, and I have paid particular attention to the young 
whenever I have been able to get them. 

The authorities of the U. S. National Museum have, as in the past, 
most generously placed at my disposal their entire collection of 
recent crinoids, and it is on this collection that my studies have been 
mainly based. 

T wish further to express my deep appreciation of the kindness and 
generosity of Mr. Alexander Agassiz, who has permitted me to make 
use of his magnificent collection of recent crinoids, which contains 
many species which otherwise would have been inaccessible to me, 
including a considerable number of undescribed forms. I am also 
greatly indebted to Prof. Hubert Lyman Clark, of Harvard Univer- 
sity, and to Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale, for many courtesies received 
during my visits to those institutions. Professor Clark especially, 
through his minute and exhaustive knowledge of the other Echino- 
derm groups, has suggested to me many interesting points in the 
morphological as well as the anatomical and systematic relations of 
the species upon which to work in the future. 


4 Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), L, pp. 343-364. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1585. 


684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XXXIII. 


Doctor Carpenter, in his report on the “ Comatule ” of the Chal- 
lenger expedition, divided Comatula (=Actinometra) as follows: 


Series I; the two outer radials and the first two brachials united by syzygy: 


Ten sarmscs 252 8) Se eS ee ee eee eens Solaris group. 
Two distichals milited. Dive SVAy eye eee Paucicirra group. 
Mhree distichalls:stlvey axel carrey aS yZiyi eee Typica group. 
Series Il; the two outer radials articulated: Ten arms____Hehinoptera group. 


Series IIL; two articulated distichals: 
Palmars and post-palmars like distichals; but first two brachials united 


DY RSA Sy ee Se ee ye es ee ee ene Stelligera group. 
Hirst arm-syayey. in the) third brachial] = 2 Valida group. 


Series IV; three distichals, the first two articulated, and the third axillary 
with a syzygy. 


First arm-syzygy in the second brachial_____________-____ Fimbriata group. 
MIEStarmM-syzyey anetuhe phinrdsbrachiala=2s= sss Parvicirra group. 


This arrangement of the species was merely intended as a con- 
venient guide to their identification, and nothing more was claimed 
for it. Its artificial character may be judged from a single species, 
the Alecto parvicirra of Johannes Miller 1841 (=<Actinometra parvi- 
cirra of Carpenter), the type species of Carpenter’s last group. This 
species 1s not infrequently ten-armed, therefore falling in the “cAi- 
noptera group; again, it may have all the distichal series of two 
articulated segments, the first arm-syzygy falling in the “third 
brachial,” in which case it belongs with the “Valida group” according 
to Carpenter’s scheme; yet the species is made the type of a third 
group, the “Parvicirra group.” The groups themselves, contrary 
to what was the case in the various “ groups” and “ series ” of “Ante- 
don,” are, with a single curious exception, the “7'ypica group,” fairly 
homogeneous. Carpenter gives four species as belonging to this 
eroup, distincta, typica, nove-guinew, and multibrachiata, and a 
fifth, gracilis, has since been described. In distincta and multi- 
brachiata, the costals are united by syzygy; according to the descrip- 
tions of these species, the distichals are 4 (3-+4), and the palmars 
2 (1+2); but on Plate tv and Plate Lvr quite a different arrange- 
ment is found; while the palmars are 2 (1+2), the distichals are 
4 (1+2; 344); in other words the distichals, instead of being 
“three, the axillary a syzygy ” are four, united in two syzygial pairs. 
This simplifies matters considerably, as will be seen further on. 
Now, in typica and gracilis, and in nove-guinew as well as I can 
judge from the figure, the costals and first two distichals are not 
united by syzygy; while the union is very close, it is of the same 
type as that between the costals in such species as Carpenter’s 
Actinometra robustipinna and Miiller’s Alecto parvicirra and Alecto 
trichoptera. We find, then, that three of the five species of the “7'ypica 
group,” including typica itself, fall in “ Series IV,” while the other 
two do not belong in Carpenter’s scheme at all. 


No. 1585. THE CRINOID GENUS COMA TULA—CLARK. 685 


The genus Comatula falls naturally into two divisions, species in 
which the costals are united by syzygy, and species in which the cos- 
tals are articulated. Each of these divisions is a homogeneous unit, 
which can not, with our present knowledge of the species, be advanta- 
geously subdivided. For the first division the name Comatula (type 
Comatula solaris Lamarck) is available. Two generic names, Com- 
aster L. Agassiz, 1836, and Phanogenia Lovén, 1866, have been based 
on species of the second group, of which Comaster (with the type, 
Comatula multiradiata Lamarck=Asterias multiradiata Linneus, not 
Comatula multiradiata Goldtfuss |[=Alecto nove-guinew Miiller] .as 
has been stated by various authors, following Miiller), being the 
earlier, will have to be used. 


COMATULA Lamarek, 1816. 


A genus of Comatulide (=Actinometride) in which the costals 
are united by syzygy, the distichals are 2 (1+2) or 4 (142; 3+4), 
and the palmars 2 (1+2). 

Type of the genus.—Comatula solaris Lamarck, 1816. 

Distribution—Australia northward, throughout the East Indies. 
to Japan. ? Madagascar. ? Society Islands. 

The known species belonging to this genus as here restricted are: 


Comatula distincta (P. H. Carpenter). Comatula paucicirra (Bell). 
Comatula multibrachiata (P. H. Car- | Comatula pectinata (Linneus). 
penter). Comatula serrata A. H. Clark. 

Comatula notata (P. H. Carpenter). | Comatula solaris Lamarck. 


COMASTER L. Agassiz, 1836. 


A genus of Comatulide in which the costals are united by bifascial 
articulation, the distichals being 2 or 4 (83-4) or both, rarely irreg- 
ular. 

Type of the genus.—Asterias multiradiata Linneus, 1758, and of 
Retzius, 1783 (not Asterias multiradiata Gray, 1840=type of the 
genus feliuster). 

Distribution.—Intertropical; north to the Bay of Biscay, South 
Carolina, southern Japan, and Korea, south to southern Brazil, 
Peru, Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope; the headquarters are 
“in the East Indian region. 


686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXX. 


The described species of the genus are as follows. In addition to 
these I have examined a number of others, mainly from the West 
Indies: 


(1) Comaster alata (Pourtales). Comaster macrobrachius (Hartlaub). 
Comaster alternans (P. H. Car- | Comaster maculata (P. H. Carpenter). 
penter ). Comaster magnifica (P. H. Carpenter). 
Comaster belli (P. H. Carpenter). | Comaster marie (AS EL. Clarks): 
Comaster bennetti (J. Miiller). | Comaster meridionalis (Agassiz and 
Comaster borneensis (Grube). Agassiz). 
Comaster briareis (Bell). | Comaster multiradiata (Linnzeus). 
(2) Comaster carpenteri A. H. Clark. Comaster nobilis (P. HW. Carpenter). 
Comaster coppingeri (Bell). Comaster nova-guince (J. Miller). 
Comaster discoidea (P. H. Car- | Comaster orientalis (A. H. Clark). 
penter). Comaster parvicirra (J. Miiller). 
Comaster divaricata (P. H. Car- | Comaster peronii (P. H. Carpenter). 
penter ). ‘i | Comaster quadrata (P. H. Carpenter). 
Comaster duplex (RP. H. Carpen- | Comaster regalis (P. H. Carpenter). 
ter). _ Comaster robustipinna (P. H. Carpen- 
Comaster echinoptera (J. Miiller). | ter). 
Comaster elongata (P. H. Carpen- | Comaster rotalaria (Lamarck). 
ter). Comaster rubiginosa ( Pourtalés). 
_Comaster fimbriata (Lamarck). .| Comaster schlegelii (P. H. Carpenter). 
Comaster gracilis (Hartlaub). Comaster sentosa (P. H. Carpenter). 
Comaster grandicalyx (P. H. Car- | Comaster solaster (A. H. Clark). 
penter ). Comaster stelligera (P. H. Carpenter ). 
Comaster iowensis (Springer). Comaster trichoptera (J. Miller). 
Comaster lineata (P. H. Carpen- | Comaster typica (Govén). 
ter). Comaster valida (P. H. Carpenter). 
Comaster japonica (J. Miiller). Comaster variabilis (Bell). 
Comaster littoralis (P. H. Carpen- 
ter) 


1. COMASTER ALATA (Pourtalés). 


“A ctinometra pulchella (Pourtalés)” was invariably used by Doc- 
tor Carpenter for the species which had previously been named alata 
by Pourtalés, because he considered the name more appropriate, and 
subsequent authors have persisted in following him. Not only is 
Antedon pulchella of Pourtalés” preceded by Antedon alata of the 
same author ’ for the same species, but Antedon pulchella Pourtales, 
1878, is preoccupied by Ganymeda (=Antedon) pulchella Gray, 
1834.° 

2. COMASTER CARPENTERI, new name. 

Doctor Carpenter in 18887 described a species of Comaster as 
Actinometra multifida, referring the name to Johannes Miiller; but 
Miiller, according to his own statement,’ proposed the name mu/tifida 


¢Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 9, p. 216. 

bTdem., p. 215. 

€ Proc: Zool. Soe. London, 1834, Pt. 2, No. 14, p. 15. 
@ Challenger Reports, X XVI, Zoology, p. 330. 

€ Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1841, I, p. 147. 


a 


NO. 1585. THE CRINOID GENUS COMATULA—CLARK. 687 


merely as a substitute for Lamarck’s multiradiata. Wis idea was that, 
two quite different species having been called multiradiata—one by 
Lamarck” and one by Goldfuss,’ but Lamarck’s description being 
quite worthless, whereas Goldfuss’s is accompanied by an excellent 
figure—the name should hold for the form with the recognizable 
diagnosis, so he restricted it to Goldfuss’s form. Subsequently he ex- 
amined Lamarck’s original types, and from them drew up his diag- 
nosis of multifida. Now, thanks to Doctor Carpenter’s investigations, 
we know what Lamarck’s multiradiata really is, and (as it is the 
same as the Linnean and Retzian Asterius multiradiata) of course 
the specific name multiradiata must be retained for it. Doctor Car- 
penter realized this, but he resurrected mu/ltifida for a specimen 
which was among Lamarck’s types, and differed both from the mul- 
tiradiata of Lamarck and the multiradiata of Goldfuss; but multifida 
is a pure synonym of multiradiata Lamarck and can not be used for 
any other species. The form may be renamed Comaster carpenter?. 


ISOCRINUS PARR (Guerin). 


In his monograph on the recent stalked crinoids, Doctor Carpenter 
makes no mention of the species described as Hnerinus parre by 
Guérin in 1835. Guérin, under the heading Hncrinus, speaks of the 
“Hncrinus caput-meduse” described by Guettard and by Ellis 
(=J/sis asteria Linneus), and then goes on to say that the “* Palma 
animal” described and figured by Parra in 1787¢ appears to repre- 
sent another species. He describes this species in detail under the 
name of Hncrinus parre, taking his description from Parra, and he 
also reproduces Parra’s plate. Except for the fact that the animal is 
represented as growing on the seashore like a palm tree, the reproduc- 
tion is very good. Doctor Carpenter mentions the reference to Parrs 
in his account of /socrinus asteria, but says he was unable to consult 
it. Besides Guerin, Oken in 1815 and again in 1835 copied Parra’s 
figure, and Gervais refers to Hnerinus parre, and it seems as if 
one of the four must have been accessible to Doctor Carpenter. A 
glance at Parra’s figure shows that the species he had was the same 
one which was described by Orsted in 1856¢ as Pentacrinus miilleri; 
the short internodes (four to six) and consequent crowding of the 
cirri, combined with the stout stem, preclude the possibility of its 
being any other West Indian species. There can, therefore, be but 


4 Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertébres, II, 1816, p. 533. 

5 Petrafacta Germaniz, I, p. 202, pl. “x1, figs. 2a—s. 

€ Dict. d’Hist. Nat., IL, p. 49; pl. cxivi, fig. 1. 

@Description de diferentes piezas de Historia Natural, Havana, 1787, p. 191, 
folly 16s:0:0% 

€ Forhandl, Skand. Naturf. 7Tde Moéde i Christiania, p. 202. 


44 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07 


688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


one course; the species now known as /socrinus miilleri (Orsted, 
1856) must in the future be known as /socrinus parre (Guérin, 1835). 

There is still another name based on a recent West Indian /socrinus 
which is not mentioned by Carpenter, although in his bibliography 
he cites the paper in which it occurs. In 1828¢ the Rev. Lansdown 
Guilding described under the name of Hncrinus milleri an Tsocrinus 
brought up from the deep water off St. Vincent, where he then lived. 
The species is, however, quite unrecognizable, so that the name can 
never become available; besides, is is preoccupied by the fossil E’ncri- 
nites millert of von Schlotheim, 1822. 


4 Zoological Journal, IV, p. 175. 


ON SOME ISOPODS OF THE FAMILY DAJIDA FROM 
THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN, WITH DESCRIP- 
TIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES. 


By Harrtrer Ricrarpson, 
Collaborator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, U.S. National Museum. 


The following descriptions are of some Dajidee which were col- 
lected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer A/batross during its 
cruise to the northwest Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1906. A new 
genus is added to the family, and Holophryxus giardi and Holo- 
phryxus californiensis, new species, are described. 

The number of Dajidve genera is rapidly increasing, so that the 
family now contains the following: Dajus Kréyer, Notophryxus 
Sars, Aspidophryxus Sars, Heterophryxus Sars, Branchiophrycus 
Caullery, Prodajus Bonnier, Zonophryxus Richardson, Molophrycus 
Richardson, and Arthrophryxus, new genus. 


LIST OF REFERENCES. 


Bonnier, JULES. Sur deux types nouveaux d’Epicarides parasites dun Cumacé 
et dun Schizopode, Comptes Rendus, CX XXVI, 1903, pp. 102-108. Paris. 
CAULLERY, MAuRIcCE. Branchiophryxus nyctiphan:, n. g., sp., Epicaride nouveau 
de la famille des Dajide, Journ. R. Micr. Soc. London, 1897, Pt. 3, p. 204. 

Also in Zool. Anzeiger, XX, 1897, pp. S8S-92. Leipsic. 

IXROYER, HENRIK. Voyages en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitsberg et aux 
Férée, Zoologie, Crustacea. (Published under the direction of M. Paul 
Gaimard.) Atlas, pl. xxviml, figs. 1-2, pl. xxrx, fig. 1. Paris, 1849. 

RICHARDSON, HARRIET. Isopods collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the U. S. 
Fish Commission steamer Albatross, Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, 19038, pp. 
51-538. Washington. 

Tsopods of the Alaska Salmon Investigation, Bull. U. S. Bureau of 
Fisheries, XXIV, 1904, pp. 220-221. Washington, 1905. 
Sars, GEorcE O. Crustacea of Norway, IT, 1899, pp. 223-224. Bergen. 
Crustacea of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1S76—-1878. 
Christiania, 1883. 

——— Report on the Schizopoda, Challenger Report, XIII, 1885, Pt. 37, pp. 
220-221. London. 

TATTERSALL, W. M. The Marine Fauna of the Coast of Ireland, Pt. 5, Isopoda, 

Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, II, 1905, pp. 77-78, pl. x1, figs. 1-4. 


PrRoceEepinas U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1586. 
689 


690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


HOLOPHRYXUS GIARDI, new species. 


Body of female oblong-ovate, 17 mm. by 39 mm., without any trace 
of segmentation. (See fig. 1.) Color uniformly light yellow. 

Head represented by a bilobed prominence, which is surrounded 
by a wide, squarish ridge projecting anteriorly and laterally. Eyes 
wanting. 

The thorax is wider anteriorly than posteriorly, being gradually 
restricted posteriorly. The lateral parts are not greatly swollen. 
There are no traces of segmentation on the dorsal surface. 

The abdomen is narrower than the thorax, and tapers to a rounded 
extremity. There is no trace of segmentation, but a slight incision on 
either side indicates the place of coalescence of the first segment. 

The abdomen is devoid of 
aan appendages, both uropoda 
ga and pleopoda being entirely 
wanting. 

On the ventral side the 
oral area is not contracted 
behind. It is bounded an- 
teriorly by the projecting 
ridge and mouth parts, and 
laterally by the two rows 

a. b. ¢. of coxal plates. Situated 
IHRE dhe BOSONS ots Gees Dune CS, a. DOR- tust within the two rows of 
SAL VIEW. 6. LATERAL VIEW. c. VENTRAL VIEW. X21. J 

coxal plates are five pairs 
of legs, surrounding the oral area. From the bases of the five pairs of 
legs arise five pairs of incubatory plates. Only the first and fifth 
pairs are visible, the other three pairs being hidden by the overlap- 
ping fifth pair. The fifth pair of plates are the largest, and meet 
along the middle ventral line of the body; they extend almost the 
entire length of the thorax. 

In a lateral view four segments of the thorax are represented by 
four coxal plates, bounding the outer extremity of the oral area. 


The first coxal plate is coalesced with the cephahe ridge, but is indi- 
‘ated on either side at the posterior extremity of the ridge by a little 
pointed projection. 

One adult female was taken by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 
steamer Albatross at Station 4793, Toporkov Island, Harbor of Nikol- 
ski, Bering Island, north 58° east, 44 miles (54° 48’ north, 164° 54’ 
east), at a depth of 2,700 fathoms. 

Description of immature female.—The body is oblong-ovate, 3 mm. 
by 8 mm., decreasing gradually in width from the anterior to the 
posterior extremity. (See fig. 3.) 7 


no.1586 NEW ISOPODS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN—RICHARDSON. 691 


The head is large and is surrounded anteriorly and laterally by a 
wide marginal border or ridge. There are no eyes. The three divi- 
sions of the body—the head, thorax, and abdomen—are well defined. 
The segments of the thorax are also well marked, the coxal plates 
occupying the lateral margins. There are six distinct segments, with 
six pairs of coxal plates. The first segment is coalesced with the 
head. The first coalesced segment bears the first pair of legs. The 
following five segments bear each a pair of legs, so that altogether 
there are six pairs of legs. The last free (sixth) segment bears a 
pair of modified appendages.* 

The abdomen is narrower than the thorax, and tapers to a rounded 
extremity. It is unsegmented and is devoid of appendages. 


Fie. 2.—HOLOPHRYXUS GIARDI, IMMATURE FEMALE AND HOST, 


Only one immature female was taken at Station 4793, Toporkov 
Island, Harbor of Nikolski, Bering Island, north 58° east, 44 miles 
(54° 48’ north, 164° 54’ east), at a depth of 2,700 fathoms. It was 
attached to the dorsal surface of the carapace of the host, Gennadas 
borealis Rathbun, with the head directed posteriorly. The photo- 
graph (fig. 2) is of the immature female and its host. 


4@They may be analogous to or homologous with the fifth pair of appendages 
of Heterophryxcus appendiculatus Sars. (Challenger Report, XITI, 1885, Pt. 37, 
pp. 220-221, pl. xxxvitl, figs. 8-14.) See Tattersall for description and figures 
of this form. (Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, II, 1905, pp. 77-78, pl. xz, 
figs. 14.) Or, this segment may be considered the first abdominal segment with 
its appendages. 


692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


The adult female is about four and a half times longer than the 
immature female. The stage represented by the immature female 
must be a stage younger than the one described by G. O. Sars, for 
Dajus mysidis Kroyer. It must be a stage intermediate between that 
and the cryptoniscian stage, because of the presence of the six pairs 
of legs. The stage represented by Sars has only five pairs of legs, as in 
the two succeeding stages and in the adult stage. 

No males were found. 
After the photograph was 
made the parasite was re- 
moved: from the host for 
the purpose of study. 

This species differs from 
the type species of the 
genus, Holophryxus  ala- 
scensis Richardson, in the 
form of the body, which is 

a. b. ¢. more tapering, the thorax 

Ps 2 ovnmme cure locarins ocr gob Deine oe 

x 143. len and the abdomen not so 

abruptly narrower, as in 

that species; in having the head surrounded by a wide marginal 

squarish ridge or border anteriorly and laterally; in the difference in 

the shape and the position of*the marsupial plates; and in having the 

first segment of the abdomen indicated by a shght incision on either 
side of the terminal segment. 

The species is named for Prof. Alfred Giard. : 

The type from Toporkov Island, Bering Island, is in the U. 8. 
National Museum, Cat. No. 38337. 


HOLOPHRYXUS CALIFORNIENSIS, new species. 


Locality—One fine specimen of this interesting species was col- 
lected in Santa Barbara Channel, California, in green mud at a 
depth of 280 fathoms. It is described on the label which accompanies 
it as a parasite, but the host is not given. Its color in hfe is men- 
tioned as being canary yellow. 

Another specimen comes from Station 4753 on the way from Yes 
Bay to Seattle at Bushby Point at a depth of 150-280 fathoms. This 
adult female was attached. The photograph (fig. 4) shows the para- 
site attached to the dorsal side of the carapace of the host, Pas¢- 
phea pacifica Rathbun with the head directed posteriorly. ‘This spe- 
cies is similar to the preceding species in the elongated form of the 
body, but differs in lacking the wide anterior ridge, and in not 


@ Crustacea of Norway, II, 1899, pp. 223-224, pl. xciv, ? juv.’ 


wo.1586, NEW ISOPODS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN—RICHARDSON. 698 


having the first abdominal segment indicated by incisions in the lat- 
eral margins. It also has the anterior part of the body more strongly 
convex and not so depressed as in /7. giardi. 
One male accompanies the specimen from Santa Barbara Channel. 
Description of male.—The male is about three times longer than 
wide, being 2 mm. in width and 6 mm. in length. The head is very 


Fic. 4.—HOLOPHRYXUS CALIFORNIENSIS. ADULT FEMALE AND Host, 


large, rounded in front and completely fused with the first thoracic 
segment: There are no eyes. The first pair of antenne are small and 
composed of only a few articles. The second pair of antennex are 
rather long, extending to the posterior margin of the head, and are 
composed of about seven articles. The antennz are inconspicuous 
from a dorsal view. 


v 


694 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII, 


The six free segments of the thorax are distinctly separated from 
each other, are subequal in length, and are produced at the sides in 
rounded lobes. The seven pairs of legs are prehensile. 

The abdomen is narrow, elongate, about twice as long 
as wide, with all the segments completely fused. There 
are no uropoda and no pleopoda. (See fig. 5.) 
The type from Station 4753 has Cat. No. 38527 
WES INSME 
The fact that these Dajide are found parasitic on 
shrimps, decapodous crustacea, and not on Schizopoda, 
the hosts on which they have previously been found, 
gives additional evidence, in respect to the relation of 
host and parasite, showing that families founded on 
ee such a basis, as well as genera and species, cannot be 
cauirornies- maintained. Giard and Bonnier have arranged a classi- 
pnt MALE. fication of the Epicaridea whereby the families of para- 
sites are restricted to certain orders of hosts, but Sars 
has already pointed out the error of such an arrangement. The evi- 
dence furnished herein proves that one family of parasite can infest 
two different orders of host. 


2) 


AR THRO PERRYS; new genuls: 


Body of adult female irregular in outline, with lateral parts ex- 
panded, and not projecting in front of the head. 

Head large and well defined from the thorax. 

The middle part of the dorsal surface of the thorax segmented 
into five rather distinct segments. 

The abdomen is also distinctly segmented into five segments, the 
terminal one being posteriorly triangular in shape. 

There are no uropoda or pleopoda. 

The oral area is small, rounded, but not greatly contracted behind. 
The five pairs of legs are closely crowded together, and are bounded 
by the five pairs of coxal plates. There are five pairs of incubatory 
lamellae, the last pair being the largest, the two plates meeting along 
the middle ventral line. 

The adult male has the head large, without eyes, the thorax com- 
posed of six distinct segments, the first being fused with the head. 
There are seven pairs of legs. The abdomen is indistinctly seg- 
mented into about six segments, the last one of which is minute and 
posteriorly triangular. ‘The body is hunched and the abdomen con- 
siderably curved under the thorax. 

There are no uropoda, and the pleopoda seem to be wanting. 

The type of the genus is Arthrophrycus beringanus, the descrip- 
tion of which follows: 


no.1586. NEW ISOPODS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN—RICHARDSON. 695 


ARTHROPHRYXUS BERINGANUS, new species. 


The body of the adult female (fig. 6) is irregular in outline, oblong 
oval in shape, broadest in front, and slightly narrower behind. It is 
14 mm. long and 9 mm. wide at its greatest breadth. ‘The lateral 
parts of the body are expanded, but do not project beyond the head. 

The head is very large, with the anterior margin irregular in 
outline and with a_ transverse 
fold about the middle. It is 
well defined from the thorax. 
There are no eyes. 

The middle portion of the 
dorsal surface of the thorax is 
distinctly segmented into five 


segments. 
The abdomen is distinctly seg- 
mented into five segments, the - b. 


terminal one being minute and — Fie. 6.—ARTHROPHRYXUS BERINGANUS. ADULT FE- 
triangular in shape posteriorly, MALE. a. DORSAL VIEW. b. VENTRAL VIEW. X65. 

There are no uropoda or pleopoda. 

On the ventral side of the body the oral area is small, rounded, but 
not contracted behind. There are five pairs of legs, on the outside of 
which are the five pairs of coxal plates. Issuing from the bases of 
the five pairs of legs are the five pairs of incubatory lamellxe, partly 

overlapping each other, the last pair being the largest, 
-meeting along the middle ventral line of the bedy. 
The adult male has the head large, without eyes, the 
thorax divided into six distinct segments, the first 
being fused with the head. There are seven pairs of 
prehensile legs, the first pair being attached to the first 
segment, which is coalesced with the head. The 
abdomen is indistinctly divided into about six seg- 
ments, the last segment being minute and triangular 
posteriorly. (Fig. 7.) 
There are no uropoda and apparently no pleopoda. 
ere hte. Owing to the fact that the body is hunched and the 
canus. Aputr abdomen is curved under the thorax, it was difficult to 
sp igor place the male in a position to draw the doral surface. 

Only the female and one male were taken at Station 4793, Topor- 
kov Island, harbor of Nikolski, Bering Island, north 58° east, 44 
miles (54° 48’ north, 164° 54’ east), at a depth of 2,700 fathoms. It 
is parasitic on L'ucopia australis Dana. 

The type is in the U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 38338. 

In the segmental character of the abdomen of the male this genus 
is closer to Aspidophryxus Sars than to any other of the Dajide 


696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


genera. The female differs from the female of Aspidophrycus in 
having the abdomen segmented, in the larger and differently shaped 
head, in not having the lateral parts of the thorax projecting in 
front of the head, and in having five pairs of incubatory plates, there 
being only one pair distinctly developed in Aspidophryxus. 

Bonnier says of the male of Prodajus lobiancot that the abdomen 
is “& peine segmenté sur les bords et terminé par une paire de longs 
uropodes digitiformes.” Uropoda are also present in the male of 
Aspidophryxus Sars. The male of Arthrophrycus is without uropoda. 


NOTES ON THE FRESH-WATER MOLLUSK PLANORBIS 
MAGNIFICUS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW 
FORMS OF THE SAME GENUS FROM THE SOUTH- 
ERN STATES. 


3y Pauu BarrscH, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, U.S. National Musewm. 


Early in November, 1906, the writer made a trip to Wilmington, 
North Carolina, in quest of that magnificent member of the genus 
Planorbis, Planorbis (Pierosoma) magnificus; which was described 
by Dr. H.-A. Pilsbry in the Nautilus. 

The locality cited was lower Cape Fear River. An examination 
of the type lot at the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences created some 
doubt in my mind about this being a fluviatile species. The thin 
texture of the large shell appeared to me as indicating evidence of 
a lacustrine form. 

Inquiry as to the larger lakes about Wilmington resulted in the 
location of Greenfield Pond, about a mile and a half south of the city. 
This pond is formed by a broad earthen milldam, about 20 feet high, 
which banks up the water between sand dunes, inundating the low- 
lying ground, and transforming it into a lake. the digitations of 
which extend back for some 3 miles. Its greatest width probably 
does not exceed 400 feet. A large portion is fringed with cypress 
trees, and there are several cypress-covered islands in it. The trees 
are not large, hardly more than a foot in diameter, and are all draped 
with large festoons of Spanish moss. The water of the lake comes 
from springs, is unpolluted, and contains an interesting fauna and 
flora. Conspicuous among the plants were long strings of Potamoge- 
ton and several species of pond llhes, the leaves of which extend over 
the surface of the water. After a half hour’s sifting of bottom mate- 
rial and vegetation, I succeeded in finding many small mollusks and 
the first fragment of the desired Planorbis. The sieve was discarded 
for a time and a systematic search among the heavier aquatic vegeta- 
tion begun, which resulted shortly in discovering the first perfect 
hving magnificus. The search continued all day, when, gathering 


* November, 1903, XVII, p. 75. 


PROCEEDINGS U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XX XIII—No. 1587. 
697 


698 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


the results of my labor, I found myself the possessor of 29 fine Plan- 
orbis. These were carefully packed in Spanish moss to prevent in- 
juring their delicate edges and taken to the hotel. The following day 
was spent in further searching, and ended by increasing the number 
of specimens found to 46, 

Most of the specimens of Planorbis magnificus found were attached 
to the underside of the expanded leaves of the larger species of the 
white pond lily, probably a Castalia, though many were obtained 
from the heavy banks of Pctamogeton growing in dense masses a 
short distance offshore. By pulling these masses and shaking them 
the mollusks were dislodged and rose to the surface for a moment 
before sinking to the bottom. I was able to find them only along the 
border of the south side of the lake, the shore line of which consists 
of a series of loops, and then only off the west side of the extreme 
points of each loop. Jt is quite possible that the shells live in greater 
numbers in deeper parts of the lake, and that they are driven inshore 
with dislodged vegetation by northwest winds. (See Plate LVII, 
figs. (—9.) 

Other lakes about Wilmington, as well as the river, were explored 
during my visit, but none yielded this large shell nor the new species 
described below, which so far confines the distribution of the two to 
this lake. 

There are many interesting features about the very profuse mol- 
luscan life of this lake. JI found among other fornis a new Liogyra 
and probably also a new Limosina, the latter, I believe to be the most 
northern record for that genus. T observed also a curious habit of 
the white pond lily of forming a circlet of fleshy roots on the stem, 
about a foot below the expanded leaves. Many of these were floating 
free near the edge of the pond, where they undoubtedly become 
anchored and start-a new plant by this natural slipping process. 

The specimens collected were brought home alive; some were pre- 
served in alcohol, but the greater number were placed in aquaria, 
where it was soon discovered that Planorbis magnificus had other 
interesting features besides being our largest form. They were 
entirely blind. Not one of the lot showed even the trace of an eye. 
Rudiments of this organ, however, may be seen in miscroscopic sec- 
tions. where it appears as if it had been covered by the thickened 
cuticle. . 

T was anxious to note if the species would reproduce itself in cap- 
tivity. Up to June 15, 1907, when I left on my vacation, this had not 
taken place. Large appetite, slow growth, and a great mortality 
sum up the events to that time. The mortality appears to have con- 
tinued until only a few of the mollusks remained. When I returned 
to Washington in September and examined the aquaria, I found 
several young specimens of one and a half whorls which had been 


No. 1587. ON PLANORBIS MAGNIFICUS—BARTSCH. 699 


born during my absence, and these, like well-behaved Planorbis, have 
small but well-defined eyes on the inner side, at the base of the 
tentacles. 

Figures 7, 8, and 9 represent three views, profile, bottom and top, 
of the largest specimen, all natural size. This shell (Cat. No. 
193321, U.S.N.M.) measures: Greatest diameter, 37 mm.;_ lesser 
diameter, 26 mm.; altitude, 25 mm., and is the largest specimen on 
record up to date. 


PLANORBIS EUCOSMIUS, new species. 
Plate LVII, figs. 1-3. 


Shell resembling Plenorbis bicarinatus Say in outline but much 
smaller than that species, of yellowish horn color with two rather 
broad, bright chestnut bands. 

Shell biconcave. Entire surface marked by very strong lines of 
growth and numerous fine spiral lrations. Upper surface strongly 
umbilicated, showing a little more than three and one-half whorls. 
A moderately strong carina is situated about halfway between the 
periphery and the suture. The upper surface is marked by the two 
chestnut bands which are of about equal width, a little more than one- 
third as wide as the space between the dorsal carina and the suture. 
The posterior of these bands is a little nearer the suture than the 
‘arina, and the anterior one is about as far anterior to the carina 
as the other is posterior to it. Periphery well rounded. Base 
broadly umbilicated, showing a lttle more than three and one-half 
turns. Outer limiting angle of the umbilicus marked by an obtuse 
earina. Aperture decidedly oblique, with somewhat expanded, black 
edged peristome; shghtly angulated at the posterior carina and more 
strongly so at the basal one; outer lip reenforced within by a moder- 
ately thick white callus. Parietal wall covered with a thin callus. 

The type (Cat. No. 193890a, U.S.N.M.) measures: Greater diam- 
eter, 6.6 mm.; lesser diameter, 5.1 mm.; altitude, 3.1 mm. 

The type and 46 specimens (Cat. No. 193890, U.S.N.M.) were col- 
lected by the author in Greenfield Pond, near Wilmington, North 
Carolina. 


PLANORBIS EUCOSMIUS VAUGHANI, new subspecies. 
Plate LVII, figs. 4-6. 


Similar to Planorbis eucosmius, but with much narrower and deeper 
basal umbilicus, with the basal carina much stronger and with the 
last whorl considerably more expanded toward the aperture. The 
spiral sculpture and the lines of growth are less strongly developed 
than in ewcosmius. The present form is also considerably higher than 
Planorbis eucosmius. Three specimens of this subspecies (Cat. No. 


TOO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII, 


125719, U.S.N.M.), were collected by Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, at 
Burkes Place, Louisiana. The type shows three and one-half whorls 
mee ae ee "ae 

in the umbilicus and measures: Greater diameter, 6.7 mm.3 least diam- 
eter, 5.1 mm.: altitude, 3.8 mm. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII. 


Fics. 1-6 are enlarged four diameters; figs. 7-9 are natural size. 
Vice. 1. Planorbis eucosmius, top view. Type. Page 699. 
Planorbis eucosmius, bottom view. Type. 

Planorbis eucosnius, profile. Type. 

Planorbis eucosmius vaughani, top view. Type. Page 699. 
Planorbis eucosmius vaughani, bottom view. Type. 
Planorbis eucosmius vaughani, profile. Type. 

Planorbis magnificus, profile. Page 698. 

Planorbis magnificus, bottom view. 

Planorbis magnificus, top view. 


wo 


oe ge 


Sse 


ce eS 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. LVII 


SPECIES OF PLANORBIS FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND LOUISIANA. 


FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 700. 


ON CTENOLUCIUS GILL, A NEGLECTED GENUS OF 
CHARACIN FISHES, WITH NOTES ON THE TYPICAL 
SPECIES. 


By Barton A. Bran, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Fishes, U. S. National Museum. 


In a footnote to his Catalogue of the fishes of the east coast of 
North America, Greenland to Georgia, inserted at the end of the 
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
XIII, for 1861 (1862), page 8, Dr. Theodore N. Gill proposed the 
name Ctenolucius for fishes closely allied to the Yiphostomas of Spix, 
but having the dorsal ‘fin placed far back, the scales very strongly 
ctenoid, etc. I quote Doctor Gill’s note in full: 


In a species preserved in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, nearly 
allied to the Viphostomas of Spix, and especially to the Viphostoma hujeta of 
Valenciennes, the scales are covered with numerous closely approximated 
ridges abruptly commencing at the bases of their exposed surfaces and ter- 
minating in as many strong teeth on the posterior margin. Valenciennes has 
not described the structure of the scales in the species of Viphostoma known to 
him. But he, as well as Miiller and Troschel in the ‘“ Hore Ichthyologice,”’ 
have mentioned them as being of moderate size. The ridges and pectinated 
margins of those of our fish are so strongly marked that it is scarcely possible 
that they should have been overlooked if they occurred in the species known to 
the very excellent naturalists above mentioned. 

The dorsal fin of our fish is more posterior than in the typical Viphostomas, 
being above the anal; the anus is under the anterior rays of the dorsal. In this 
respect it resembles VYiphostoma maculatum and X. hujeta of Valenciennes. 

Three specimens of the species were collected at Truando by Mr. Arthur Schott 
on Lientenant Michler’s expedition to the Atrato River. They will be described 
under the generic name of Crenolucius. It must remain undecided whether the 
two species of Yiphostoma of Valenciennes, agreeing in the position of the 
dorsal and anal fins, are really congeneric. 

In 1878, in his paper entitled Zur Fisch-Fauna des Magdalenen- 
Stromes, Dr. Franz Steindachner described a species of Characin 
from the Magdalena River under the generic name Luciocharax, with 
the following characterization: Form of body and snout essentially 
as in Xéphostoma. Intermaxillary and lower jaw very long, the 
former beset anteriorly with two rows of larger teeth. The palatine 
teeth numerous and very small. Dorsal and anal inserted far back- 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1588. 
701 


702 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


ward. Scales of the body considerably larger than in Yiphostoma. 
Lateral line incompletely developed. . 

An excellent figure is given by Doctor Steindachner in the paper 
cited above (Plate XIII, fig. 2), and the species, which is called 
insculptus, is fully described on pages 51-53. It is very similar to 
hujeta, differing mainly in the depth of body, and may be identical 
with that species. 

C. maculatus, another species of this group, has 88 scales in the 
lateral line, being intermediate in this respect between C’. hujeta and 
the many-scaled species cwvierd and ocellatum, which have 105 to 106 
scales. 

The following genera are now included in the subfamily X7phos- 
tomine : 

Xiphostoma Sprx, Pisces Brasilienses, 1829, pp. 78-79. Type, X. cuvieri. 

Ctenolucius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 8 of appendix. 
Type, C. hujeta. 

Luciocharax STEINDACHNER (a synonym of Ctenolucius), Zur Fisch-Fauna 
des Magdalenen-Stromes, 1878, pp. 51-53. Type, L. insculptus. 

Boulengerclla EYGENMANN (similar to or identical with Ctenolucius), 
Smith. Mis. Col., XLV, 1903, p. 147. Type, Xiphostoma lateristriga 
soulenger. 

Belonocharar Fowier (a synonym of. Ctenolucius), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phila., LVIII, Pt. 3, Oct., 1906, pp. 4644466. Type, B. beani. 

Judging from the illustration of Viphostoma cuvieri, in Spix’s 
Pisces Brasilienses, Plate XLII, all species coming under the sub- 
family Xiphostominw probably have pectinate scales. In a recent 
letter, Dr. C. H. Eigenmann says that there is no doubt that the 
genera Ctenolucius, Luciocharax, and Belonocharax are identical. 
He examined the types of hujeta and insculptus while in Europe last 
summer, and has little doubt that they represent the same species. 

The following notes are taken from two specimens of Cfenolucius 
hujeta preserved in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, be- 
ing the examples mentioned by Doctor Gill in 1861: 

Description—A male, 9 inches long, Cat. No. 1658, U.S.NM., 
taken in the Truando River, a tributary of the Atrato River, United 
States of Colombia, winter of 1857 and 1858, A. Schott, collector : ¢ 

Head 3; depth 7; eye 3 in snout, 7 in head; D. 10; A. 12 (8, 9); 
V. 1, 7; scales 49, 5/1/6. 

Body elongate, pike-shaped, entirely covered with strongly pecti- 
nate scales; teeth of the jaws in a single series, very regular, pomted 
and curved backward; a few strong palatine teeth; mandibular bar- 
bels present, one on either side near tip of lower jaw; upper jaw 
strongly curved in anterior part and slightly projecting over the 


*Survey for Interoceanic Ship Canal via the Atrato and Truando Rivers, 
Dee. 1, 1857, to Mar. 23, 1858. Senate Doc. 9, 2d sess., 36th Cong., VII, Pt. 1, 
1860-61. 


NO. 1588. ON CTENOLUCIUS GILL—BEAN. 7038 


lower jaw, the latter when closed fitting snugly into the upper; head 
entirely covered with flat, finely sculptured, bony processes; fins all 
well developed; pectorals rather less than half length of head; dorsal 
fin situated far back, its origin being but shehtly in advance of that 
of the anal, the extended rays of the latter almost reaching to the 
caudal fin; caudal deeply emarginate; the anal fin of the male speci- 
men much enlarged; caudal peduncle elongate, its length measured 
from anal fin to origin of middle caudal rays, being about equal to 
the length of the snout. 


TASS 


CTENOLUCIUS HUJETA. 


Color in spirits: Upper parts rusty (brownish) with faint hori- 
zontal lines extending on the body from head to caudal; lower parts 
lighter, silvery; opercular flap silvery; eye dark on top, golden 
around the jet-black iris, pupil a rusty yellow; dorsal, anal, and 
caudal shghtly dusky; pectorals and ventrals plain; the black ocellus 
at origin of caudal very conspicuous. 

Another example, a female 8 inches long, from the same source as 
the foregoing, has slenderer jaws and a much smaller anal fin. A 
third example from this lot was sent years ago to the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is now preserved. 


Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——45 


“FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND 
NEWFOUNDLAND. 


By JosrpH A. CusHMAN, 
Of the Boston Society of Natural History. 


It is a well-established fact that the fauna of the eastern coast of 
boreal North America is very closely related to that of northern 
Europe in many ways. An additional evidence of this will be given 
here from the relationships of the minute fresh-water crustacea. 
Of the seven species of Cladocera, for instance, all are found in 
northern Europe. Certain of these are Arctic species, and in Europe 
are found only at higher latitudes, but that is simply an additional 
proof of the boreal character of our Labrador coast. As an example 
of this, Hurycercus glacialis is found only in the extreme northern 
border of Europe, very much farther north than the localities from 
which the present material came. J/acrothrix hirsuticornis is re- 
corded here for the first time from the Western Hemisphere. A 
single species of Ostracoda was obtained, but that in considerable 
numbers. It seems not to have been previously described, but is 
related to certain European species. The single species of Copepoda 
is also a species common to Europe and America. 

The material on which the present paper is based has been pre- 
sented to the U. S. National Museum. It was in six separate lots, 
five collected on the eastern coast of Labrador at about latitude 52° 
north, by Dr. Glover M. Allen. The other material was from Funk 
Island, a small island a considerable distance off the coast of New- 
foundland and in about latitude 49° north. It was collected by Mr. 
Owen Bryant. 

The data for these collections are as follows: 

1. From St. Marys River, running into Lewis Inlet, Labrador, 
July 12, 1906. “Among grass with scum and Sphagnum.” 

2. From fresh-water pools on island, Battle Harbor, Labrador. 
July 14, 1906. 

3. From two fresh-water pools on island, Battle Harbor, Labrador. 
July 14, 1906. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. XXXIII No. 1589. 
705 


706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. 


4. From small pond on the barren summit of Great Caribou Island, 
opposite Battle Harbor, Labrador. July 14, 1906. 

5. From fresh-water pool, Battle Harbor, Labrador. August 1, 
1906. 

These five lots of material were collected by Dr. Glover M. Allen. 

6. From fresh water or very slightly brackish pond, Funk Island, 
about 30 miles off the northern coast of Labrador. May, 1906. This 
last lot was collected by Mr. Owen Bryant. 


Order OSTRACODA. 
Family CYPRIDID. 


Subfamily HH RPHTOCYPRIDIN 4. 
Genus HERPETOCYPRIS Brady and Norman, 1889. 
HERPETOCYPRIS TESTUDINARIA, new species. 
Plate LVIII, figs. 1-10. . 


Length 2.10 mm.; height 1 mm.; breadth 0.80 mm. 

Shell nearly twice as long as high, the greatest height behind the 
middle, the width somewhat less than the height (Plate LVIII, figs. 
1 and 2). Surface of the shell with short scattered hairs (Plate 
LVIII, fig. 3), the anterior border minutely crenulated and thickly 
set with slender hairs. The lucid spots are eight in number, mostly 
very much longer than wide (Plate LVIII, fig. 4). 

The antennula (Plate LVITI, fig. 5) has a single short spine on the 
second joint, two on the third joint, and on the fourth two long and 
iwo short sete. The last three joimts have each three long sete. 

The antenna (Plate LVITI, fig. 6) has the group of swimming sete 
of the second joint shortened as is usual in this genus. The third joint 
has two sete at the middle of the outer border and four on the op- 
posite border. The arrangement of the other sete is shown in the 
figure. 

The first foot (Plate LVIII, fig. 7) has a single spine on each of 
the three joints above the last, that one having two spines and the 
long claw characteristic of this appendage. 

The second foot (Plate LVIII, fig. 8) has a short last joint with a 
beak-shaped short claw and a single spine. The penultimate joint 
has a single spine at the middle. The antepenultimate joint has a 
single spine near the distal end and the basal joint has two spines at 
its distal end. The abdominal furca (Plate LVITI, fig. 9) is smooth 
throughout. At the base of the proximal one of the two claws is a 
short spine (Plate LVITI, fig. 10). 

Specimens of this species were collected in May, 1906, by Mr. 
Bryant at Funk Island, Newfoundland. 

Type.—Cat. No. 38339, U.S.N.M. 


No. 1589. FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA—CUSHMAN. 707 


Order CLADOCERA. 
Family DAPHNIDZK. 


Genus DAPHNIA O. F. Miller, 1788. 


DAPHNIA PULEX (DeGeer.) 
Plate LIX, figs. 1-3. 

Monoculus pulex Dr Grrr, Memoires pour servir a histoire naturelle des 
Insectes, VII, 1778, p. 442, pl. xxvu1, figs. 1-8. 

Daphnia puler Batrp, British Entomostraca, 1850, p. 89, pl. vi, figs. 1-3; 
pl. 1x, fig. 5.—LinLsEesore, Cladocera Suecie, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Se. 
Upsala, 3d ser., XIX, 1900, p. 79, pl. rx, fig. 8; pl. x, figs. 1-9; pl. x1, 
figs. 1-11; pl. x11, figs. 1-13. 

Length of female about 3.5 mm. 

The outline of the females of this and other species varies according 
to the condition of the ephippium. A typical outline is shown in 
Plate LIX, fig. 1. The shell sculpture consists of two sets of straight 
lines at an ania angle, forming a network with four-sided ints 
The outline of the head, (Plate LIX, fig 2,) has the rostrum more or 
less acuminate, by anal it differs fon its close ally, D. athinsoni 
Baird. The basal line of the post-abdomen is nearly straight, thus 
easily separated from D. magna Strauss, which is very sinuate in ~ 
outline. From the two common species, ). hyalina Leydig and DP. 
longispina, O. F. Miiller, it may be distinguished by the spines at the 
base of the furcal claws. (Plate LIX, fig. 3.) 

This species was common in the material from Labrador, being 
found in four of the five lots of material. St. Marys River, July 12 
1906, common. Great Caribou Island, July 14, 1906, few. Battle 
Harbor, July 14, 1906, few. At this ieee place a little later in the 
season, Anan! 1, 1906, the species was abundant and the young in 
all stages a dev alsernca were found. No males were found in any 
of the material. This species is widely distributed both in the Old 
World and in America. 


Genus SIMOCEPHALUS E. Schoedler, 1858. 
SIMOCEPHALUS SERRULATUS (Koch). 
Plate LIX, figs. 4, 5. 


Daphnia serrulata Kocu, Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arch- 
niden, 1841, Heft 35, pl. xiv. 
Simocephalus serrulatus KE, SCHOEDLER, Die Branchipoden der Umgegend 
von Berlin, Jahresbericht tiber die Louisenstadtische Realschule, 
Berlin, 1858, p. 22.—LitusEBore, Cladocera Sueciz, Nova Acta Reg. 
Soe. Se. Upsala, 3d ser., XIX, 1900, p. 179, pl. xxv, figs. 9-16. 
Length of females about 2.5 mm. 
As in Daphnia, this species varies greatly in aiden In the speci- 
men of which an outline is given (Plate LIX, fig. 4), there were sev- 
eral eggs in the ephippial sac, causing a distention of the body at the 


708 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxu1 


upper posterior angle. ‘This species may at once be distinguished 
from the other two common species, S. vetulus (O. F. Miiller) and S. 
expinosus (Koch), by the head, which is decidedly angled below and 
has many small spines (Plate LIX, fig. 4). The sculpture of the shell 
consists of nearly parallel lines (Plate LIX, fig. 5), but anastomosing 
here and there and in certain parts of the shell making an irregular 
network. 

This species was found in but one of the lots of material, that col- 
lected at St. Marys River, Lewis Inlet, Labrador, July 12, 1906. In 
this lot of material it was fairly well represented. No males were 
found. The distribution of this species includes Europe and both 
North and South America. 


Family LYNCODAPHNID. 
Genus OPHRYOXUS Gr, Oz cars, 1861 
OPHRYOXUS GRACILIS G. O. Sars. 
Plate LIX, fig. 6; Plate LX, figs. 1-4. 


Ofryorus gracilis G. O. Sars, Om de i Omegnen af Christiana forekom- 
mende Cladocerer, Christiana Vidensk, Selsk. Fordhandl, 1861, p. 16. 
Ophryozus gracilis G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer (Branchi- 
opoda, Ostracoda, Cirripedia), Christiana Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 
1890, No. 1, p. 45.—LILLJEBorG, Cladocera Suecise, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. 
Se. Upsala, 3d ser., XIX, 1900, p. 311, pl. x1, figs. 6-11; pl. Li, figs. 1-10. 

Length of females about 1.80 mm. 

The outline of a female specimen of this species is shown in Plate 
LX, fig. 1. There is less variation in the outline of this species than 
in the two previously noted. The pigment fleck is small and close to 
the insertion of the antennula. The antennula (Plate LIX, fig. 6) is 
an organ of complicated structure. There is a double row of setz 
along the proximal half of the inner margin, the distal portion being 
only slightly spinose, as is the whole of the outer margin. Very near 
the upper end is the sense seta, longer and somewhat stouter than the 
setee of the inner margin. Close to this is a large pigment fleck which, 
in these specimens, seemed to be larger than those usually found in 
this species. At the distal end of the antennula are three lanceolate 
projections and several shorter, smaller ones. One point which has 
not been particularly noted is the peculiar median constriction in the 
lanceolate spines. This is shown in Plate LIX, fig. 6. 

The post-abdomen (Plate LX, fig. 2) has, besides the strong ter- 
minal claws, a series of smaller projections. These are not smooth 
as usually shown but, as may be seen in the enlargement of the fourth 
projection (Plate LX, fig. 3), are fringed on the posterior border by 
filamentous projections decreasing in length toward the base. The 
various appendages have a complicated structure, as may be seen 
from the figure of the second foot (Plate LX, fig. 4). 


No, 1589. FRESH- We TER CR eee & USHMAN. 109 


from St. os hte. Labrador, only 12. 1906. Bal ee Cente 
were present. The small number of specimens found is surprising, 
as this species is a northern one, being found in the northern part 
of Europe and America. 


Genus MACROTHRIX Baird, 1843. 
MACROTHRIX HIRSUTICORNIS Norman and Brady. 


Plate LX, figs. 5-7; Plate LXI, fig. 1. 

Macrothrix hirsuticornis NorMAN and Brapy, A Monograph of the British 
Entomostraca, Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumberland and Durham, I, 
1867, p. 10, pl. xxii, figs. 6, 7.—LILLJEBorG, Cladocera Sueciie, Nova 
Acta Reg. Soc. Se. Upsala, 3d ser., XIX, p. 346, pl. v, figs. 6-14. 

Length of females a little less than 1 mm. 

The general appearance of this species is shown in Plate LX, fig 5. 
The pigment fleck is nearly as large as the eye and is directly below 
it. The antennula (Plate LX, fig. 6) is long and club-shaped with 
a long sensory seta near the proximal end. The anterior margin has 
several rows of short sete increasing in number in the rows as the 
distal end is approached. The posterior margin is nearly smooth. 
At the distal end of the antennula are two long lanceolate projec- 
tions and several shorter more slender ones. 

The antenna (Plate LXI, fig. 1) has the outer two joints of each 
ramus with a series of short sete. The three-jointed ramus has a 
long process from the basal joint with short spines instead of the 
ciliary sete of the others. The post-abdomen is shown in Plate LX, 
fig. 7 

A few specimens of this species were found in the material from 
Funk Island, Newfoundland, collected by Mr. Bryant, May, 1906. 

This species is widely distributed in the Old World but has not 
previously been reported from America. In some of its characters 
this approaches the more northern forms of the species. 


Genus ACANTHOLEBERIS W. Lilljeborg, 1858. 
ACANTHOLEBERIS CURVIROSTRIS (O. F. Miiller). 
Plate LXI, figs. 24. 
Daphne curvirostris O. F. Murer, Zoologie Danice Prodromus, 1776, p. 
200, No. 2403. 
Acantholeberis curvirostris LILLJEBORG, De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus; 
Cladocera, Ostracoda, et Copepoda, in Scania occurrentibus, 1853, p. 
52, pl. iv, figs. 5-7; pl. xx, figs. 10, 11: Cladocera Sueciz, Nova Acta 
Reg. Soe. Se. Upsala, 3d ser., XIX, 1900 Np. Sid pl rv, fig. 7 pl: 
Lyi11, figs. 1-17. 
Length of females about 1.5 mm. 
The outline and general appearance of this species is shown in 
Plate LXI, fig. 2. The eye is large and the pigment fleck very small 


710 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. xxxm. 


and close to the point of the rostrum. The antennula (Plate LX, fig. 
3) is claviform with the anterior border set with short spines through- 
out its length. The sensory seta is near the proximal end. The 
distal end of the antennula is obliquely truncate, slightly spinose, 
especially on the posterior angle, and with about nine lanceolate 
processes of varying lengths. The antenne (Plate LXI, fig. 4) have 
the margins of the joints spinose. From the basal joint of the three- 
jointed ramus is a long process, longer than any of the others and 
much stouter. The outer joint of this is armed with short, stout 
spines. 

A few specimens of this species were found in the material from 
Great Caribou Island, opposite Battle Harbor, Labrador, July 14, 
1906. This species is widely distributed in Europe and North 
America. 


Family LYNCEIDZ. 


Genus EURYCERCUS Baird, 1848. 
EURYCERUS GLACIALIS Lilljeborg. 
Plate LXI, fig. 5; Plate LXII, figs. 1-3. 


Hurycercus glacialis LILLJEBoRG, Contributions to the Natural History of the 
Commander Islands, On the Entomostraca collected by Mr. Leonhard 
Stejneger, on Bering Island, 1882-83, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 
p. 154; Cladocera Suecize, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Se. Upsala, 3d ser., 
XEX 1900) 9.393) ple mx figs dade plots, figs; d=: 

Length of females about 4.5 mm. 

This is the largest species in the collections and one of the largest 
of the Cladocera. The outline and general appearance is shown in 
Plate LXII, fig. 1. The pigment fleck is small and placed some dis- 
tance back from the rostrum. The ornamentation of the shell is made 
up of a network of irregular polygonal meshes (Plate L.XII, fig. 3). 
The antennula (Plate LXI, fig. 5) is broadest near the basal portion 
and then gradually tapers toward the outer end. It is marked by rows 
of fine sete arranged in three rows as seen from one side. The distal 
end has a number of short spinose projections, and at the end of the 
antennula are inserted a number of elongated projections. The 
sense seta is close to the distal end of the antennula, thus differing 
from £’. lamellatus (O. F. Miiller), which has it at about the middle 
and broadest part. The post-abdomen (Plate LXII, fig. 2) is large 
and bordered by a row of closely set teeth. The borders of this part of 
the animal are much thicker and darker in color than in the common 
species 1’. lamellatus (O. F. Miller). 

A number of specimens of this species were found by Doctor Allen 
at Battle Harbor, Labrador, on July 14 and August 1, 1906, and on 
Great Caribou Island July 14, 1906. 


No. 1589. FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA—CUSHMAN. CLE 


This species was originally described from Bering Island, one of 
the Commander Islands off Alaska. It has also been found in Green- 
land, Nova Zembla, and along the Arctic coast of northern Europe. 
It is clearly an Arctic species and its occurrence in southern Labrador 
is only an added indication of the boreal conditions there, although 
so much farther south than most of the previous records. 


Genus CHYDORUS Leach; Baird 18483. 


CHYDORUS SPHERICUS (0. F. Miiller). 
Plate LXII, fig. 4. 

Lynceus sphericus O. F. MtLier, Entomostraca seu Insecta testacea, qui 
in aquis Daniz et Norvegiz reperit, descripsit, et iconibus illustravit, 
1785, p. 71, pl. rx, figs. 7-9. 

Chydorus sphericus Batrp, British Entomostraca, 1850, p. 126, pl. xvi, fig. 
8.—LILLJEBORG, Cladocera Sueciz, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsala, 3d 
ser., XIX, 1900, p. 561, pl. Lxxvir, figs. 8-25. 

Length of females about 0.40 mm. 

This small species is to be looked for in every collection of Cla- 
docera, as it has a worldwide distribution, being found in North and 
South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is found 
far inside the Arctic Circle in Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, and in 
warmer regions such as Algiers and Senegal. A number of speci- 
mens were obtained at Funk Island, Newfoundland, by Mr. Bryant 
in May, 1906. It was not obtained at Labrador, probably because 
no bottom material was taken, the forms being all surviving species 
and taken with a net. The post-abdomen is shown in Plate LXIIT, 


fig. 4. 
Order COPEPODA. 


Family CALANID. 


Genus DIAPTOMUS Westwood, 18386. 
DIAPTOMUS EISENI Lilljeborg. 
Plate LXII, figs. 5, 6. 


Diaptomus ciseni LILLIEBORG, in De Guerne, J., and Richards, J.; Revision 
des Calanides d’eau douce, Mém. Soe. Zool. Fr., II, 1889, p. 96, pl. 1, figs. 
19, 20, 33. 
Length of males about 3.5 mm. 

. The fifth feet of the male of this species are shown in Plate LXIT, 
fig. 6, and the tip of one of the stylets in fig. 5. This is a compara- 
tively large species and was found in considerable numbers by Doctor 
Allen at Battle Harbor, Labrador, July 14, 1906. The species is 
common to Europe and America, and is widely distributed in this 
country. For help in the identification of this species I am indebted 
to Mr. A. S. Pearse, to whom specimens were submitted. 


(> PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL. XXxIIt. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLATE LVIII. 
Herpetocypris testudinaria, new species. 


Fig. 1. Shell from side. X 20. 

. Shell from below. X 20. 

. Anterior border of shell. X 465. 
. “Lucid spots” of shell. X 45. 
. Antennula. X T5. 

. Antenna. X 75. 

>, Hirst foot. x. 75: 

. Second foot. X 75. 

. Abdominal furca. X 75. 

10. Tip of furca. X 100. 


bo 


DADrTA w 


Je) 
co 


PLATE LIX. 
Daphnia puler (De Geer). 


. Outline of female from side. xX 25. 
2, Outline of head of female from side. X 55. 
3. Furca of female. X 55. 


eI 
gg 
Ne 


Simocephalus serrulatus (iXoch). 


4, Outline of female from side. X 25. 
5. Shell sculpture. X 25. 


Ophryoxus gracilis G. O. Sars. 


6. Antennula of female. X 125. 


PLATE LX. 
Ophryorus gracilis G. O. Sars. 


Fig. 1. Outline of female from side. X 25, 
2. Furea of female. X 125. 
3. Fourth small claw of furca. X 240. 
4. Second foot of female. X 125. 


Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady. 


5. Outline of female from side. X 55. 
6. Antennula of female. X 125. 
7. Furea of female. X 90. 


PLATE LXI. 
Macrothria hirsuticornis Norman and Brady. 
Fig. 1. Antenne of female. X 90. 
Acantholeberis curvirostris (O. F. Miiller). 


. Outline of female from side. X 55. 
. Antennula of female. X 240. 
Antenna of female. X 55. 


ww bo 


- 


No. 1589. 


Fig. 


on 


© ne 


FRESH- WATER CRUSTACEA—CUSHMAN. 713 


Burycercus glacialis Lilljeborg. 


. Antennula of female. X 125. 


PEATE DAG. 


Burycercus glacialis Lilljeborg. 


. Outline of female from side. X 20. > 
. Post abdomen of female, xX 40. 
. Shell sculpture. X 55. 


Chydorus sphericus (O. F. Miiller). 


. Furea of female. X 240. 


Diaptomus eiseni Lilljeborg. 


. Caudal stylet of male. X. 55. 
. Fifth feet of male. X 55. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. LVIII 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 712. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. LIX 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 712. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIlIl PL. LX 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 712. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII PL. LXI 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 712-713. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIIl PL. LXII 


z 
2 
E 
A 


a" 


Sy 
\ 


FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA FROM LABRADOR AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 


For EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 713. 


ON A COLLECTION OF THYSANOPTEROUS INSECTS 
FROM BARBADOS AND ST. VINCENT ISLANDS. 


By Henry James FRANKLIN, 
Of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst. 


Most of the specimens on which this paper is based were collected 
in different parts of Barbados Island during the summer of 1905 by 
Mr. C. C. Gowdey, a student in the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege. The facts concerning localities, food, plants, dates of capture, 
etc., were also supphed by Mr. Gowdey. 

Of the eleven districts in the island, three, namely, St. Michael, 
St. Thomas, and St. Peters are represented, there being in all 316 
specimens from Barbados, representing 9 species of which 4 appear 
to be new to science. Thirty-four specimens of /7eliothrips are from 
the island of St. Vincent, having been collected there in March, 1905, 
by Mr. H. A. Ballou, Government Entomologist, British West Indies. 
As the Thysanoptera in this part of the world have received little 
attention the collection is interesting, not only on account of the new 
forms which it contains but also because of the added knowledge 
which it furnishes concerning the distribution of those already 
known. ‘Two of the species more commonly found here are most 
closely alhed with very well-known and common European forms. 
It may also be mentioned that eliothrips hemorrhoidalis, so 
abundant in a large portion of the world, is represented by numer- 
ous specimens, and three species, so far as known, restricted to the 
Western Hemisphere, are also present. 


Family H#OLOTHRIPIDA. 


Of this family there is but a single immature specimen which T 
have been unable to determine with certainty. 


Family THRIPID &. 
This family is represented by four species, as follows: 
1. EUTHRIPS INSULARIS, new species. 
Plate LXIII, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7; Plate LXV, figs. 19, 24. 
Female.—Length, 1.48 mm. to 2.12 mm.; width of mesothorax, 


0.31 mm. to 0.43 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, 0.33 mm. to 0.45 
mm. General color brown. 


PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. XXXIII—No. 1590. 
715 


716 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


Head from 12 to 14 times as wide as it is long; widest across the 
eyes, very slightly narrowed behind; square in front. Vertex slightly 
elevated between the bases of the antenne. A rather conspicuous 
ridge runs transversely across the back of the head at some distance 
behind the eyes. There are, besides this, a few other similar but 
much less conspicuous ridges running parallel with it on the same 
general part of the head. Eyes large (occupying together about two- 
thirds the width of the head), conspicuous and with a slight tendency 
to protrude. Ocelli fully as large as the facets of the eye, and well 
separated; the two posterior ones almost touching the margins of 
the eyes; yellow in color and bordered with dark reddish crescents. 
Cheeks nearly straight, bulging but slightly. Spines between ocelli 
on each side long and conspicuous; postocular spines shorter but yet 
very prominent. Face (ventral view of head, fig. 5) with a large 
and conspicuous spine on each side of the middle at some distance 
behind the eyes also with a rather conspicuous pair, the two nearer 
the middle line especially so, between the eyes and placed at some 
distance back from the bases of the antenne. On each side of the 
head, behind the eye, there is also a rather noticeable spine. On each 
side, in front of the anterior ocellus, there is a small but characteris- 
tic spine. There are other spines on the head, both above and below, 
but these are the most remarkable. Mouth cone pointed and rather 
slender, reaching back two-thirds across the prosternum; maxillary 
palpi three segmented, the basal segment being fully twice as thick 
as the apical one. Antenne about as long as the head and prothorax 
taken together, inserted a little below the margin, their bases sep- 
arated by little more than one-fourth the thickness of the basal 
segment; relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Num berofesegment ss = 5522s see eee 3 45D) 65 Gigs 
Spaces of micrometer covering it- ---- 9.5 13.8 20.3 19.9 15 20 4.7 5.1 


The three basal segments thickest, the first being thicker than the 
second and the second thicker than the third; fifth and sixth sub- 
equal. First segment rounded conical in form, somewhat thicker 
than long; second cup-shaped, the third and fourth fusiform. Spines 
on the antenne for the most part quite strong and conspicuous, dark 
colored. Sense organs well developed; cones on segments three and 
four forked. Color of segment one and two brown; three and four 
yellow, four slightly tinged with brown on its apical half; five yellow 
at base, light grayish brown at apex; six, seven, and eight grayish 
brown. 

Prothorax rounded, one and one-half times as broad as long; about 
one and one-fourth times as wide as the head; from 1.15 to 1.3 times as 
long as the head; bearing a pair of long stout spines at each angle of 
the notum; also one short anteriorly directed spine standing close to 


no. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. (aur 


the lower one of each anterior pair. Between the upper spines of the an- 
terior pairs there are two much smaller ones near the anterior border 
of the prothorax, one on each side of the middle line. Between the 
two upper spines of the pairs on the posterior angles a row of shorter 
ones runs along the hind border; of these the second from the median 
line on each side is much the stoutest and longest. Color of protho- 
rax a somewhat lighter brown than that of the head, about like that 
of the pterothorax and abdomen. Mesothorax about one and one-half 
times as wide as the prothorax; mesonotal plate with one strong 
and conspicuous spine on each lateral angle and with one median and 
two lateral spines on each side near the posterior margin. Mesoster- 
num with one long conspicuous spine on each side, placed near the 
lateral angle. Metathorax tapering slightly but distinctly posterior- 
ly, distinctly narrower than mesothorax; width at posterior end only 
about four-fifths the greatest width of the mesothorax.. Endotho- 
racic invagination of metathorax Y shaped. Metasternum with a long 
conspicuous spine somewhat behind the middle on each side. Meta- 
notal plate bearing four spines at the anterior edge, the middle pair 
being very much more stout and conspicuous. 

Wings about reaching the anterior margin of the seventh abdom- 
inal segment; breadth at middle about one-twelfth their length ; some- 
what shaded with brown except the basal fourth which is clear; 
scale often shaded somewhat as well as the costa at the base; fringes 
of both the fore and hind wings rather strongly stained with brown. 
Each fore wing has two longitudinal veins extending from base to 
tip which bear spines at regular intervals as follows: Costa 22 to 
28; fore vein 20 to 23; hind vein 15 to 18; scale 5, besides a pair at 
the tip; a light sparse fringe on costal border of each wing; posterior 
fringes long, heavy, and with the individual hairs quite erinkly in 
the middle. Wings bearing, besides the spines and fringes, numerous 
minute spines arranged in rows which run lengthwise of the wing. 
General surface of the legs with a considerable number of spines; 
each tibia with a pair at its extremity; posterior tibia each with a 
conspicuous longitudinal comb-like row of seven or eight rather stout 
spines on the inner side; posterior tarsi with the basal segment of each 
bearing several spines at its distal end. Coxe and femora brown, 
sometimes very light, the anterior pair tipped slightly with yellow. 
Fore tibize yellow, middle and hind tibiwe deep brown, sometimes 
slightly tipped with light yellow; all the tarsi light yellow, with a 
small but conspicuous dark spot on their inner sides toward their 
tips. 

“Abdomen elongate ovate in general outline, at base only about 
three-fourths as wide as the metathorax, widest at fifth and sixth 
segments, pointed at apex, two and one-half to three times as long as 
broad, brown and with brown spines, those toward the tip being long 


718 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXIII, 


and heavy, tenth segment with apical three-fourths split above. Each 
ventral abdominal plate in front of the base of the ovipositor, except 
segments one and two, with a transverse row of six prominent spines 
on the posterior border, three on each side of the middle line. Pos- 
terior border of the eighth dorsal plate denticulate. Ventral pleural 
plates strongly denticulate behind. Each dorsal pleural plate with 
a strong spine on its lower posterior corner. 

Type.—Cat. No. 11860, U.S.N.M. 

Described from fifteen females (cotypes), of which six (one slide) 
are deposited in the collection of the United States National Museum 
and the remaining nine (three slides) in the collection of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College. There are also numerous paratypes 
in the collection of the latter institution. 

Male.—Length, 0.96 mm. to 1.5 mm.; width of head, 0.17 mm. to 
0.22 mm.; width of prothorax, 0.18 mm. to 0.28 mm.; width of meso- 
thorax, 0.23 mm. to 0.838 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, 0.21 mm. 
to 0.82 mm. Color gray-brown to brown, generally lighter than the 
female; head and apical segments of the abdomen the darkest por- 
tions; pterothorax generally hghtest. Antenne about two and one- 
third times as long as the head; relative lengths of segments as 
follows: 

AS p25 eT Oe a ieee 
7.8 9.8 15.2 15.2 11.4 14.4 3.1 3.8 


Wings reaching but ttle beyond the anterior border of the seventh 
abdominal segment. 

The third to seventh, inclusive, ventral abdominal plates each with 
a transverse sole-shaped marking in the middle, this marking being 
about one-half as long as the plate is wide. Abdomen widest at 
the fourth segment. Anterior femora thickened, about two-fifths as 
wide as the head, proportionally thicker than in the female. On the 
middle of each side and on each posterior angle of the ninth abdom- 
inal segment is a very large strong spine, and a similar one is present 
on each posterior dorsal angle of the tenth segment. All these spines, 
as well as most of the others of any prominence on the apical seg- 
ments, are dark colored. 

Described from thirteen specimens (cotypes) of which four (two 
slides—one of these being the slide which has the female type speci- 
mens) are deposited in the collection of the United States National 
Museum and the remaining nine (five slides) in the collection of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Food plants—Black willow, Bonaviste (a legume), eddoe (a va- 
riety of yam), bean, roses (several varieties), guinea grass, potato, 
papaw, pepper, tobacco, white wood, Cordia (red), woolly pyrol, Con- 
volvulus, ground nut, arrow root, yam, flamboyant. Usually found 
on flowers and in colonies. 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. 719 


Specimens t taken at Glendor, St. Michael; Newstead, St. Peters; 
Cane Garden, St. Thomas; Spring, St. owes: St Anns) St. 
Michael; Belle, St. Michael; Bellevue, St. Michael; Walmoral Lodge, 
St. Michael. Dates of capture range from July 20 to September 5. 

This species is most closely allied to the European Luthrips vulga- 
tissimus (Haliday). It may, however, be separated from that species 
by the presence of postocular bristles and by the color of the males. 
This appears to be the most common species in Barbados, as it is 
represented in the collection by 135 females and 47 males. 

An unusual deformity is the double front ocellus seen in one of the 
males. 

2, EUTHRIPS DTRITICL (Fitch). 

Of this species there are 64 females and 20 males in the collection. 
It seems to be the second most abundant species in the island. In Bar- 
bados this insect was taken on the following new food plants: Black 
willow, tomato, frangipani, papaw, watermelon, cotton, horse-radish 
tree, Hibiscus, Crotolaria, white wood, bean, /pomea, Bermuda lilies, 
and eddoe (a variety of y am). 

Specimens t taken at St. Anns, Belle, Glendor, Bellevue, Waterford, 
Pine Estate, and Walmoral Lodge, St. Michael; Cane Garden and 
Spring, St. Thomas; Newstead, St. Peters. On flowers and leaves, ' 
often in colonies. Dates of capture ranging from July 12 to August 22. 


3. HELIOTHRIPS HASMORRHOIDALIS (Bouche). 


This species is represented by 27 females and several larval speci- 
mens. A common greenhouse pest in Europe and the United States, 
and in those parts of the world confined almost entirely to green- 
houses. This species is found in the open in St. Vincent and Barba- 
dos. It is evidently a tropical species. Some of its food plants in St. 
Vincent are cacao, and kola, and in Barbados it is found on date 
palms. 

Specimens taken on St. Vincent and at Glendor, St. Michael, Bar- 
bados. Insects found in colonies on leaves and flowers. 

The larvee of this species, at least as they approach maturity, are 
yellow in color and have the abdomen for the most part covered over 
with small, wart-like elevations. Most of the hairs on the body, 
except at the tip of the abdomen, are knobbed. The apical abdominal 
segments are somewhat tubular, and thus present an appearance sim- 
ilar to that seen in the Phleeathripide. These apical segments are 
usually slightly stained on the sides with brown. 


4. HELIOTHRIPS RUBROCINCTUS (Giard). 
Plate LXIV, figs. 10, 14; Plate LXV, figs. 17, 20, 21. 
Female.—Length, 0.92 mm. to 1.42 mm.; width of head, 0.16 mm. 
to 0.23 mm.; width of prothorax, 0.20 mm. to 0.25 mm.; width of 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii—07——46 


. 


720 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XXXIII. 


¥ 


mesothorax, 0.31 mm. to 0.36 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, -0.38 
mm. to 0.41 mm. Color of head and thorax rather lght brown, 
abdomen usually very dark brown, in some specimens almost black, at 
tip much lighter. Entire body, together with the legs, showing retic- 
wlating chitinous thickenings over a good share of its surface. These 
are heaviest on the head, the sides of the pterothorax, the sides of the 
dorsum of the abdomen, and on the femora. Head fully one and one- 
half times as wide as long, outline very irregular and rough; cheeks 
rather bulging behind the eyes, slightly notched a lttle behind the 
middle. Eyes protruding somewhat, the two together occupying 
nearly one-half the width of the head. Ocelli large and yellow in 
color, the posterior pair widely separated from the borders of the 
eyes; all margined inwardly by dark reddish crescentric pigmenta- 
tion. Dorsal surface of head with a rather strong conspicuous spine 
in front of each posterior ocellus; there are three other less conspic- 
uous spines on each side of the dorsal surface behind the eyes, and 
the extreme sides of the head bear still others. Dorsal surface of head 
strongly reticulated except toward the posterior margin. Frons not 
reticulated; bearing a considerable number of rather conspicuous 
spines; in front there is a single spine on each side not far from the 
base of the antenna; on each side, almost straight behind these, there 
is a single similar one not quite back to the middle-of the eye; behind 
these, on each side close to the margin of the eye, there are two similar 
spines: several others like these are present toward the posterior mar- 
gin of the frons. Mouth cone not reticulated, pointed, but with 
broadly rounded labium, reaching to the anterior border of the me- 
sosternum. Maxillary palpi two segmented, the second segment 
nearly twice as long as the first. Antenne: about two and one-fifth 
times as long as the head, their bases separated by about twice the 
thickness of the basal segment. Relative lengths of segments as 
follows: 

6 


Diag 8 
8 10.8 7.3 


alt 
3:8 725 


ie eae 
if 


Segment one short cylindrical; two much the thickest, reticulated 
and constricted at the base; three and four modioliform; five nar- 
row at base but broad at distal end where it is quite squarely cut off; 
six abruptly constricted at base, narrowest at distal end; seven con- 
siderably thicker at base than at apex; eight slender and tapering 
eradually to apex, where it bears a single very long slender bristle. 
Segments one and two brown; three light translucent, slightly tinged 
with grayish brown on the distal half; four light translucent, slightly 
tinged with grayish brown about the middle; basal half of five light 
translucent, shading into brown on distal half; six brown; seven 
and eight light grayish brown. 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. orl 


Spines on the six basal segments for the most part very long, dark 
colored and conspicuous; those on the third, fourth, and fifth seg- 
ments especially so; the conspicuous spines on these three segments 
arise from somewhere near around the middle of the segments. The 
third and fourth segments each bear prominent and well-developed 
forked sense cones. 

Prothorax transverse, only about two-thirds as long as the head but 
from two to two and two-thirds times as wide as it is long; rounded 
at the angles; rather suddenly constricted in front; surface finely 
cross striated; on the extreme sides of the anterior margin there is 
a single noticeable rather short curved spine on each side: also near 
this margin, on each side of the dorsum, there is a single noticeable 
spine at some little distance from the middle line; near each posterior 
angle there is another similar spine, and near the hind margin on 
each side of the middle line there is still another. Mesothorax 
strongly reticulated on the sides; mesoscutum with a pair of notice- 
able spines on each side, placed toward the extreme sides, the hinder 
one of each pair being somewhat the smaller; on each side of and 
at some distance from the middle there is another pair of spines, 
the hinder spine of each pair being stronger than the anterior one 
and placed at a greater distance from the middle line. Surface of 
mesoscutum finely cross striate like the pronotum; mesosternum not 
reticulated except on its extreme sides; metathorax shehtly narrower 
than mesothorax; metascutum strongly reticulated with a small but 
noticeable spine on each side almost on the anterior margin and not 
very far from the angles; there is also a pair of very conspicuous 
spines, one on each side, at about the middle of the median triangular 
portion. Sides of metathorax strongly reticulated; metasternum 
not reticulated except on extreme sides. Endothoracic invaginations 
of metathorax extending forward shghtly-into the mesothorax. Fore 
wings uniform brown in color, reaching to or beyond the end of the 
abdomen; rather slender (about thirteen times as long as they are 
wide in the middle) but apparently quite powerful; hind fringes 
very long, more than one-half as long as the wings themselves, con- 
colorous with the wings as are also the scales. 

Spines on veins long and stout, dark colored and set at uniform 
distances except toward the tip of the wing where they are less reg- 
war and farther apart; the costa bears thirteen or fourteen, fore 
vein ten to twelve, hind vein ten or eleven, scale three or four besides 
a pair at its tip. Anterior fringe of fore wings of strong but not 
very long hairs, concolorous with the spines on the veins, much darker 
brown than the wings themselves. Hind wings with their outer 
halves strongly tinged with brown but with their basal halves light 
and clear; with a very noticeable vein of a darker color than the 
remainder of the wing running down the middle of each; both fore 


722 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XX XIII. 


and hind fringes very strong, concolorous with the hind fringes of 
the fore wings. Legs rather short and thick, the fore pair shortest 
and hind pair longest. Coxe and femora brown; tibize brown at 
base but shading out more or less to very light translucent yellow at 
distal ends; posterior tibia armed with a pair of stout spines at the 
tip; tarsi all light colored; coxe, femora, and tibiz all reticulated, 
the femora very strongly so, and bearing strong spines. 

Abdomen rather elongate-ovate, poimted at tip; reticulated but 
little on the middle of the dorsal segments but very strongly so on 
the sides and on the pleural plates; ventral surface not reticulated. 
Across each of the second to eighth dorsal plates, inclusive, some- 
what back from its anterior margin, runs a very noticeable irregular 
thickening. On the hinder margin of the eighth dorsal plate is a 
transverse row of long comb-like teeth, which, on account of their 
color, are very inconspicuous and can only be seen with difficulty 
even with the high powers of the microscope. On each side of each 
of the second to eighth ventral plates inclusive are three very notice- 
able spines, placed at about the middle of the segment. There are 
conspicuous spines on nearly all the dorsal segments; those on seg- 
ment ten being for the most part small and weak; while those near 
the posterior dorsal margin of segment nine are very large and 
strong. The areas on the dorsal plates, which are not reticulated, 
bear numerous minute spines. Abdomen much darker colored than 
head or thorax, usually with the tip much lighter, the apical segment 
being about as ight as the thorax. In many specimens a band of 
bright red hypodermal pigmentation is to be seen in segments one, 
two, and three of the abdomen; in nearly all specimens a small patch 
of similar pigment is noticeable at the tip of segment ten and usually 
protruding somewhat from it. Redescribed from seven specimens. 
I have redescribed this sex as Giard’s description does not seem to 
be sufficiently complete. 

Male.—Length, 1.07 mm.; width of head, 0.18 mm.; width of pro- 
thorax, 0.17 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.28 mm.; width of meta- 
thorax, 0.25 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, 0.24 mm. General 
color much like that of female. Relative lengths of antennal seg- 
ments: 

ees 


Teas 
5 10 18 15.5 8.5 


Wings relatively shorter than in the female, not reaching the end 
of the abdomen. Abdomen blunt at the end, with two pairs of very 
large and characteristic dark-colored spines on the posterior part of 
the dorsum of the ninth segment, the smaller of these two is situ- 
ated immediately behind the larger and the spines of both pairs are 
close together, one on each side of the middle line of the abdomen. 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. (23 


On each of the third to seventh ventral abdominal plates, inclusive, 
there is a single round very noticeable median spot or marking of a 
slightly lighter color than that of the surrounding integument lo- 
‘ated near the anterior margin of the segment. The abdomen is 
constricted slightly and broadly in front of the ninth segment. The 
reticulated areas on the abdomen have about the same arrangement 
as in the female. 

Described from a single specimen (presumably the type of this sex, 
as Giard*appears to have described only the female) deposited in the 
collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Specimens taken on St. Vincent Island, British West Indies, on 
cacao and kola. Found in colonies on leaves and flowers. 

Larva.—aAt least in their later stages the larve are bright yellow 
with a wide bright red hypodermal pigment band running across the 
base of the abdomen on the upperside and with the abdomen tipped 
with bright red on account of the hypodermal pigment. The pos- 
terior corners of some of the intervening segments are also often 
touched shghtly with red. Head also usually irregularly mottled 
more or less, especially about the eyes with reddish or orange pig- 
ment. 

Mature nymph—tLength, about 0.92 mm.; width of thorax, about 
0.27 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, about 0.87 mm. Colored in 
general like the adult insect but lighter as a rule, especially the abdo- 
men; the band of red pigment at the base of the abdomen is quite 
noticeable. Shape more chunky than that of the adult, the segments 
of the body being drawn closely together. Wings rather darker than 
in adult. Red pigment at apex of abdomen conspicuous. The wing 
pads reach to about the seventh segment. 

This species was originally described by Giard as Physopus rubro- 
cincta, but its structure places it very clearly in the genus /Zeliothrips. 
Tt is a great pest on cacao in the West Indies, having been reported 
from Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, and Guadeloupe. It is said to 
have the cashew tree, the guava, and the Liberian coffee among its 
food plants. While apparently closely allied it does not seem to be 
the same species of Thrips, which has been reported as injurious to 
cacao in Ceylon. The following references concerning this insect are 
important : 

1. Giard, A., Bull. Soc. de France, 1901, pp. 2638-265. (Original description. ) 

2. West Indian Bulletin, II, 1901, pp. 175-180. (Figs. 1, 2. (Treatment dis- 
cussed. ) 

3. West Indian Bulletin, II, 1901, pp. 288-289. 

4, Ballou, H. A., West Indian Bulletin, VI, 1906, pp. 94-97. 

5. Elot, A., Compt. Rend, Soc. Biol. Paris, LIX, pp. 100-102. 


~I 
No 
nS 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XX XIII. 


Family PHOEOTHRIPID A. 
Five species represent this family, as follows: 
1. ANTHOTHRIPS GOWDEYI, new species. 


Plate LXIII, fig. 8; Plate LXIV, figs. 15, 16; Plate LXV, fig. 23. 


Female.—Length, 1.01 mm. to 1.738 mm.; width of head, 0.14 mm. 
to 0.20 mm.; width of mesothorax, 0.21 mm. to 0.33 mm.; greatest 
width of abdomen, 0.21 mm. to 0.85 mm. General color deep brown, 
appearing irregularly mottled more or less with dark reddish or pur- 
ple hypodermal pigmentation, especially the thorax. 

Head of about equal length and breadth, yet often somewhat wider 
behind than in front; cheeks straight or very shgtly bulging behind 
the eyes. Vertex somewhat elevated between the bases of the an- 
tenne. Dorsal surface finely cross striated. Eyes small, finely 
faceted; ocelli quite large, much larger than the facets of the eyes, 
and well separated, bordered medially by dark red pigment cres- 
cents; anterior ocellus placed far forward, almost touching the bases 
of the antenne; posterior ocelli touching margins of eyes. Post- 
ocular bristles long and knobbed at the end. Mouth cone reaching to 
the middle of the prosternum, pointed, but with bluntly rounded 
labium. Antenne about one and one-half times as long as the head, 
with bases set very closely together. Relative lengths of segments as 
follows: 


2 hoe awe) Oem 
6.8 9.8 10.8 12.2 11.8 9.3 8.9 6.4 


Most of the segments quite thick for their length, the fourth being 
slightly thicker than any of the others, the third next thickest. 
Segment one truncate, conical; two constricted toward the base into 
a broad stalk, cut off squarely at end; three slenderly stalked at base, 
rather broadly rounded; four elliptical in general form, constricted 
at base to form a broad stalk; five and six oval in outline and also 
constricted at bases to form stalks; seven barrel-shaped ; eight conical. 
Segments one and two deep brown; three and four yellow; five yel- 
low but slightly tinged with brownish on distal half; six light brown- 
ish yellow; lighter at base; seven and eight deep brown, concolorous 
with the two basal segments. Spines weak; sense cones short, but 
mostly rather sharp pointed. 

Prothorax subequal in length with the head; broader behind Han 
in front; fore and hind margins nearly parallel gently curved; pro- 
notum bears on each side of its front part a pair of spines; of its 
middle portion, a single spine; of its hind portion, a pair of spines; 
all these are conspicuous and knobbed. Mesothorax somewhat wider 
than prothorax; sides of pterothorax nearly straight, but metathorax 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. 725 


narrowing slightly posteriorly; fully as wide as it is long. Legs 
rather long and slender; fore femora only slightly thickened; fore 
tarsi one segmented and armed with a tiny tooth within. All the 
coxe and femora and the middle and hind tibiew and tarsi are brown 
in color, the tarsi being, however, somewhat lighter than the other 
segments; anterior tibiae brown at base but shading to yellow at apex; 
fore tarsi yellow but with a dark colored spot on the inside of the 
apical portion. Near the base of each posterio * and middle femur 
below and of each anterior femur in front is a single long slender 
spine, Wings present, narrowed in middle, tr ansparent ; ne fore 
pair slightly stained with brownish or yellowish at. the base, where 
they bear three long, knobbed spines on the remnant of the single 
median vein. Scale light brown. Fringes long, single, except nea1 
end of hind fringe of fore wing where it is double for five or six 
hairs. The front fringes of the fore wings are if anything longer 
than their hind fringes, and the hind fringes of the hind wings are 
longer than their front fringes. 

Abdomen at base shghtly wider than the pterothorax to which it 
is broadly joined, widest at base, tapering gradually to the tube. 
Tube about two-thirds as long as the head, tapering slightly; some- 
what more than one-half as wide at the apex as it is at the base; on 
the ventral side of the abdomen a strong chitinous rod runs forward 
a short distance from the base of the tube; some of the hairs at the 
end of the tube as long or longer than the tube itself. Spines on 
abdomen, for most part, slender, rather faint and inconspicuous, 
not knobbed; abdomen as a rule lighter brown in color than the rest 
of the body. 

Type.—Cat. No. 11361, U.S.N.M. 

Described from 21 females (cotypes), of which 10 (three slides) 
are deposited in the collection of the United States National Museum 
and 11 (three slides), besides numerous paratypes, in that of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. Of this species there were 31 
specimens in all in the collection, all females. Male unknown. 

Food plants. —Euphorbia, date palm, Crotolaria, morning glory. 
Usually on flowers, often in colonies. 

Specimens taken at Glendor, Belle, and Bellevue, St. Michael, and 
Cane Garden, St. Thomas, Barbados. Dates of capture ranging 
from July 21 to August 24. This species appears to have its closest 
ally in A. aculeata (Fabricius) of Europe. 


2. TRICHOTHRIPS NIGER, new species. 
Plate LXIII, figs. 4,9; Plate LXIV, fig. 11; Plate LXV, figs. 18, 22. 


Female—Length, 2.19 mm.; width of head, about 0.27 mm.; 
width of mesothorax, about 0.47 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, 


726 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VoL, XXXII. 


about 0.60 mm.; width of tube at anterior end, about 0.098 mm., at 
posterior end, about 0.047 mm. General color dark brown; abdomen, 
except toward base and at tip of tube, black. 

Head between one and one-fifth and one and one-sixth times as 
long as it is wide; somewhat widest just behind the eyes, nearly as 
wide at the posterior end, squarish in front; cheeks nearly straight, 
slightly bulging, set with scattered small, stout spines borne upon 
small warts; frons slightly elevated between the bases of the 
attennse; post-ocular bristles present and of good length, acute. 
Eyes small, finely faceted, not pilose, rounded, black by transmitted 
but dark red by reflected light; ocelli present, well separated, placed 
far forward on the head, distinctly larger than the facets of the 
eyes. Mouth cone reaching nearly to the posterior edge of the pro- 
sternum; labium broadly rounded at the end; maxillary palpi two seg- 
mented, the basal segment very short and rounded. Antenne eight 
segmented, with joints all distinct; nearly one and three-fourths 
times as long as the head. Relative lengths of segments as follows: 


Te ee er eg Cad eS 
10 14 24.2 24.9 22 16.3 11.4 9 


Segment one cylindrical, truncate; two constricted toward base 
into a broad stalk, cut off squarely at end; three to six clavate; seven 
cylindrical ovate; eight conical. Color of one and two brown, the 
latter lighter toward the apex; three yellow; four yellowish brown at 
base, shading into darker brown toward the apex; five brown, light- 
est at base; six, seven, and eight very dark brown. Sense cones fairly 
long; spines, for most part slender and weak. 

Prothorax about three-fifths as long as the head; fore coxe pro- 
jecting considerably beyond posterior angles and forming what ap- 
pear to be the prominent sides of the prothorax. On account of the 
dark color of the type specimen it is difficult to make out exactly 
where the prominent spines are placed on the pronotum, but it is 
certain that there is one on each side, somewhat removed from the 
middle line, close to the anterior margin; there is also a very promi- 
nent one on each posterior angle; somewhat in front of the hind mar- 
gin, about half way from the corner to the middle line on each side 
is still another; yet another is situated on each side somewhat in 
front of the middle and well toward the side margin; almost directly 
in front of this, on each side somewhat back from the front margin, 
another is noticeable. Mesothorax distinctly wider than the pro- 
thorax. Pterothorax concolorous with the prothorax, somewhat 
lighter than the head. Mesoscutum, metascutum, metascutellum, and 
pleuree somewhat reticulated. Legs rather long and slender, the mid- 
dle pair much the smaller; each fore coxa bears a single long and 
rather stout spine on its outer side; fore femora rather strongly en- 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. 727 


larged; each fore and middle femur bears a single very long erect 
ral slender spine in front near its base; each hind and middle tibia 
bears a similar long, slender, erect spine on its outer side toward its 
apex; each fore tibia bears two or three such spines, similarly lo- 
cated; fore tarsi armed with a strong tooth. All the coxee and femora 
and the middle and hind tibize deep brown in color; posterior tarsi 
lighter brown than tibiwe; middle tarsi ight yellowish brown; fore 
tibie light brown at base and quickly shading out into yellow; fore 
tarsi yellow with a noticeable dark spot on the inside of the apical 
portion; middle tarsi with a similar dark spot on the inside of the 
apical portion. Wings with their fringes not reaching the base of the 
tube; fringes long and heavy, rather dark brown in color, double for 
several hairs on had border of fore wing near the tip. Wings clear 
transparent. 

Abdomen broad and heavy, elongate ovate in outline, considerably 
wider at the middle than at the base, widest at the fourth segment: 
segments telescoped about two-fifths. Tube nearly as long as the 
head, some of the terminal spines nearly as long as the tube. Spines 
on apical segments as'a whole long, rather slender, yellowish. ‘The 
sides of the tube bear at intervals rather minute but conspicuous dark- 
colored spines. 

Described from one female (the type) deposited in the collection of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Male unknown. 

Specimen taken at Newstead, St. Peters, Barbados, on flower of 
La France rose, July 31. 


3. CEPHALOTHRIPS YUCC Hinds. 


This species has heretofore been reported only from Amherst, 
Massachusetts, and Washington, District of Columbia. There are 
two specimens in the collection from Barbados collected July 10 on 
flowers of Hibiscus at Pine Estate, St. Michael. 


4. CRYPTOTHRIPS ASPERSUS Hinds. 


This has, up to this time, been recorded from Amherst, Massa- 
chusetts, only. In the collection from Barbados it is represented by 
eight females and five males. These were collected on July 21 and 22 
at Glendor and Bellevue, St. Michael, and Cane Garden, St. Thomas, 
on Solanum, morning glory, and Crotolaria,; for the most part from 
the flowers, where they were solitary. 


5. CRYPTOTHRIPS FASCIAPENNIS, new species. 
Plate TAG hes. 125 als: 


Female.—Length, 1.96 mm.; length of head, 0.19 mm.; length of 
antenna, 0.85 mm.; width of head, 0.19 mm.; width of mesothorax, 


728 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXII. 


0.33 mm.; width of abdomen, 0.34 mm. General color brown; body 
irregularly mottled more or less with dark reddish hypodermal pig- 
mentation, especially in‘the head and thorax. 

Head squarish, slightly narrower in front than behind; cheeks 
straight; front produced considerably between the bases of the anten- 
ne; post-ocular bristles absent; frons bearing a very long spine on 
each side at about the middle of the eye and not far removed from 
its border; eyes rather small, together occupying about one-half the 
width of the head; ocelli present, the lateral ones placed rather 
closely to the margins of the eyes and not larger than their largest 
facets, anterior one not on the apex of prolonged vertex of head; 
mouth cone short, blunt and thick, reaching somewhat beyond the 
middle of the prosternum; labium broadly rounded; maxillary palpi 
two segmented, the basal segment being short and cylindrical and 
the apical one rather long and slender. Antenne borne on somewhat 
produced front of head; their bases separated by about one-half the 
width of their basal segment. Relative lengths of segments as fol- 
lows: 

ph 22" 3 Ae Cin Se 
10.5 12 20 18 16 15 10 10.1 


Second, fourth, and fifth segments thickest; one cylindrical; two 
constricted somewhat at base, truncate at apex; three very narrow at 
base, clavate; four, five, and six clavate; seven cylindrical; eight long 
conical. The four basal segments yellow; five yellow at base but 
somewhat shaded with brown at apex; six yellowish brown at base, 
apical two-thirds strongly shaded with brown; seven and eight deep 
brown. Spines slender and weak; sense cones simple, one on segment 
three and two each on segments four and five, rather long and blunt 
pointed. 

Prothorax considerably wider than and about two-thirds as long 
as the head. On or near each anterior and posterior angle there is 
a rather short but conspicuous knobbed spine; all other spines incon- 
spicuous. Pterothorax with sides nearly straight and parallel. Legs 
medium to rather long and slender; fore pair the shortest, hind pair 
the longest; fore femora somewhat thickened; fore tarsi unarmed ; 
each fore femur with a long, slender, erect spine toward the base 
within. Wings rather short and weak but with long, heavy, dark 
colored fringes; fore pair light brown in color with a transparent 
cross band somewhat before the middle and another similar one just 
before the tip; hind wings apparently entirely clear. 

Abdomen rather long and slender, cylindrical to about the ante- 
rior margin of the seventh segment, from which it tapers to the tube. 
Tube slightly more than two-thirds as long as the head, swollen some- 
what toward the base; some of the terminal hairs nearly as long as the 
tube. Spines on sides and toward the tip of abdomen long, rather 


No. 1590. ON SOME NEW WEST INDIAN THRIPS—FRANKLIN. 729 


slender, knobbed, very conspicuous, and toward the base of abdomen 
shorter and less prominent. There are two of these knobbed spines 
on each side of segments two to nine, inclusive; on the posterior seg- 
ments these spines are rather close together, but on the anterior ones 
rather widely separated, the inner ones being placed more than half 
way from the extreme sides to the middle line; on each side of the 
middle line of dorsal segments two to six, inclusive, is placed a single, 
rather short, conspicuous, acute, double-curved spine. The surface 
of dorsal segments two to seven, inclusive, is reticulated. 

Described from one specimen (the type) deposited in the collection 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Male unknown. 

Specimen captured at Glendor, St. Michael, on leaf of lime, 
July 15. 

This species is, in some ways, rather abnormal for Cryptothrips, 
and possibly a new genus should be erected for it, but I think it better 
for the present at least to leave it as a member of that genus. 

Herr H. Karny, in his paper Die Orthopterenfauna des Kiisten- 
gebietes von Osterreich-Ungarn,’ has incorrectly used the genus 
name Physapus. This name can not be applied to species of Thy- 
sanoptera, as it was first used by Leach for a genus of the Neurop- 
tera as Doctor Hinds has made clear. He has further erred in using 
the name ater for 2. vulgatissimus (Haliday), as ater was used by 
Degeer not as a specific name but as a part of a description. 


4 Berl. Entom. Zeitschr., LI, 1907, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL, XXXII. 


bo 


WS 


a 


ve 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE LNT. 


Euthrips insularis, new species. Dorsal view of end of abdomen of fe- 
male. 438, 

Kuthrips insularis, deformed antenna of female. 12°, 

Huthrips insularis, head, prothorax, antennz, and forelegs of female. 19°, 

Trichothrips niger, new species. Antenna of female. 13°. 

Euthrips insularis, face of female. %%. _ 

EKuthrips insularis, fifth ventral abdominal segment of female. 33. 

Euthrips insularis, end of abdomen of male. 125. 

Anthothrips gowdeyi, new species. Head, prothorax, antenne, and forelegs 
of female. 133. 

Trichotlirips niger, tabe of female. 122, 


PLATE LXIV. 


Fleliothrips rubrocinctus (Giard). Head, prothorax, antennee, and forelegs 
of female. 1%3. 

Trichothrips niger, foreleg of female. 12°. 

Cryptothrips fasciapennis, new species. Head and antenne of female. 125, 


’ Cryptothrips fasciapennis, end of abdomen of female. 12°. 


Heliothrips rubrocinctus, left fore wing of female. 4°. 


Anthothrips gowdeyi, left fore wing of female. 3. 
Anthothrips gowdeyi, dorsal view of end of abdomen of female. 19°. 


PLATE LXV. 


FHeliothrips rubrocinctus, ventral view of pterothorax of female. 14°. e, 
endothoracic invaginations; m, mesosternum; ¢, metasternum. 

Trichothrips niger, ventral view of pterothorax of female. 78. e, endo- 
thoracic invaginations; m, mesosternum; ¢, metasternum. 

Euthrips insularis, right fore wing of female. -4°. 

Heliothrips rubrocinctus, dorsal view of end of abdomen of female. 1?>. 

Fleliothrips rubrocinctus, dorsal view of end of abdomen of male. 1{°. 

Trichothrips niger, head of female. 5. 

Anthothrips gowdeyi, ventral view of pterothorax of female. 14°. e, endo- 
thoracic invaginations; m, mesosternum; ¢, metasternum. 

Kuthrips insularis, ventral view of pterothorax of female. 149%. e, endo- 
thoracic invaginations; m, mesosternum; t, metasternum. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIII PL. LXIII 


WEST INDIAN THRIPS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 730. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIll PL. LXIV 


——— 


~\ = > a 


14 


Wine 


WEST INDIAN THRIPS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 730. 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXIlIl PL. LXV 


WEST INDIAN THRIPS. 


FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 730. 


IND DRTD) SSS a ee Ia e UO Rae aoaao ae 


SCUCOTOStUS hae sae — ese as anna 612, 626 


Abbott, Mammals Collected in Western 
Borneo by Dr. W. L., by Marcus Ward 


WarQlal, We onconcseessoscages eae ee ees 547 
ENDUGetaUhaibJOnUSe =.= - sae ce see ee = on 245 
Supra lliSex= ots src crete Spe sleicPostany 2 101 

septem’ fasciatus...........-.--- 245 

IN Yeah VO beh SE ae oa een a eac ane ances seeaecer 587 
ACHE HI AS VD PATS als cles = eer et 457 
Acanthocephala). ---.-...------------------- 88 
INGATIGNOLGDELIS Sate cle soe ces cots cece nie 709 
CUEVALOSGLIS 22 ase soe 709 

JAgeHOUAM DNR ESS a SS GRb oe Saaeeespes seneeoeeee 247 
ACOUMPDUNIS, AM TMULAWUS <i. oi a= ioe oe 247 
NTGUMPE IS apse eo eeisieee tee e 247 

TAA H) Sea ce ose sec ooeee 247 

TUMDCLOSUS ae os sere er ata a 247 
Atcentroeneme kollamt 320. - ce e2<-95 2 ---o 591 
Acestrorhamphus jenynsil......-..-.------- 35 
Acestrorhynchus faleatus .........--.------- 34 
FaleinOStTISist =. scene sees 35 

FOUOK Sec sass eee ee oe 35 

IACUSEDIS. + 9-2 see == Se ase 35 

PROUITMOMM OUT esse eye a ne tone = aces 683 
Teal Huai Hye oS naar neers eet 686 

DMRVACINTAR «aoe see seas a 684 

pulehell aera nears eee eee as rr 686 
TODUSTIPINM ee eee eae a= 684 

Simplex se eee see ees ae 155 

PHO tNTIplO eM anan lee ake ows ceces See eee 715 
PNGSTIMTG come eee aries ea oe eee eee ae 271 
AGG NMIIED . cabo ecdad mide neon ER oReaaEoesaanes 271 
INGTON). <2 so cneasni abo bapa sano ssoSae ae a= 264 


Albatross in 1903. The Holothurians of the 
_ North Pacific Coast of North America 
Collected by the, by Charles Lincoln Ed- 


WEEE OLS eine 2 en nes aie sete Sects 49 
Wiehigneeetett eee see toe oe see eee ces 618 
lahore ecea seater oan oes 326 
JNGORG OIE RS CUE 5 So Gece aa sora Ho ome nna sane 242 
PMIEC LOND A IAVAGUEE Sere epee asa cena cate = 155, 684 
TICHOPUCLA ae 6 see ielger eaten ese em's 2 684 
JNMoyepigi meme Soce 55 Ss ee ches Ao spec eopeccee 276 
DAS RES Rte, nex poe aecisie ae sermcisicns 276 
PAIMQUITR crane ae eyes eee eee eee eae eee 514, 528 
(otsh ake bc (hegre tees see ey al ees Cees 528 
SATITIPA SSIS Sreieion oe Seto see ee eee east s 242 
America. New Marine Mollusks from the 
West Coast of, by Paul Bartsch ........-. 177 
American Mollusks of the Genus Triphoris. 
WICSt bi aul BaTUSC hs re) 2 = recieteialele sin- 249 


Page. 
American Parasitic Copepods; New Genera 
and Species of Caliginee. North, by Charles 


BranGhsWalSOnk oe ce aces lejos ae sparse 593 
ANTM ASCID GA sacs oeler sists 2 ates eas ese 242 
OLbICUIATISE =. -e- eee eee 242 

P Nisei OF pal nt FA oclopeme aCe raacan = AGS aS 541 
ATIADAS SCANOCNSEs wacec ce caeeceeerse tele ae 541 
Anacyrtus limessquamis. 3... 2-2. ...-2-.-<- 32 
Amchorellams cs cecesee- esse acces eeeee 625 
NZ ee eins sls se ie eee eres eee neste 625 

SCONMDR ese cee eases es sce ee 624 

JG NON ACH KOT ENCE e Se coc eopeepecesasee eer 239 
Anematichthys apogon.....--.------ Bree 589 
AtipelichtihnySCilia tise sajace see ss tis steins a =P 114 
I Noorqvill yack yobah a Chel: S oe oeeeee baaSeoupEoose. 239 
Ang uillidite sosee- coe e sae se cease sane enew cee 239 
JAvatisayexesoay onbise he See A eee Secesooecoce 274, 298 
OCCIPIL aise: esse ce me ae nese 298 

IGOR. Gove aun AmeaeanacsEsooouDs=rSoceSaT 271 
Ankyroderma, jefireysil..--=--.2:.-.:--.2-- 52 
TOLECZ iors = ei sreteia tee issnss i= area ia 52 


Annotated List of Characin Fishes in the 
United States National Museum and the 
Museum of Indiana University, with De- 
scriptions of New Species, by Carl H. 


Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle........-..-- 1 
ANO@UsVatlOres «asceeek aces seaecee ci BSricsbe 4 
PATI OIMOSOMP NUS seme es eee mse ere 275, 298 

heteropterus’ S222 22... -m< 299 

ATIOSLOMMIS WOES. nose eee ene ee eee uf 
faSClabusi ee. cen cee~ ocesloe eee it 

ISOpNaAtHUSE 222 c- <2 oe 2-22 Soe See a 
FATIOL OS ASLO DSe mer mre emia stress ra a ie eee 276 
ATT TCG OMe wants coat ocean ae insists = 70, 127, 683 
AD DOUUs seme vee ere Sas eee 130, 148 

aciledtdiss = So .tscte oes staccato 142 

ACNE: eee See ee ees ea Ane 680 

al bOHaVeisasscec casos acsee ees 129, 145 

AMUN WS ee kenee eee eee ee 128, 129, 136, 137 

TCU CH ecm as aeosee sete cen eee 71, 82, 83 
pisjoeimnberG Sant Semcon hoc eesstco 70,73 

SStOteeen eee eee eee a=ais2 .. 129,145 

lO}bikG ata 2 ROA SSe tke creme ers 671 
bimaculataesasaete ee ss acces 131, 150 

OWLS ste ee Seek. eerie 130, 148 
Dia Chy Meneses fa = aren aaa 71,77 

DTISCISS Aten oe. 5 nears nares see 71,83 

Ga Stare noc cc = sete 128, 132, 135 

CUS Gas se aces doses coca meee a 71, 81 

Clip ce eee oe sts ees alee ae cere 131 

COs Ae reise Sasa ees Jece ee ters 71,79 

CUNENSISE ictessetee teeter e eas 155 


(Gy: INDEX. 


Page. 
Antedon delicatissima.....-....-.. 130, 131, 149, 150 
diadema...... Bem ner eee Oan ee 129, 144 
Giomedesteee-e---ese see .--- 180,132, 146 
Giscifonmisee esc ssceececee eee esa 131 
ery thrizonee. se eestor 71, 79 
eschrichtil\ ee ceee aeseencees- 70, 75 
Var. MaAxiImae- sco]. 69 
flavopurpUteasaes-es-o-esee= 128, 131, 134 
Tra gilises ss seek eee eee eee 71, 80 
garrevtianaee see eee eee 129, 130, 142 
LC: 10: Hee ea a St aires ae 128, 137 
hartlawbit svessseoeo. see 70, 72, 151 
Nhawalliensisse. sssee eee eee eee 128, 152 
hephurnian geese eee ees 129 
Hondoensisy.. seater seers ne eaee 71,78 
IMCUS Ae /he:sos cle ae otocieleee leian rare 140 
inexpectataleosc2 ace see ee eee 70, 75 
PSUS Sees een oot eee ee ee ee 71, 82 
Naeodicen so. Sse e sete 70, 75 

Natainc ts tee ce steeeme ce aecisice 129, 140 
latipinna se eeae assesses ee 129 
NON PICHIT As ey-c= = fise ee meee 136 
MACTOPOdGee et esase sae eee eee 128,129 
IMBCYOPYLUS= = = los ee cles eee eee 84 

TEE es é ceo aseeannabasebsaprec 131 
IMATI Bese see eee secs see e ete 71,77 
MINOL=2< seed eee eee ease 129,144 
multicolor.....--. 128,130,131, 132, 150, 152 
TATE) 22 = croc eieayetes ete eeeerceeteee 84 
OTION? se ec esemee ae cece 129, 130, 143 
PET PlOXakee steerer neee se eee 70,74 
PLOPINGUPse = seties ee eee eae 128,133 
PUDESCENS -emeeee se ceee ae 129,138 
pulehella <2. 5.22 case eeseesecese 686 
1 9)0 (210 Us ee am oreo sare cBaoe 144 
quinquecostata .-...---.-..- 129,143,145 
PATA s, 215 cz = aisha cee seoesesemeceee ase 70,72 
Path buns ee see ese ee eee eee 70,76 
TUDORS 235, She se Se eee eee 130, 146 
TUDTONAVA tn. = soe cose eee eee 130,150 
SCalaTise fuse... cee nee ae eee 129,141 
SCPaTats =-G-c5-. -seeeeen eee 128, 133 
serratissimas) S282 scene ses eee CALS 
spimiferay5220)5- eset seen ee 152 
stylifer: (9.520 Greet ee eee 130,149 
12110001) 9 Ce eas, Sc Sie Beare ere 69 
tenelloides zed. ..-ceee eco teeee 70,73 
TENUIS 5.1. gen tet enesanmene cas Jaane 71,80 
thetiss cesses cme aaeee eee 128,151 
tPTINA ites oe een erate 130, 147 
WETSICOLOD sees vaste oe see eee 128, 132 
WillOSa\. <seeisees Saineenere ..-- 128,129,138 
Anthothripsigowdeyits.: 22.52. --eea-ee sees - 724 
MOnyxiCiINCTCA eee ee na sewoce sae eels eee 560 
Aphyocharax alburnus se s2e=- sesh saeeee 11 
anisitst: 22h. oe see ce scenaee 10 
Tathbunl yao esse sc sean eee 2,10 
SULAININGUSaaa-e eee eee ee 2,11 
Aplocheilus pameh ax. = 22 - tare ere weiner atawisar 540 
Aplodactyideert 22 22 S526 423-020 aeee menor 157 
Aplodactylid se seeste cna. - eee 163 
APOPONICH Uh yid coo eetetas eee eee 242 
Areocerus tasciculatus=--15----2.-222 =e 203 
Archamia lincolataeeneseeee-- eee aseeeee 242 
Archosargus probatocephalus............-- 624 


Axctogalidia stigma tica: << -14.4-)--2-- ees 559 


Page. 
Argus funduli-\--5 2 -...-\cls cemsecemereeceet 625 
laticaudas <% tn ces.cce eae eee 326 
MePgAalOPSisc == 20. -S- seers ee eee 326 
AMA TORAOEUSs siacic eine <-- ~ occ See eee 171 
barber! saaccssee eee eee 171,172 
ATEHTOPNEY-KUS seins cise eiys= sae ee eee 689, 694 
beringanus-3---2-2s4s--5 694,695 
ASCATIS q 215,515, dieis) cts Se jos oi clee Sie cicis cote oie 90 


Asia. Descriptions of New Species of Recent 
Unstalked Crinoids from the Coasts of 
Northeastern, by Austin Hobart Clark... 127 


Aspidogasternmingens.---5-- see eee eeeeees 104 
ASpidophorus puUsillus see. ese eee eee 645 
AspidophryxUsis.cuc.cce gat ao pee emcee 689 
Asteniasmmultina@iataesas- 2s -seeeseee eee 685, 687 
AASteTOdermus:. Sass uo eee eee carn so eee 461 
AStY ana cist cee ie oo otence enero 18 
abramig@os-. sis. sancnee eee cneee 28 

a LrabOen'SiSict<Gserecic ses heen 28 
ibimaculatus ie oe aeacee sees 27 

linea bis =s==-sseeee 27 

CATOLING seh ae nas noes Sack oe 22 

CallCanus:.. =. sacs soe oe cree aeee 28 

CUVICTISS 6 aa scascsceee cna -eee ce 19 
emperadorss.cns eee eee eee 3,26 
fasciatuse...seeceeeeee esos eee 19 
fisChert)...s.2224eceneeeeca seers 26 

iheringili 2a... S230 ase see 19 
mepralopsiesssce-ce eet ose eee 3,29 
IMEXIGANUS 2 <= =a -Heeee eee 25 
multinadiatussseos sees tesa aseeee 29 
orthodusss22-cn 2oe8e eceen cece ce 3,27 
phoenicopterus=.---sesesseesse eee 18 

Tutus eyo eee eee 18,19, 23 

CONUS 5 3: AS cee eee 24 
nicarazuensis:-----5--ees- 3,23 

Stilbe:< 5-2-2482) doce mee ee ereeee 28 
Atelecrinus balanoides. -..-...2:--.-.- 130,131,155 
cubensis=:2----- PaMaeese whee = 155,156 

pourtalesiss2 324s -Se sso ee ee 155,156 

TUDLONAVA Se occ eh eee 127 

stylifer. £2265 -ceetecee ete 3 127 

Atherina harringtonensis>-----5------eee ee 120 
JaCUNOSa scone ose ae ee 240 
ATHOLiNI dees 2 stare a tec acre aoe eee ee 240 
Avicula elegantulan- se... hence sees ease 48 
Aviculipecten kazanensis..............-.... 48 
Tichtholenieecss=c=s ee eee 47 

Bagrus heterunusece assess ee eseee esas 536 
MACTONEMIMUS a. ssaeee see cise se 536 
planiceps? <p 3a. 22s occas noes cess 536 
singaringamsoss- sesso ee ee eee 536 
Bairdiella chrysura..........-- Sete eR ee Se 624 
Balistesicanolinensis=22-a-22----2e¢ 99, 109,117,120 
VEITUCOSUS 3% = takes size snot eeseees 248 

Vebula.. s..-oeeeh ee ccna eee 101 
Balistide.: s.2.6 22. 2o cece gee oe wee eee 248 
Bambradonleeeoc-c-see ches seston eee 642,643 
WeeVIS: <5 s.Ao.c sce eo Mec Ceperee 643 


Barbados and St. Vincent Islands. Ona 
Collection of Thysanopterous Insects 
from, by Henry James Franklin.........- 715 
Barber. On Some Earwigs (Forficulide) 
collected in Guatemala by Messrs. Schwarz 
and, by Andrew Nelson Caudell.....-...-. 169 
Barbodes binotatus: - 2. <<<. esnie. see nie 538 


INDEX. 733 
Page. | Page. 
Barbodes MiCropSae~--es see seers = iets) || TIRE nea oe steno cone seceeerdeb eae 199 
Obbusinostriseme-. secee= 538  Blastobasid. Descriptions of New North 
TUD TPIS paeeeee ease a 538 American Tineid Moths, with a Generic 
aT DUS a pOLOM esac ee sae ee 539 Table of the Family, by Lord Walsingham 197 
binotatusse seen ce a eee Oden PHB IASLODASIS eee cok sae eee <= ae eee 202, 204 
TVAT | eo comcnoeuRaeesecessecagnos 537 phi diell yee. eee eee 205 
MACHA tINeeeeeesasee sseee eee 231,538 Ciiticolellaceaeeee a ee ereaeee 202 
TMICLO PSs see see Be esc ee ee = Sane 538 Gitrielldaa2 5s eee eae eee 202 
obtusirostris....-. Be tap tsar 538 coccivyorella....-- exes PS Mie ee 204 
quinquemaculatus.............----- 229 fluxella< 255s d2ocesteee cass 209 
MUP MUPUINI Sse ce yee sae anos sean 538 ETA CUILLN Cr as ee ee 202 
Bartsch, Paul, A New Fresh-Water Bivalve iceryaeell esse ce seek eee ay eee 210 
(Corneocyclas) from the Mee seat te eee tee aera Nae 201 
Mountains of Ecuador.... 681 TeLectell yess Soe ae ee 201 
New Marine Mollusks from Subtractellasssec-sossecesee eee 198 
the West Coast of America. 177 | Bodianus fulvus punctatus. -... 89,91, 102,105,116 
Notes on the Fresh-Water Bolo Case from Basilan Island. Basketry, 
Mollusk Planorbis Magnifi- DY¥aOWS pLp Mia sO Ty enor rae ee ee ee 193 
cus and Descriptions of IBOmoOloChéUsE 2h oat eases sek series ae ae 325, 626 
Two New Forms of the Borneo, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Mammals 
Same Genus from _ the collected in Western, by Marcus Ward 
Southern States........-- 697 EY OUTS neo snes cre ieee nee nee 547 
The West American Mol- iBoulengerellies cease se ee sec epee ae eee 702 
- lusks of the Genus Tri- Brachiellaiobloneaecsees sesee sees ee eee 625 
WHOLIS sets cece see ene ZOE Brachiopodaeecer seme esse oe cease nee 4 45 
and William Healey Dall, Breachyla bis merase secs s seater = 172 
The Pyramidellid Mol- iBramocheraxeblanstordile- ese ease enc oaee 32 
lusks of the Oregonian Branchiophtry-xuses. sap2-cnes-- 26 2-2 seee 689 
Hamel Ares 222-2 -.5---- 491 |, Brevoortia tyrannis=..-.52-52-.55- 2-56 - 112,624 
Basilan Island. Basketry Bolo Case from, Brycinus macrolepidotus....:-.....5...:... 29 
byOcisvl es MasOlse secs cece eam als sane 193 MUTSO oS. Se See eeteine tis ees eer 29 
Basketry Bolo Case from Basilan Island, by JeBiavcontdentexceeeeee css eee eee 30 
OtisebSMasonksscsecssese secre = seeean. se 193 HiUaTiiee Ve esecceens seo SUS acre ass 30 
Bathystoma striatum.......-. Soaseee 102, 105, 119 reinhardtinssseee et kaos 30 
Batostomella meekana..........-...:--.--- 43 StTia GUUS seeee eee en eee a 30 
Bean, Barton, On Ctenolucius Gill, a Neg- Bryconethiops microstoma..............-- 30 
lected Genus of Characin IEW KO LA0 oe ahce Same de cea br obo ses aeseeascECsee 41 
Fishes, with Notes on the Bucculatrix....- Eos eat Se janet emerson ce 221 
Typical Species. .......--- 701 euroticllas: <2 ssc eee cscs 221 
and Alvin Seale, On a Col- Burma and Lower Siam—II. Subfamilies 
lection of Fishes from the Cordulegasterine, Chlorogomphine, and 
Philippine Islands, Made Gomphinz. The Dragonflies (Odonata) of, 
by Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, by Edward Bruce Williamson. ........... 267 
Surgeon, U.S. Army, with BuEIMAgOM PHS) ater = tetera 275, 298, 300 
Descriptions of Seven New VGLMICHIAtUSs.s.ccs so se 300, 301 
Species} -r ee sae eee 292 | Buytenzorg, Java, by Dr. Douglas Hough- 
IB elONI A ayn aesee ates cles ae elo a cs = eh aie 240 ton Campbell. List of Fishes Collected in 
Belonocharaxs< .. 2 -sscscsecscccsesesseneces 702 the River at, by David Starr Jordan and 
ONY ase aes a ee oe Seer ce tetcterarai lees erwarme ee = 642 MivimiSealets .tcck secs ctecec es en ceesse 535 
CULGUS ene eke ecclnsenecenss 2225 644 | Ceesio erythrogaster. .......----.----------- 243 
MPONICGUS Ss sateen eee tees ee 643 MUNATIS oe Sion asics cls seescemisacces! 1240 
BemMbridw iets a-2 a -tesset tence see es 642 | Galamocrinus diomedz-...........-....-. 671,672 
Bermuda Fishes. Notes on Parasites of, by | Calamus calamus.............- 89,103,104, 105, 106 
Edwin Linton...........-. Bnet eters merte 5m k Calan dees 2 sakeecss cee se ee sins vices tecleseece 711 
BinoculUs sam One Uses eee ee ee 382. California. Description of a New Species of 
SEXSCURCOUS Hana as es eet 441 Killifish, Lueania Browni, from a Hot 
PB Tt UT UOe SULT GIN serrate ese eeret lett a ere sie 179 Spring in Lower, by David Starr Jordan 
LLG Tin OSIM see nee ae 179 | and Robert Earl Richardson...........-. 319 
quadhittlatumieseae seen. cane eee 180 | Caligide. North American Parasitic Cope- 
INCH Seep aes 180 pods belonging to the Family: A Revision 
(Stylidium) eschrichti icelum..-_..- 178 of the Pandarine and the Cecropine, by 
monterey- GharlessBranche wilson. 52 2es-c seis 323 
ensis..... 178 | Caliginzee. North American Parasitic Cope- 
GUL UIT a rosea ea eee ee ee 179 pods. New Genera and Species of, by 
Bivalve (Corneocyclas) from the Mountains Charles Branch Wilsons 2 -5.c----2--22= 593 
of Ecuador. A New Fresh-Water, by Paul Caligissbeloneseaa- seca seeesitas socio eee 625 
GB TUSCI eee ee se ertarasaie tsa cteizie.wross c's ceteris 681 COLON ese eee sane cis aee ooneee 400 


734 INDEX. 


Page 
Caligus OnE Osea. ee eee eee eee 625 
Cheliferss a: 224.0250 eacacheeceeeeeee 626 
GUIEGUS Ss. ee aa e eee eee eee 598, 625 
CIE ee SorpSe ARSE ans Aee S nee 619 
heemulon stesso ee earn eee 594, 624, 625 
DATACORMUS Seen eee 349,379, 441, 446, 457 
productus........ 374,375,380,381,382, 441 
TAMA aces cass eee eee 326, 597, 626 
TUMMACWLALUSeeee seme ee eee eee 625 
TUS Sac s jae ieee Coe aa ence Oo 02D) 
Gallichrous bimaculatus'-:2-.-.-2-o-ss------ 536 
Calliomoriish. sos c seco oeee -eaereece 640 
INGICUSE A sec eise seeee eeeeeeeee 641 
CallionmymMtis GICs se ej este = foetal tclale =e 641 
Callyodon latifasciatus........- = cigyals eierets sists 237 
MACTOLAINUSe eee eee eee ee eri 246 
MUST AG ao ce as Secession ae 246 
ah AUCH AU eee tenes oman aeaeeccolo 246 
ZOUMATISKcemete sero rae 246 
Caloptery= angustipennis.-...--+-.2....-.- 268 


Campbel). List of . Fishes Collected in the 
River at Buytenzorg, Java, by Dr. Doug- 
las Houghton, by David Starr Jordan and 


PAUIWAT IS COLO Lc sayeiene cept Seaton ero 535 
Canthigaster COmpressus.. <2. 92-22 s2- === 248 
Capoeta macrolepidota -- <2... 5.5. -22--.- 537 
Gananeid ease sere opens st sete cea eee 241 
CanamencCanranplus saceeeececeoeea. eee eee sae 242 

SOxfASClabUSen sae ssn ss ee eee 241 
SPCClOSUS soc emcm tee ere 241 
Carcharias Jose eccec cere ote eee em eciocaee 441 
DHWOOGIE He sae ee eisemics See oe 460 
littonaliserc. scocee. eee 423, 430, 431 

ODSCUTUSE- = ays seere a eee maser 624 
Carcharhimus obscurus. ..-- - - 326, 360, 409, 423, 431 
Carcharodon carcharias...........--- 371, 414, 423 
Carnepiarsss aac ecoseer oe ose ten eaeeeeseme 40 
Dbassleris: <.Ses. cas ee tease ose 40 
(ChimeKoeyaisaepssocenseosos> -esoos sa s505Ge= 206 
Hitxellasre see soca ances 209 
INCONSPICUBes-ee =e ee Sees 208 

IPONIC Mere 2 A sorcerer ener sa 208 

MOLVISON artes eee eee 209 

mucellas sooseesee eee cicse nee mee 206 

Sty 2a ea eee eee oer eece 207 

Nar Sel ae sits ce ee reece rio 207 


Caudell, Andrew Nelson, On Some Earwigs 
(Forficulide) Collected in Guatemala by 
Messrs. Schwarz and Barher....--.-...--- 169 

Cecropinie teen osece mee naeeemeceeseee cere 461, 464 

Cecropine, A Revision of the Pandarine 
and the. North American Parasitic Cope- 
pods belonging to the Family Caligide, by 


Charlesibranch Wilsons ne. siren 323 
@eGrODStescce canes Seat see ele spel ee rere 466 
achantil-vill aris eee. seen reesei 467 
Vatretlitceyces ee aceas ee eee 466, 467, 468 
Centropristes striatus.............-.----- 596, 624 
Cephacamdiaysesteras ce ema seme serene 664 
Gephalacamithid setae eee ae sa eee 663 
Cephalacanthustentsese sae eae een 664 
Spinar elles ose-a-cer-aeee 664 

MOltANS see = se eee 664 

Cephalopholis maculatus..........--.....-- 235 
ODUUSaITISte = seca eee eee 243 

SOUN CL AGI ee «errr stalam relia 243 


Page 

Cephalopholis urodelus.-..........---.------ 243 
Cephalothnipsiicei a... ss. eee eee 727 
Cerithiopsis assimilata.......-22-22---s2--- 178 

COSINIA =. 2.5. <.4 aces ees eee 180 

PeCGnOANG:-- = 2 2- = cesses. youu L181 
Cervulus pleiharicus. .-..--- pee ees 550 
Cervus: brookelsaesc= -os-- ee sce eee 550 
Cestoda-... sce eeeae: sence Sa ee soba 97 
Cestodeilamvee’ Cy StSie-o- = .-5- 25-22 eee aeons 102 
Cheenogobius macrognathos........-.....-- 266 
Chalecinustaneculatussesses sees eee eeee ee 31 
Chanid to iscndagsescccsccs serene ee mee ees 239 
Chanosichanos'seccss----ee eee cence 209 
Characidiumitascia tum os sees eee ee 9 


Characin Fishes in the United States Na- 
tional Museum and the Museum of In- 
diana ‘ University, with Descriptions of 
New Species. An Annotated List of, by 
Carl H. Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle - -. 1 

Characin Fishes, with Notes on the Typical 
Species. On Ctenolucius Gill, A Neglected 


Genus of, by Barton A. Bean.........--- 701 
Charaxratratoensis)s-s=..-eeeee seen eee 3,33 
PID DOSUSS-o=kee ee Neer sees eee 32 
limeesquamiSmece sess eee ees 33 
Sanguineus= sso see coe oe eee 32 
SQUAMOSUS Sas osteo eae eee eee 33 
Cheilinus'chlornursiee esses ase see eee eee 245 
trilobatusi. 2825-582. 52ceeee secre 245 
Chelioninenmis ieee eee etree ees 245 
Cheilodactylus gibbosus-.........-..--.----- 166 
VibtAbUS a c.<.52 sone poets 167 

ZOD os 510 tae ore see eee ere 166 

ZONGALUS none ces ee ew ses ele 164 
Cheirodoninsigmiseesss = soe eee eee ee eee 9 
INteLOUPLUS sae ee eemses eee 9 
IMICTOPCETUS|- = sea-\ see eee 2,9 

MONOGOM= see sseee - eee eee ee 9 

PCQUNTS:s so.<seceee esses tee ~ 10 
ribeirol::<23.4-5542..25- oes sees 2,9 
Chelidonichthys=2s-s---ee eee eee 649, 655 
Iq pba yb Bepars ee aE SE oes 656, 657 

SPpINOSUS22-2 seees- ec eaeecey aROOn 

Chemmnitzigisons 2-2 eee eee eens 494 
SUTANIA Ne SS eee aes cece es 502 

lOrdts. cee ements = sas eeee eee : 510 

tenuicula's: acsce-0e2 esse eee eee 508 

tridentataanc.! aso ccr eee 511 
VANCOUVETONSIS ec te eee aeeeis 495 
ChilomycterusischGepiier soe se sear 625 


China. Descriptions of New Species of Upper 
Paleozoic Fossils from, by George H. 


Gintyice eee eae ee eee eee ee ee te 37 

Chiridotaral batrossite@ ees seco eee eee 49,50 

Vee VIS fon ack Eaoeew eee 49, 50,51, 52 

OOltICUM: = 22. 52522.. ci joscelts 53 

Ghiamiys inci sus assesses ee aoe 
Chloés.castanea ss. 0-2-2 eeeewn se eceenenesee 266 

Ma kamurwess 2 36.8 ese So eee 265 

Sarchynmnis >: S.<26- -eeeeeeee eee 266 

Chlorogomphinses---eee =e eee eee 272,277 


Chlorogomphine and Gomphinez. The 
Dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and 
Lower Siam—II Subfamilies Cordulegas- 
terine, by Edward Bruce Williamson. --. 267 

Chlorozomphusscece- se os--eecee eee eee 272,277 


INDEX. 735 
Page Page. 
@hoerops| MaAcrod OMe sass ee 245) | Coleophora VaPanss 222. .- 2... <-s ce se 217 
PAN IML CHI o—6 coeds sanenensoede sc 236 | Collection of Fishes from Echigo, Japan, 
(Ghiry sell yee = ee eee eee 514 by David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl 
COMMUNISE ess see ee = 514 RACH ATASOME ms ase ease soon nce eeeee 263 
Ghiy dons eee eee eer orca, ese == 711 | Collection of Fishes from the Philippine 
ROMAN OUN<  5-neaSnaoaeaoceowsane raul Islands, made by Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, 
Girrhitesaltematwsers-s].-4- 4-4. == == 159 Surgeon, U. S. Army, with Descriptions 
NITE TISEe eee ae scene sa ei 161 of Seven New Species, by Alvin Seale 
(Cirrhitichthys) maculatus. ..-.- 159 Ane art OneAr aS CAN Mees eres heer err 229 
=” TAR GICH AUIS cr. suc ssGkee see soeeaoees 161 | Collection of Thysanopterous Insects from 
MTA CULO SUS Meee tee aimee = 159 Barbados and St. Vincent Islands, by 
MATIN OLAL WS tee eee eae ee 159 ent yedames- Prank lin sess sale a2 = 715 
G@immnicic WU Diy See eee 5 SsU Gil COMASTCR ac mienia/s- ae eer alain tae = al 686 
PRUNES oe bbe eo Sone one 161, 162 ET ee Ree i ei ete Se OSE eer SE Be 686 
INnlecketions. s-ss- = =e = el 161 DILELMNANS Sas seectes em ees ae 686 
TAC WH AGUS see 159 pennettisa:= 926] ae eee eee 686 
Ginihitides wean = arene ee ao 157 Wellies ere eee tas eee 686 
Cirrhitoid Fishes of Japan. A Review of DOLMECETISIS he se yee eee ers 686 
the, by David Starr Jordan and Albert [SIP PNRDUIs. 4 Gon See abemcsbobe dee 686 
Gibinis fomele Peete vee see nee em ener 157 CArpPCNbetl- ae see ee a sere 686, 687 
CimriifOpsiseee ce. ee ees = 161 COPPIN GOL kansas ne se eiste yee 686 
(CriminiOe 5 oa0 kB omeneeeorseosse pa aec ee 158, 159 GiSCOldGae nn oe See ee sees 686 
MacwlatuSee oe aoe ase sete 159 Give TICait dees ere a tees 686 
TMATIMOUAGUS ss esse nese eee 159 duplex Soest eee ere seas 686 
Gladobates Speciosus.--<.--=.----+--------- 562 CChinoOpUcraee see ete eee 686 
Glndocende es eee oo pee een eas = 707 BlONLAtRINS ese ose se ase este 686 
Clark, Austin Hobart, Deseriptions of New ATID TEENS a ree ee eee ee 686 
Species of Recent PPACHISEI Sec cme ne okece se ses eeas- 686 
Unstalked Cri- Prandicglyxeeece sfece en ee aac 686 
noids from the HOWENSIS#e reese ee paar eee 686 
Coasts of North- } MPONICH Ss eee arcane eee 686 
eastern Asia. ..-.- 127 lineata ses eecwocc ast scene a 686 
Descriptions of New Ibn Koa Z NOS oe eve eco ERSeorasoabcc 686 
Species of Recent IMA CTODRACHUUSE ese see 686 
Unstalked Cri- THACUIA LA eee scion ae ae eee 686 
noids from the map mifica ses seqe seca oie see 686 
e North Pacific TIVE Rico eee eee en eee 686 
(OYce Vial Coe eee ose 69 MeTIG ONAL sensi eerie arses 2 eee 686 
Infrabasals in Re- TMU bipa ab ares sae eae ee ee ae 686 
cent Genera of the NODIUTISHE ae soe saree ee ee aes 686 
Crinoid Family NOVE=LUINEB. - ss. 2 os enes es soe 686 
Pentacrinitide ..- 671 orientalismacs aes. ote ecee = 686 
The Crinoid Genus DwLVICIERGs ster yee ein ==) 686 
Comatula La- DELODI cess ace ste se 3 ee ae 686 
marck, with a Quadratec. sseee 2 eae tan Sate ees 686 
Note on the En- TOP AIS. eo cewek cee cee eee 6386 
crinus Parre of POW ITS GUI Bete ete yen eee 686 
GUCTINGSa=o= eek a. 683, TOGA AT Bier tec cea ae Stairs pe ee 686 
ClamiasepabrachU see eee em = seme ra 535 MUPISINOSHe se ee eee eee ee 686 
TMC YON. Selec ass ce dete nec ocHeesane 535 Schlegelit eres act ioe eee eras 686 
(GiGiniibd. Sob ee dedeeaqce sane aedoospaooere 535 SCNUOSAL eee oe ee ee as 686 
@lupeammel enum ate ae are eeeee 239 SOLASTCR a a-0 eee ae eee ee 686 
Glupeidceseerce =a = = -ra-- pbusesesosaae2enee 239 istellegeral...2. -5-22-<:s'2a5=2 si 686 
Coast of America. New Marine Mollusks trichopleraimessoee se ee 686 
from the West, by Paul Bartsch. ---.-.-- 177 EY DCH eames eee et 686 
Opti d a aeee seers oe ee sie ee ete 263, 537 Wali hee aie een ee eee 686 
fascist #2 = fase. sae ee 537 NESTLE ALS eee eee ere ee 686 
inseseltiim 2s. eee see cases = 22 FEY? JIC AU a ose oman SeSnee Os aee amo ee 683, G84, 685 
Gcelenterataes.-se.ee ne see aoe aaiee eek 37 | Comatula Lamarck; with a Note on the En- 
(CeO OSE ose se ctor tenon ateoecnee ress 217 crinus Parre of Guerin. The Crinoid Ge- 
IMbINO Siesta ete 217, 218 nus, by Austin Hobart Clark-..........-.- 683 
Coleophora: 222. Ze yoeedpes saEbondess ZLGm eComagula Mm atice~. oe. os == eee ee 153 
Japidic Onis ass e a= ee 216 | TUG gba ee oe \2) roe e G85 
occidentalisheesecre setae 216 Qniei ta liste ee sere eee ee ae 155 
(AME se cocyc cabaace ce yeaus 216 DAGVICIRTALS. <8 aoe ees seesces 155 
Proc.N.M. vol. xxxili—07 47 


7 3 6 INDEX. 
Page Page 

Gomatulalsernrata-teee snes seesee ee eee 154.) Cyclocheilichthys apogon .............-.-.. 539 
SOLATIS. Sere eee GRE eee 6855 Gyclogomphuseessss.s 5242-2 eee eee 274, 296 
solaster. 22 -4-2ceee sete aes sees 153 IMINUSCULIS s<c case Sse ce eee 296 
Conchologist. Supplementary Notes on VESICHLOSUS S22 cree aaa =eeer ee 297 
Martyn’s Universal, by William Healey Cylindrogaster diplatyoides...........-.-.- 170 
TD) ae ee See as ee Venn ee oe 185°) Cymothoa cestrumee seo. 2-= sae5 oe eres 120 
Copepod Beectes= see tere eee eemeerer 1 |) Cynopotamus arrenteuses se =— == ee ee 32 
Copepods belonging to the Family Caligi- MIM ses Ua S eee eee 34 
dx. North American Parasitic; A Revi- magdalenw 2 = -2522sseeeeees 33 
sion of the Pandarine and the Cecropine, SQUAMOSUS! = 7. <---> ee eee 33 
by Charles Branch Wilson. .....-..------- 323, || Cynopterus' brach yous: ==. =.= -2-4-seee ee = 562 
Cordulecastenmeese es == sees ees 272; 276. |) CyNOteSas cscs 2 epe ens oc eee 210 
Cordulegasterine, Chlorogomphine, and iceryaeella......... eae Geos 210 
Gomphine. The Dragon Flies (Odonata) Cyprididwe co aepeee ee eene = eee eee 706 
of Burma and Lower Siam—II Subfami- C@yprinideel 8 Ce eee fen cere ene 229, 537 
lies, by Edward Bruce Williamson... -..- ZOTS Gy PIN S!c aT plOmer eee ree eee eee 537 
Corneocyclasjdavisieees s2245-= eee =e 681 Hawipinn a= >. 2a nc sccnsce cee eee 537 
(Corneocyclas) from the Mountains of Ecua- Cy psilunusalgipinmnisaee. 2 4 ee eee 240 
dor. A New Fresh-Water Bivalve, by Paul Gyrtocharaxi- 2-222. 40-0205 aoe nee 32 
TBST OS Cheer eee le care eee eee reine 681" | DacnitisesuriensSees=s--s2eo = == eee 93 
Corypheena equisetis.........-.----------- 1127625: || =Dactyloptemiie-cs- 9 ope seeeaa seca = ae 664, 665 
lmtp OWI oe Seas seeeshoacoc 112 orientalis® = seeetes- ose 665, 667, 668 
Corythroichthys,bleekeri-.<---5-----=------ 2400) Dactylop tents essa se ae ee ee eee 664 
@obusinsidiatolse. ss -seeses ee ee 641 cheirophthalmus.-.....-....- 665 
TRON se Bocasesadssosscasscosds seoSe 641 macracanthuss-——- o-esssee—= 665 
Crinoid Family Pentacrinitide. Infrabasals petersenl- +s eee en eee 667 
in Recent Genera of the, by Austin Ho- pinapeda: .32 3. 222-- eee eee 664 
bart! Clatiksss et Se ae see chee means 671 Volitans = 352s25--ese=s eee 664 
Crinoid Genus Comatula Lamarck, with a Dactylosparus carponemuS... ..----------- 163 
Note on the Encrinus Parr of Guerin, by D aiCOCUs2 sake aa Se eee 664, 667 
AUIStINELObaTG Clarks sea: sansa eee 683 MeLersenl< |. toes ee aes 667 


Crinoids from the Coasts of Northeastern 
Asia. Descriptions of New Species of Re- 
cent Unstalked, by Austin Hobart 
Gla ke eee cee ee eee eee 127 
Crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. De- 
scriptions of New Species of Recent Un- 
stalked, by Austin Hobart Clark.......--- 69 
(Oi Hol ne) Be eg aoe nee caesboeacHecaoses 719,725 
Crustacea from Labrador and Newfound- 
land. Fresh-Water, by Joseph A. Cush- 


ANE ees oe ae ee esas a ee ee 705 
Cryptothrips aspersus.-.-.-.------- 2-2-2 -= 727 
TASClA PC NU INA eee eee 727 


@tenoluciiseeres sees eee eee eee 71 
Ctenolucius Gill, A Neglected Genus of Char- : 
acin Fishes, with Notes on the Typical 


Species. On,by Barton A. Bean.........- 701 
Ctenoluciusihwjetarssss eo e eee ee 702 
MACUIALUSE esse cewens cee ee 702 
Cuctimaniacalcigerd ees. seer 54 
echronhielanila: 2. sesesee sss ee eee 59 
frondosarwa:o- sess eee 59 
japonkeaesc-sssas-2—= eh See 61 

KOFOMI Gee coset e eee eae 54 

ER at. cnet cee Rieaeaee eee 59 

Gurimatus albulae 222. seceeesoeseae sass 3 
bimaculatus..205-.-- 225. sehoee 3 

boulengeri= =. <= s-..--scce mse cetoes 23: 

BIé@VIPES: ..2sce one 52 cases acees- 2,3 

pilbertitz). 222 Noe bse ees 3 

MGI i. ots ee se eee eae 4 

leviciscus bolivice-e.-----eeee = aee 2,4 
LGUCOSTILCTUS 6 -oace eo nance eee 3 

platanuse Sess ene else see 3 


Cushman, Joseph A., Fresh-Water Crus- 


tacea from Labradorand Newfoundland... 705 | 


Dajide from the Northwest Pacific Ocean 
with Descriptions of a New Genus and 
Two New Species. On some Isopods of the 


Family, by Harriet Richardson..-...-.-.-- 689 
Days acs. .e eee eee oe cee ee eee 689 
MY SIdISnce Set Soest ee eee 692 


Dall, William Healey, Supplementary Notes 
on Martyn’s Uni- 
versal Conchologist 185 
and Paul Bartsch,The 
Pyramidellid Mcl- 
lusks of the Orego- 
nian Faunal Area.. 491 


Daphne curvirostrises->-.- =-se2-s24--eeeee 709 
Daphnia-<2552 20s: emnecn eee ee eee 707 
ikinsonis= te see eee eee 707 

hyaling/ees sar sate eee eee eee 707 
lONGISPING,. Jesse cose me ee 707 

MAGN 22 Hea eee sas ees cae eee 707 

pulex..2 te - seae Ree nc se cee 707 
Servulatiaih: soe See sew ee ee 707 
Daphnid in. see co ec ee oe eee eee eae 707 
Dasia,smaracdinasess woes eee ae ee ee 545 
Dasyatides:2222.. se se eee oe eee 239 
Dasyatis kullic 2 soe oe eee ee eee 239 
Davidius,. 26 see saat eae ee 273, 286 
fruhbstorferie. 23-52 sees eee 286 
Decametrocrinus=—. os 0 ee eee cee eee 70, 127 
borealiss. Steep ese see 70.71 

Demeleus:s 222.025. Ss Se ee 346 
paradoORus: =< += s2=e2 eee 349, 350: 
Dermatogenys fluviatilis: —=-ss-css-2-ee === 540, 


Description of a New Species of Killifish, 
Lucania Browni, from a Hot Spring in 
Lower California, by David Starr Jordan 
and Robert Earl Richardson,.,....-.-..- 319 


INDEX. 737 
Page. Page. 
Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New | Distomum macrocotyle-<- <2sse2n- seen se 107 
Species. On some Isopods of the Family THOMLICCLI eee eae ase eee eee 104 
Dajide from the Northwest Pacifie Ocean, MICOS e Sst se eee ee 107 
with, by Harriet Richardson. ........-.- 689 OcUlabumies ss saat eee 110 
Descriptions of New North American SUptenUe! sss sss ee eee 106 
‘Tineid Moths, with a Generic Table of the EOIN EKO en ch parstlse ee rt gee 112 
Family Blastobaside, by Lord Walsing- TSU es eerie een ee Pee ee 109 
1 ER Sal, Se eae SE Piet ee 2 > Sieg el ant 197 WALOILOS TIM ee tree ten te es 105, 118 
Descriptions of New Species of Recent Un- [eb orosomertid cesses eee ee ee 239 
stalked Crinoids from the Coasts of North- TD 8. COs eee tere enn Secs th. Oe eee ee 677 
eastern Asia, by Austin Hobart Clark.... | 127 TITEL ALIT US ys Satan aes eee ae 679 
Descriptions of New Species of Recent Un- TDINGANCNSIS =a reo er eee 677 
stalked Crinoids from the North Pacific Quinguelssciacvus = s=55 eee ene 679 
Ocean, by Austin Hobart Clark........-- _69 | Dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and 
Descriptions of New Species of Upper Paleo- Lower Siam—II. Subfamilies Cordule- 
zoic Fossils from China, by George H. gasterine, Chlorogomphine, and Gom- 
Girty ira saree sere fed ote gt Sa 37 phine, by Edward Bruce Williamson .__.- 267 
Descriptions of Seven New Species. On a Drombusiplack vise sss. eee eee 248 
Collection of Fishes from the Philippine | Earwigs (Forficulide) Collected in Guate- 
Islands, made by Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, mala by Messrs. Sehwarz and Barber, by 
Surgeon, U.S. Army, with, by Alvin Seale Andrew Nelson Caudell..................- 169 
TICS sy DOMMES PAE sg See eee yee Se 220 G HDISIMUS se Saeeer es beeen Schon ae een ee ok 664 
Descriptions of Two New Forms of the Same cheirophthalmus...........-....- 665 
Genus from the Southern States. Notes on Hcheneisaiaticra tess eee eee eae 623,625 
the Fresh-Water Mollusk Planorbis Mag- Echigo, Japan. On a Collection of Fishes 
MACS ance Deal B artSChiss as ces 2s. 697 from, by David Starr Jordan and Robert 
ID IHCONOISG Dee Seana Ds oecsaccite fat sss 243 BarleRichandsOn sen agsess=eee sas aeceae 263 
DTP LOMUUS ees eest= ere see aoc ee ciatee ee ee sas (UU RE CUNO pSali Sees emer eee ee eee eee 171 
CISC Faw eters taco cei oeeniee S 711 : brevibracteda- sass ee eee oe ee 171 
PPI TEL ASTIN AS Hae co Sas, 2 Moms Sekt ceo Gene 405 PUCHINO PLATA as se eer ese eres a eee ae 684 
INEM AUN: erence oo ee ee ee 362,374, 441,478 | Echinorhynchus medius.................... 88 
- PETES) easy tee 3 See = aoe ee ast 364 | PListishe sw 2s ee AG 89 
SISTA RRS See Se ees se cae 364°367,-|\ Hchthrogaleus:-..2:4.0--.2.2.22-----2e- 352, 362 
PIrAeca tiers oc osc e ae 364, 365, 366 SLOSS. te eee 366, 375 
carcharodonti=s. see) eee 377 bIraccatussee assess. ae 366, 447, 449 
coleoptrata..-..--.2-2-.:- 364, 365, 367 coleoptratus... 365,367,396, 454, 455 
(echthrogaleus) neozealanica... 448 denticulatus....... 324, 365, 369, 460 
elongatasssn- sf ese es soe 380, 447, 451 MEL SDICH kee eee ce 364, 447, 457 
RET Oke a a Pei ONE TES 349, 377 torpedinis.....-....--. 324,365,371 
QUAGCU TS 5a en Ae sem ates as oe 453 | Ecuador. A New Fresh-Water Bivalve (Cor- 
letznaald lilol lo ceaee Rees Oaeeee 447, 454 neoeyclas) from the Mountains of, by Paul 
ATIGIS UI CUA Masse Seen oar Ala < 364 Ba ruse ne te te See te ae ck) ee eee 681 
IMtiiOligeimase ose sere eee 385, 447, 460 | Edwards, Charles Lincoln, The Holothu- 
mMUStehleevist =e se eee 386, 446, 456 rians of the North Pacific Coast of North 
mneozealanica--2..2.....2.- 365, 447, 456 America Collected by the Albatross in 1903. 49 
PEOdUC Ae. csee-e == eee 374, 380, 382,383 | Eigenmann, Carl H.,and Fletcher Ogle. An 
SOTA ase. ees wc t ease See 478, 479 Annotated List of Characin Fishes in the 
IINGTHOUTA eae esseeee est eee nce cess ea 362,374 United States National Museum and the 
Chivlat B ates ee oe Sean ae 375 Museum of Indiana University, with 
CIES = Geeskes ansc sa aaanE Bes ae 375 Descriptions of New Species.............. 1 
Clongata sew seemcee aa ae ee 382 | Eleotris ophiocephalus..................... 248 
O00 eR Sets Aen ee ae ae ee 380,382 | Elopomorphus elongatus................... 4 
MUSTO] CeVIS seep eee noes eo DEO ae TN Ol a urOCOS bela, ane eee se oe ee See 545 
producta....... Babee SPS eee HELGE) I Ie nals. saa Be aasee anne wean seseSae ss 103 
DLO COTE rere e aeys eto ae fate IE eS haa AOI PE NCTINU Seca a7 ee ee ee er ea eee 673 
DiNlahySpansOMises- see aoe A 169 Capub=-meduseieccs sec... cyecesee ee 687 
SCVGla Sas Ste aee ocieeseesec sei 169 MNT el crs es eG ene re eat 688 
DIpPlodus:sateuseens 2 seeee 4. eee eee 94,100,104 | DAEREOS ae ees ee ne Oo eS 687 
Discocephalimpileatum=es+--ss2. 424050502 = 97 Encrinus Parre of Guerin. The Crinoid 
Distichodus brevipinnis..-................- 4 Genus Cornatula Lamarck, witha Note on 
falSCiOMVGUSE ss ee eect ee oe 4) the. by, Austin Hobart Clark... .92.. 2.7. 683 
HEISE O MIU eae terme Seer cet et ene LOSS plo rallid eis so 5 ee hoes eer. ose ee eee 239 
fenestra GUIs sse- =e eee aaa 11 Epinephelus PeUSC Ie GUIS ies, shoppe er tate ee tees 242 
PYTIMUS es teem Penis sete eis Sissons s 107 | MMC UALS oe eine as S556 NaS 98 
NRVC See niee sees eee eect nee 105 maculosus....... 90,91,96,99, 101,110 
dane TORMeG eens = Seem tee cee 108 MGT ES spent telat cise cia; See 242 
IOVeENSenIe On oa: haces eee seen 110 IN OL Ome os en sac. eerie eee 90,625 


738 INDEX. 
Fage Page 

Epinephelus striatus-<-- << sces-2-----s----=-- 90; |, Pistulipora parasitica =--- 2... 0-s2-ss— see 44 
91,92,96, 98,99, 101,111,113, 120 WaaPeniamass. 29.256 see 44 
Gavin te os eco ee eee 242 WANIISTS ae oe oo arte eee 41 
WNGuULOSIS == scene Biss meter hu 242 '+)\ Pl athead se. syste eke eee eee ee 629 

QUIN aah asia ee eae Ty Saha eer 242 | Flatheads, Gurnards, and other Mail- 

Eriodycteon glutinosum...........-.--.-- 218,219 cheeked Fishes of the Waters of Japan. A 

som panchax. - yi s25 Seaqec cen eceentaees 540 Review of the, by David Starr Jordan and 
My China) eo RR eee eee eer ae ameter 199 Robert HarlwRichardson.ees- 44-445 25-eeee 629 
albitogdtareat~ 2 -cee en eee ae ee akele) Peach hyabaveeKCybhwerols yes oe ee 663 

Hncoplaraustraliseen-= asses eeeseeeeeee eee 695 | Flying Lizard from the Philippine Islands. 
Wudaccylinawi Sta ses ee ae tee 626 A New Species of, by Leonhard Stejneger.. 677 
Euelatichthys crassispinus.......-...------ 2445) SH omicularcacHoensisystas == 552s aee =a eee 175 
HUpLOTDlaeeseere ess se See OE eee 725 TUPUbrIS encase see ate eee 176 
Hupomacentrus fUscuss. 2.22 s--0-ee) eee 102 IMG CLICH = 55 ceases ot eee eee 176 

Burotiaicana tas Genes ek eee ene eae 221 | Forficulidee Collected in Guatemala by 

Wury CELCUS 2.20 see eee eee eet eee eee ee 710 | Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. On Some 
Placiglisumss-h-b oe eeeeeece aeee 705,710 Earwigs, by Andrew Nelson Caudell.._... 169 

lamellaituse se oy..cs- ere eaten 2 710 | Fossils from China. Descriptions of New 

BG bir Sal SUL al Sepere eete e ee 715 Species of Upper Paleozoic, by George H. 
ETbiCiac are sy ee ee eee 719 GANG <a c eee Ae ee each eee ee 37 

VU atISSIMS see. oe eee eee 729 | Franklin, Henry James, On a Collection of 

Hvala ese: soe ese ee Sa eet a 514,522 | Thysanopterous Insects from Barbados 
ID eine poo eb os on baa bee aeaanseaeese 2), sand Size Vaincentilisland ste sees 715 

IMKOCORLIG Ee at aetna joes eee ee eee 240,540 Fresh-Water Bivalve (Corneocyclas) from 


Family Blastobaside. Descriptions of New 
North American Tineid Moths, with a 
Generic Table of the, by Lord Walsing- 

INET PA Sic hota ee eee ane tees eects ere cioee 197 

Family Dajide from the Northwest Pacific 
Ocean, with Descriptions of a New Genus 
and Two New Species. On Some Isopods of 
the, by Harriet Richardson..............- 689 

Faunal Area. The Pyramidellid Mollusks of 
the Oregonian, by Wlliam Healey Dall 


andiranlsBantschie. =o see eee aoe eer ae ae 491 
Felichthys marinus-.................. 596,600, 625 
Helisihengalensis we. s-semasee eee nee 559 


Fishes Collected in the River at Buytenzorg, 
Java, by Dr. Douglas Houghton Campbell. 
List of, by David Starr Jordan and Alvin 


Fishes from Echigo, Japan. On a Collection 
of, by David Starr Jordan and Robert 
ID Ghell IAS ateyekevoya oe ook odo ee soe sade sas: 263 
Fishes from the Philippine Islands, made by 
Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, Surgeon, U. S. 
Army, with Descriptions of Seven New 
Species. On a Collection of, By Alvin Seale 
aNndsBarbouraAy Bates. == sae se ae ene see 229 
Fishes in the United States National Mu- 
seum and the Museum of Indiana Univer- 
sity, with Descriptions of New Species. 
An Annotated List of Characin, by Carl H. 


Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle............- eal 
Fishes. Notes on Parasites of Bermuda 
by Bidwint Mintongs. == 2s-seseee cee e ae 85 


Fishes of Japan. A Review of the Cirrhitoid, 
by David Starr Jordan and Albert Chris- 
tianeberres 28. so — Soe ee oe ee eee eee 157 
Fishes of the Waters of Japan. A Review of 
the Flatheads Gurnards, and other Mail- 
cheeked, by David Starr Jordan and 
Robertibanleyichardsonmecs= asa - 629 
Fishes, with Notes on the Typical Species. 
On Ctenolucius Gill, A Neglected Genus of 
Characin, by Barton A. Bean.............. 701 


the Mountains of Ecuador. A New, by 


PaulkBartsch= eee. eee 681 
Fresh-W ater Crustacea from Labrador and 
Newfoundland, by Joseph A.Cushman.... 705 


Fresh-Water Mollusk Planorbis Magnificus 
and Descriptions of Two New Forms of the 
Same Genus from the Southern States. 


Notes on the, by Paul Bartsch............ 697 
Fundulus heteroclitus...-...-:.-....-- ®._. 95,625 
Majaliste: 2-2 pen See 431 
GANPlODUS a. See ge eee es aos ee ree 350, 377 
pyriformis...- 324, 350, 351, 436, 447, 448 
Gasteropelecus|stellatuss.----4-—-e- ee eeeee 31 
stemniclay<. oaatee ee ae 30 
Gasterosteus spinarella........-- waecssecess 664 
Gasterostomlum scee- eo) see ee eee eee 119 
AT CUS GUM Se cee eee ae eee 119 
bacwlatum 22-5262 see=eeee= 119 
Gasterotokens biaculeatus...............-..- 240 
Geckoid Lizard from the Philippine Islands, 
by;leonhardsstejnerers= . es ces === eee 545 
Tell Zell a Ghinensis ses see sss see see 42 
Gekkoimonarchuissen- epee eee eee 545 
Gelechiasolandulellaeeeeessse- see eee eee 200, 201 
laudatellatsecesesseseeeces Besse eb 197 
Sexnotellas sts sc sce soot eee eee 219 
Subtractellage. = s-a-ses eee 198 
Gélechiadie e222 ccc sce ease eee 197 


Genera of the Crinoid Family Pentacrini- 
tide. Infrabasals in Recent, by Austin 
Hobart? Clarkes <a. acseee se ae eee eee 671 

Generic Table of the Family Blastobasida. _ 
Descriptions of New North American 
Tineid Moths, with a, by Lord Walsing- 
ham soos Sass as nae see ee ees 197 

Genus and Two New Species. On Some Iso- 
pods of the Family Dajide from the 
Northwest Pacific Ocean, with Descrip- 
tions of a New, by Harriet Richardson... 689 

Genus Comatula Lamarck, with a Note on 
the Encrinus Parre of Guerin. TheCrinoid, 
by; Austin! HobartiClarks sete. s.s-- sae = 683 


INDEX. 739 
- Page. | Page. 
Genus of Characin Fishes, with Notes on the | Hemulon carbonarium................----- 92,95 
Typical Species. On Ctenolucius Gill, A | ClOPAN Sh Sarasa. ease cae ee ees 596 
Neglected, by Barton A. Bean..........-- 701 | flavolineatum........... 90,102, 105,119 
Gerridiees seer a as oes wos Sess < Ss 2A ae CPP ONIISS coc cine Sees ce s36 soo S8 See eae 286 
Gilbentoluish2 someones ee eee ne once eee 2a WEVA COMELTA Reiss ech coe See = eee eee 117 
will, A Neglected Genus of Characin Fishes, Hampala macrolepidota---2 2-2-1222... 2. 537 
with Notes on the Typical Species. On Ea plochivis paneh axes see. ase eee 540 
Ctenolucius, by Barton A. Bean_......... (Ol) Harenpulamoluccensise=-2-=-.as5-2-c- eee 239 
Girty, George H., Descriptions of New aT POPU la sere eee mee soe ae are ee seas 93,106 
Species of Upper Paleozoic Fossils from Helaretosteunyspilise ssa. -: epee see sees 56] 
(0) 0 5) 5 eye aren = heer as ee ages gee Ee 37 IMALAV ANUS Ease ese eee 561 
Gilischropus) tylOpuUss aso esis eres cece O08 se el CllOUR TIPS pe cee be seen eee hoe eee. 715 
GIOIOPOUESE ME ee cere te eee nt ee scones 618 hosemorrhoidalis: 22. 22.-= 422. -2 715,719 
Glossogobius pruinneuss---9. 525-5252 55-4-- 543 TUOLOCINCLUSE ae see See 719 
Cami pbelliamuse: == 2a2- 92542 535,542 | Hemibagrus planiceps. ..--.:..--.---.-+---- 536 
fealty Ie Soe ey eee ee el 543-\) Elemidactylus frenatus= 2222.52. 221) 5. -2- 545 
VSL STUNTS ae es ey cee O4Sial MELOMIPTaMMUS--s seas s5 oes ee 11 
(DN OUNOMNS See peoseEees Sea aee 542 ao SIGSLs gee eee eee 2,14,16 
Gnatholepis sternbergi....-.....-..---.---- 248 DellOttite: eats cee ae 14 
(GO iid toe Nae rs ete es ato eae 248, 265,542 | Nowlenperi=-sa24---2o25-6 Pails sil 
Gobivs am Oneee. =. ses aoe ee ao 542 Callistuss <a cee cee ee ae 12 
GOmpiicin aera: Gon ce. occ sce cece ye ee 272, 281 COMPTESsUs- = 22 ses gage 14 
MEMO PU Ceaacteers asset ee ee eer 282 clorans= = saat 2 i eee ee 12 
COMAMWETIS Be rao Soca ae eee 281 STACHIS Seas cee eee 13315 
J VIN C He sis a core are coe So 281 heterorhabdus®--2.-.25.-2- 14 
eITSC DA lees ren see eat See eo ts 281 iINGONStaNSs=5)=- seer eee 3, 14,17 
MeO L Gol esiie Seba Bee ae Fees 282 INGOT CUP CUS =a 2a5- eee one 16 
(Om p Hin bee hese Se eee 272,278 qsmbalXeh leo peace aaneae sam 14 
Gomphinz. The Dragonflies (Odonata) of Litkeni ea. ent = 2. ae ae yo 14,16 
Burma and Lower Siam—II. Subfamilies MiCTOPLChUSs=n= eee ae eee 13,15 
Cordulegasterine, Chlorogomphine, and, NANUGH ws socees oot te eee 12,15 
by Edward Bruce Williamson ._..+....-. 267 MAC CM sey. see eee ae 13 
Gomi PHUsrs sacra. sete ee rete | ee Ie 275, 304 TODUStUITISS as ee ses ee een ce 147 
(Aeshna) thomassoni.........--- 305 SSI1GO ees ee ee 2,16 
CGVIONICUSE hak nate! tees oon 305 schmardztes-c este aee se 13 
kelantamensis lyse ree sees. 304 Tridensiae. ce ames Dlseilien 
DETSONALUS's sae aa see ee oes ee 308 Oty GS ere he cee eS Se Ges cs 13 
DLOMel NS ere ease ee see oe 305 | TMilinenbuss- se eee 12 
JOP TATA 1d Wa ee yeas Sends Cree Re ae 3085310) Hemiodus othonopses. = sess. 05.2 ee eee 4 
SCISSUIS@ rs Seale qeeee mail eace ets oes 308.5 aEtemipLy China acs setae ee tae eee 46 
WERMICulatUS 2. Ys h.-=s-422.2 298; 004 | temirhamphus fluviatiliss.2 2.2.24. 22 540 
KUM OENS PIS. sen eee eo ae 305; S080) depatuscelebicuss <2. 5-1 a5. oes eee =e ee 247 
Gonlistinsteer a bee cee ee reece as ede 163 GussumMmierias > soe se see ee eee 247 
Qusdm Cornisteasoee tne sec ee ass. 167) pHerpestesisemitorquatus-—-22-2sa-.2--sees: 559 
EMESULUUSisseptne ae ny. Sa tee as tot LOO" MElenpelocypridinas =- 252-2555 5 se- eeeea 706 
Wibtabus say Son te hse oe 163; LOG O%ey | EbenpevoGyipliSHam=cessns = 5 e eee see aes 706 
VA Ob 1: Spaen RL Pe aoe 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 LESGUGMaT ass ee nee 706 
ZONAVUS ao - Se caste Sees esas 164 | Terre, Albert Christian, and David Starr Jor- 
GorgOdeninses eae esa as eee aes ee 111 | dan, A Review of the Cirrhitoid Fishes of 
Gremio DULCE Sie nena oe aaa sera ee cee 631 JaeDanes saae cer ees SBCs ate pace ae 157 
Guatemala, by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. Te eer Ste ss eke ee ee ee ee 268 
On Some Earwigs (Forficulide) collected FACTO T ais) 2 Beatie here aay: 2s tae no nae eee 95 
in, by Andrew Nelson Caudell........._-. 169 LOVEOIR THs eee oe eee ee 93 
Guerin. The Crinoid Genus Comatula La- isEleterogomphusiecs=s:.- = ee: eee 276, 315 
marck, witha Note on the Encrinus Parre | 1everopss-6s Gass Aaneee eck 316 
of, by Austin Hobart Clark.............- 683 | aE HabDGYD (}eeias Stee mega eeer ee 314, 316 
GUmmird Saseeseee er rtene Ne ew ST ath 649 | SUMaLTANUSe (eek 24.5 soe. 316 
Gurnards, and other Mail-cheeked Fishes of UM COlLOT See eee ae eee eee 316 
the Waters of Japan. A Review of the IEletero phiy xsi eee eee enn er. see 689 
Flat-heads, by David Starr Jordan and appendiculatus............- 691 
IR ols nD EHH MRytclatiowolstoyey Se ee 629 | Hexanematichthys felis............... 596, 603,625 
Gymnocranius lethrinoides................- 2ASS | ENLDISCUS cere eee cde meh. Mh Ee ee ee 719 
Gyinnosardapelamiys=5 = 2-2sse526- cece e- 2a EO POCAIM PIG dase se ea ee ee ee 240 
Gymnothorax fimbriata.......-.-- Soe Te 2308 | MELD pOCaIMPUS Kd aa. ah oe ae. ie See eee 240 
isingleenoides.............-- ZOO mi EOC OCCT Aes see ee ee see ee See ee 204 
PMSSTIMULIG Heat cy kere ee oe heel etna = cae n oe 243 apuidiellas con ete. sons ee csee ees: 205 


740 INDEX. 
Page. | Page. 
Holeocera chalcofrontella............-.----- 208 | Indiana University, with Descriptions of 
116 b.<c bt eee eee ae ee eerste 209 New Species. An Annotated List of Chara- 
fractilinea..:.:..... SES eae ee 202 cin Fishes in the United States National 
elamdulell a eases yee eee = oi 201 | Museum and the Museum of, by Carl H. 
iceryaeellas Sa. 225 ce. see ene 210 | EKigenmann and Fletcher Ogle...-...-...- 1 
MU STOS UA U dee see See ee ee 204 Infrabasals in Recent Genera of the Crinoid 
mubilellan sts asc cee aes necieee 201. ~=Family Pentacrinitide, by Austin Hobart 
Purpurocomell geese see sasee eee 207" nClarkes. Sac at ae sees eee een See 671 
relecuellacnccch a: eRe cee see 201 Insects from Barbados and St. Vincent Is- 
triangulamisellaess-aessn ese] see 201 lands. Ona Collection of Thysanopterous, 
Holdcentrides = ss<se. =-2 355 ase eee 241 by Henry James Franklin......-........- 715 
Holocentrus ascenscionis........------.--- 94,105" |r Imsidiaton:seesccessoee ees. eee eee 630, 631 
caudimaculatum > —---=-e- 4-6 241 hosokawaen.n 2-25-4520 -eeeo ee 634 - 
COPMULUS Seerece es eee eeese ae 241 | MACTOLE PIS eee pees ee = a. eee 633 
Iolo phiry-kisaseeeas2 see eee eee ee 689 TudIS: Soa: cs Sei see ease eee 635 
AIASCONSISa95 282 sae eee 962!) 1) Tolga, <5 sce Seo oh Shee aren ee ae er 514, 518 
CAlifoTMIcNSiSt ase - = sere 689,692, || Tole scitulass <5 --ec ee nae eee ee 518 
PITAL ee ese ae 68956903693.) Dpomeaiasaeenc ects. xen acts sete crerere eee Be eee fits) 
Holopristes:ocellifers:: 2p asso ae 1) ni iow Divi ttatus esse acc. skeen 106 
WUC UCI ye rat eel homie etna a Dante) S40 UES FO FREES SR rye OC eee an 35 - 93,104 
Eolothumiaytlonidemsys cc ctsea: sees ee ee 63 | DronaimsiMas 22 ssc see tee ek eee sae nee 120 
Holothurians of the North Pacific Coast of TsobWUNa. = 2.45. esaeace eee nee eee 158 
North America collected by the Albatross TUPONICH 22 oo eee Fee eee eee 158 
in 1903, by Charles Lincoln Edwards....-- 49%) STSOGTIMUSE oe ae ee ee eee 671 
Honrolotesipalliata se. 2 csne epee aes eee 622 | aSteria= oo tse. csseec eee eeeee ees 687 
FOMLOMYy AMUSE fe oe oe soe ee eee. 228 | GeCOTUIS# Sis cess ees 672, 673 
coloraidells'ies- eee ees 228 | leuthardic n= 22-2 cos scene acer 671, 672 
Hoplerythrinus uniteeniatus.............-.- 36 | muller: anne scet ose see ne eee 688° 
Hoplasmialabaricus*sss =e eee eee 36 | PATIOS. 35-5 acest Spoor 687, 688 
Moplichthiyid ee see ese ssa eee eee eae aee 644 Isopods of the Family Dajide from the 
Ho plichthiys oese- oe ee eae tee ee 644 Northwest Pacific Ocean, with Descrip- 
CItTINUS THe. sae ee ae ee 646, 648 tions of a New Genus and Two New Spe- 
gillbertis=-. sees 22 Bowe cses 646,647,648 | cies. On Some, by Harriet Richardson... 689 
Jangedorite +2 sical ce cthe set dt: | \vidia’. 8. cc-2 ae nian eee eee 514, 517 
langsdorfli.......-.- eee 645,647,648 | Japan. A Review of the Cirrhitoid Fishes of, 
pUSiUlUss = 22 45 esses = seem ee 645 by David Starr Jordan and Albert Chris- 


Hot Spring in Lower California. Description 
of a New Species of Killifish, Lucania 
Browni, from a, by David Starr Jordan 


and Robert Earl Richardson........-.---- 319 
Hough, Walter, The Pulque of Mexico... -- 577 
Hiydrocyoniorskalitasss-=-seeeesaaee eee ee 3l 
Hydrolycuspectoraliss-22- = s-s-esoae-s se == 31 
iEylobates concolomaesee--eee sass e eee Rea wtil) 

leuCisCUSs: —: :/-deeccca5 tees one 570 
Ey OCTINUSS 5-6 toate ees te eee eee 671 
Ey patOpaic <x sec aticc coer ee ere sess 211 
CONTA) ls Shek cis sees eee eee oe 212 
CPISCla sj Ste cite esate sins oe pecioe 211 
PASCIATA Ane tae ce oe eae eee 213 

Ortes asses Pace Ss ee aE 213 | 
Lexanell amet. 2. tte eae 208, 211 
Fy PONOME Uta ee ces ese nae eestor 220 
diaphorus. sees. eee ree Pts 220 
Ey PONOMeIbiG cera. sees ea ee 216 
Hypselobagrus macronema........-----+--- 536 
Ichthyoborusimierolepise: --24-e-----22e-- 31 
Tehthy onemia S=2 224452.-,52 schestecacee == sees 96 
BIODICEDSa.: cess tacao sees 96 
NGHIMUSs oe so hale eelaw es seers ee ene 272, 278 
Gecors tus pate Sa See oe see 279 
IMELENO PS sae oe Sacer 279, 280 
PeLtingK was. Se cee oe eee 281 
TAPE Kes fats Sateen ale See oes em ete oe 279 
LG) 0p ee ONE Sa ee ne 278 


Immature nematodes) ace. -sste se asceseS- 91, 93 


tian’ Herres-e202ssce ee eet eee 157 
Japan. A Review of the Flat-heads, Gur- 
nards, and other Mail-cheeked Fishes of the 
Waters of, by David Starr Jordan and 
Robert Earl-Richardson. 35225 -=2s-..----- 629 
Japan. On a Collection of Fishes from Echi- 
go, by David Starr Jordan and Robert 
HarluRichardSonsss sees seessc a eee hee 263 
Java. List of Fishes collected in the River at 
Buytenzorg by Dr. Douglas Houghton 
Campbell, by David Starr Jordan and 
Advin' Seale 2 52 ssa oo eee 535 
Jordan, David Starr, and Albert Christian — 
Herre, A Review of 
the Cirrhitoid 
Fishes of Japan ... 157 
and Alvin Seale, List 
of Fishes Collected 
inthe Riverat Buy- 
tenzorg, Java, by 
Dire SDiow gulkass 
Houghton Camp- 
Dellescossee Sete 535 
and Rebert Earl 
Richardson, A Re- 
view of the Flat- 
heads, Gurnards, 
and other Mail- 
cheeked Fishes of 
the Waters of Ja- 


? 


INDEX. . 741 
-Page. Page. 
Jordan, David Starr,and Robert Earl TSP OPUS ements oct a eee eae eee aeons 324, 347 
Richardson, De- ihepidotrigla stecasaidast cc seee sees eee 649 
scription of a New ADV SSAlIS Severe eins = steer 652, 654 
Species of Killifish, Sables sees eae see sae 650 
Lucania Browni, SUNTDET wees eRe ee eee 652, 653 
from a Hot Spring JAPODICHa as a See ee nae 654 
in Lower Califor- LOMPUPINTIS see eee eee ee ee 653 
MS eres Aos ascen e 319 TMIGTOP LOL es sees eee eee 651 
and Robert Earl Serr dens ss Gao e yee 651 
Richardson, On a Smithiiscee 22-- eo ee 651, 652 
Collection of Fishes SUTMUCKey seve oe er ee ee 651 
from KEchigo, Ja- THEDIIM A CLUS Hee ene = eee eee ee eee dees nhs 
Dalene eer oe ee 263 JOURGSINi --— 25 ss ne 348 
JEG Koyo} ali cara alL0 ISR are ee nee TOs ey a GYG}= |" Meh olohubald ie yiapantspys tS kee es ee ieee ey Ee 9 
ACULITOSUTIS(.- 2-2-6 -ece ses =< 576 ATO GOTICIE asses es ee ae 7 
pleurostigmas. 5-2 52---2--=- 573, 576 mega epiShee tee nae aces Ne 7 
Stel atusaee sence see ece ane 575 TINY ICES COMUNE eee one ee ee 7 
KerwoulasnardiwiCkilis aces sscscjaes se S22 563 NAGCLETOr: Wane oes seats senses 8 
Killifish, Lucania Browni, from a Hot Spring 1 O}s goer Seach ht Be ante, Se ee Ae 28 
in LowerCalifornia. Description‘of a New TELM aT Glaeser ae ee 7 
Species of, by David Starr Jordan and Stelndachnerie,--..20-4-42 225 2,9 
Robert, Parl Richardson. o-<- ces s2-.-----6 319 SUTIB GH Se saa. nee Sect th oe se ff 
KSOMGSINNS Ma SUSY. Sas2 a6. cen Sac sek oe = 239 GES NDTIS a ee sce eo eee 8 
Bertil epetrl Al Open se ee oe oe es Soe ore 242 LUUMASCLATUS =o. cee ete cok ee neice 7 
TIIPOSUT Se mice a2 See ee les oS Soe ROY We Mts oyrofeqayeay lowbisian 65 Bee oasaae Sec eS 273, 291, 304 
QING ERA Se eRe Se ee oem at ee eee 242 @SSIMI]ISs5- a see oA ee 291 
ILI OCH ENCOV EN The 5 sae Ee re are 173 estroic. See. ee nee 291, 294 
DMIMe a Gae eryaee oe 2 seperate ce 173,174 STACI Selsey ae ae 291 
DPTGVITOTCEDS Hc -tesseie oe setae at sete 174 ING]GUS Sense ee see ones 291, 293 
MCACHOCUSICM seein sae Sse sem ae sine 171 kelantanensis’=-.2-22=--.-.- 291 
SCH Wits co asics te eee ce aeeee serie 173 lansbergel = == $S-55255 eee 291 
Labrador and Newfoundland. Fresh-Water MACUILVSTUCK = aes eee ee = ee 295 
Crustacea from, by Joseph A. Cushman.. 705 TUCGNOL soe aici Se ee 295 
IL OO pie aac ca Sa AB a ae ae AC Ce ete 4d ol| MEOrnseeniCUs!s ce Sees eens hea eee 626 
AROSE aM Oras see = eee nee eee ae 159 TPAGIBUUS ee ease Cee 624, 625 
WUCHOPLCLUIS sce eee na sake cease eee ose SLermancoTOpusiss sseeeeee ee eee ee 613, 616, 617 
Lachnolaimus maximus............-.- 90, 106, 120 DTSeVOOTtS So2 eee eee 624 
Mactophrys tMCOMise 2-25. s.ces4-n-22- 1083109 7 |cethrinuisiharake senate sean ee tee 244 
TIP ONUSS eo ecstatic. sssens 108, 109 MASHEMOLACS sees ceee es see ae ee 244 
WGSSM ATS WSs ese es oe ee sae o- eines 330 MUNI AGUS eee oa eee sae ee 244 
TTUUUICH GUS tctaye states tea 473 TIGHALASONISo= eee ase 244 
Lamarck, with a Note on the Encrinus EXSUITG HOUSE ae ee eel aay nee 244 
Parre of Guerin. The Crinoid Genus Com- euciscus lateristriavuss..-s--s-... eee eee 539 
atula, by Austin Hobart Clark........... 683i Mevilbellulid somes eee same siete eo ose 271 
Waite raerae aia tees: roa nae eee ee SOL othe aul OSM Bie stra oe «cee ne = ae oan as ae 698 
COVMUGA ea ee eee eines 361 | Linton, Edwin, Notes on Parasites of Ber- 
arming, COMMpPICA-4-2---- --.c-5--: 382, 386, 410, 423 MUG aR USNOS Rant ey ees eee See 2 see 85 
TINT GHISIS Me ete aes oe eee Sats oe O82 aOR Y Ta seem ene aos cineca wee cents a nseioe 698 
Man Ghuste skeet oes cice eer mee oe aoe 299 | List of Characin Fishes in the United States 
Wav alediboOthnnigee ss. 25s ccecnsbe ses tees 102 National Museum and the Museum of 
etiarechiPontastese se ne. sess aciet sae 263 Indiana University, with Descriptions of 
MUKIRO MES epee, Aaa ne ores ae No 264 New Species. An Annotated, by Carl H. 
Leiognathus dussumieri......--.-2-...-.-.- 242 Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle......-....- 1 
Gdemtul besa ener ee oe oS 242 | List of Fishes collected in the River at Buy- 
Leiostomus xanthurus..............-.-..-- 625 tenzorg, Java, by Dr. Douglas Houghton 
Me peOphihelrnusueranstectee see eae a. one Sep tOee, Campbell, by David Starr Jordan and 
biturcatuseese et tense oe 619 vir Seale sopra eet oe ae ote caylee 535 
dissimulatus...... reac eariA 12056254 ssi thocolletistsearcsasee eek wee ante as eee eee 221 
edwardsitscass-s2s5-3 326, 625, 626 ita SCioll Wesson aaa eee 223 
hippoglossi.........- 605, 613, 619 Ceriteree ae renter. Fo he 222 
longispinosus -......-..-- 604, 626 COLVIN Apres pein oe ers jee 221 
monacanthus ......-. 594, 600, 625 LEUCO LD OLaxeeee see eee eee 223 
TODUStUS =~ Se cces- esos noses GIGS MIS Za ama Til aon eee eee he IE tn ale 240 
Lepidaplois bilunulatus2....-2:.--.-..-.--- 245 bTOSCHELIVe pens ster Seen ne eras ee eeeee eS 240 
Lepidocephalichthys hasseltii.............. 537 WRI PIONSIS@ sees: af escs eae aaeenis 240 


742 


Page. 

Lizard from the Philippine Islands. A New 

Geckoid, by Leonhard Stejneger.....-.--- 54 
Lizard from the Philippine Islands. A New 

Species of Flying, by Leonhard Stejneger. 677 
ionsdaileta Chimensisessss =. 24-2 -a2ene eee 37 
Lower California. Description of a New 

Species of Killifish, Lucania Browni, from 

a Hot Spring in, by David Starr Jordan 

and Robert Earl Richardson....-..--.--.-- 319 
Lower Siam—II. Subfamilies Cordulegas- 

terinze, Chlorogomphine, and Gomphinm. 

The Dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and, 


by Edward Bruce Williamson..-.-....----- 267 
IUCANTA LOW 24522 se 2s se eee eee 319 


Lucania Browni, froma Tot Spring in Lower 
California. Description of a New Species of 
Killifish, by David Starr Jordan and Rob- 


ert, Harl Richardson: 222scecsssse-e eases 319 
Luciocharaixs 2828 see oa. eee santo ee 701, 702 
Wunetkeniane. — doe Hees ose gone eres ore ae 461 
TUPCLOSAUTUS eae oe oe ates. eases see ee 545 

CUMING. otigot Schoey eee 546 

IMACLTCL OVA. fs eae ee 545 

Tubianidce sass oc ate ee lee ee eee see 243 
Uti Amu Ss ChrySObeeniaie. = ee eee re 243 
ib hahilmoabohs = eee cen eo A aeeooe Ie 243 

PAD DUS Sas a2 ee ese ew eee cies 243 
kasmiraess-s- Sa ae ee em eres 243 

MATIN ALUSE ee eee eee see oe eee 243 
IMONOStIS ma Teton ere eee 243 
TUVUIATUS 5 oe Sees see eee 243 

Vat ie sor ee Se ae PES ST eae 243 

Wutra, Darang s22.< sc cen ace seeeee ease eae 560 
Owls 28 o~ Boers oe ee ee eee e eee 560 
PUMVARUS = 5a2 5. 258 So NS ee ase nae 461 
Ly codontismoning ae s- sees s- =e 94, 96, 112 
WVU COLGIER Syne tis core Sten See sea eee rears 710 
IGVINCeUs: SpheeniCus! 1a. cee oases Soe 711 
ibaaalcoyolzyolouavG Oe Gee eee aoe an sasenUeecca 708 


Lyon, Marcus Ward, jr., Mammals collected 
in Western Borneo, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.. 547 


Mabuya,multicarinata.---£- 222225. 22-222. 545 
Macaca broGas-2-5-82 >... ees sheeemateeice ate 566 
TASCICULALIS = seee eee ee ener 565 

METIS OGL Aes sere se ieee 00.000 
Macroromphils tees eee see 273, 287, 290 
Macrones) plamicepSeqea ence meaese se ereee a 536 
Macropteronotus Magur.----..-.--.---..-:- 5385 
Macrothrixs i: 2552222 sete ese cee nc 709 
hirsuticornisee.-f-.s2--25+ 54 705, 709 


Mail-cheeked Fishes of the Waters of Japan. 
A Review of the Flat-heads, Gurnards, 
and other, by David Starr Jordan and 
RobertHarl Richardsonvs.---+4-s--e-s- 629 
Mammals collected in Western Borneo by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott, by Marcus Ward 


DV ONG Iie tenes ee sotto tae mete cence ae 547 
Manis sj avail Ga) =:c)222 ce bans oe eae = wiclieace ae 548 
Mano duscus Ss seS.5s2-2 soo seen a sonie siete 248 
Marine Mollusks from the West Coast of 

America. New, by Paul Bartsch.......-- 177 
Markiana nigripinnis............-.....----- 30 


Martyn’s Universal Conchologist. Supple- 
mentary Notes on, by William Healey 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Mason, Otis T., Basketry Bolo Case from 
‘Basilan: Tislarid Wess t ys oes, Eee ee eee 193 
Mearns, Surgeon, U.S. Army. with Deserip- 
tions of Seven New Species. On a Collection 
of Fishes from the Philippine Islands, 
made by Maj. Edgar A., by Alvin Seale 


and BartonAesBeantpas-a-= +2 - shee eeee 229 
Megrnsellanit seek soa ee se eee 231 
alestes nity Aes. 5 o22 25 eee eee 231 
Meralaspistcondiyidies= seeeeen eee eee eee 242 
Melaniacampanelleeacnn =. esoe-eoeeeaee 494 
Tifa ese ce Sa mass Lean oe ees 504 
Menestho...... Pe ae Be ee 514,520 
Menestomorphaeene eee ee 214 
Oblongatakessessse ese 214, 215 
Mienidiamieni dil dieses = sees eee 625 
Merogomphus..... - te Se eae ee 276, 316 
Meroneamencanarees sac esa ee ee 625 
Metacrintiss:.s/ cbf 285s a4 aye eee a eee 671 
ang ulatuse .2e es. Jet ares se aees 674 
iovtundus....-- 671,672,673, 674, 675, 676 

SUpPeTDUS b seee eee ee eee 674, 675 

Me taza (dia denisiere = setae een ae eee 182 
Metaxae? Wests ec eee eee 183 
Metynmnis hypsauchen: 2-2-2225 -1e sees cs 35 
Mexico, The Pulque of, by Walter Hough . 577 
Michelinea;concinnas eaa545- ease ee eoeeeee 39 
favositoides<.2) e295. eee 38, 39 
Micralestes imberruptuss-.-----2ssesn sees 60 
Micnrocotyle.As3: aS ees cises eee ee ees 103 
IMIicrogsomphUss- ose. se eee eee eee 273, 295 
chelifier:4 3:2 4ei is aot See 295 

Micropogon undulatuss—-—22oeceee-- so oae 104, 625 
MO ais 2p y-iceseeinenecincsn nee ane eee 461 
NOLES he vee ee soe ae ee Ra eee 471, 478, 483 


Mollusk Planorbis Magnificus, and Descrip- 
tions of Two New Forms of the Same 
Genus from the Southern States. Notes 
on the Fresh-Water, by Paul Bartsch.... 697 

Mollusks from the West Coast of America. 


New Marine, by Paul Bartsch............ 177 
Mollusks of the Genus Triphoris. The West 
American, by Paul Bartsch.....:..-.-... 249 


Mollusks of the Oregonian Faunal Area. 
The Pyramidellid,, by William Healey 


Dalland Paul Bartschs 4.2222 ssssessemee 491 
Molpadiaiborealis eis asec aeons nee ee 53 
Momphasexnotella 22.2. - 2-22 sceesceseeee ee 219 
Monoculus;pulexaeaa2. -eescensa eee cee 707 
Monopteridiiestcx..c22s< =. dese oe sae 535 
Monopterus- al busij- see seme ee ees eee aSee 535 
MOonOStOMIUIMES se see ene cee ee ee ete 118 

vinal-ediweard sii seas see eee 118 
Mormulans 223.022.2326 Scene eee .-. 510 
TISSOIMNA)..2-o -:<, = se ee ee 510 


Moths. Descriptions of New North American 
Tineid, with a Generic Table of the Fam- 
ily Blastobaside, by Lord Walsingham.. 197 
Mountains of Ecuador. A New Fresh-Water 
Bivalve (Corneocyclas) from the, by Paul 


Bartsch. 5222 so sd25htaccme eesces eee 681 
Mugil cephalus: =. 22 < Soc assesses ee sees 625 
Mupilid 8 a> 322-3) ces eee eee Seeeetet 240 
Muillidise = 202 acon See eee 245 
Mullusbarbatusse. ceceemccce caret ae 649 


INDEX. 743 
Page Page. 
Nikveeabto) er ReaQD IIS) 5 See mace Rees noe ecedaconee 520 | New Marine Mollusks from the West Coast 
Muntiacus pleiharicus: -2.-.....------------ 550 of America, by Paul Bartsch... .__.- a3 177 
IMU Tceni d eee ene oe See Jase eae 239 | New North American Tineid Moths, nine a 
Mis ephip pitiless ees. soe eee ae 558 Generic Table of the Family Blastobasidz. 
Museum of Indiana University, with De- Descriptions of, by Lord Walsingham,.... 197 
scriptions of New Species. An Annotated New Species, An Annotated List of Characin 

List of Characin Fishes in the United Fishes in the United States National Mu- 

States National Museum and the, by Carl seum and the Museum of Indiana Univer- 

H. Eigenmann and Fietcher Ogle....-.--- 1 sity, with Descriptions of, by Carl H. 
WIT iW oe egg ose a enese shoe oan oncEn= 558 Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle. ........--- 1 
IMMUISGEIUS: CHIMIS 2 5 - eter e st ete rer oiee mi 423 | New Species of Flying Lizard from the Phil- 

My cteroperca: apuae = om sce en ce w== == 89,90 ippine Islands, by Leonhard Stejneger.... 677 
91.92, 94,97, 98, 105,119,120 | New Species of Killifish, Lucania Browni, 
Miyletesi harem OS@spcet ts -o-~ 22-622 = = 29 from a Hot Spring in Lower California. 
(Weta Reb cea po Met Oe Sern ss en Oe 29% Description of a, by David Starr Jordan 
MYR IS cas one esoedae ae dunccnEcaesesense 36 and Robert Earl Richardson.........-... 319 
Mylossoma albiscopus..........--------.--- 36 New Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids 
IMevotismmimriGol ae eemeee easels == === (== = 563 from the Coasts of Northeastern ‘Asia. De- 
IMGyAT CAIGOTINGT Reyer cle ae = olan pate, ain folel~ w= 222 scriptions of, by Austin Hobart Clark.... 127 
Myripristis macrolepis....--......-.--.---- 241 New Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids 
(EAUURG UPN AE ee ean ree moremeeee 241 | from the North Pacific Ocean. Deserip- 
Nannethiops uniteniatus............---.- 29 tions of, by Austin Hobart Clark. _..._.-- 69 
Nannosciurus borneanus........-.------ .. 558 | New Species of Toads from the Philippines. 
Gxiliseeyr a: peewee e nce 558 Two, by Leonhard Stejneger.....---.----- 573 
ING Saul isi inva b Sees eee ste aemae aan einie = = 569 | New Species of Upper Paleozoic Fossils from 
National Museum and the Museum of Indi- China. Descriptions of, by George H. Girty. 37 
ana University, with Descriptions of New | New Species. Ona Collection of Fishes from 

Species. An Annotated List of Characin the Philippine Islands, made by Maj. Ed- 

Fishes in the United States, by Carl H. Ei- gar A. Mearns, Surgeon, U.S. Army, with 

genmann and Fletcher Ogle......-...-.-. l | Descriptions of Seven, by Alvin Seale and 
Neglected Genus of Characin Fishes, with eee Barb OnAS iS COT erae eerie ee se eee 229 

Notes on the Typical Species. On Ctenolu- | New Species. On Some Isopods of the Sani 

cius Gill, A, by Barton A. Bean..........-. 701 | Dajidee from the Northwest Pacific Ocean, 
Nemacheilus fasciatus =. -25.25..---.25------ 537 | with Descriptions of a New Genus and 
INTEC Aeon 5 ao eens edas panee Sse eSaEdede 90 | Two, by Harriet Richardson.......-....-- 689 
Neolobophora:ruficeps®---.52-2--2----2---- - WD MINOSAPIS ARSUStUIUS. ee. 2-2 = cece aes 350, 
INGOIMPeNnisTADOGUS Mes smse °c arene eee 92 | 357, 424, 426, 432, 446, 447, 448 

GRISCUSS ae e as ste 90, 92,94,96,98 | borealisne ee eee see 437, 446, 448, 459 

DAS tN eS lees Ae oes ee eee mats 90 | braccatusizt oss sec st tere 366 

SWMACUS =o oe seo ee aes a= 98, 102, 118 | brevicaudatus= = 2-2 ce -<-e 446, 448, 460 
INeoplatycephalus> 25 26 cee. =o soe «ne aoe 640 CelEWSs. eee eet 446, 448, 455, 458 
INerOCI a aACUMINA tH. =. sateen oleae 120 | CUEbIC RTL 1S bees ee ee eee ae 434, 436 
IN ESSE SG eres ne to ce bien eee 330, 424 elongatusas.. .2- sn cls- a= 407, 446, 455, 458 
OabUSe tea 2 es Se 324, 426, 442, 446, 460, 626 OLAS oes Pe ten ew see 447, 452, 455 
angustatus....-....- 431, 432, 433, 434, 448 | PTACIISE Se ae ee oe ears 442, 447, 452 

WOTERIIS Hae a see ek cee eet e 437 ON CS ery 349, 350, 379, 446, 453 
CUNLICRIIGUS sles stares Beate eels 434 latreillticaneer sas oe a: 407, 426, 442, 460 
ONVentalis = Nee ee ee! 424,446, 456 luetkeniewce oe eee ae eee 447, 454 

New Forms of the same Genus from the IMD GUS eit eet eo ee 446, 454 

Southern States. Notes on the Fresh- ANU tere eee eee cea ert 447, 455 

Water Mollusk Planorbis Magnificus and PLroductus---- s9s-ceeS = 380, 441, 447, 457 

Descriptions of Two, by Paul Bartsch. --- 697 SOCIDIIS 5.2 = eines dae ees 446, 457 
Newfoundland. Fresh-Water Crustacea spinacii-achantias.......--- 446, 458, 460 

from Labrador and, by Joseph A. Cush- LONER. SoS 2oSE 426, 442, 446, 448, 459, 460 

Tee ae eM Ten he a aT 705 | validus.. 397,399, 400, 435, 436, 442, 446, 461 
New Fresh-Water Bivalve (Corneocyclas) Nogaus. ......----------+++++-2+++++2+222-- 439 

from the Mountains of Ecuador, by Paul | latreillii....-+.....----.-- 439, 444, 446, 454 

TUTOR ee Gh aie OP ee ues © Naar 681 | North America, collected by the Albatross 
New Geckoid Lizard from the Philippine in 1903. gihe Elolovbusipns of the North 

Islands, by Leonhard Stejneger..........- 545 Pacific Coast of, by Charles Lincoln Ed- 

New Genera and Species of Caliginee. North wedSs ee 5 PARES Ke Vise Gt a a 27 eee EO a 

Americsnn Parasitic! Copenode ings Chiles | North American Parasitic. opepods belong- 

: bese : | ing to the Family Caligide. A Revision of 

Branch Wilson ......-...----------+---+--+ 593 | the Pandarine and the Cecropine, by 
New Genus and Two New Species. On Some | @harles Branch Wilson.........2-.------- 393 

Tsopods of the Family Dajide from the | North American Parasitic Copepods, Naw 

Northwest Pacific Ocean, with Descrip- | Genera and Species of Caliginze, by Charles 

G0 dl Ragh ranch Walsoniees <8 see es 593 


tions of a, by Harriet Richardson.......- 


744 INDEX. 
; Page. | Page 
North American Tineid Moths, with a Ge- | Odostomia (Evalea) phanea..........-.--- 528 
neric Table of the Family Blastobaside. tacomaensis.......... 526 
Descriptions of New, by Lord Walsing- tenuisculpta........-- 527 
ln A ae Eee eR ee aoe Sapese as caeee 197 tillamookensis..._---- 522 
Northeastern Asia. Descriptions of New Valdez! eae eee as 526 
Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids from INN Sta tee eee 523 
the Coasts of, by Austin Hobart Clark... 127 (@olaea) amianta 2 5--sseeeeee 579 
North Pacific Coast of North America col- (Lyidia)pnawisae= eens 517,518 
lected by the Albatross in 1903. The Holo- delmon tensis.........- 518 
thurians of the, by Charles Lincoln Ed- (Menestho) exara..........-.-.- 521 
WTO Seah cic cate oe cies ee aes ete 49 harfordensis. ......- 521 
North Pacific Ocean. Descriptions of New pharcidas -e= seseeee 520 
Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids MUGILOTENTS 2 ease ae ees 530 
from the, by Austin Hobart Clark....---- 69 S@GUTAC 2 5.2 aos eee eee 529 
Northwest Pacific Ocean, with Descriptions Stramineas cee eee ee 527 
of a New Genus and Two New Species. On WAT. SOULS eae rt eee 531 
Some Isopods of the Family Dajide from Oecophoraainunetell ae ecres aes = see eee 211 
the, by Harriet Richardson .-..--...-.--- 689')|, ;CHcophoridte. 2. + .c6s sac cee ee ae ae 199 
Note on the Enerinus Parre of Guerin. The Ofryoxus gracilis... .- Stare tM aN Aha 708 


Crinoid Genus Comatula Lamarck, with 


a, by, Austin Hobart Clarke: 222 sch. ens. 683 
Notes on Martyn’s Universal Conchologist. 

Supplementary, by William Healey Dall.. 185 
Notes on Parasites of Bermuda Fishes, by 

Hodiwansinton. =. 2. Sees hee eee eae 85 


Notes on the Fresh-Water Mollusk Planor- 
bis Magnificus and Descriptions of Two 
New Forms of the same Genus from the 
Southern States, by Paul Bartsch. --.---- 697 
Notes on the Typical Species. On Ctenolu- 
cius Gill, A Neglected Gents of Characin 


Fishes, with, by Barton A. Bean.....---- 701 
INOtOSOMpP RUS aaa eee eee ote eek 300 
INODO PIE yACUIS is see ses oe eee ee eee 689 
INGtObheniid cee sete ee tn eee 248 
Notothyxisidjoulfensise == 5. ss2-s-422--2=e6 47 

THA hose I Se econ res 47 
Willisian a 25-5... soeee nee aaa 46 
Ny cticebus'bormeanus ss. ee snee ls- eee 565 
Ocyurus chrysurus!.. 2222-22 -- 90, 100, 102, 109, 118 
Odonata. WSS Se Se ess ses ee eee 271 


(Odonata) of Burma and Lower Siam—II 
Subfamilies Cordulegasterine Chlorogom- 
phine, and Gomphine. The Dragonflies, 


by Edward Bruce Williamson...........-- 267 
OdontobwtistopSCuLUSsee eset eas eeee eee 248 
Odontonectes!)-. 22-2 = Messen. ee ae 243 
Odontostilbe microcephalus...........----- 2,10 
Odostomiagy: 3222 2h 2 see eee: Rese meee 513 

(Am~aura) gouldis222-2--o ee. 528, 531 
kennerleyi --..-.-..-- 529 
montereyensis -.....- 531 
MUCLLOLNUS) sae ae 530, 531 

avellana 530, 531 

SAUNA St noe 529 

avellana cont Us eR wae ee ese 530 
(Chrysallida) astricta...-...... 515 
COOPerleas-- 2 a-- 514 
montereyensis... 516 

oregonensis. -.-.- 516 

(Evalea) angularis..........--- 523 
columbiana .....--.-.- 525 

Geliciosa.. sso2e4e55s=— 525 

gouldiss-- 252 Cseeae se 528 

inflata. eee ete 524 


JOW CULL sense esce sate 523 


Ogle, Fletcher, and Carl H. Eigenmann, An 
Annotated List of Characin Fishes in the 
United States National Museum and the 
Museum of Indiana University, with De- 


scriptions of New Species.....--..-..-.-.. 1 
Ompox bimdeculaiuissses—. see ee 536 
siluroides 25%. 2 3es5 253-2 ees 536 


On a Collection of Fishes from the Philip- 
pine Islands, made by Maj. Edgar A. 
Mearns, Surgeon, U. 8S. Army, with De- 
scriptions of Seven New Species, by Alvin 
Seale and Barton A. Bean............-...- 229 
On some Earwigs (Forficulidee) Collected 
in Guatemala by Messrs. Schwarz and 


Barber, by Andrew Nelson Caudell. - -..--- 169 
Onychogomphus. ...------ 269, 275, 305, 308, 313, 316 
annularissz=sse-— cen ee 308, 312 

biforceps= =s=s-sss ee eee 308 

bistrisatusse- sec seseeee ee 309 

CHIMelUS2 a2 seee peer eee 309 
COLaStisasxce =. Meteo 309 

CIFCULBTIS sates eee 309, 312 

AEXUOSUSHERS ee aS 314 

frontages i.e epee eee 309 

eOMELTICUSS Sass 2 eee ee 309 

PVATOIMICU Smee ones re 309 

INSCripP busiest eee 309 

Hin eatvus 2s ere 309 

maclachilamis sss se eee 310, 318 

TITAS ya eee 310 

MOdEeStUSHsse see eects 310 

MigreSCens: are eel 310 

pe bahyEhAlAlks Coen ee eae 310 

saundersiieee cee: 311,312,314 
Thomessonis-as.. 95-2456 311 

Ophicephalidice2ss82 = = eee sere eae 540 
@Ophicephalus| gachniat eee eee 541 
Striatus2e =: eesssee 5s es ~ 540 

Ophryoxus onacilis!-222seso. eee eee 708 
Opisthocosmia americana...-------------- ee (72) 
Oplichithiys=225. 4.) 45-82 Shee eee 644 
langsd orfilln2. 222 sotes= scene 645 


Oregonian Faunal Area. ‘The Pyramidellid 
Mollusks of the, by William Healey Dall 


and awl Bartsch ene sso e ee eee eseeeee 491 
Orcophryme celebensisaacn-s-- eee 574 
Ornix o25 Seesd ene sce aes ee eee ee eee 224 


ne ee ae ee eT et ee ee en ee 


oa 


INDEX. 745 
Basen! Page. 
Omixtinnotatayes cee se fee se poles eee ae soe 224 | Rand ais ini COlOMM aes eu.lseren se ae nee 447 , 460 
Orogomrphiisse wee see cee cee sees eae eae Zi2,2tts|| WU GATIS See hee oa Ss eee 396, 403 
SPSClOSUS Messe teen te ees 278 BS PON ees. Sata aes ee ee 396, 415, 416 
Splendidusses-oeesne ese Die21o | seanmy Chiahmoseleyitee 5. -2+5 42 4---2- <= eects 62 
Onthagorisciol dase seee seen ee aan 461, 472 war. henrices == ess... 62 
TUUIIG RGAE oe cree east 472, 473 wood-masoni.......-.-. 63 
OrthopristisichrysOpLenuUs ss soe ene G25y eR araibemipiras sas oe en oe oe 642,644 
OTpthraeoniscuss eee eee eas ee 461 CUTGUS hee =e eat eee oe 644 
Osphromenidse. 22. 26s st eestor eee es O41) | JParacierhites ace 2 -=<-0 yess oe soee ss tees 158 
OsphrOMents Stratus ssa 541 JAPONICUS = sesso cess oe eee 158 
TrICHO DCCL Ss s-s4 seen ee 541 | Paradoxurus philippinensis.........:....-- 559 
Osteochilus hasseltites sess seesaw 539 | Paralichthys lethostigmus..-.-...-..:..----- 625 
OStRACOG Shere cen el cae Paseass Se 706 | Paranthias furcifer.........-- .. 92,99,101,102,117 
Otobothrigmicrendcolles esc -n-- 52422 — Whale dedshefey oveunentsi(enr7 beaVeld (elnino lee bene senior 248 
penetrans..... ee eco ts OOS  Parametalisesces cro seeceies fot a Soo oes aes 606 
@tohimiente ees ee meet eet 649, 655, 658 occidentalis. ........-...- 594,607,626 
HeMNStG tae meee cee ere ss aoa 658 | Parasites of Bermuda Fishes. Notes on, by 
Pachysoma brachyotis=.----.------2-=--2=- 562 IBYOhy baud Up ayHOKe LS < Geen ee er re Sd 85 
Pacific Coast of North America collected by Parasitic Copepods......- Soha was Eat eh ae 2 120 
the Albatross in 1903. The Holothurians Parasitic Copepods belonging to the Family 
of the North, by Charles Lincoln Edwards — 49 Caligide. North American, A Revision of 
Pacific Ocean. Descriptions of New Species the Pandarine and the Cecropine, by 
of Recent Unstalked Crinoids from the Chatles}Branch Wilsons =.= 2--0-5--5224 323 
North, by Austin Hobart Clark........-.- 69 | Parasitic Copepods, North American, New 
Pacific Ocean, with Descriptions of a New | Genera and Species of Caligine, by Charles 
Genus and Two New Species. On Some Branch Wilson 225.0. 2522 eee oe ose 593 
Tsopods of the Family Dajide from the J UEXTiaYOKoveL ey dinatiSice ns eee eee ee te 6 
Northwest, by Harriet Richardson...... 689 DALAM VCS Sp sae ee eet 2,6 
Re EGU Slee TUS see yee eee ee = eee eno s 169 | PITACL CAD ese Meas a eres 2,6 
[PHAETADS ti} Olte. ae eens aRoaes Rees AoC Oe a erCee 165 | Parre of Guerin. The Crinoid Genus Coma- 
Paleozoic Fossils from China. Descriptions tula Lamarck, witha Note on theEncrinus, 
of New Species of Upper, by George H. | Sai by Aistineklo bart Clarkes: 2 2292.5 --e 683 
Giinhye se ee ee 2S een aee Mere ae avi || TP WHenG eb naiyHhe 2 55 Se ae Re gee oes 517 
Pallasina aix..... So REE SEO rere sae 20010 RP asiphocaspaciticn seer se ces ee aasere oe aaeee 692 
bach ahaiesepeee. cece cael ni DOSS 2008 Per dsidte tease ee ee eee ea ee eee oe 240 
LYNE Lakes oY ae ee NS ee 2645 MP clecy OG dete eae eee ae eee 7 
Panchax buchanani......-.--- Pc SS0F PPerinel aera a2 eee eee sm erate ee ee ee 477 
WPHNGInT ee S.A en oa i eat ee eee Bee 325,345 | Pentacrinitide. Infrabasals in Recent Ge- 
Pandarine and the Cecropine. A Revision nera of the Crinoid Family, by Austin 
of North American Parasitic Copepods leo Dart. Gl akes. 58 <a ee eee aes 671 
belonging to the Family Caligide, by PentaeCximuss sees ees Prins cia eRe 671 
Charles@Branch, Woilsones- sesso. eras = 323 TMU GTI eet Ne eee ee 687 
Rand anuse. soe.0 ose Ba eoas Samet 362,374,387 | .Pentacta caleigera................<--------- 54 
aiinisere se eeeesae 431,433,446, 448,450 | Pentapus nemuruSs................---------- 244 
DUATUS Meee eee ee cs See oll |) Aetenrctsy elerhaelevatsi eo Wee Cee ee ee 541 
ATS CUS see 55. mtere seas ooh ona Ae ASSe TSP CnISSO DUS tee nana soe eee ees ts eee 347, 352 
bicolor... _- 324, 387 , 394,396, 400, 446, 448 communis........- 340, 354, 361, 446, 626 
DOSCIi Mie io noe ee et SB Soe 400 dentatus=. 22s. -s5255- 352, 353, 354, 361 
LSVICAUd aT US sess. eee see SOT MP SrISteGil de eemeer- selcek cn aece oate tence ee 659 
brevicaudis ........ 391, 400;400,400;40l5!| SPeristegion: -.-e2 ec cicceesaceseee se ecme eee 659 
carchariw......- St hail aire se 403,453 | AMICUS ence eee ee tee 661 
COCINDATUSsS 2h. teeceer sense e 397 | ONG EA eee aes ee ees ee 660 
CONCINNUS fe see = ee eee ee 306. | Tighe Sa es eee eee 662 
EG TANICH 11 nas ek een a ede eae ROk SO ee MEZe LSU CG TUES ares tate ate areata tere ere 659 
396, 403, 444, 446, 450, 454, 624, 626 orientale. ..............-.--.--- 660 
Merits a. 2r ec. 403, 407,436,451 BO SAB age eg EE eee 
PSSILON Se kt ee ee 4o9 | Petalurinee.-..--2-2---.2-2- 2-22 22--=-22--- vole 
Tarr es® ee ene ee AVL eo) Bal |) REE Ae Serge aigias ot 
Ae Philippine Islands. A New Geckoid Lizard 
NGS es aa ee ee aoe 2 ee 403 a sive p ae 
pe : from the, by Leonhard Stejneger-.....--- 545 
lividus ..-.....-.-.-+--.-+-++++-+-- 396 | Philippine Islands. A New Species of Flying 
musteli-levis..-........ 396, 447,456,460 | Lizard from the, by Leonhard Stejneger.. 677 
pallidus ...-...-..--..-----+++++-- 403 Philippine Islands, made by Maj. Edgar A. 
SatyTus.........-..--....-- 396, 397, 415 Mearns, Surgeon, U. S. Army, with De- 
SINUAbUS Ieee eee ee ese eee 417,446 scriptions of Seven New Species. On a Col- 
SONU Gh sete ee a eer Ss seman 410, 446 lection of Fishes from the, by Alvin Seale 
spinacii-achantias.......... 444, 447,458 and abarbom Ace Bese as. s sass cc =e ons co-= 229 


746 INDEX. 
Page. | : Page 
Philippines. Two New Species of Toads from ) Prionheeelavicancccn. --s6es saceee cn eee ee 416 
the, by Leonhard Stejneger..........-...- Dio) || EMOnNOCUS TA pONICUSS == sc. a2 =e senna 654 
Phi) oxbheae Or1SCusseeeses see eee ees 461,478 | Crip ulatus se ceaso see ee eee 626 
SOLLATUSEE ese ee 478, 479 Priopislungic! 9s2 s5s.cenc2 eos ee ee 242 
iPhoeothnipide eee sees see eee eee es 724 | WTO ERMA Me. ot ele ee 242 
PhOlMG@Opus' 55 - sed. eases oese sate eee ee ood O47) sp ers FIP OM anal S base eee ee eee ree eee 244 
Phinyiix als... -b ee a eee ee eae GYieia|) JEsxore oul) KoYshnks ployee noble =a SS Re ee 25 
ANMlAGUsSSs pee aaa 573, 574 iIn'SIPNIS ers S525. oe See 5 
Phyllodistomunmsee= sees messes eee Sy eee 119 SCLOIG. Gest ase aes eee 6 
Phyllophora =... sss-2e ee. fares So atatg a8 eee aieters 361 | Vi DOLGES =e eee ae Seer 5 
COMMUMMUS2 Hee as ee ee ee S61 HP TOG RI US see tee oe See aes ee 689 
Phy sapusse. 5 -e-n tee: sae eee eee 729 lobianCoissa- 22-5 45522 2 eee 696 
PUD TOCIMCTMss asses eee ee eee 723 i} UP TOSS ne ease See A Se eee eee 439 
Piahbucina panamMensiss ss ees se ese oe SY CETUS ISCTOUINIS Ss ee eee ee 216 
Piabucus melanostomus?....-.2-5.-222s5se" Sha Rsalisis saeco 6 oo eee ae ee eee Cee 172 
Piaractus brachyipOMlluSoesscen ate seer oar 36 | Psectrogaster auratus.................----- Bi 
Pimelodusimaculatas: cesta erer 603 | CUIVaIVeM Gri S.s. eee eee ee 3 
PLAN OTDIS:2 sie eke se a ees 697 | Rscudoxmylesthinee sees es sete sere 226 
DICATIMATH Sh fen ee ae 699 | ancustellateessee seen 296 
CUCOSMUBS! Set See Ae Wee sar 2 oats 699 Pseudupencusimonma: .- 2-22) ae es 245 
Wale hale ale = lee 699i) eteroplateaam a cluma see see =a ee 626 
MGS NICS Htc} eee 698 | Pulque of Mexico, by Walter Hough..--..-- 577 
Planorbis Magnifieus and Description of PUntiUsTODbUSITOS URIS ees sere eee 538 
Two New Forms of the same Genus from iQue yoMM KS = Se eee ee 538 
the Southern States. Notes on the Fresh- PY SOCEM ERIS? GUS a eye aera eee 35 
Water Mollusk, by Paul Bartsch. --..-.-.. 697 MavhCrerl. sss ase eee eee 35 
Planorbis (Pierosoma) magnificus.-..-..---- 697 Scapularis sees see eee 35 
Platacidce sass) 2 eee ee ee eee eee 2460 | eyraerarch ont ee eee ee een 171 
Plataxcorbiculans 2 -ee-eteee seeee eee 246 | Pyramidellid Mollusks of the Oregonian 
Platyecephali dees ss. -6 5... = ose. ase soe 629,644 Faunal Area, by William Healey Dall and 
Blatycephaluss-c-csehe. es eee eee 640 PaullBertsehe eee oer ee I arcane = 491 
ANG UShUShecase see eee eee ee G4" ||) (Pyreiscuseassas een ees Seah ae eee 504 
ASPeN Bese hee ee Rae Se GSO ee ee easy at Ol nna TOS eee 498 
CLOCOGIUSisse= aaa eee eee 636 , 6388 mioperplicatulus..........-- 498 
PUISCUS ooh eee ct coe 630 | Rachycentron canadus........----.-- 610, 623, 626 
SuUbtatUISe hoe eee se eee eee 638-)) Rasboralabentstria tas. ssn 539 
IMSLCi a tOlee eee eee ae 641 DUNCEULAT IS =e === se = = 232, 
J UPOMICUStEe - a -eaee aoe eae see (OBYoy Ip TREN ADU Cy olouljoy oy honey eae Ee 58 ee 557 
IMACTOL PISS == see see eee ae 630,634 | Recent Genera of the Crinoid Family Penta- 
meerdervoortils-.2--= se 4-2 635 erinitide. Infrabasals in, by Austin Ho- 
DOlyOd Ones espa seeeeee eee 630 bartiClark: soe. ee eae eer rere 671 
Pristiger ss sence eee 630 | Recent Unstalked Crinoids from the Coasts 
PUNCtALUSSsse-eee sce ee oes 638 of Northeastern Asia. Descriptions of New 
TUGIS Sees pene eo ee 635 Species of, by Austin Hobart Clark... ..-. 127 
SPAtMOl a es = sete ee 641 | Recent Unstalked Crinoids from the North 
SPINOSUS! ee asa nates ee 633 PacificOcean. Descriptions of NewSpecies 
Riaty comp MUS esse sens soe a Sears sees Saas of, by Austin Hobart Clark? =2- 2222-252 69 
Gola breyttisteres eee ae eeeee S03 Reticularianlimea tal ssa. esses eet eee 45 
HOw we se ook me eer Nears Meas 303 | Reticularias pseudolineata................. 45 
OCCUIEUIS woes <s02 sea eeee 303 | Review of the Cirrhitoid Fishes of Japan, by 
Plectorhynchus hematochir. -)2..5-.-2...-- 244 David Starr Jordan and Albert Christian 
PlGurOMeCtES{. acs. te tet eect eke See ee 461 EROTTO 22s hls eis Naas meta ote eee ens 157 
PAK ON LORSTG 2 Stes ee ES eC, eee tel as 239 | Review of the Flat-heads, Gurnards, and 
Plotosusaneaillanisee cesses cee ee sae 239 other Mail-cheeked Fishes of the Waters of 
POsciltidceye SUP Aes RAL mer hse eet Ns ees 540 Japan, by David Starr Jordan and Robert 
Polydactylus opercularis..--.---:.-+2-222:- 234 BarlsRichardsonhessesss. heen _ 629 
plebeiste=2. see eee eee 241 | Revision of the Pandarinz and the Cecro- 
ZOPHOM1S eee ee a ae 241 pine. North American ParasiticCopepods 
Polymemid esi ae Sic oe as So ae ee 934 | belonging to the Family Caligide, by 
Pomacentridde seta. Ai eseee ane Se eee eee 245 | = Charles Branch Wilsons. -s22-2-5--- ae 323 
Pomo pygmeus pygmaeus..........------- 57, Rhaphiodonavall pinustes=-ae-os eee 3l 
PresbybisichinySOmelas resales see eee 567%.568, |) RiniMoOe yh eo eerse meses aoe eee ee 268 
ChIStata as Sao ase eee ae 568. Rhinodontiypicus iss. sss. seme =a eens 439 
PUDICUN USS eee eee = eee ee 567 |) Rhinolophus trifoliatus!=. 2s: sas-s2=--—se= 563 
SUIMATTANUS = o2 a secek ce eseeee ere 567 | Rhombopora lepidodendroides. ...-.-.-----.-- 43 
Pridcanthus arengvuss. sei see ceases 120 obliquass< 6.2 ase see ieee eee 43 


ee ee ee anaes 


lod 


INDEX. TAG 
Page Page. 
Rhombopora polyporatae...-s-24+4--/-s- s<- Asa SCYIMMUS 1 ACiAliSs “2. 28 ee i.e as eon 382 
Rhynchobothrium bisuleatum...........--- 100 | Seale, Alvin, and Barton A. Bean, Ona Col- ° 
SDeClOSWis- pees sees === 98,99 lection of Fishes from the 
spiracornutum........-. 98 Philippine Islands, made by 
Rhytiodusmnicrolepisssees- 2-25-2642 e6 aoe 4 Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, Sur- 


Richardson, Harriet, On Some Isopods of 
the Family Dajide from the Northwest 
Pacific Ocean, with Descriptions of a New 


Genus and Two New Species. -..-.-----.--- 689 
Richardson, Robert Earl, and David Starr 
Jordan, A Review. of the Flat-heads, Gur- 
nards, and other Mail-cheeked 
Fishes of the Waters of Japan. 629 
Description of a New Species of 
Killifish, Lucania Browni, from 
a Hot Spring in Lower Cali- | 
LODMIG ER oe ee Pai cene ele - 319) | 
On a Collection of Fishes from 
CHI SO} Nap Aller ae ee ec 263 
River at Buytenzorg, Java, by Dr. Douglas 
Houghton Campbell. List of Fishes Col- 
lected in the, by David Starr Jordan and 
PAV ATMS OAC eee aera see ee cela oes ozo 535 
EuGe OLE GS SIT VO TSUN = (oj meet eae eee . 32 
DLOSNALAUS: 2p seeee noe Jc see 32 
MONO GOMs Asara. soos < tehate see Sereieis 32 
ROCA CTS enews terete a, NIN SAT sD * 630 
SPORE eee ion sche ak w eewce ee oes 630 
HVOMITAMNASSClbiiee secs Aee= ee eee nes 539 
UUISAS PLOOKCl = ..22 ees oe cen cen cess 550 
SalaminusamaxlOSuse. sess ssssete one: osc 34 
PAATIICH py Sev Ok bMS sees a eee ee ace = 118 
Samrcodacestodoeeace cert asc = 5 nese sees e 36 
SCarn linen sen nee. ene Seen oot asa s ce eee 225 
EMSUCOMIG | Aenea eSpace sere ears 226 
PTACIISh ap spe see ee eee hee tee ees 225 
Scearichbinyidtes peer se sae seen ce eee 236, 245 
Scarichiplnys) apm GUS acer a2 acess see ee ee ae 245 
ceruleopunctatus..-.......-... 245 
pcatopharidteesaa soe ue een oes seca see 246 
Scatophagus argus......- Daa wiseyeans Hae 22 aE 246 
Schizodonttiasclacuge: sce sesssaenn- -Seee se 7 
Schwarz and Barber. On Some Earwigs 
(Forficulide) Collected in Guatemala by 
Messrs. Andrew Nelson Caudell.....-...-- 169 
Sciconi dea cae sasetis teeter eee ore aeees he 245 
DCLIUPU Se DATO Ke Sete eee Ce DD: 
OMNEOENSISaeeccceoe oes saat 552, 55: 
borneoensis.......... 552,55 
PAlUStiisSes esses mee! 553, 55 
DEGVOSULIEe =e aaeene ee 55 
UNITE OSI Se reece ieae sears oets Se ease 55 
Gpolabl oy lvise oreassemoenaeoeeeereans 55 
hipptrelluss 2a. 2 so see ee eee 55 
PICVOSUIIE. 527 See ee ee eee 554 
rafflesii var. borneoensis..........-- 552 
SANG LRUS een soc s ee se esa ssssce~ 1004, 000 
Vittatus dulitensis:..-- 22.2. -22...- 555 
Scolex: polymonpuusnes sees en see 101 
Scoliodon terre-nove....-.....-- 360, 424, 431, 626 
Scolopsis bimaculatus................-.---- 244 | 
cancellatus....--... et eee 244 
Scomber macrolepidotus----222.-:5--.-222- 241 
CONDO DLG tones ee oie nce eee eee ae 241 | 
SComiprold es tall se ees ees ame ee res 241 | 
toloo=parahe--s-sseeeeee ea 241 
Scorprenidtess )s5.2 cong. 2 os oe ectees aecee Sere 248 


geon, U.S. Army, with De- 


scriptions of Seven New 
ppeciosie. 76 Bae Sees 229 
and David Starr Jordan, List 
of Fishes Collected in the 
River at Buytenzorg, Java, 
by Dr. Douglas Houghton 
Camp bellies Shee se 535 
Sella montereyensiseesn == 06s eee 177 
ISCLEMenV OI Gloem: = Mee eee tera, Bee co eee 478 
| Semnopithecus chrysomelas.......-.-.-.--- 567 
Ero land umd er lise ee ee ae ere eee 114 
LAS CLATA arte -< pee eee sae eee 113 
LEG) ale lis ae ee os ee ae oes ee ae 626 
SPRAIN CEO eecoe any cr see eee cc So ae 235, 242 
Serrasalmoworandibies: seats. 2 sce ss oe ee 35 
| TNS TEIN ACU See ee ee eee ee 35 
| Splloplouraeee ssc. cee esse 35 
| Seven New Species. On a Collection of Fishes 
from the Philippine Islands, made by 
| Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, Surgeon, U. S. 
| Army, with Descriptions of, by Alvin 
| ‘Seale'and Barton A. Beam..2-2.-.:..-222. 229 
| Siam—II. Subfamilies Cordulegasterine, 
Chlorogomphine, and Gomphine. The 
Dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and 
Lower, by Edward Bruce Williamson.... 267 
Siebolditustssece. = a eee ee eee Sean 272, 285 
JAPPODICUSS =e. ao = see eee eee 285 
SISA dee ew Gea: 2. eco Salers ci Geen ee Sse 247 
SigaNnUSTUSCESCENS s-s eee seas hea see 247 
| virgatus.....- Sek See acetal Rees 247 
|eesilbyestatolse noe seca conecoce pseas ceepucb ace 245 
uilbiegoyaan eee W One oc eaGene stsoe cor seooe one 245 
| peUluri dees sees oe ak ceteris stents Sage are 536 
| Slums attach tise see eee eee 535 
bimaculacusseas se oee sata. eee ee 536 
INGTIMIS Se ee coe eee 636 
STMLsyGristaaee => seas seer eee eee eee 568 
1GUCISCR. A deo eae eae ee eee ae cee 570 
DYLIMCUS!. oes s cee Gee ens ase Sees 571 
Simocephalus: secs: ee ack eae 707 
| CXDILNOSUSHe ae inee eee eee ee 708 
Serrulacuse- ese see ee eee cee 707 
| vebulliss; 2. -2-2-< ee i See 708 
| Southern States. Notes on the Fresh-W ater 
Mollusk Planorbis Magnificus and De- 
scriptions of Two New Forms of the same 
| Genus from the, by Paul Bartsch........- 697 
Sparattamlavipennula-.--.- 2-2. -+ 22-22. -28- 173 
mMinMwtase a-s8 esse see cee comes 172 
SPATIG de acns ee eiateee cie te ies eee Sees 244 
Species of Caliginee. North American Para- 
| sitie Copepods, New Genera and, by 
Charles:Branch Wilsones--- =---.2-- 5-55 593 
| Species of Flying Lizard from the Philippine 
| Islands. A New, by Leonhard Stejneger. 677 
Species of Killifish, Lucania browni, from a 
Hot Spring in Lower California. Descrip- 
tion of a New, by David Starr Jordan and 
Robert Harl Richardson. .- 2-2-2. =... -.:- 319 


748 


Page. 
Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids from | 
the Coasts of Northeastern Asia. Descrip- 


tions of New, by Austin Hobart Clark. . .-. 127 
Species of Recent Unstalked Crinoids from 
the North Pacific Ocean. Descriptions of 
New, by Austin Hobart Clark........-.-.- 69 
Species of Toads from the Philippines. 
Two New, by Leonhard Stejneger.....--- 573 
Species of Upper Paleozoic Fossils from 
China. Descriptions of New, by George H. 
Ginter ee oe eee See eee eer eta ae 37 
Species. Ona Collection of Fishes from the 
Philippine Islands, made by Maj. Edgar 
A. Mearns, Surgeon, U. S. Army, with 
Descriptions of Seven New, by Alvin 
Seale and Barton A. Bean......-..-.--.-- 229 
Species. On Some Isopods of the Family 
Dajidee from the Northwest Pacific Ocean, 
with Descriptions of a New Genus and 
Two New, by Harriet Richardson....-..-.- 689 
Specilligus curticaudis......-..-.- 434, 442, 446, 451 
Sphenomorphus jagorii..........-.--------- 545 
Spheroidestumanis.cs ss sane ae a eee 248 
SphimgolalbisWimesrisss ss. oe = a neta 175 
Sphyreena obtusata... -..---.-.-------.----- 241 
Fyolahyaressol}§ moan Sco udoUsoenone Sens 116 
Sip lnygreemi coe eres eee eerie Seinsn'2 241 
Sphyama tiburOes 2 eceta= een ei aage e 431, 626 
TALES Os otal sane nor es oIeaeCeONS= 416, 431 
Spinaxcachantiase eeee snes eee 458 | 
Spiniterblackswelderitas sey. - =e eee 45, 46 
WiK@ GGUS Spy a tek Po ee ce tra ea etal 45 
TPAGIAGUS 22sec Seen ea case eee 46 
Spirigera pronti Sb lave ra Oele Seleiamitne See eoeee ee 45 
Spongophora pygmaea ........---------- 174,175 
Spring in Lower California. Descriptionofa 
New Species of Killifish, Lucania Browni, 
from a Hot, by David Starr Jordan and 
Robert Harl Richardson 2sss--- 25. === 319 
SOMaL Sta Canali aS ese mete eee ete 452 
CANIS he sae er sce ceise sees ascot 422 
Stagmatopworae as cee ane eee ee 219 
Chea OO EIS eae aneeaaqocsss 220 
Sexnotell tees =e eae ee 219 
ShEIMOW So ocns soscese ted oacc posasosuesscsse 325 
THINOWOnUIS SS se joe eee 439 | 
Stejneger, Leonhard, A New Geckoid Liz- 
ard from the Philip- 
pine Islands ......-- 545 
A New Species of Fly- 
ing Lizard from the 
Philippine Islands.. 677 
Two New Species of 
Toads from the 
Philippines -.......- 573 
Stemomatid cosy asses sees ee i rs 214 
Stichopus califommicae =p j- sents sae 64 
challengers: serene er eee aie 65 
j APOMICU Se eee ee ee etal 63 
Striotumbontlllatemes assesses eee 495 
alpinge 5% .cacss ceeteee ene 495 
Sty lima. aac eens eee te 498 


St. Vincent Islands. On a Collection of Thy- 
sanopterous Insects from Barbados and, 
by Henry James Franklin..........-...-- 715 


INDEX. 


Page, 
Subfamilies Cordulegasterine, Chlorogom- 
phine, and Gomphinzw. The Dragonflies 
(Odonata) of Burma and Lower Siam, by 


Edward Bruce Williamson. ........--.---- 267 
Supplementary Notes on Martyn’s Universal 

Conchologist, by William Healey Dall.... 185 
Sirs barbatus ss kee 2 eee = oe es eres 550 
Synancidiumibornidumiy.s.- Sse sees see 248 
SYNaAp ta tobtieraic: Ss 4os2 =e ae eee eee 50 
Synenathidte: soe 02. Aes coat eee 240 
Symenathus schlegeliizs 42.5.2 5-s2 22 sees eee 240 
Symodusitoetens: soee= a2) = s2see eee 105, 616, 626 

BMUTUSE Soh onc aaa ae eee 105 
Table of the Family Blastobaside. Descrip- 

tions of New North American Tineid 

Moths, with a Generic, by Lord Walsing- 

NAAN ey Nos oc as ineicccvesccsseeeceeee teens 197 
Tarsiuis tarsier— -iA2..-2-scte seen se eee 565 
Temmopithecusiosel= = spss. se> ee eee eee 567 
Terapon jatbua.-4. ts ae ocean eee eee 243 

theraps::.)250 ac. eseee eee 243 
Tetragonopterus argenteus................ 18 
bellottiies sere peeaee eee 9 
: fasciatus interruptus... . 9,45 
rivularis interrupta...... 16 
Tetraodon immaculatus...--+-2--csesenee ee 248 
PatoGa se. Aeisee ane sane eee 248 
reticulatusves2--- eee ee see 248 
Tetraodontidees= eee eee ee eee eee 248 
Tetrarhyuchus bisuleatus:.-----::2--2s5---- 100 
Teuthisicceruleusi-s2 2 2- eee ee eeee 118 
Thecagaster-s. oa. 25. -e-s 5s se eee eee ee oe 276 
brevyistigmaraseeeceee eee ees 277 
Mhoracocharoxerts.-5- eee e esses ee 3h! 
(Mari pidaey. ocr os os qetecee ee coe eee ener 715 
Thynnus 2.7 20s: Lah bs 522s eee edocs 461 
Thy sanophrys te ose ase 630, 631 
erocodiluse cesses eee eee 636, 638 
INET S wees eee ec secs 636 
Ja POM CUSte aes a 636, 639, 640 
MACTOlPIS sere sea see aoe eee 634 
meerdervoortii-..-...-+....- 635 
SPINMOSUS!- 2. sae eee eee 633 
Thysanopterous Insects from Barbados and 

St. Vincent Islands. Ona Collection of, by 

Henry James Prankline=csse-e2sseeeee 715 
Tin@alie. 2:35. s2ee cet aon eee ce eee 227 

sparsipunctellas= see eee eee eee 227 
Tineid Moths, with a Generic Table of the 

Family Blastobaside. Descriptions of 

New North American, by Lord Walsing- 

WOM 2). 5 Sata, < Soe <1 egos tec eee eee 197 
Tine des =. ccisce <a t Hades eae eae eee ee eee 221 
Tischeliac-. 35 -so2s acts seein se eee ee 224 

albostraminediecsesses saeco 224 
| Toads from the Philippines. Two New Spe- 

cies of, by Leonhard Stejneger .....-..---- 573 
Torpedooccidentalisess... a=. s=s-seeeie 373 
Toxotes jaculatrix.- -o.sees-p-seeese a eee 245 
Toxotide <i hte ees eae aa eee 245 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus. ........--- 120 
MrachyMOvUs Caro lMUS see esos eee 104 
Tras ultis WOUNeA MUS Sse sae oe eee 550 

hosel.2 essa. ose saeeeeeee ee 549 
Kanchilunosetser aoe eee 549 


INDEX. 749 
Page. Page. 
“Dip hQO UTS OGY ODE tr 56m aoe aoe eS BBE Gosene 550 | Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) lyalli.......... 500 
virgicollis......- Bale aaslemne eres 549 newcombei.- 501,503 
RTE DILIS A cee ac Pe re ae eee yest ats 330 oregonensis ...- 503 
FIRTOTN DEO Eee ee ee eae es ee 103 taylotiee == 499 
Mirichiunusleptiurussssee semen a neee eee s 626 valdeziee ssc 502 
Trichopus striatus.......-. See oe acre 541 | victoriana..._. 501 
Mrichostomumidichotomaes-=-5.242-------- 220 (Strioturbonilla) serre.......... 497 
HTT GHO thn DSHS One ee. ee See Soe a al 725 Stylinamasne=—— 497 
PDTITOMSTAOVEESA es soe ee ae ee cee 249, 252 vancouverensis 495 
LU fa ee, ee es ces ae ee ae po 655 TOTQUALARSaacs eee eee 495, 496 
Dab aie eee en en Soe ee ces 650 @lorbonilla)spilliczs a eee 493 
DUES AT ane copes eck tee mec caee 650 delmontensis... 494 
MEMINISE Chl seemenmncer ice ee ee 658 | Rab DICAM ast ees eo eee as 492 
ACTION Cera ene te ee eee cal Gob ip LuUxOphOLrus*.eccasecn soe ase ee oc ee oe 617 
Gorsomacularonme-—se-ea-es- 656 Calis Od esi See et ea aoe ose 617, 625, 626 
MICtIpINN Sear eee eee es = 656 Two New Forms of the same Genus from 
SPINOSAE merece = sein cece sass see 656 the Southern States. Notes on the Fresh- 
WOMENS xeees Aa Ss SR a eas 664 Water Mollusk Planorbis Magnificus and 
ARTIS < See ese oe sae ee oe eS ae 644, 649 Descriptions of, by Paul Bartsch....%... 697 
Ur MON SAG RIMNISU mpi oyae ee Sec cee aa sie oa ele 261 | Two New Species of Toads from the Philip- 
SltermauuUse tes -<).-22sceceso=5- 249, 259 pines, by Leonhard Stejneger............- 573 
Callipyteusi ote.2 5. eco soe cose. 251,261 | Two New Species. On Some Isopods of the 
EAUNSN GETS: = sees tae ote eee 252. Family Dajide from the Northwest Pa- 
5 Gabalinensis\= -.s2.25..------ Seem 208: cific Ocean, with Descriptions of a New 
chathamensis.............-.... 261,262 | Genus and, by Harriet Richardson...... 689 
CRW ete a ee ae ae ee 257 | PVIOSULUSHACH Sess ee ene ee 96, 100, 115, 626 
EXCOlPUSMa st os aoe sees Seas Sees 255 | LIU OIG eS esee eae se een nee 240 
Ral BPA CN SSE Eyes as sae yo ene 260 | MORURUS see eee. | eee oe 240 
Jotevoay 0) eb oe er en eee 253 | TAT IWUS Seer see Pee 626 
IHCOUS PUG US arenes eee ea ee 249, 258 | Typical Species. On Ctenolucius Gill, a Neg-- 
INET QUENSes see see ees seek eee 249 | lected Genus of Characin Fishes, with 
TNOMULCTEY CNSIS =< 2s = 2 nic) nae © he 249 | Notes on the, by Barton A. Bean......-- 701 
PAN AIMENSIS = = see s/s eee a ee 256 | WimibrinasGdussumierile sess eecese se es eeeasee 245 
[DEGTOAINIS keer hese Sane eee 250 | Undetermined|Distomes:. 22. -2-- 2) se eeee 113 
PCTUMSUIBTIS RE Sane sees cee 255 | Undetermined Trematode.................. 119 
SUGAiIS] kemmeat ees fees ee 254 United States National Museum and the 
Triphoris. The West American Mollusks of | Museum of Indiana University, with De- 
thevGenus, by, Paul Bartsch. =... .2-:.2... 249 | scriptions of New Species. An Annotated 
Trochostoma antarcticum................-- 53 List of Characin Fishes in the, by Carl H. 
DOreales< s-ee ee ee eon see os 538 | Eigenmann and Fletcher Ogle............ i 
OOltCUMESS] eee ereeecere ee 53 | Universal Conchologist. Supplementary 
MuceaaIMPTeSSAaaec se. ese ccacs Sees es oe 625 | Notes on Martyn’s, by William Healey 
PUPAL and OTSALiS =m sees es ee ee 562 Dalle eet See ee aes eee 185 
SVCCLOS@is im woe aise ceo one eee 562 | UnstalkedCrinoids from theCoasts of North- 

WP USM oe eee eee ese tietice tae sees e 562 eastern Asia. Descriptions of New Species 
Miinb Oran list esas sat ere yes eel i 520 | of Recent, by Austin Hobart Clark...... 127 
DUCBtUSE esac eee eee tence 493,513 | Unstalked Crinoids from the North Pacifie 

uimbonilla:s 7s a.\sees eas ae ee cele en ome 492 Ocean. Descriptions of New Species of 
(Chemnitzia) montereyensis.... 494. Recent, by Austin Hobart Clark.......... 69 
muricatoides..... SOOM MUDENCUSHMa CUS t US ss 5 seeeaeanen ese ence 93, 626 
: Pal een ace Ae eee yee Soe nae 494 WALLA GUS once seeece ce eee eas oe= ae 245 
fale libel eae nescescnee sane oe 494 | Upper Paleozoic Fossils from China. De- 
(Mormula) eschscholtzi........- 513 scriptions of New Species of, by George 
Lordige teen See BG Ulaw NETS Girk yest se gc Pe et es 37 
tridentata........... aT Ih NRT to hee re le ieee ee rein IR eee 200 
DU CHt ase scenes eco ee ea 493 | TEACUUIM CA tate asie aes ease ee ere 202 
(Pyrgiscus) antestriata._........ 506 | eae Se eee eee 201, 208 
cantieldigeesesees sae 504 | MOUNTO TES Sees see essa ae Nei oe 202 
eastaneae ss esese as. 509 mevectellamae perkates =e ae ee 201 
eucosmobasis......- 507 | Vesperugo (Glischropus) tylopus.......... 563 
latitimediaessee see 506 | Walsingham, Lord. Descriptions of New 
TMLOTCHIC eee s a eee 505 North American Tineid Moths, with a 
tenuiculaeee see eeee 508 Generic Table of the Family Blastobaside. 197 
(Pyrgolampros) aurantia....... 502 | Waters of Japan. A Review of the Flat- 
berryieeeeceesee 500 heads, Gurnards, and other Mail-cheeked 
chocolata....... 502 Fishes of the, by David Starr Jordan and 
gibbosa...-.+-- 502 Robert Earl Richardson.........-.......- 629 


750 


Page. 


INDEX. 
Page. 
West American Mollusks of the Genus Wilson, Charles Branch, North American 
Triphoris, by Paul Bartsch..,.........-- 249 Parasitic Cope- 
West Coast of America. New Marine Mol- pods, New Gen- 
lusks from the, by Paul Bartsch....-..... 177 era and Species 


Western Borneo, Mammals collected in, by 
Dr.W.L.Abbott,by Marcus Ward Lyon,jr. 547 
Williamson, Edward Bruce, The Dragon- 
flies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower 
Siam—II. Subfamilies Cordulegaster- 
ine, Chlorogomphine, and Gomphine. - 
Wilson, Charles Branch, North American 
Parasitic Cope- 

pods belonging 

to the Family 

Caligidee, A Re- 

view of the 

Pandarine and 

the Cecropine. 


267 


323 


of Caligine. __. 

Mi phostomarvhiy etaees cess = a eee 
maculatume se. —--.- 3 eae 

IPH OstomMas' sees oe eee ee eee eee 
Muy loryevid. gees se see asec ee tae es eee eee 
Niystemaskapaseecae assoc ee roe e eee 
OY CNA rasa sete cee eae eee 
UNC ta hum eee ase ee eee eee 
ZayiSeSOTacOnisseee ease a= eee eee ee eee 
Zenarchopterus' disparecs sas ceess = aaeeee 
DAM ppINNS Sse eeeesse ee 

ZeOOriUS: > jo525<6a+ Ae foe oe ee ie ee 
ZONOPNTY-XUS Sa. clemisee= =e eae eeeee eee 
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